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瀾滄江
0 票數:0 #江河河流#
瀾滄江是湄公河上游在中國境內河段的名稱,藏語拉楚,意思為“獐子河”。它也是中國西南地區的大河之一,是世界第七長河,亞洲第三長河,東南亞第一長河。主干流總長度4909千米,其中國內長2139千米,瀾滄江流經青海、西藏和云南三省,在云南省西雙版納傣族自治州勐臘縣出境成為老撾和緬甸的界河,后始稱湄公河(Mekong River)。湄公河流經老撾、緬甸、泰國、柬埔寨和越南,于越南胡志明市流入中國南海。
  • 所在地/隸屬: 東(dong)亞(ya),東(dong)南亞(ya)
  • 開放時間: 全天
  • 適宜季節: 3月(yue)~5月(yue),9月(yue)~1月(yue)
  • 建議游玩時間: 3小時
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干流概況

瀾滄江是(shi)湄公河上游在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)境內河段(duan)的(de)名稱,藏語拉楚,意思為“獐子河”。它也是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)西南地區(qu)的(de)大河之一(yi),是(shi)世界第七長(chang)河,亞洲第三長(chang)河,東南亞第一(yi)長(chang)河。

瀾(lan)滄江源出(chu)青(qing)海省玉樹藏族自治(zhi)州雜多縣(xian)西(xi)北,吉富山麓扎阿曲的(de)谷涌(yong)曲,源自北面的(de)一(yi)座叫“吉富山”(E94°41′12″,N33°45′35″,海拔(ba)5552米)的(de)山頭下(冰川末端(duan)位置(zhi):E94°40′52″,N33°45‵48″,海拔(ba)5160米)。主干流總長度4909千米,其中(zhong)國(guo)內長2139千米,瀾(lan)滄江流經青(qing)海、西(xi)藏和(he)云南三(san)省,在云南省西(xi)雙(shuang)版納傣族自治(zhi)州勐臘(la)縣(xian)出(chu)境成為老(lao)撾和(he)緬(mian)甸的(de)界(jie)河(he),后始稱湄(mei)公河(he)(Mekong River)。湄(mei)公河(he)流經老(lao)撾、緬(mian)甸、泰國(guo)、柬埔寨和(he)越南,于越南胡志明市流入中(zhong)國(guo)南海。

水文特征

徑流量

流(liu)(liu)域(yu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)以降水(shui)為(wei)(wei)主,地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)和(he)(he)融(rong)(rong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)補(bu)(bu)給(gei)(gei)(gei)為(wei)(wei)輔(fu)。上游(you)區(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)處青藏高原(yuan),氣候寒冷,降水(shui)少,春(chun)季冰雪(xue)(xue)(xue)融(rong)(rong)水(shui)較(jiao)多,上游(you)河(he)段(duan)河(he)川(chuan)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)以地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)補(bu)(bu)給(gei)(gei)(gei)為(wei)(wei)主,約占年(nian)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)50%以上,其(qi)次是(shi)雨水(shui)和(he)(he)冰雪(xue)(xue)(xue)融(rong)(rong)水(shui)補(bu)(bu)給(gei)(gei)(gei)。中(zhong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)河(he)段(duan)兩(liang)岸高山,支流(liu)(liu)短(duan)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),山巔有終年(nian)積雪(xue)(xue)(xue),但(dan)冰雪(xue)(xue)(xue)融(rong)(rong)水(shui)占年(nian)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)比重較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),中(zhong)游(you)區(qu)(qu)隨著降水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)增加,融(rong)(rong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)補(bu)(bu)給(gei)(gei)(gei)減少,河(he)川(chuan)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)補(bu)(bu)給(gei)(gei)(gei)為(wei)(wei)降水(shui)和(he)(he)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)混(hun)合補(bu)(bu)給(gei)(gei)(gei)。下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)河(he)段(duan)處于(yu)亞(ya)熱帶和(he)(he)熱帶氣候區(qu)(qu),受季風影響,降水(shui)豐沛,河(he)川(chuan)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)降水(shui)補(bu)(bu)給(gei)(gei)(gei)為(wei)(wei)主,降水(shui)占年(nian)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)60%以上,其(qi)次是(shi)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)補(bu)(bu)給(gei)(gei)(gei)。流(liu)(liu)域(yu)年(nian)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)深(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)450.2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),其(qi)中(zhong):青海區(qu)(qu)年(nian)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)深(shen)(shen)為(wei)(wei)304.4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),西藏區(qu)(qu)283.3毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),云南區(qu)(qu)583.8毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),國(guo)界(jie)處多年(nian)平(ping)均流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)2180立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒,允景(jing)洪水(shui)文站(zhan),實測最(zui)大(da)(da)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)12800立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒,最(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)395立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒,最(zui)大(da)(da)最(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)比值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)32.4,其(qi)它(ta)各(ge)主要(yao)測站(zhan)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。

