芒果视频下载

網站分類(lei)
登錄 |    
馮從吾
0 票數:0 #人物明星榜#
馮從吾(1557~1627),字仲好,號少墟,晚明西安府長安(今陜西西安人),著名思想家、教育家,著名學者。萬歷十七年(1589)進士,與袁可立、高盤龍同科,官至工部尚書,創辦關中書院,人稱“關西夫子”。馮從吾是明代關學把程朱理學和陸王心學融合的集大成者,并是東林黨在西北的領袖。
  • 中文名: 馮從吾
  • 出生日期: 1557年
  • 性別:
  • 國籍: 中國
  • 民族: 漢(han)族
  • 出生地: 西安(an)府長安(an)縣(xian)(今陜西省(sheng)西安(an)市(shi))
  • 生肖: 蛇(she)
  • 去世日期: 1627年
  • 職業職位: 思想(xiang)家,教育家
  • 代表作品: 《馮少墟集》,《元儒考(kao)略(lve)》,《馮子(zi)節(jie)要》等
  • 主要成就: 創辦(ban)關中書院(yuan),傳播關學
詳(xiang)細介紹(shao) PROFILE +

人物簡介

[明]馮(feng)從(cong)吾(wu)(1556-1627),字仲好(hao),號少墟,長安(an)人(今陜西西安(an))。著名(ming)教育家,以鯁直著稱(cheng)。生(sheng)而純懿。及長,有(you)(you)志(zhi)濂、洛之(zhi)學,受業于許孚(fu)遠(yuan)。登萬歷進士,授御(yu)史,巡視中(zhong)城(cheng),閹人修刺謁,拒(ju)不見。旋抗(kang)章言帝失德,帝大怒,欲廷(ting)杖之(zhi),閣臣(chen)力(li)解得免。尋告歸(gui),杜門謝客,造(zao)詣益深。家居二十五年,又起為尚寶(bao)卿(qing)。累(lei)遷工(gong)部尚書致(zhi)仕。卒,謚恭(gong)定。學者(zhe)稱(cheng)少墟先生(sheng)。從(cong)吾(wu)著有(you)(you)《馮(feng)少墟集》二十二卷(juan),又有(you)(you)《元儒(ru)考(kao)略》、《馮(feng)子節(jie)要》及《古文輯選(xuan)》(均(jun)著錄于《四(si)庫總目》)并行于世。

主要經歷

馮從(cong)吾居家(jia)從(cong)事(shi)學(xue)術(shu)著述(shu)的同時(shi),也十分(fen)熱衷(zhong)于講學(xue)。為(wei)了宣傳他的學(xue)術(shu)觀點和政治主(zhu)張,借用(yong)西安城南(nan)門(men)里(li)的寶(bao)慶寺(今(jin)西安書院門(men)小學(xue))作為(wei)講學(xue)場(chang)所。馮從(cong)吾的追隨者很多,不久,聽眾竟達(da)幾千人,連明王朝的陜西地(di)方官(guan)也來聽講。時(shi)人評其曰:出則(ze)真御史(shi),直聲(sheng)震天下;退則(ze)名大(da)儒,書懷一瓣香。

寶慶寺地(di)窄房小,難(nan)以(yi)做講學施教長久之地(di)。萬歷三十(shi)七年(1609),陜西布政使(shi)汪可受、按察使(shi)李天麟等遵從馮(feng)從吾(wu)的(de)意愿,在寶慶寺東側小悉(西)園撥地(di),籌建關(guan)中(zhong)書(shu)院。

關中(zhong)(zhong)書院初(chu)期(qi)占地(di)數十畝,核心建筑(zhu)為(wei)“允執堂(tang)(tang)”,進出六間(jian),空間(jian)宏闊;青瓦紅柱,肅(su)穆莊(zhuang)嚴,是講學(xue)集會之所(suo),其名取自《中(zhong)(zhong)庸》“允執厥中(zhong)(zhong)”之句。繞(rao)堂(tang)(tang)左右各筑(zhu)大屋(教室)四楹(ying),東(dong)西(xi)號房(宿舍)各六楹(ying)。堂(tang)(tang)前辟有半畝方塘,豎亭其中(zhong)(zhong),砌石(shi)為(wei)橋(qiao);堂(tang)(tang)后(hou)置一假山,名曰“小華(hua)岳”。又栽槐、松(song)、柏、梅各種名木,一時松(song)風朗月,槐香荷語,“煥然成(cheng)一大觀(guan)”。三年后(hou),新任(ren)布(bu)政使汪道亨于書院后(hou)部又建“斯(si)道中(zhong)(zhong)天閣”,以祀孔子,收藏(zang)儒(ru)家經(jing)典。后(hou)世經(jing)不(bu)斷修葺擴建,到晚清已具相當規模,成(cheng)為(wei)西(xi)北地(di)區最大的一座高等級學(xue)府。

關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)自張(zhang)載于北宋(song)初始創,后(hou)因朱(zhu)子(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)興起,迄南(nan)(nan)宋(song)及(ji)金元日(ri)趨消(xiao)沉,然至明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)代(dai),因有(you)呂涇(jing)(jing)野(ye)(木冉)諸(zhu)君重振之功,關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)遂(sui)有(you)勃興,至晚(wan)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)由(you)(you)馮(feng)從(cong)吾(wu)而總(zong)其(qi)成(cheng)(cheng),從(cong)吾(wu)遂(sui)為(wei)涇(jing)(jing)野(ye)之后(hou)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)之第一(yi)人(ren)。李(li)二(er)(er)曲(qu)說(shuo)(shuo):“關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)一(yi)派,張(zhang)子(zi)開(kai)先,涇(jing)(jing)野(ye)接武(wu),至先生(少(shao)墟(xu))而集其(qi)成(cheng)(cheng),宗(zong)風賴(lai)以(yi)大振。”(《答董郡伯》,載《二(er)(er)曲(qu)集》卷17,中(zhong)華(hua)書局1996年版)故研究(jiu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)代(dai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),馮(feng)從(cong)吾(wu)之思(si)想(xiang)是(shi)不(bu)能繞過的(de)。然“以(yi)禮教為(wei)本”和(he)崇(chong)尚氣學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)張(zhang)載關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),其(qi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)脈在(zai)張(zhang)載卒后(hou)則(ze)幾經變(bian)化,先有(you)諸(zhu)呂卒業于二(er)(er)程(cheng)(cheng)門下,后(hou)“關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)人(ren)士(shi)”亦“多(duo)及(ji)程(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)之門”;繼(ji)有(you)朱(zhu)子(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之北傳,北方(fang)有(you)許(xu)魯齋衍朱(zhu)子(zi)之緒,關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)人(ren)如(ru)高(gao)陵諸(zhu)儒“與相(xiang)唱和(he),皆朱(zhu)子(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也”;至明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)代(dai),陽明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)崛起東(dong)南(nan)(nan),渭(wei)南(nan)(nan)南(nan)(nan)元善(shan)傳其(qi)說(shuo)(shuo),此為(wei)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)有(you)王(wang)(wang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之始。經數十年之傳播,“王(wang)(wang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)特盛”,如(ru)呂涇(jing)(jing)野(ye)從(cong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)于湛甘(gan)泉,切琢于王(wang)(wang)門弟子(zi)鄒東(dong)廓(守益(yi)),足見關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)士(shi)人(ren)多(duo)向(xiang)心學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。從(cong)吾(wu)受(shou)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)于許(xu)孚遠(敬艸(cao)奄),受(shou)其(qi)影響既主“格(ge)物(wu)”,又(you)信“良知”,遂(sui)能“統程(cheng)(cheng)、朱(zhu)、陸、王(wang)(wang)而一(yi)之”(以(yi)上見《柏景偉小(xiao)識(shi)》,載《關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)續編》),走出自己(ji)的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)之路。黃宗(zong)羲(xi)將馮(feng)列(lie)于“甘(gan)泉學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)案”,但其(qi)由(you)(you)張(zhang)載所開(kai)躬行(xing)實(shi)踐、崇(chong)尚氣節的(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)宗(zong)風則(ze)在(zai)從(cong)吾(wu)身上有(you)著深(shen)刻的(de)印跡。從(cong)吾(wu)所面(mian)對的(de)是(shi)晚(wan)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)空疏學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風日(ri)漸(jian)泛(fan)濫的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)局面(mian),遂(sui)能以(yi)救時弊為(wei)己(ji)任,且(qie)形成(cheng)(cheng)自己(ji)獨立的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)風格(ge),并開(kai)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)末西部學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)向(xiang)實(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)轉向(xiang)之先。

