忻(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古城(cheng)(cheng)位(wei)于(yu)山西省忻(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)市。忻(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)始(shi)建(jian)于(yu)東漢(han)建(jian)安(an)二十年(公元215年)至今已有將(jiang)近1800多年的(de)(de)歷史。忻(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古城(cheng)(cheng)是按(an)照中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)民(min)族傳統(tong)規劃思想和建(jian)筑風格(ge)建(jian)設起來的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市,集中(zhong)體(ti)現了(le)中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)民(min)族的(de)(de)歷史文化(hua)特色, 是中(zhong)國古代(dai)(dai)勞動(dong)人(ren)民(min)的(de)(de)聰明才(cai)智和堅強毅力的(de)(de)結晶(jing)。歷代(dai)(dai)多為郡、州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)治所,險關要(yao)塞(sai),人(ren)杰(jie)地(di)靈,商賈(jia)往來,兵(bing)家(jia)必爭,故有“晉北鎖鑰”之(zhi)稱(cheng)。忻(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)文化(hua)積淀深(shen)厚(hou),傳統(tong)藝術源遠流長,有“摔跤之(zhi)鄉”、“民(min)歌(ge)海洋”之(zhi)譽(yu)。地(di)靈人(ren)杰(jie),也養育了(le)不少在中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)民(min)族歷史上頗(po)有影響的(de)(de)人(ren)物,如班婕妤(yu)、楊(yang)家(jia)將(jiang)、元好問、白樸、薩都剌、徐繼畬等就出(chu)自忻(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。
北(bei)(bei)門為(wei)“拱(gong)辰門”,始建于明萬歷24年(1596)。城(cheng)(cheng)樓總高(gao)28米,寬7間(jian),深4間(jian),四周圍廊重檐(yan)三滴水,歇(xie)山式屋頂,檐(yan)下高(gao)懸“晉北(bei)(bei)鎖鑰(yao)”門匾。樓內無柱,梁架結構簡(jian)潔,連(lian)接嚴(yan)實,充分體現了中國古代勞動人民的聰明智慧。整個城(cheng)(cheng)樓紅柱藍瓦,富麗堂皇(huang),甚為(wei)壯觀,具有很高(gao)的文(wen)物保護價值。
南(nan)門為“景賢門”,始建于明萬歷24年(nian)(nian)(1596)。城樓面(mian)闊7間(jian),進(jin)深4間(jian),重(zhong)檐(yan)歇山(shan)頂,四角飛檐(yan),樓梯三層,構思精巧,樓內無柱,拇指臺階,三層檐(yan)下(xia)正中懸掛“三關(guan)總要”匾額(e)。1972年(nian)(nian)拆(chai)毀,2002年(nian)(nian)重(zhong)建。
東門為“永豐門”,始建于明萬歷24年(nian)(1596)。城樓匾額“獻佳合(he)北”。1945年(nian)城樓被毀。
西門為“新興門”,始(shi)建于(yu)明萬歷24年(nian)(1596)。城樓(lou)匾額“九峰雄峙”。城樓(lou)毀于(yu)解放前。
忻州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)始建于東漢末(mo)年,唐宋時(shi)擴建,至清末(mo)成為完(wan)整城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)。城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)周長2190丈,高4.2尺,全部用磚(zhuan)石包砌。此城(cheng)(cheng)在解放戰爭(zheng)時(shi)期,由于閻錫(xi)山挖(wa)戰壕,修碉堡,有(you)較大損毀(hui)。解放后,由于城(cheng)(cheng)區建設,城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)逐步(bu)有(you)所拆(chai)除,現東南西(xi)北四面仍有(you)斷壁殘垣(yuan)。
秀容書院始建(jian)于(yu)清乾隆四十年,當時忻縣稱秀容縣,故以此(ci)得名(ming),為忻州市第一(yi)所(suo)學府(fu)。
原書(shu)院(yuan)東邊是(shi)文昌(chang)寺(si),后書(shu)院(yuan)逐(zhu)漸擴建,文昌(chang)寺(si)并于(yu)書(shu)院(yuan)中。在書(shu)院(yuan)西(xi)坡上先后修(xiu)建三個風景亭(ting)(ting)(ting):正中四角(jiao)亭(ting)(ting)(ting),南八角(jiao)亭(ting)(ting)(ting),北(bei)六(liu)(liu)角(jiao)亭(ting)(ting)(ting)。六(liu)(liu)角(jiao)亭(ting)(ting)(ting)為三亭(ting)(ting)(ting)中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最,每邊長約三米(mi),亭(ting)(ting)(ting)高(gao)約九(jiu)米(mi)。六(liu)(liu)角(jiao)亭(ting)(ting)(ting)舊稱寥無閣,為全城(cheng)高(gao)點(dian),立于(yu)亭(ting)(ting)(ting)上,可(ke)俯瞰全城(cheng)。原六(liu)(liu)角(jiao)亭(ting)(ting)(ting)前有一磚(zhuan)拱門,稱天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衢,意取書(shu)院(yuan)讀書(shu)人,通過(guo)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衢,登(deng)上寥天(tian)閣,飛黃騰(teng)達(da)。