流(liu)(liu)域內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)年(nian)內(nei)分配(pei),春季(ji)占(zhan)10%-15%、夏(xia)季(ji)約占(zhan)45%-50%、秋季(ji)占(zhan)30%-35%、冬季(ji)約占(zhan)10%以下(xia);上、中游(you)(you)(you)6-9月(yue)、下(xia)游(you)(you)(you)7-10月(yue)徑(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)是最(zui)大,連續(xu)4個月(yue)最(zui)大徑(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)上、中游(you)(you)(you)和(he)下(xia)游(you)(you)(you)分別占(zhan)年(nian)徑(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)的65%-70%。最(zui)大月(yue)徑(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)上游(you)(you)(you)出(chu)現在7月(yue),中下(xia)游(you)(you)(you)出(chu)現在8月(yue),約占(zhan)年(nian)徑(jing)(jing)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)20%以上。

洪水

流域(yu)內洪水主(zhu)要由(you)暴雨形成(cheng),上游河(he)段融雪也有一(yi)定影響(xiang),年(nian)(nian)最大洪水出(chu)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)6-10月,其中7-8月出(chu)現(xian)(xian)次(ci)數最多,洪水歷時較長(chang),一(yi)般15-20天。瀾滄江流域(yu)的洪澇(lao)災害(hai),主(zhu)要發生在(zai)中下游的云南地(di)區,根(gen)據50-80年(nian)(nian)代近30年(nian)(nian)的資料統計,洪澇(lao)災害(hai)平均3-5年(nian)(nian)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)次(ci)。

全流域洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)以1905年(nian)(nian)、1924年(nian)(nian)及1966年(nian)(nian)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)最大(da)(da)。1905年(nian)(nian)瀾滄江(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)鄰(lin)近(jin)的金(jin)沙(sha)(sha)江(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)上游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)發生(sheng)大(da)(da)水(shui)災,瀾滄江(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)允景(jing)(jing)洪(hong)(hong)調查洪(hong)(hong)峰流量(liang)達17100立方米(mi)/秒(miao),下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)受(shou)(shou)災嚴重。1924年(nian)(nian)瀾滄江(jiang)(jiang)、金(jin)沙(sha)(sha)江(jiang)(jiang)和(he)雅礱江(jiang)(jiang)發生(sheng)大(da)(da)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui),瀾滄江(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)允景(jing)(jing)洪(hong)(hong)站調查洪(hong)(hong)峰15000立方米(mi)/秒(miao),云(yun)南(nan)36個(ge)州縣受(shou)(shou)災嚴重,金(jin)沙(sha)(sha)江(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)淹死人(ren)畜數千。1966年(nian)(nian)瀾滄江(jiang)(jiang)、金(jin)沙(sha)(sha)江(jiang)(jiang)發生(sheng)有實測資料(liao)以來最大(da)(da)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui),瀾滄江(jiang)(jiang)允景(jing)(jing)洪(hong)(hong)站實測洪(hong)(hong)峰流量(liang)12800立方米(mi)/秒(miao)(20年(nian)(nian)一遇),30天洪(hong)(hong)量(liang)211億(yi)立方米(mi),洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)過程(cheng)為高峰型(xing)(xing)。云(yun)南(nan)10個(ge)州28個(ge)縣市受(shou)(shou)災,沖(chong)淹農田(tian)1.9萬公頃,倒塌房屋3713間,沖(chong)毀橋梁202座(zuo)和(he)3座(zuo)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)水(shui)庫,瀾滄江(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)景(jing)(jing)洪(hong)(hong)縣3000公頃農田(tian)無收成。云(yun)南(nan)最大(da)(da)的公路(lu)橋瀾滄江(jiang)(jiang)允景(jing)(jing)洪(hong)(hong)大(da)(da)橋在洪(hong)(hong)峰持續期一直處于(yu)危急(ji)搶險(xian)狀態。