一(yi)(yi)、“敦本尚(shang)實(shi)(shi)”,斥浮虛(xu)(xu)(xu)以(yi)(yi)倡實(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)明代(dai)中(zhong)葉,心學(xue)(xue)(xue)極(ji)盛。然言(yan)(yan)心學(xue)(xue)(xue)者,浙東一(yi)(yi)系(xi),以(yi)(yi)王龍(long)溪(xi)為(wei)(wei)代(dai)表,倡先天(tian)正心說,力闡良(liang)知現(xian)成,因其(qi)(qi)重本體而略工夫(fu),遂漸(jian)蹈于(yu)“猖狂(kuang)(kuang)無(wu)忌(ji)憚”之(zhi)(zhi)浮虛(xu)(xu)(xu)一(yi)(yi)偏(pian);江(jiang)右一(yi)(yi)系(xi),以(yi)(yi)鄒守益、羅洪先等為(wei)(wei)代(dai)表,糾正龍(long)溪(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian),主體用不二,遂以(yi)(yi)歸寂主靜之(zhi)(zhi)修(xiu)(xiu)養(yang)功夫(fu)補其(qi)(qi)說。至晚(wan)明,王學(xue)(xue)(xue)末(mo)(mo)流直向(xiang)(xiang)猖狂(kuang)(kuang)無(wu)忌(ji)憚一(yi)(yi)路發(fa)展(zhan),使朱(zhu)子格物窮理之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)日(ri)漸(jian)遮(zhe)蔽(bi)。于(yu)是(shi)有顧憲(xian)成、高攀(pan)龍(long)等東林一(yi)(yi)系(xi),反(fan)對陽明后學(xue)(xue)(xue)只在先天(tian)良(liang)知上用力,背離王門(men)篤實(shi)(shi)功夫(fu)的(de)傾向(xiang)(xiang),于(yu)是(shi)起而調合朱(zhu)、王,兼重先天(tian)良(liang)知與后天(tian)功夫(fu),以(yi)(yi)正明末(mo)(mo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)失(shi)。馮從吾與東林學(xue)(xue)(xue)派(pai)處同一(yi)(yi)時代(dai)、同一(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)背景,有著共通(tong)的(de)問題意識,于(yu)是(shi),他以(yi)(yi)弘揚“圣學(xue)(xue)(xue)”為(wei)(wei)己任(ren),自覺地擔(dan)當起挽(wan)救學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)的(de)時代(dai)責任(ren),成為(wei)(wei)晚(wan)明中(zhong)國西(xi)部(bu)“痛懲末(mo)(mo)世(shi)廢修(xiu)(xiu)言(yan)(yan)悟(wu),課虛(xu)(xu)(xu)妨(fang)實(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)病”(姜(jiang)仲文《少虛(xu)(xu)(xu)集序》)的(de)代(dai)表。《行實(shi)(shi)》稱其(qi)(qi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)“一(yi)(yi)稟孔孟(meng)心性(xing)為(wei)(wei)本體,以(yi)(yi)誠敬為(wei)(wei)功夫(fu),以(yi)(yi)萬物一(yi)(yi)體為(wei)(wei)度量,以(yi)(yi)從心所(suo)(suo)欲不逾矩為(wei)(wei)極(ji)則”,此一(yi)(yi)評論可大略標示出馮氏合程朱(zhu)陸王為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)方向(xiang)(xiang)和反(fan)對“廢修(xiu)(xiu)言(yan)(yan)悟(wu),課虛(xu)(xu)(xu)妨(fang)實(shi)(shi)”的(de)實(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)旨趣。從吾為(wei)(wei)關中(zhong)書(shu)院所(suo)(suo)書(shu)“允執堂屏”謂:

“綱常(chang)倫理要(yao)盡(jin)道,天地萬物要(yao)一(yi)體,仕止久速要(yao)當(dang)可(ke),喜怒哀(ai)樂要(yao)中節,辭(ci)受取與要(yao)不茍(gou),視(shi)聽言動要(yao)合禮。存此(ci)(ci)(ci)謂之道心,悖此(ci)(ci)(ci)謂之人心。惟(wei)精,精此(ci)(ci)(ci)者也;惟(wei)一(yi),一(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)者也。此(ci)(ci)(ci)之謂允執厥(jue)中,此(ci)(ci)(ci)之謂盡(jin)性至命之實學。”(《行(xing)實》)

此段文字(zi)所貫穿的(de)對本(ben)體(ti)與(yu)功夫(fu)(fu)、修與(yu)悟、價值與(yu)境界、道體(ti)與(yu)禮法之體(ti)用(yong)一如、相(xiang)融不二關(guan)(guan)系的(de)理解(jie)以及(ji)“盡性至命(ming)”的(de)道德取向,是把握其哲學思(si)(si)想和實學學風之關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)。從中可看出(chu)他(ta)以朱子格物致知(zhi)之工夫(fu)(fu)彌補王學末流忽略工夫(fu)(fu)而(er)純任本(ben)體(ti)的(de)致思(si)(si)方向。

從(cong)吾如東林學(xue)者一樣,痛切地(di)指(zhi)出(chu)王學(xue)末(mo)流墮(duo)于(yu)猖狂無忌憚(dan)之偏,同時(shi)也(ye)指(zhi)出(chu)其弱于(yu)本體(ti)而泛論工(gong)夫之失,他說(shuo):

“近世學者(zhe),多馳(chi)騖(wu)于虛見,而概以規(gui)矩準繩(sheng)為循跡,其(qi)弊(bi)使人猖狂,自恣(zi)流于小人而無(wu)忌憚,此關(guan)系人心世道(dao)……”(卷15,《答逯確齋給事》)

“世之學者,止知本(ben)體之一(yi)物(wu)不容,而(er)(er)不知本(ben)體之萬物(wu)皆(jie)備,此(ci)所以各(ge)墮(duo)于虛無之說,而(er)(er)無實地之可據,令人猖狂而(er)(er)自(zi)恣也。”(卷12,《關中書院語錄》)

“近世學者,病支離者什(shen)一(yi),病猖(chang)狂(kuang)者什(shen)九”(卷(juan)15,《答(da)楊原忠(zhong)運長》)

從(cong)(cong)吾認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei),當時學(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)或只(zhi)重工(gong)夫(fu)不論(lun)(lun)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti),而(er)(er)(er)(er)陷(xian)于支離;或懸空(kong)(kong)談本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)不著修(xiu)養工(gong)夫(fu),遂陷(xian)于“猖狂”,其源蓋“起于本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)工(gong)夫(fu),辨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不甚清楚”,他(ta)強調本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)要與工(gong)夫(fu)合,本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)即工(gong)夫(fu),工(gong)夫(fu)即本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti),相(xiang)反,“若(ruo)論(lun)(lun)工(gong)夫(fu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不合本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti),則泛(fan)然(ran)用功,必(bi)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)支離纏繞;論(lun)(lun)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不論(lun)(lun)工(gong)夫(fu),則懸空(kong)(kong)談體(ti)(ti),必(bi)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)捷徑猖狂。”(《論(lun)(lun)學(xue)(xue)(xue)書(shu)》,見《明儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)案·甘泉學(xue)(xue)(xue)案》)此說拈出陽(yang)明后(hou)學(xue)(xue)(xue)純任本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)而(er)(er)(er)(er)忽略工(gong)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)空(kong)(kong)疏病根,遂將朱子學(xue)(xue)(xue)的“格(ge)物(wu)(wu)窮理”與陽(yang)明的“致良知(zhi)(zhi)”結合起來,認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“吾儒(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue),以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)善(shan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti),以(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)止為(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)夫(fu),……必(bi)格(ge)物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)能知(zhi)(zhi)止也。”如果棄格(ge)物(wu)(wu)于不顧,而(er)(er)(er)(er)“別求(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)止之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方,此異端懸空(kong)(kong)頓悟(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue),非吾儒(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旨也”(同上)。以(yi)(yi)朱子“格(ge)物(wu)(wu)”以(yi)(yi)矯正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)陽(yang)明后(hou)學(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先天良知(zhi)(zhi)說,是晚明學(xue)(xue)(xue)風由(you)虛而(er)(er)(er)(er)返實之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動向在從(cong)(cong)吾身上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)。高攀龍評價說:“修(xiu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不悟(wu)(wu)者(zhe),徇末而(er)(er)(er)(er)迷本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben);悟(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不徹者(zhe),認(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)則。故善(shan)言(yan)(yan)工(gong)夫(fu)者(zhe),惟恐言(yan)(yan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妨其修(xiu);善(shan)言(yan)(yan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)者(zhe),惟恐言(yan)(yan)工(gong)夫(fu)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妨其悟(wu)(wu),不知(zhi)(zhi)欲修(xiu)者(zhe)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)須(xu)求(qiu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti),欲悟(wu)(wu)者(zhe)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)須(xu)求(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)夫(fu)。無(wu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)無(wu)工(gong)夫(fu),無(wu)工(gong)夫(fu)無(wu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)也。仲好之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《集》,至(zhi)明至(zhi)備,至(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)至(zhi)中”,此正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是從(cong)(cong)吾“《集》中示人最(zui)切者(zhe)”。(《馮少墟集序》)