文(wen)廟始建于明弘治五年(1492),坐北朝南,琉璃碧(bi)瓦蓋頂的照壁(bi)上龍飛鳳舞,三進大門欞(ling)星門雄偉壯(zhuang)觀(guan),單檐頂式大成殿依然聳立。大殿面闊7間,進深5間,殿內木閣(ge)中塑有先(xian)師孔(kong)子巨型雕像。1977年3月(yue)8日大成殿不幸毀于大火。
元遺(yi)山祠(ci)(ci)堂,位于(yu)(yu)城內(nei)南北大(da)街,分內(nei)外倆(lia)個院落。由于(yu)(yu)道(dao)路拓(tuo)寬和舊城改造(zao),現祠(ci)(ci)堂大(da)門已(yi)被(bei)拆毀(hui)。但整(zheng)體結構仍保持祠(ci)(ci)堂原貌。2010年元遺(yi)山祠(ci)(ci)堂重(zhong)建。
位于城東古鐘(zhong)公(gong)園(yuan)內,據鐘(zhong)銘(ming)文記載,大(da)鐘(zhong)鑄于金大(da)定(1161-1189)年間。
革命(ming)(ming)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭年代,曾經是(shi)晉(jin)察冀(ji)、晉(jin)綏革命(ming)(ming)根據地的(de)發(fa)祥地與中心腹地。國際共產(chan)主義戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)士白(bai)求恩曾在五臺(tai)縣創建了“模范病室(shi)”。著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)“忻口戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役”、“平型關大(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)”、火燒陽明堡飛機場等戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)就(jiu)發(fa)生(sheng)在忻州(zhou)。這片(pian)土地還誕生(sheng)了高(gao)君宇、徐向前、薄一波等老一輩無產(chan)階級革命(ming)(ming)家。忻州(zhou)古稱“秀容(rong)”,從新石器時(shi)代,就(jiu)有人類開始(shi)活動,至今(jin)已有將近1800年的(de)歷史。春秋時(shi)期大(da)部分為晉(jin)地,戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國時(shi)屬趙(zhao)。秦漢屬太原郡(jun)、雁北(bei)(bei)郡(jun)、太平郡(jun),隋為新興郡(jun)、雁門郡(jun),唐、五代、宋為忻州(zhou)定(ding)襄(xiang)郡(jun)、代州(zhou)雁門郡(jun),金、元、明、清(qing)為忻州(zhou)、代州(zhou)、保(bao)德州(zhou)。相傳漢高(gao)祖(zu)北(bei)(bei)上抗擊匈奴,兵困平城(cheng)(今(jin)大(da)同),突(tu)圍(wei)時(shi)大(da)軍南撤,到忻口方擺脫(tuo)追兵。高(gao)祖(zu)歡顏而(er)笑,六軍欣然如歸,因(yin)“欣”通“忻”,忻州(zhou)之名(ming)由此而(er)生(sheng)。
自唐宋(song)以來,一直設有州(zhou)治(zhi),有“晉北鎖鑰”之稱(cheng),歷代為(wei)(wei)(wei)兵家必爭(zheng)之地。1949年(nian)(nian)成立忻(xin)縣(xian)專區(qu)。1970年(nian)(nian)更名(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)忻(xin)縣(xian)地區(qu)。1978年(nian)(nian)改名(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)忻(xin)縣(xian)行(xing)政(zheng)公署(shu)(shu)。1983年(nian)(nian)改忻(xin)縣(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)忻(xin)州(zhou)市(縣(xian)級市),改稱(cheng)忻(xin)州(zhou)行(xing)署(shu)(shu)。2000年(nian)(nian)經國務(wu)院批準,忻(xin)州(zhou)行(xing)署(shu)(shu)改為(wei)(wei)(wei)忻(xin)州(zhou)市(地級市)。
1937年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)被(bei)日本侵略者飛機炸損的(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓 城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),是(shi)(shi)古(gu)代(dai)保護政治(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi)(zhi)所和關(guan)隘要(yao)(yao)道的(de)(de)軍事設防(fang)設施,忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)二者兼有(you)的(de)(de)一(yi)座(zuo)老城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。它始建于(yu)東(dong)漢建安(an)二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(215年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),置(zhi)(zhi)新興郡(今(jin)麻會村(cun)西(xi)側),同年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)置(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)原縣(今(jin)忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))。《讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)方輿(yu)紀要(yao)(yao)》:“(忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin))州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)五十(shi)里有(you)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)容城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。”