旱災

旱(han)災(zai)是瀾滄江流(liu)域的(de)主要自(zi)然災(zai)害,尤以春旱(han)最(zui)為(wei)頻繁。據統計,中下游的(de)云南地區50-80年代的(de)近30年里,平(ping)均(jun)不到3年一大(da)(da)旱(han);旱(han)災(zai)的(de)影響面廣,對(dui)農業(ye)產生危害很大(da)(da)。

瀾(lan)滄江平均年(nian)輸(shu)沙(sha)量8460萬噸(dun)(dun),最(zui)大(da)年(nian)輸(shu)沙(sha)量12100萬噸(dun)(dun),最(zui)小年(nian)輸(shu)沙(sha)量4520萬噸(dun)(dun),河流的(de)含沙(sha)量的(de)年(nian)內變(bian)化(hua)情況(kuang)與徑流變(bian)化(hua)大(da)致(zhi)一致(zhi),最(zui)大(da)輸(shu)沙(sha)量出現(xian)在(zai)7-10月,約占(zhan)全(quan)年(nian)85%以(yi)上(shang),自(zi)上(shang)游向下游遞增。

水質

2000年科學家發現,原本(ben)可供(gong)人直接(jie)飲用的瀾滄江江水水質(zhi)已發生了變化(hua),呈(cheng)明顯的弱酸性。

中(zhong)科(ke)院地理科(ke)學(xue)與(yu)資源研(yan)究所(suo)副研(yan)究員(yuan)王國分析,是沿江修(xiu)建道(dao)路、開挖路基(ji)和施(shi)工后回(hui)填(tian)不(bu)及時造(zao)成(cheng)了植被破壞,這必(bi)須引起高度重視,若再不(bu)加(jia)以保護(hu),瀾(lan)滄江有(you)可能成(cheng)為(wei)第二條(tiao)黃河(he)。

支流水系

瀾滄(cang)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)系主(zhu)要由干流(liu)(liu)和(he)眾多的(de)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)組(zu)成,流(liu)(liu)域面積大于100平方千米(mi)(mi)的(de)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)有138條,流(liu)(liu)域面積大于1000平方千米(mi)(mi)的(de)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)有41條,較大的(de)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)一(yi)般分布在上(shang)(shang)游(you)(you)和(he)下游(you)(you)。一(yi)般支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)較短,多為20-50千米(mi)(mi),天然落差(cha)特(te)別(bie)大,一(yi)般在2000-3000米(mi)(mi)。主(zhu)要支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)有:子(zi)曲、昂曲、蓋曲、麥曲、金河(he)(he)、漾濞(bi)江(jiang)、西洱河(he)(he)、羅閘河(he)(he)、小黑江(jiang)、威遠江(jiang)、南班河(he)(he)、南拉河(he)(he)等。瀾滄(cang)江(jiang)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)特(te)點是(shi)落差(cha)大、水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)豐富,上(shang)(shang)中(zhong)游(you)(you)降水(shui)(shui)量少(shao),有雪水(shui)(shui)補給,水(shui)(shui)量穩定(ding),下游(you)(you)地處(chu)熱帶、亞熱帶氣候(hou)區,降水(shui)(shui)量大,水(shui)(shui)量充沛,但(dan)缺乏調節水(shui)(shui)庫(ku),以(yi)引(yin)水(shui)(shui)式開發為主(zhu)。

昂曲(qu)(qu)是瀾滄江最(zui)大支流(liu),發源(yuan)于青海省雜多縣(xian)(xian)結多鄉(xiang)唐古拉山北麓瓦(wa)爾公冰川(chuan),海拔(ba)5664米。南流(liu)入(ru)西(xi)(xi)藏(zang)(zang)巴青縣(xian)(xian)境稱松曲(qu)(qu),又東流(liu)入(ru)青海省境稱解曲(qu)(qu),轉東南流(liu)圣囊謙(qian)縣(xian)(xian)吉(ji)曲(qu)(qu)鄉(xiang)8公里后進入(ru)西(xi)(xi)藏(zang)(zang),稱昂曲(qu)(qu),改向偏(pian)南在昌都匯入(ru)瀾滄江。河長約500千米,流(liu)域(yu)面積16774平方千米,天然落差1898米,平均(jun)比降(jiang)3.8‰,多年(nian)平均(jun)流(liu)量186立(li)方米/秒,理論(lun)水能蘊(yun)藏(zang)(zang)量116.91萬千瓦(wa)。