當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風浮虛(xu)的(de)又一(yi)表現,是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)事講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),或(huo)雖講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)卻是(shi)“講(jiang)非(fei)(fei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)”。所謂(wei)“非(fei)(fei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)”,即或(huo)“談(tan)玄(xuan)(xuan)說空”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),或(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)“收心(xin)靜(jing)養”,未(wei)能(neng)(neng)絕(jue)“一(yi)切聲色貨利”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),或(huo)“看書作文時(shi)(shi)務”,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)在“潛心(xin)體驗”處“發(fa)(fa)揮道理”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),或(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)絕(jue)“奔競營為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)念”,只(zhi)馳逐功利,而未(wei)守(shou)“恬澹(dan)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),或(huo)似是(shi)而非(fei)(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)等(deng)等(deng),其核心(xin)是(shi)“非(fei)(fei)吾(wu)(wu)儒(ru)進德修業之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”(見卷(juan)11,《池陽語錄》)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)。“非(fei)(fei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)”正是(shi)從吾(wu)(wu)對當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風氣(qi)的(de)概(gai)括。從吾(wu)(wu)將矯正此一(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術風氣(qi)視為(wei)(wei)自己的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術責任,他說:“戰國時(shi)(shi),楊墨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)盈天(tian)(tian)下(xia),得孟(meng)子辭而辟(pi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);從漢至(zhi)(zhi)宋,佛老(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)盈天(tian)(tian)下(xia),得程(cheng)朱辭而辟(pi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);至(zhi)(zhi)于今日,非(fei)(fei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)盈天(tian)(tian)下(xia),倘有(you)(you)(you)辭而辟(pi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如孟(meng)子、程(cheng)朱其人乎?余竊愿為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)執(zhi)鞭。”(卷(juan)7,《寶慶(qing)語錄》)并發(fa)(fa)出(chu)“吾(wu)(wu)儒(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,何(he)時(shi)(shi)而明,天(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊,何(he)時(shi)(shi)而已”的(de)慨(kai)嘆!(卷(juan)3,《疑思錄》)為(wei)(wei)了不(bu)(bu)(bu)至(zhi)(zhi)于“以學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術殺天(tian)(tian)下(xia)后世”,從吾(wu)(wu)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)還應從講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)開始。他曾(ceng)引(yin)呂(lv)涇野所說“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)講(jiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)明”,以及鄒東廓所謂(wei)“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)講(jiang),圣門所憂”的(de)話來強調講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)重要(yao)性(xing),并指出(chu)講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)應“以修德為(wei)(wei)下(xia)手處”(卷(juan)6,《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會約》),“格物(wu)即是(shi)講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)談(tan)玄(xuan)(xuan)說空。”(《明儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)案·甘泉(quan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)案》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《疑思錄》)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)些學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)常講(jiang)玄(xuan)(xuan)虛(xu),而不(bu)(bu)(bu)尚躬行,有(you)(you)(you)人懷(huai)疑講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)能(neng)(neng)否醫治(zhi)此病(bing),從吾(wu)(wu)說,“藥玄(xuan)(xuan)虛(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)者(zhe)(zhe),在躬行二字,既(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)多講(jiang)玄(xuan)(xuan)虛(xu),正當(dang)(dang)講(jiang)躬行以藥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)也。而反云學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)必講(jiang),何(he)哉?”并指出(chu)此說是(shi)在“左(zuo)袒玄(xuan)(xuan)虛(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說而阻人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辨者(zhe)(zhe)也。”(卷(juan)7,《寶慶(qing)語錄》)

為了端正學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)風(feng)氣,從吾(wu)(wu)先從正鄉(xiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)開始。丙申歲(sui)(萬(wan)歷二十四年)秋,從吾(wu)(wu)與(yu)諸君子立會講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)于長安寶(bao)慶寺(si),制訂(ding)(ding)了后來(lai)在(zai)(zai)關中(zhong)影(ying)響深遠的(de)《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會約》。翌年十二月(1597),從吾(wu)(wu)又主(zhu)(zhu)持制訂(ding)(ding)了《關中(zhong)士夫會約》。值得注意的(de)是,在(zai)(zai)《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會約》中(zhong)不(bu)僅(jin)明(ming)確規定(ding)了“其(qi)言(yan)當以(yi)綱常倫理為主(zhu)(zhu)”的(de)講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內容,并(bing)特別(bie)提出了樹立“崇(chong)真尚(shang)簡(jian)為主(zhu)(zhu),務戒(jie)空(kong)(kong)譚,敦(dun)(dun)(dun)實(shi)行(xing)”的(de)實(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風(feng)的(de)問(wen)題。所(suo)謂(wei)“空(kong)(kong)譚”,在(zai)(zai)從吾(wu)(wu)看來(lai),“談空(kong)(kong)論無(wu)”者(zhe)為空(kong)(kong)譚,雖言(yan)但“不(bu)躬(gong)(gong)行(xing)”者(zhe)亦為空(kong)(kong)譚;好(hao)議(yi)他人而自(zi)(zi)己(ji)不(bu)實(shi)行(xing)者(zhe)為空(kong)(kong)譚,“好(hao)對人夸自(zi)(zi)家”但自(zi)(zi)己(ji)又“不(bu)躬(gong)(gong)行(xing)者(zhe)”亦為空(kong)(kong)譚。“敦(dun)(dun)(dun)實(shi)行(xing)”,方(fang)可“戒(jie)空(kong)(kong)譚”。所(suo)以(yi)從吾(wu)(wu)講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),總是“以(yi)躬(gong)(gong)行(xing)相(xiang)勸(quan)勉”,并(bing)發出“嗚(wu)呼!為學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)不(bu)在(zai)(zai)多言(yan),顧力行(xing)耳”的(de)呼喚。(卷(juan)5,《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會約·附答問(wen)二則》)從吾(wu)(wu)強(qiang)調:“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)須(xu)要腳根踏得定(ding),徹(che)頭徹(che)尾(wei),才得有成(cheng)。”(卷(juan)11,《池陽語錄》)戒(jie)虛(xu)華,不(bu)浮(fu)躁,戒(jie)空(kong)(kong)譚,敦(dun)(dun)(dun)實(shi)行(xing),是從吾(wu)(wu)《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會約》中(zhong)最切(qie)實(shi)處,他自(zi)(zi)己(ji)亦能以(yi)身作則。故王心敬(jing)說:“其(qi)于一切(qie)翰(han)苑浮(fu)華徵逐,概謝絕不(bu)為。”(《關學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)續編·少墟先生》)