《辭海》:“秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)容,古(gu)縣名,治(zhi)(zhi)所在今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)縣西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei),隋開皇(huang)移至(zhi)今(jin)忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)縣,為忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)治(zhi)(zhi)所。”《元和志》:“劉元海感神而(er)生(sheng),姿容秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)美,因此(ci)為名。”故名秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)容。《忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)直(zhi)隸(li)志》:“州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑于(yu)隋開皇(huang)十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(598年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),因州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)北(bei)(bei)(bei)有(you)忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)口而(er)名。”實(shi)(shi)際忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)廓(kuo)早在東(dong)漢建安(an)二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)時(shi)已(yi)筑之(zhi),隋開皇(huang)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)修(xiu)葺而(er)已(yi)。忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)陀(tuo)螺(luo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)一(yi)帶,山(shan)(shan)(shan)形秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)拔,怪石(shi)凌空,其仞有(you)九(jiu),故名九(jiu)龍(long)。九(jiu)龍(long)蜿蜒伸(shen)出直(zhi)至(zhi)牧(mu)馬河(he)畔,臨(lin)(lin)牧(mu)馬河(he)時(shi),九(jiu)龍(long)合(he)為一(yi)體,爭飲(yin)牧(mu)馬河(he)水(shui)(shui),忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就坐落(luo)在九(jiu)條龍(long)頭之(zhi)端。 忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與省府太原緊相毗鄰,如同唇(chun)齒相依。是(shi)(shi)偏頭關(guan)、寧(ning)武關(guan)、雁門關(guan)的(de)(de)可靠后方。“三關(guan)與忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)間,構成犄(ji)角之(zhi)勢,形成扇(shan)面,連能一(yi)氣。三關(guan)像指,忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)如掌,進則如掌使指,迅速有(you)力;退則堅實(shi)(shi)如拳(quan),牢不可破(po)。”因此(ci),南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓匾書(shu)(shu)(shu)“三關(guan)總要(yao)(yao)”。忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)北(bei)(bei)(bei)據(ju)忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)口,南(nan)有(you)石(shi)嶺、赤(chi)塘(tang)二關(guan)險隘,忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑于(yu)中心(xin)地帶,背依九(jiu)龍(long)崗,西(xi)臨(lin)(lin)牧(mu)馬河(he),憑山(shan)(shan)(shan)襟(jin)水(shui)(shui),一(yi)覽(lan)無余。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平面勢成橢(tuo)圓(yuan),俗(su)稱臥牛城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),是(shi)(shi)一(yi)座(zuo)易守難攻的(de)(de)堅固(gu)堡壘。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)大街是(shi)(shi)太原以(yi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)通(tong)道。因此(ci),忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)老城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“晉北(bei)(bei)(bei)咽喉(hou)和門戶”,北(bei)(bei)(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓匾書(shu)(shu)(shu)“晉北(bei)(bei)(bei)鎖鑰(yao)”。獨特的(de)(de)地理位置(zhi)(zhi),使忻(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)歷(li)來為兵家必爭的(de)(de)軍事戰略要(yao)(yao)地。