漾濞(bi)江(jiang)是瀾(lan)滄江(jiang)在云南(nan)境內最(zui)大(da)的支(zhi)流(liu)(liu),瀾(lan)滄江(jiang)第(di)二大(da)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu),全長334千米(mi),落(luo)差1402米(mi),平(ping)均比降4.2‰,流(liu)(liu)域面積11970平(ping)方千米(mi),河口多(duo)年平(ping)均流(liu)(liu)量為(wei)155立方米(mi)/秒,水能理論(lun)蘊(yun)藏量為(wei)82.5萬千瓦(wa)。

子曲(qu)是瀾滄江上游扎曲(qu)的支流(liu),流(liu)經青(qing)海、西(xi)藏,河長286.7千米(mi)(mi),流(liu)域面積12645平(ping)方(fang)(fang)千米(mi)(mi),落差1540米(mi)(mi),平(ping)均比降(jiang)5.37‰,多年(nian)平(ping)均流(liu)量137立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)/秒,水(shui)能理論蘊藏量為39.04萬千瓦。

威遠(yuan)江是(shi)云南(nan)境內較大的(de)支(zhi)流,全長290公里(li),流域(yu)面積(ji)8800平(ping)方千米,落差(cha)1700米,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)比降(jiang)5.86‰,河口多年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)流量193立方米/秒(miao),理(li)論水能蘊藏量43萬千瓦。

南(nan)班(ban)河(he)(又稱補(bu)遠(yuan)江)位于云南(nan)境內,長282千(qian)米,流域(yu)面積7750平方千(qian)米,落差1245米,河(he)口多年平均流量(liang)為(wei)185立方米/秒,水能(neng)理論(lun)蘊藏(zang)量(liang)為(wei)58萬(wan)千(qian)瓦。

西洱河(he)(he)是支流中水能資源利用條件最(zui)優越(yue)的河(he)(he)流,上游有(you)洱海作為(wei)較大調(diao)節(jie)水庫(總庫容約29億(yi)立方米),河(he)(he)長22千米(洱海出(chu)海口以下),下游有(you)600余米落差,河(he)(he)口流量約30立方米/秒,水能理論(lun)蘊藏量達27萬千瓦。

流域概況

地形地貌

瀾(lan)滄(cang)江(jiang)(jiang)流域(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)處東(dong)經(jing)94°-102°,北(bei)緯21°-34°,地(di)(di)(di)勢北(bei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)南低,自(zi)北(bei)向南呈條帶狀(zhuang),上(shang)、下游(you)較(jiao)寬闊,中游(you)則狹窄,流域(yu)(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均寬度約(yue)80千米(mi),其中溜筒江(jiang)(jiang)~功果橋(qiao)河段平(ping)(ping)(ping)均寬度僅(jin)為(wei)36千米(mi),流域(yu)(yu)內(nei)地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)起伏劇烈,地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)復(fu)雜。上(shang)源北(bei)與長江(jiang)(jiang)上(shang)游(you)通天河相鄰(lin);西部與怒(nu)(nu)江(jiang)(jiang)的(de)分水(shui)(shui)(shui)嶺(ling)為(wei)他念翁山(shan)及怒(nu)(nu)山(shan),其間,梅里雪山(shan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)達海拔(ba)6740米(mi);東(dong)部與金沙江(jiang)(jiang)和紅河的(de)分水(shui)(shui)(shui)嶺(ling)為(wei)寧靜山(shan)、云嶺(ling)及無量(liang)山(shan)。流域(yu)(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)程漫灣以上(shang)為(wei)4000米(mi)。上(shang)游(you)屬青藏(zang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)原(yuan),海拔(ba)為(wei)4000-4500米(mi),山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)可達5500-6000米(mi),區域(yu)(yu)內(nei)除高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)大險峻的(de)雪峰(feng)外(wai),山(shan)勢平(ping)(ping)(ping)緩,河谷(gu)(gu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)淺。中游(you)屬高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)峽谷(gu)(gu)區,河谷(gu)(gu)深(shen)切于橫斷山(shan)脈之間,山(shan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)谷(gu)(gu)深(shen),兩岸高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)對(dui)峙(zhi),山(shan)峰(feng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)面3000多米(mi),河谷(gu)(gu)比較(jiao)狹窄,河床坡(po)度大,形(xing)成陡(dou)峻的(de)坡(po)狀(zhuang)地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)。下游(you)分水(shui)(shui)(shui)嶺(ling)顯著(zhu)降(jiang)低,一(yi)般在2500米(mi)以下,地(di)(di)(di)勢趨平(ping)(ping)(ping)緩,河道呈束放狀(zhuang),出中國境后河道比較(jiao)開闊平(ping)(ping)(ping)緩。