當(dang)(dang)時一些學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者流(liu)于“空(kong)(kong)譚”而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)“實(shi)行”,還有(you)(you)一個原因,這就是(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問(wen)常常不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得要(yao)領,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能抓(zhua)住根本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),陷于支離。從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)認(ren)為(wei)這亦與(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能“敦(dun)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)”的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風有(you)(you)關。他(ta)認(ren)為(wei)“本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體源頭(tou)處一不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)清楚(chu),此所(suo)以后(hou)來流(liu)弊無窮”(卷11,《池(chi)陽(yang)語錄(lu)(lu)》),所(suo)以關鍵是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)追“圣學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)”,探“圣學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)源”。他(ta)強調“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),全要(yao)在(zai)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)原處透徹,未發處得力(li)。則發皆中(zhong)節,取之(zhi)(zhi)左右,自逢其(qi)原,諸凡事為(wei),自是(shi)(shi)(shi)停當(dang)(dang);不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran),縱事事點檢,終(zhong)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)湊泊處,此吾(wu)(wu)儒提(ti)(ti)綱挈領之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”(《明儒學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)案(an)·甘(gan)泉學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)案(an)五(wu)》)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)認(ren)為(wei)此“本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)”不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)別的(de)(de)(de),應該(gai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。時關中(zhong)有(you)(you)所(suo)謂(wei)“四絕”的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法,即王端毅之(zhi)(zhi)“事功”,楊斛山之(zhi)(zhi)“節義”,呂涇(jing)野之(zhi)(zhi)“理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”,李空(kong)(kong)同(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)“文(wen)章”。從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)惟認(ren)為(wei)“理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”為(wei)根本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),說(shuo)“夫事功、節義、理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、文(wen)章,雖(sui)君(jun)子所(suo)并重(zhong),然(ran)三者皆其(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)用,理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)則其(qi)根本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)也(ye)。根本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)處得力(li),其(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)用自別。”(卷16,《渭濱別言贈畢(bi)東(dong)郊侍郎(lang)》)然(ran)理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)“本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)”又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)什么?按(an)從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)解,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)“以心(xin)性為(wei)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體,以學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問(wen)為(wei)功夫”。所(suo)以他(ta)總是(shi)(shi)(shi)抓(zhua)住孟(meng)子的(de)(de)(de)“善(shan)”、《中(zhong)庸(yong)》的(de)(de)(de)“誠”“未發”、程朱(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)“理(li)”、陽(yang)明的(de)(de)(de)“良知(zhi)”等核心(xin)概念,力(li)加琢磨(mo)。在(zai)從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)看來,“圣賢學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問(wen)總在(zai)心(xin)上用功,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)即終(zhong)日孳(zi)(zi)孳(zi)(zi),屬(shu)枝葉(xie)耳。”(李維貞《辨學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)錄(lu)(lu)序》)如(ru)孟(meng)子所(suo)說(shuo)“先立乎其(qi)大(da)者”,即應先在(zai)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體上用功,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)末(mo)(mo)事上務求。他(ta)說(shuo)“若丟過(guo)此心(xin),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)去‘精一’,而(er)(er)徒欲喜怒哀(ai)樂中(zhong)節,視聽言動合禮,此真舍(she)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)而(er)(er)務末(mo)(mo)。”(卷12,《關中(zhong)書院語錄(lu)(lu)》)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可避免要(yao)陷入佛(fo)(fo)老(lao)異端“懸空(kong)(kong)之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”。總之(zhi)(zhi),“敦(dun)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)”才不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)至于“務末(mo)(mo)”,從(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)方見(jian)(jian)提(ti)(ti)綱挈領之(zhi)(zhi)功;“尚實(shi)”才不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)至于“懸空(kong)(kong)”,從(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)與(yu)佛(fo)(fo)老(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)玄虛立異,使“吾(wu)(wu)儒修德之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”見(jian)(jian)諸實(shi)效(xiao)。可見(jian)(jian),從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)雖(sui)服膺心(xin)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),但(dan)與(yu)王學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)末(mo)(mo)流(liu)大(da)為(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)。后(hou)者“逐(zhu)末(mo)(mo)而(er)(er)迷本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)”,從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)則主體用一如(ru),本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)末(mo)(mo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)二。

二、學“有主”、貴“自得”,方能“深造(zao)以道(dao)”

從吾(wu)曾做過侍御(yu)史,后辭官(guan)在家(jia),閉關(guan)九年,足不出戶,精思力踐。講學二十余年,終(zhong)有(you)所(suo)悟。他認為“近世學者”所(suo)以(yi)混佛(fo)老與儒于(yu)(yu)一涂,因“多馳(chi)騖于(yu)(yu)虛見”,陷(xian)于(yu)(yu)“空虛”,墜于(yu)(yu)“猖(chang)狂”,或“逐末而迷(mi)本(ben)”,陷(xian)于(yu)(yu)“支(zhi)離”,或以(yi)“似是(shi)而非”之(zhi)論亂人之(zhi)心,或人云亦(yi)云等等,其源蓋(gai)起于(yu)(yu)本(ben)原處不明(ming)。而本(ben)原不明(ming),又與學無(wu)自主、不貴“自得”、不勇于(yu)(yu)“造道”的虛浮風氣有(you)關(guan)。反對“空虛”和“支(zhi)離”,強調“自得”、“造道”,是(shi)從吾(wu)最用力處。

首先,從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)強調學(xue)(xue)貴“有(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)”。他說(shuo):“學(xue)(xue)問(wen)功夫全(quan)(quan)要(yao)(yao)曉得(de)(de)頭腦主(zhu)(zhu)意”(卷12,《關(guan)中(zhong)書院(yuan)語錄(lu)(lu)》)。所(suo)謂有(you)(you)(you)“主(zhu)(zhu)意”,一是(shi)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)“主(zhu)(zhu)見”,即在對(dui)(dui)學(xue)(xue)術對(dui)(dui)象全(quan)(quan)面深(shen)入(ru)了解(jie)并融會貫(guan)通(tong)基(ji)礎上,一旦形成某種(zhong)自認為正確(que)的(de)理解(jie)或認識,就要(yao)(yao)堅持主(zhu)(zhu)見,一般不(bu)為外在的(de)因素所(suo)左右。正如(ru)(ru)洪翼圣評價從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)《善利(li)(li)圖》時說(shuo):“學(xue)(xue)問(wen)最(zui)(zui)患不(bu)痛不(bu)癢,兩(liang)頭牽制”,而(er)從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)“學(xue)(xue)問(wen)則(ze)(ze)(ze)一切兩(liang)斷,切骨(gu)入(ru)髓”(卷8,《善利(li)(li)圖說(shuo)序》之(zhi)《附柬》);二(er)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)知“本(ben)(ben)(ben)”,“本(ben)(ben)(ben)”不(bu)明(ming)而(er)徒用(yong)功夫,則(ze)(ze)(ze)終(zhong)無所(suo)成,從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)說(shuo)“學(xue)(xue)問(wen)曉得(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)意,才(cai)好用(yong)功夫。……不(bu)曉得(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)意,則(ze)(ze)(ze)功夫亦(yi)(yi)徒用(yong)矣(yi)。此空虛(xu)之(zhi)學(xue)(xue)與支(zhi)(zhi)離之(zhi)學(xue)(xue),皆圣道不(bu)載也。”(卷12,《關(guan)中(zhong)書院(yuan)語錄(lu)(lu)》)學(xue)(xue)“有(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)”,方可(ke)杜心(xin)(xin)學(xue)(xue)末(mo)流之(zhi)“空疏”,絕徒用(yong)功夫之(zhi)“支(zhi)(zhi)離”;三是(shi)學(xue)(xue)問(wen)要(yao)(yao)明(ming)確(que)“宗旨(zhi)”,抓住核心(xin)(xin),如(ru)(ru)從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)多(duo)次告(gao)誡(jie)諸生(sheng),應(ying)明(ming)吾(wu)儒之(zhi)學(xue)(xue)“宗旨(zhi)”,以“心(xin)(xin)性(xing)為本(ben)(ben)(ben)”,而(er)心(xin)(xin)性(xing)之(zhi)學(xue)(xue),又以“誠敬”為本(ben)(ben)(ben),而(er)最(zui)(zui)終(zhong)則(ze)(ze)(ze)歸于性(xing)體(ti)之(zhi)“至(zhi)善”。故(gu)畢懋康說(shuo):“竊觀先生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)貴有(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu),不(bu)貳以二(er),不(bu)參以三,用(yong)貴實(shi)踐,摻(chan)貴敕,不(bu)為虛(xu),恢偷(tou)縱(zong)者所(suo)借,托夫有(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu),則(ze)(ze)(ze)歷(li)千變而(er)不(bu)惑(huo),實(shi)踐則(ze)(ze)(ze)究必到(dao)而(er)不(bu)可(ke)欺。”(《馮少墟(xu)集(ji)序》)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)于張(zhang)載“學(xue)(xue)凡(fan)(fan)數變”、陽明(ming)“悔(hui)二(er)十年(nian)錯(cuo)用(yong)其心(xin)(xin)”來(lai)說(shuo),從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)確(que)有(you)(you)(you)過人之(zhi)處(chu)。楊鶴在《辨學(xue)(xue)錄(lu)(lu)序》中(zhong)說(shuo):“先生(sheng)清(qing)明(ming)在躬,志氣如(ru)(ru)神(shen),然(ran)終(zhong)日正襟(jin)危坐,儼(yan)乎若思(si),應(ying)事接物,如(ru)(ru)執玉如(ru)(ru)捧(peng)盈(ying),此心(xin)(xin)未嘗一刻(ke)放下(xia),先生(sheng)有(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)學(xue)(xue)于是(shi)可(ke)見。昔橫渠學(xue)(xue)凡(fan)(fan)數變,陽明(ming)亦(yi)(yi)悔(hui)二(er)十年(nian)錯(cuo)用(yong)其心(xin)(xin),先生(sheng)過人遠矣(yi)。”