忻州(zhou)老(lao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“跨(kua)西崗而(er)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),崗占城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)半,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)九龍之(zhi)塬(yuan)”。“明萬歷二(er)十(shi)六(liu)年十(shi)月(yue),忻州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)竣后(hou),四(si)座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門,連(lian)同(tong)(tong)洞門八座,洞門城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門重(zhong)重(zhong)相(xiang)對,彼(bi)此相(xiang)通。”又載:“鳩(jiu)工庀材,始建于同(tong)(tong)治七(qi)年四(si)月(yue),迄于同(tong)(tong)治九年十(shi)月(yue),前后(hou)將及三年,修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)繕完竣。于是(shi)(shi),雉垛(duo)斯偉(wei)(wei),樓櫓崇煥。”同(tong)(tong)治七(qi)年修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)葺(qi),共用白銀六(liu)萬余兩,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻之(zhi)上(shang)增修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)了垛(duo)口,重(zhong)建了門樓,并建堙(yin)門,形成多(duo)重(zhong)。今日所見忻州(zhou)老(lao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)面(mian)貌(mao),蓋是(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)治七(qi)年修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)葺(qi)后(hou)的(de)遺物。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓是(shi)(shi)古代(dai)警戒、指揮(hui)必建的(de)軍事設(she)施,“舊(jiu)多(duo)劫盜(dao),諸州(zhou)縣置城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓,盜(dao)發四(si)面(mian)皆(jie)守要路,便爾擒(qin)送。”“大哉(zai)斯樓之(zhi)作,上(shang)可以陳(chen)列鼙鼓(gu),下可以禁限中(zhong)外(wai),近可以張皇(huang)斯眾,遠可以戒勵大軍。”可見城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓不只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)標示雄偉(wei)(wei),而(er)且有(you)其(qi)實際的(de)軍事用途。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門西側有(you)供人登(deng)臨的(de)道路,稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)墁(man)道或馬(ma)道。一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)斜坡,兩邊(bian)有(you)欄(lan)墻,起(qi)點有(you)門,可杜防(fang)閑雜。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻上(shang)設(she)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堞(die),又名城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垛(duo)。垛(duo)與垛(duo)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)稱(cheng)垛(duo)口,垛(duo)上(shang)設(she)垛(duo)眼(yan)。“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堞(die)不宜太高(gao),高(gao)則(ze)擲石無(wu)力,垛(duo)口不宜太狹(xia),狹(xia)則(ze)礙于擊(ji)賊(zei)。各留(liu)懸(xuan)孔(kong)(即(ji)垛(duo)眼(yan)),賊(zei)遠則(ze)堞(die)口瞭之(zhi),近則(ze)懸(xuan)孔(kong)視之(zhi)。”城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垛(duo)是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻頂(ding)上(shang)的(de)小墻,它始筑的(de)時間(jian)(jian)要早于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻包磚。
忻州(zhou)老城(cheng)墻平(ping)面向外凸(tu)出許多墩臺,稱為(wei)馬面。馬面的(de)(de)出現是從(cong)戰術角度考(kao)慮而(er)設置(zhi)。“若攻(gong)城(cheng),馬面長則(ze)可(ke)反射城(cheng)下攻(gong)者(zhe),兼密則(ze)矢石(shi)相(xiang)及(ji),敵人至城(cheng)下則(ze)四面矢石(shi)臨之。忻州(zhou)老城(cheng)平(ping)面近似方形的(de)(de)多邊形,周長九(jiu)里二十步。城(cheng)垣依坡順勢蜿蜒起(qi)伏,呈曲線形。城(cheng)垣內邊四面均為(wei)緩(huan)坡形,遇(yu)有(you)敵情,軍民蜂擁而(er)至城(cheng)墻端。城(cheng)垣西北角為(wei)鈍角,東南角的(de)(de)城(cheng)垣高度最低,這(zhe)是“天不(bu)滿西北,地不(bu)平(ping)東南”在城(cheng)市建筑上(shang)的(de)(de)體現。