氣候溫度

瀾(lan)滄(cang)江流(liu)域由北向(xiang)南(nan)縱跨(kua)緯度13°,地(di)勢高(gao)亢,山巒(luan)重疊(die),起伏變化大,導致(zhi)流(liu)域內氣(qi)(qi)候差異很(hen)大,氣(qi)(qi)溫及(ji)降(jiang)水量(liang)一般由北向(xiang)南(nan)遞(di)增(zeng),海(hai)拔越高(gao),氣(qi)(qi)溫越低(di),降(jiang)水量(liang)越少(shao)。瀾(lan)滄(cang)江流(liu)域跨(kua)越幾個氣(qi)(qi)候帶,源(yuan)頭地(di)區(青海(hai)南(nan)部(bu))屬高(gao)寒氣(qi)(qi)候,地(di)勢高(gao)、氣(qi)(qi)溫低(di)、降(jiang)水量(liang)少(shao),年(nian)平均氣(qi)(qi)溫零下3-3℃,最熱月平均氣(qi)(qi)溫6-12℃,年(nian)降(jiang)水量(liang)400-800mm。

瀾滄江西藏地(di)區,屬高(gao)原(yuan)溫(wen)(wen)帶氣(qi)候,氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)由(you)北向南遞增,并有(you)明顯(xian)的垂直變化。海拔(ba)(ba)3000米(mi)以(yi)下河(he)谷,氣(qi)候干熱(re),年平均氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)10℃以(yi)上,最(zui)熱(re)月(yue)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)18℃以(yi)上;海拔(ba)(ba)3000-3500米(mi)地(di)帶,最(zui)熱(re)月(yue)平均氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)15-18℃;海拔(ba)(ba)3500-4000米(mi),最(zui)熱(re)月(yue)平均氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)12-15℃。年降水量(liang)400-800毫米(mi),山區潮濕河(he)谷干燥。

瀾滄江中游滇西北(bei)(bei)區(qu),屬亞熱帶,高山峽谷(gu),海拔多在3000米(mi)(mi)以上,高山超過(guo)5000米(mi)(mi),峰谷(gu)相對高差超過(guo)1000米(mi)(mi)。氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)垂(chui)直變化明顯,氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)由北(bei)(bei)向南(nan)遞(di)增,年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)12-15℃,最(zui)熱月平(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)24-28℃,最(zui)冷月平(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)5-10℃。年降水(shui)量1000-2500毫米(mi)(mi),西多東少,山區(qu)多河谷(gu)少。

瀾滄江下游滇(dian)西(xi)南地區丘陵和盆地交錯,氣溫由(you)北(bei)向南遞(di)增,屬亞熱帶(dai)(dai)或(huo)熱帶(dai)(dai)氣候。平均氣溫15-22℃,最熱月平均氣溫20-28℃,最冷(leng)月平均氣溫5-20℃,年降水量1000-3000毫(hao)米,由(you)北(bei)向南遞(di)增,環谷降水小于山區。

全流域屬(shu)西南(nan)季(ji)(ji)(ji)風氣(qi)候,干(gan)、濕(shi)(shi)兩季(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)明,一般(ban)5-10月(yue)(yue)為(wei)濕(shi)(shi)季(ji)(ji)(ji),11月(yue)(yue)至次年4月(yue)(yue)為(wei)干(gan)季(ji)(ji)(ji),約85%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的降水(shui)量集中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)濕(shi)(shi)季(ji)(ji)(ji),而又以(yi)6-8月(yue)(yue)為(wei)最集中(zhong)(zhong),3個月(yue)(yue)的降水(shui)量占全年降水(shui)量的60%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。暴雨(yu)多發在(zai)7、8兩月(yue)(yue)。上(shang)(shang)游(you)暴雨(yu)較(jiao)少,中(zhong)(zhong)游(you)暴雨(yu)強(qiang)度較(jiao)大(da),為(wei)流域的主要(yao)暴雨(yu)區(qu)。

治理開發

水資源

徑流資源(yuan)豐富,多年平均徑流量740億立方米。水力資源(yuan)理論蘊藏(zang)量3656萬(wan)千瓦(wa),可能開發量約2348萬(wan)千瓦(wa),干流為2088萬(wan)千瓦(wa),約占全流域89%。河(he)道中因(yin)險灘急流較多,只有(you)威遠江口至(zhi)橄欖壩段可行木船(chuan)和機動船(chuan)。