其次,學(xue)“有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建立在(zai)(zai)(zai)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”和“深(shen)于造(zao)(zao)(zao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”基礎(chu)(chu)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)。強調學(xue)“有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)固執己(ji)見(jian),而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”而“造(zao)(zao)(zao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”。其實張載學(xue)凡數變,陽(yang)(yang)明悔“二(er)十年(nian)錯(cuo)用其心”,也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)術(shu)(shu)“有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”的(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)種表現,若“無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”,則(ze)只能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)人(ren)云亦云矣,無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)謂(wei)修正和悔悟自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)。問(wen)題在(zai)(zai)(zai)于,從(cong)吾始(shi)終將(jiang)“有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)學(xue)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)覺意(yi)識。“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)吾在(zai)(zai)(zai)對(dui)(dui)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)思想(xiang)發揮(hui)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)(chu)上(shang)(shang),針對(dui)(dui)當時學(xue)風(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊而提出來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)。孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),欲其自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。”(《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·離(li)(li)婁下》)此(ci)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)經過自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)深(shen)入學(xue)習(xi)理解(jie)(jie)所(suo)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)到體(ti)(ti)悟。從(cong)吾認為(wei)(wei),如果“厭深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)以(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、博(bo)(bo)(bo)學(xue)詳(xiang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)決不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)所(suo)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”的(de)(de)(de)。“造(zao)(zao)(zao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)靈魂,“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)境界,“學(xue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de),終是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)支離(li)(li),終不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)左(zuo)右逢(feng)其原。”(卷12,《關(guan)(guan)中(zhong)書院(yuan)語錄(lu)》)關(guan)(guan)于“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”、“有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”與(yu)“造(zao)(zao)(zao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系,從(cong)吾說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“學(xue)問(wen)功(gong)夫全(quan)(quan)要(yao)(yao)曉(xiao)得(de)頭腦(nao)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi),深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)以(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)全(quan)(quan)為(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)。博(bo)(bo)(bo)學(xue)詳(xiang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)全(quan)(quan)為(wei)(wei)反(fan)(fan)約(yue)。博(bo)(bo)(bo)學(xue)詳(xiang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)解(jie)(jie)深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)以(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),反(fan)(fan)約(yue)正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)解(jie)(jie)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de),以(yi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi),以(yi)深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)以(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)為(wei)(wei)功(gong)夫,以(yi)左(zuo)右逢(feng)源(yuan)為(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙,此(ci)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)平學(xue)問(wen)大得(de)力處。”(卷12,《關(guan)(guan)中(zhong)書院(yuan)語錄(lu)》)即“深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)以(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)“博(bo)(bo)(bo)學(xue)詳(xiang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”基礎(chu)(chu)上(shang)(shang)“反(fan)(fan)約(yue)”,而“反(fan)(fan)約(yue)”才(cai)會有(you)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”,“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”方(fang)可有(you)“主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)”,故曰“主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)全(quan)(quan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”。亦即有(you)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處,方(fang)達“造(zao)(zao)(zao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時。從(cong)吾所(suo)以(yi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)家(jia),在(zai)(zai)(zai)于他(ta)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)處理好博(bo)(bo)(bo)與(yu)約(yue)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系,所(suo)以(yi)才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)許多問(wen)題上(shang)(shang)有(you)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處。他(ta)對(dui)(dui)一(yi)(yi)些人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)“詳(xiang)博(bo)(bo)(bo)”而動輒要(yao)(yao)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)家(jia)”的(de)(de)(de)浮(fu)躁風(feng)氣提出了批(pi)評(ping),并說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“論學(xue)譬如為(wei)(wei)文,必融(rong)會貫通(tong)乎百家(jia),然(ran)后能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)家(jia)。若只守定(ding)一(yi)(yi)家(jia),恐孤陋不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)家(jia)矣。”(卷七,《寶(bao)慶語錄(lu)》)然(ran)博(bo)(bo)(bo)學(xue)還須反(fan)(fan)約(yue)。從(cong)吾對(dui)(dui)歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)家(jia)思想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)理解(jie)(jie),皆能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)由博(bo)(bo)(bo)而約(yue),抓(zhua)住要(yao)(yao)領(ling),如他(ta)認為(wei)(wei)孔門標(biao)一(yi)(yi)“仁(ren)”字,孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)標(biao)以(yi)“仁(ren)義”,曾子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)標(biao)以(yi)“慎獨(du)”,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)思標(biao)以(yi)“未發”,宋代(dai)諸儒(ru)(ru)標(biao)“天(tian)理”二(er)字,朱熹標(biao)“主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)敬窮理”,陽(yang)(yang)明標(biao)“致(zhi)(zhi)良(liang)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”等等,但從(cong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),這(zhe)些都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相通(tong)的(de)(de)(de):“論道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti),則(ze)千(qian)古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門戶無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)二(er)論”(參(can)見(jian)卷7,《寶(bao)慶語錄(lu)》),直將(jiang)儒(ru)(ru)家(jia)一(yi)(yi)以(yi)貫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)一(yi)(yi)語道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)破,沒(mei)有(you)博(bo)(bo)(bo)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)約(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)難以(yi)達到的(de)(de)(de)。因其由“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”而學(xue)“有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”,故其講學(xue)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)立異,亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)蹈常,不(bu)(bu)(bu)事玄(xuan)虛,亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)涉卑(bei)近,要(yao)(yao)以(yi)抒所(suo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de),敷明宗旨,說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)詳(xiang)反(fan)(fan)約(yue)”(卷8,《善(shan)(shan)(shan)利圖說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)》)。例如,他(ta)推崇(chong)陽(yang)(yang)明“致(zhi)(zhi)良(liang)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),乃出于“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”,他(ta)又批(pi)評(ping)陽(yang)(yang)明“無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)善(shan)(shan)(shan)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)惡(e)(e)性之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)”,也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)出于“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)”。他(ta)指(zhi)(zhi)出,“致(zhi)(zhi)良(liang)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)肯定(ding)了本體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“至(zhi)善(shan)(shan)(shan)”,而“無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)善(shan)(shan)(shan)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)惡(e)(e)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)則(ze)從(cong)本體(ti)(ti)上(shang)(shang)否定(ding)“善(shan)(shan)(shan)”,二(er)者相矛盾。“既知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惡(e)(e)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)良(liang)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),可見(jian)有(you)善(shan)(shan)(shan)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)惡(e)(e)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)。今曰‘無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)善(shan)(shan)(shan)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)惡(e)(e)心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)’,亦可曰‘無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)良(liang)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)良(liang),心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)’邪?”(卷16,《雜著·別李子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)高言》)

辨“無(wu)善(shan)(shan)無(wu)惡”心(xin)體之(zhi)非,是當時學界的熱(re)門話題,東林顧憲成、高攀龍曾拒之(zhi)不(bu)遺余力。從(cong)(cong)吾所(suo)辨,抓其(qi)性體“至(zhi)善(shan)(shan)”這(zhe)一核(he)心(xin)立論(lun),決非人云亦云。他在時儒(ru)熱(re)烈討論(lun)的“先(xian)(xian)天”與(yu)“后天”、“未(wei)發(fa)”與(yu)“已發(fa)”以及孔門“從(cong)(cong)心(xin)所(suo)欲不(bu)逾矩(ju)”等諸多(duo)理論(lun)問題上,皆有(you)(you)自得之(zhi)處,特(te)別是其(qi)所(suo)著《善(shan)(shan)利(li)圖(tu)說》,以善(shan)(shan)、利(li)分(fen)殊(shu)圣(sheng)凡(fan),乃發(fa)前人所(suo)未(wei)發(fa)。蓋(gai)因其(qi)學有(you)(you)自得,其(qi)講(jiang)學多(duo)“率(lv)出(chu)己意”,故頗為諸生推崇,認為是橫渠、涇野(ye)諸夫子之(zhi)后“一人而已”(崔鳳翥《恭(gong)定(ding)馮少(shao)墟先(xian)(xian)生傳》)。

三、崇正辟邪,力變風氣(qi)

對于學問,不為(wei)異(yi)端(duan)邪(xie)說(shuo)所(suo)迫挾,敢(gan)于堅持正(zheng)義正(zheng)見,是每(mei)一(yi)位(wei)學者應有(you)的學術良心;面對不良的學風(feng)、士風(feng)、鄉風(feng),敢(gan)于抵御與(yu)抗爭,是每(mei)一(yi)位(wei)學者應有(you)的道德(de)責任。可以說(shuo),在(zai)這方(fang)面從(cong)吾勘為(wei)晚明關中(zhong)之楷(kai)模,極有(you)功于“圣學”。故《行實》謂(wei):“崇正(zheng)辟邪(xie),秦(qin)風(feng)丕變,海內道學一(yi)振”。