由(you)于(yu)流經區域具有獨(du)特的氣候特點和地理條件,瀾滄江-湄(mei)公河水(shui)系孕育了世界上最豐富的淡水(shui)魚類生(sheng)態系統。僅次于(yu)亞馬遜河流域。

2000年,世(shi)(shi)界野生動物基金會把瀾(lan)滄(cang)江-湄公(gong)河(he)流(liu)域(yu)確定為世(shi)(shi)界上最重(zhong)要的淡(dan)水(shui)魚(yu)類(lei)生態區域(yu)之一(yi)。瀾(lan)滄(cang)江-湄公(gong)河(he)流(liu)域(yu)淡(dan)水(shui)魚(yu)類(lei)年捕獲量高達180萬噸,價值14億美元,為世(shi)(shi)界上最大(da)的內河(he)淡(dan)水(shui)漁(yu)業。

瀾滄(cang)江-湄公河豐富的魚類資(zi)源中(zhong)包括已經高度瀕危的鯰魚(Pangasianodon gigas),伊洛瓦(wa)底江豚(tun)(Orcaella brevirostris),以(yi)及其他極(ji)具(ju)商業價值(zhi)的常見魚類:倒刺魚、淡水鯊、黃貂魚、面(mian)瓜魚、紅尾巴魚等(deng)。

開發利用

瀾滄江-湄公河流域總(zong)面積81萬(wan)平方千米。

1990年中、老兩國進行(xing)了洪水期考察,試航(hang)萬象取得(de)成(cheng)功。

1993年新組建的思茅航運(yun)公司,開始(shi)為老撾、緬甸、泰國運(yun)送產(chan)品3000多噸。同年,中、老、緬、泰4國經過協商,對該河段提出共同整(zheng)治方案。

上(shang)游(you)山區有大量(liang)冰川和永(yong)久積雪。中游(you)穿行于高山深谷,水流(liu)湍(tuan)急,流(liu)域面積狹小(xiao)。水量(liang)主要來自下游(you)地區,全(quan)年變化不大,夏季徑流(liu)量(liang)占全(quan)年的一半左(zuo)右。

1994年(nian),中國政府成立了“國家(jia)瀾滄(cang)江-湄(mei)公河流域開發前期研究協調(diao)組”。

2000年4月,中(zhong)國(guo)、老撾、緬甸、泰國(guo)四(si)國(guo)正式簽署了(le)《瀾(lan)滄江-湄公河(he)商船通航協議》,2001年四(si)國(guo)正式通航。

根據普查或規劃,將(jiang)在瀾滄江(jiang)(jiang)干流(liu)擬建25座堤壩式電站,自上而下分(fen)別為(wei):永賽(sai)(3.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、阿(a)多(6萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、賽(sai)青(3.75萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、昂賽(sai)(5.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、阿(a)通(5.26萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、達(da)(da)日阿(a)卡(6.9萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、公(gong)都(dou)(13萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、達(da)(da)漢(14萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、娘拉(la)(8.2萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、真達(da)(da)(140萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、古學(120萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、溜筒江(jiang)(jiang)(55萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、佳(jia)碧(43萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、烏弄龍(long)(80萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、托巴(164萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、黃(huang)登(200萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、鐵門坎(178萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、功果橋(90萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、小灣(420萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、漫灣(167萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、大(da)朝山(135萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、糯扎渡(585萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、景洪(175萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))、橄欖壩(15萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa))和勐松(song)(60萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)),總裝機容量(liang)(liang)2566.4萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa),年發電量(liang)(liang)1280.8億千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)·時,共利用天然落差2749米。

云南境內瀾滄江中下游(功(gong)果橋(qiao)至(zhi)南阿(a)河口)河段,長約800公里,在(zai)負荷要求(qiu)、電站位置、交通條(tiao)件、地(di)形、地(di)質條(tiao)件、技術經濟條(tiao)件等方(fang)面(mian)都比較(jiao)優(you)越,是全(quan)江重點開發研究的(de)河段,擬建的(de)8個梯級(ji)電站,總裝機(ji)1520萬千(qian)瓦,占全(quan)流域裝機(ji)容量60%。其(qi)中小灣和糯扎渡(du)為(wei)兩個主(zhu)要調(diao)節(jie)水庫,對下游梯級(ji)電站進行徑流調(diao)節(jie),效益極為(wei)顯著。

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