“崇正辟邪”是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)吾(wu)在(zai)(zai)道德責(ze)任心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)趨(qu)使(shi)下(xia)認定的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)術(shu)態(tai)度。他(ta)在(zai)(zai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)自己所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)《自贊》中,明(ming)(ming)確表白“佛(fo)(fo)老是(shi)(shi)(shi)距,鄒魯(lu)吾(wu)師。”可見(jian)(jian),其(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)崇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“正”,其(qi)核心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“以(yi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)本體(ti)(ti)(ti),以(yi)誠敬(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)功夫”的(de)(de)(de)(de)“孔曾思(si)孟、周程張朱”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)辟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“邪”,有(you)“二(er)(er)氏”異(yi)(yi)(yi)端(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說,有(you)時(shi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)“淪于(yu)(yu)(yu)空(kong)(kong)談(tan)說寂”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“流弊”,有(you)學(xue)(xue)界不(bu)(bu)端(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)氣等(deng),“其(qi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)巖端(duan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)界,則(ze)辨(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)遺余力(li)。”(王(wang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)敬(jing):《關學(xue)(xue)續編·少墟馮先(xian)生(sheng)》)然(ran)此(ci)并非(fei)從(cong)吾(wu)“好辨(bian)”,實(shi)出于(yu)(yu)(yu)“不(bu)(bu)得已”。在(zai)(zai)當時(shi)“淫辭邪說,熒(ying)惑天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia),從(cong)吾(wu)“欲正人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”,必須(xu)“就(jiu)其(qi)蔽(bi)錮關切之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)而剖決挽回之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”(李維貞《辨(bian)學(xue)(xue)錄(lu)序(xu)》)。其(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)著(zhu)《辨(bian)學(xue)(xue)錄(lu)》,所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)辨(bian)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)與釋(shi)(shi)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)異(yi)(yi)(yi),其(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)“吾(wu)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正傳”,故能對“凡世儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)易惑處(chu),輒(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)道破”,更(geng)不(bu)(bu)至于(yu)(yu)(yu)使(shi)“佛(fo)(fo)氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流弊”以(yi)“塞其(qi)源(yuan)”(涂宗(zong)睿《辨(bian)學(xue)(xue)錄(lu)序(xu)》)。值得注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),“力(li)辟二(er)(er)氏”雖(sui)然(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)自張載以(yi)來宋(song)代(dai)關學(xue)(xue)乃至理學(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共同(tong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)向,然(ran)張載所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)破斥者(zhe)(zhe)乃佛(fo)(fo)氏“以(yi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)法起(qi)滅天(tian)(tian)(tian)地”、“以(yi)山河大地為(wei)(wei)(wei)見(jian)(jian)病(bing)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“虛無”說,以(yi)確立“太虛即氣”的(de)(de)(de)(de)宇(yu)宙本體(ti)(ti)(ti)論(lun)。從(cong)吾(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)距斥者(zhe)(zhe),則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)佛(fo)(fo)氏的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)論(lun)。他(ta)認為(wei)(wei)(wei),當時(shi)人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)種(zhong)種(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迷惑,“皆起(qi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming),學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming),起(qi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)”。王(wang)陽明(ming)(ming)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)與“二(er)(er)氏”并無“二(er)(er)見(jian)(jian)”,“二(er)(er)氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用皆我之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用”,“圣人(ren)與天(tian)(tian)(tian)地民物(wu)同(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti),儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)佛(fo)(fo)老莊皆吾(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用。”(《年譜(pu)》,載《王(wang)陽明(ming)(ming)全集》,上海古籍出版社1992年版,第(di)1289頁)遂在(zai)(zai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)問題上,認為(wei)(wei)(wei)禪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“明(ming)(ming)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)見(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)”與儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“盡性(xing)(xing)(xing)至命”相(xiang)通(tong)。其(qi)后學(xue)(xue)如(ru)(ru)王(wang)龍溪則(ze)徑任先(xian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)本體(ti)(ti)(ti),而略于(yu)(yu)(yu)后天(tian)(tian)(tian)省察(cha)克己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,使(shi)王(wang)學(xue)(xue)日(ri)漸(jian)流于(yu)(yu)(yu)空(kong)(kong)疏(shu)(shu),這也許(xu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)吾(wu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)晚(wan)明(ming)(ming)力(li)辨(bian)佛(fo)(fo)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)原因之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。他(ta)多處(chu)提到陽明(ming)(ming)謂(wei)(wei)“釋(shi)(shi)氏與吾(wu)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)毫厘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隔(ge)”,他(ta)則(ze)獨(du)辨(bian)其(qi)宗(zong)旨決然(ran)不(bu)(bu)同(tong),如(ru)(ru)說“吾(wu)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)以(yi)理為(wei)(wei)(wei)宗(zong),佛(fo)(fo)氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue),以(yi)了生(sheng)死(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宗(zong)”;儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“盡心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)知性(xing)(xing)(xing)”與釋(shi)(shi)氏“明(ming)(ming)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)見(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)”,二(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)“若(ruo)相(xiang)同(tong)而實(shi)相(xiang)遠”(楊鶴(he)《辨(bian)學(xue)(xue)錄(lu)序(xu)》),釋(shi)(shi)氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蔽(bi)正在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)未明(ming)(ming)“善”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本源(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“理”;“吾(wu)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)”所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)謂(wei)(wei)“直指(zhi)人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“惟微”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“道心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”,佛(fo)(fo)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)謂(wei)(wei)“直指(zhi)人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“惟危”的(de)(de)(de)(de)“人(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”;“吾(wu)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)”所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)謂(wei)(wei)“見(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)見(jian)(jian)本體(ti)(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“善”性(xing)(xing)(xing),佛(fo)(fo)氏所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)謂(wei)(wei)“見(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)”,見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“氣質(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)”。此(ci)說雖(sui)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)定正確,但(dan)其(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)(de),即要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過辨(bian)佛(fo)(fo)、儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)異(yi)(yi)(yi),來探尋王(wang)學(xue)(xue)末流空(kong)(kong)疏(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)風(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思(si)想根(gen)源(yuan)。他(ta)多次論(lun)本體(ti)(ti)(ti)與功夫相(xiang)即不(bu)(bu)離,批(pi)評時(shi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)“空(kong)(kong)虛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)”,顯然(ran)有(you)學(xue)(xue)風(feng)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)針對性(xing)(xing)(xing)。

“崇儉德以(yi)敦素風(feng)(feng)”,也是(shi)(shi)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)致力的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)方(fang)面,故他嘗把講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)與端正(zheng)士風(feng)(feng)民俗聯系起來,多為秦地士風(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日下而(er)(er)慨嘆。其(qi)(qi)與學(xue)(xue)(xue)風(feng)(feng)相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)鄉(xiang)風(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最典型者(zhe),如相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)“爭(zheng)譏”、“詆毀(hui)”,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)”;“怕人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)責備”,是(shi)(shi)非(fei)不(bu)(bu)分,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)堅持正(zheng)義(yi);喜議論(lun)他人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei);討論(lun)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術,或(huo)(huo)自以(yi)為是(shi)(shi),或(huo)(huo)自足(zu)自滿,或(huo)(huo)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)“虛己下人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”,“過(guo)(guo)(guo)于(yu)激(ji)辨(bian)”等等。對(dui)于(yu)秦人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俗,從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)深(shen)有(you)(you)感觸,他說(shuo):“世間最有(you)(you)功德事,莫大于(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)。南人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)每見(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行(xing)一(yi)(yi)好(hao)事,大家(jia)必稱贊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),羽翼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)務(wu)底于(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。秦俗則爭(zheng)譏笑(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詆毀(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)務(wu),底于(yu)敗,如此(ci)(ci)(ci)則師復受其(qi)(qi)益(yi),而(er)(er)弟子(zi)多受其(qi)(qi)損(sun)。”師弟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,要(yao)相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)尊重,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei),而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)要(yao)相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)詆毀(hui),否則只能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)兩敗俱傷(shang)。從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)還(huan)舉一(yi)(yi)例來說(shuo)明(ming):“王陽明(ming)、呂涇(jing)野皆我明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)真儒也。陽明(ming)門人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)幾半(ban)海內,而(er)(er)涇(jing)野則否。雖于(yu)二(er)公(gong)無(wu)(wu)損(sun),卻于(yu)關輔無(wu)(wu)光。”(《續(xu)集》卷二(er),《正(zheng)俗俗言(yan)》)馮(feng)公(gong)深(shen)為秦地此(ci)(ci)(ci)種士風(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊所(suo)(suo)患,遂在(zai)《關中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)士夫會約(yue)(yue)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)規定(ding),“彼此(ci)(ci)(ci)爭(zheng)構,吾(wu)(wu)輩(bei)(bei)所(suo)(suo)無(wu)(wu)儻。萬(wan)一(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),大家(jia)務(wu)要(yao)盡心(xin)勸和(he),勿令因(yin)小(xiao)忿以(yi)傷(shang)大體。”并希望(wang)大家(jia)“出(chu)入相(xiang)友(you),守望(wang)相(xiang)助,疾病相(xiang)扶”,以(yi)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)士風(feng)(feng)鄉(xiang)俗。從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)特別厭惡士人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)鄉(xiang)愿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi),如對(dui)于(yu)“敬(jing)”、“肆”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)非(fei)不(bu)(bu)敢堅持,就是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)例:“秦俗明(ming)知敬(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi),而(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)方(fang)嫉(ji)忌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),百(bai)(bai)(bai)方(fang)吹(chui)求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使敬(jing)者(zhe)必至(zhi)于(yu)無(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)容。明(ming)知肆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei),而(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)方(fang)狎(xia)溺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),百(bai)(bai)(bai)方(fang)左(zuo)袒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使肆者(zhe)益(yi),至(zhi)于(yu)無(wu)(wu)忌憚(dan)(dan)……”(卷2,《正(zheng)俗俗言(yan)》)不(bu)(bu)敢堅持真理(li)和(he)正(zheng)義(yi),是(shi)(shi)非(fei)不(bu)(bu)分,造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)結果只能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)敬(jing)者(zhe)“無(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)容”,肆者(zhe)“無(wu)(wu)忌憚(dan)(dan)”,風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)(qi)每況愈(yu)下,此(ci)(ci)(ci)風(feng)(feng)“秦俗尤甚”。在(zai)對(dui)待學(xue)(xue)(xue)界友(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)失上,從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)又(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)采取(qu)寬容的(de)(de)(de)態度,他說(shuo)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)非(fei)圣賢,孰能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)無(wu)(wu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)”,如對(dui)待君子(zi)、小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)態度和(he)方(fang)法,主張要(yao)因(yin)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)情(qing)況而(er)(er)異:“論(lun)交與,當(dang)親(qin)君子(zi)而(er)(er)遠小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);論(lun)度量,當(dang)敬(jing)君子(zi)而(er)(er)容小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);論(lun)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術,當(dang)法君子(zi)而(er)(er)化小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。”(卷11,《池陽語(yu)錄(lu)》)他最反對(dui)不(bu)(bu)負責任的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)后(hou)(hou)議論(lun):“余每見(jian)朋友(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)背(bei)后(hou)(hou)多議人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)過(guo)(guo)(guo)失,當(dang)面反不(bu)(bu)肯盡言(yan)”,他認為“此(ci)(ci)(ci)非(fei)獨朋友(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo),或(huo)(huo)亦彼此(ci)(ci)(ci),未(wei)嘗開心(xin)見(jian)誠”。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)他在(zai)《學(xue)(xue)(xue)會約(yue)(yue)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),以(yi)“過(guo)(guo)(guo)失相(xiang)規”四字(zi)相(xiang)約(yue)(yue)。對(dui)于(yu)論(lun)辯,從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)強調“務(wu)要(yao)平心(xin)易氣(qi)(qi),虛己下人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。即(ji)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)合,亦當(dang)再加詳玩,不(bu)(bu)可自以(yi)為是(shi)(shi),過(guo)(guo)(guo)于(yu)激(ji)辨(bian)。”而(er)(er)“以(yi)自是(shi)(shi)為自信,主意一(yi)(yi)定(ding),無(wu)(wu)復商(shang)量”,此(ci)(ci)(ci)“近世學(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)多坐此(ci)(ci)(ci)病”,從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)告誡“吾(wu)(wu)輩(bei)(bei)當(dang)共(gong)戒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。(《學(xue)(xue)(xue)會約(yue)(yue)》)正(zheng)如陳繼儒所(suo)(suo)說(shuo):“凡向(xiang)來講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流弊,士大夫積(ji)習之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)膏盲,悉從(cong)公(gong)道眼(yan)覷破,親(qin)手拈出(chu)病根,已凈然(ran)后(hou)(hou)與之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梁肉。”(《馮(feng)少墟先生集敘》)

此(ci)外,提(ti)倡“崇(chong)(chong)真(zhen)尚(shang)簡(jian)”也(ye)是從吾力變風氣的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要方(fang)面。《學會約(yue)》規(gui)(gui)定“會中一(yi)(yi)切交際,俱當謝(xie)絕(jue),此(ci)正(zheng)崇(chong)(chong)真(zhen)尚(shang)簡(jian)處”,即要求(qiu)學者正(zheng)常的(de)(de)交往應該是純真(zhen)的(de)(de)、樸(pu)實(shi)的(de)(de)而非飾(shi)偽造作(zuo)的(de)(de),此(ci)即“崇(chong)(chong)真(zhen)”;杜絕(jue)種種奢靡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉和(he)交往中的(de)(de)種種繁(fan)冗禮俗,此(ci)即“尚(shang)簡(jian)”。所(suo)訂《關中士夫會約(yue)》中所(suo)列(lie)諸條,多(duo)是對(dui)(dui)交往之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禮節加(jia)以限(xian)定或(huo)重(zhong)(zhong)審,其(qi)(qi)中大都樸(pu)實(shi)無華,切實(shi)可行(xing)。其(qi)(qi)字(zi)里行(xing)間流露(lu)著從吾對(dui)(dui)那種非出于(yu)自然真(zhen)情(qing)的(de)(de)飾(shi)偽、矯柔造作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風的(de)(de)切膚(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)痛。該《約(yue)》后(hou)來“傳(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四海(hai),慕為盛舉”,故此(ci)《約(yue)》出十余年后(hou),周司農在《關中會約(yue)述》一(yi)(yi)文中評論(lun)說,此(ci)約(yue)“皆萃渙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良(liang)箴(zhen),而協德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶訓也(ye)。蓋崇(chong)(chong)儉德以敦(dun)素風,酌(zhuo)往來以通交際,嚴稱謂以尊古誼,絕(jue)告(gao)訐以警薄俗,周窮約(yue)以厚廉靖,教后(hou)裔(yi)以慰先德。敦(dun)本尚(shang)實(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)念,維風善俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)(gui),溢于(yu)言(yan)表(biao)。”“崇(chong)(chong)儉敦(dun)素”、“敦(dun)本尚(shang)實(shi)”、“維風善俗”,為從吾針對(dui)(dui)晚明虛浮風氣所(suo)提(ti)出的(de)(de)補(bu)偏救(jiu)弊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang),也(ye)是其(qi)(qi)所(suo)倡實(shi)學學風的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要體(ti)現。

四、踐履(lv)嚴(yan)明,不易節操(cao)

躬(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)實踐,崇尚(shang)氣(qi)節(jie),是關(guan)學(xue)的(de)宗(zong)風(feng)。劉學(xue)智:《躬(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)禮教,崇尚(shang)氣(qi)節(jie)——從關(guan)中三李談起》,載《陜西師大(da)繼續(xu)教育學(xue)報(bao)》2001年第1期。馮從吾(wu)承(cheng)繼張載關(guan)學(xue)躬(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)實踐、經世致用之(zhi)傳(chuan)統,“以出處辭(ci)受(shou)一(yi)介不易為風(feng)節(jie)”。從吾(wu)嘗謂(wei)“為學(xue)不在(zai)多言,顧力行(xing)(xing)如(ru)何耳”(《學(xue)會約(yue)·附答(da)問二則》),如(ru)果“能(neng)言而行(xing)(xing)不逮,此(ci)正學(xue)之(zhi)所禁也。”(卷十四,《講學(xue)說(shuo)》)其所說(shuo)“躬(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)”,既指對國計民生要關(guan)切,又指道德踐履(lv)要篤實,同時包括做人(ren)要有不易之(zhi)節(jie)操(cao),從中可(ke)看(kan)出從吾(wu)的(de)精神氣(qi)質(zhi)和人(ren)格境界(jie)。

從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)“生平所(suo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),惟(wei)毋自(zi)(zi)(zi)欺,實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)妙悟,卓(zhuo)有(you)深識(shi)。誠不(bu)(bu)忍人心世(shi)道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)江河(he),慨然(ran)(ran)以(yi)興起挽回(hui)為(wei)己(ji)任。”(《行(xing)(xing)實(shi)》)他曾(ceng)借(jie)批評楊朱“無君(jun)”、“為(wei)我”,說(shuo)(shuo):“丟過親與民物而(er)(er)只為(wei)我,視(shi)天下(xia)國(guo)家(jia)大(da)(da)(da)事與我不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)干,成何(he)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)?故曰‘無君(jun)’。”(《善(shan)利(li)圖說(shuo)(shuo)》)從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)亦以(yi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)的行(xing)(xing)動(dong)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)了這一宗旨。明(ming)神宗時,朝(chao)講浸廢,“酒后數(shu)斃左右給侍(shi)”,從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)乃齋心草(cao)疏以(yi)諫,其(qi)中有(you)“困(kun)曲蘗而(er)(er)歡飲長夜,娛窈窕而(er)(er)宴眠終(zhong)日(ri)”等(deng)語,神宗震怒,傳(chuan)旨廷杖。恰逢長秋節(jie)(jie),為(wei)輔臣救免(mian)。此(ci)事使從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)聲震天下(xia)。(參見(jian)《關學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)續編》卷1,《少墟(xu)馮(feng)先(xian)生》)從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)目(mu)睹熹宗即位(wei)后之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時局(ju):“內則(ze)旱荒(huang)盜賊(zei),連綿(mian)糾結”,士大(da)(da)(da)人卻“日(ri)惟(wei)植利(li)結黨為(wei)汲(ji)汲(ji)”;“外則(ze)遼左危(wei)急,禍且剝床及膚”,將帥則(ze)或(huo)棄城而(er)(er)遁(dun),或(huo)“各(ge)自(zi)(zi)(zi)結黨,互相(xiang)排陷,不(bu)(bu)知和衷共(gong)濟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)”。于是(shi)毅然(ran)(ran)“挺身而(er)(er)出(chu),冀以(yi)直道(dao)大(da)(da)(da)義(yi)挽回(hui)其(qi)間”。凡遇可(ke)說(shuo)(shuo)話的機會(hui),他都(dou)能(neng)“明(ming)目(mu)張(zhang)膽(dan),糾彈(dan)不(bu)(bu)避,以(yi)一身彰(zhang)宇宙(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公道(dao)”(同上(shang)),為(wei)了國(guo)家(jia),不(bu)(bu)顧(gu)個(ge)人安危(wei),真是(shi)光明(ming)磊落,大(da)(da)(da)義(yi)凜然(ran)(ran)!在當時情況下(xia),雖然(ran)(ran)他的呼喚是(shi)微弱(ruo)的,但(dan)從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)仍在做不(bu)(bu)懈(xie)地努力,如(ru)曾(ceng)與鄒(zou)(zou)南皋、鐘龍(long)源等(deng)講學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)城隍廟,“欲借(jie)此(ci)聯絡正人同志濟國(guo)也(ye)。”(同上(shang))當有(you)人懷疑其(qi)講學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)能(neng)否(fou)濟國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)愴然(ran)(ran)說(shuo)(shuo):“正以(yi)國(guo)家(jia)多事,士大(da)(da)(da)夫不(bu)(bu)知死,抱頭鼠竄者踵相(xiang)接。宜喚起親上(shang)死長之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,講學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)何(he)可(ke)置也(ye)。”(《行(xing)(xing)實(shi)》)故鄒(zou)(zou)南皋謂“馮(feng)子以(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)行(xing)(xing)其(qi)道(dao)者也(ye)。”(同上(shang)書)從(cong)(cong)從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)身上(shang),我們不(bu)(bu)難看出(chu)一脈相(xiang)承之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)躬行(xing)(xing)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)、經(jing)世(shi)致用的實(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)傳(chuan)統(tong)和學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風,亦可(ke)窺見(jian)從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)堅持(chi)正義(yi)、剛直不(bu)(bu)阿(a)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節(jie)(jie)操(cao)(cao)。正如(ru)從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)所(suo)說(shuo)(shuo):“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者須是(shi)有(you)一介不(bu)(bu)茍的節(jie)(jie)操(cao)(cao),才得有(you)萬仞壁立的氣象。”(卷三(san),《疑思錄》)陳繼儒(ru)評價說(shuo)(shuo):從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)“終(zhong)日(ri)講學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),而(er)(er)若未(wei)嘗講學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue);終(zhong)日(ri)聚(ju)徒,而(er)(er)若未(wei)嘗聚(ju)徒。不(bu)(bu)分門別戶(hu),不(bu)(bu)插標(biao)樹羽,不(bu)(bu)走時局(ju),不(bu)(bu)握朝(chao)權,不(bu)(bu)招射的,逍遙環墻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,超(chao)然(ran)(ran)免(mian)于言論之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,非踐(jian)(jian)履嚴(yan)(yan)明(ming),涵養精潔(jie),何(he)以(yi)有(you)此(ci)!”(首卷,《馮(feng)少墟(xu)先(xian)生集敘》)確實(shi),沒有(you)嚴(yan)(yan)明(ming)的道(dao)德節(jie)(jie)操(cao)(cao),沒有(you)“精潔(jie)”的涵養功夫,是(shi)誠難達(da)此(ci)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術境界(jie)(jie)的。總之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),從(cong)(cong)馮(feng)從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)的學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路,可(ke)以(yi)窺見(jian)晚明(ming)關學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的實(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)特(te)征以(yi)及中國(guo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術向實(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)轉化的動(dong)向。

貢獻影響

治學觀點

馮從吾繼(ji)承了張載(zai)所提倡的(de)(de)“學(xue)則多(duo)疑”的(de)(de)觀點,而且根據自己的(de)(de)治學(xue)經驗,提出了“學(xue)、行、疑、思、恒”五字結合的(de)(de)治學(xue)方法。

首(shou)先,他強(qiang)調“學(xue)”與“行(xing)(xing)”應(ying)緊密結合(he)。他說(shuo),天下之事,未(wei)有(you)不學(xue)而(er)能行(xing)(xing)者(zhe);同時(shi)又說(shuo),講學(xue)原(yuan)為躬行(xing)(xing)。他要求學(xue)生(sheng)戒空談(tan)(tan),敦實(shi)行(xing)(xing),只有(you)后(hou)躬實(shi)行(xing)(xing),切實(shi)專做,才是(shi)真學(xue)問。他還以學(xue)射箭(jian)為例,深(shen)入淺出地(di)闡述了學(xue)行(xing)(xing)合(he)一(yi)的(de)關系。他說(shuo):“學(xue)射者(zhe)不操(cao)弓矢(shi)而(er)談(tan)(tan)射,非(fei)惟不能射,其所談(tan)(tan)必(bi)無當。”

其次,他認為在(zai)學(xue)習中“疑(yi)”與(yu)“思(si)(si)”是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成的辯證關系。思(si)(si)就是(shi)(shi)思(si)(si)考(kao)、鉆(zhan)研,動腦(nao)子去想;疑(yi)就是(shi)(shi)疑(yi)問,即在(zai)學(xue)習中要提(ti)出問題(ti)(ti),提(ti)示(shi)矛盾。他說(shuo):“思(si)(si)而疑(yi),疑(yi)而思(si)(si),辯之(zhi)必欲其明(ming),講之(zhi)必欲其透(tou)也。”意思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi),思(si)(si)和(he)疑(yi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)互為循環往復的學(xue)習提(ti)高(gao)過(guo)程(cheng),通過(guo)獨(du)立思(si)(si)考(kao),認真辨(bian)析(xi)和(he)討論(lun),知識就會(hui)融會(hui)貫通,疑(yi)惑釋明(ming);用語言表達出來(lai),就一(yi)(yi)定會(hui)更加透(tou)徹、嚴謹。他認為“只要一(yi)(yi)息尚存,此(ci)疑(yi)不(bu)(bu)懈,九(jiu)天九(jiu)地何處不(bu)(bu)入。”意思(si)(si)是(shi)(shi)對待疑(yi)難(nan)的問題(ti)(ti),一(yi)(yi)定要肯于吃(chi)苦,勤奮(fen)鉆(zhan)研,不(bu)(bu)攀登到知識的高(gao)峰決不(bu)(bu)罷(ba)休。

再次,他強調學習必(bi)須有恒心(xin),要孜孜不倦(juan)地(di)堅持下去。只有如此,才能有所作為。

這五(wu)字結合的(de)治學(xue)方法,符合人們(men)治學(xue)的(de)基本規律,至今仍(reng)可以作為我們(men)讀書學(xue)習的(de)借鑒。

在幾十(shi)年的教育(yu)活動中,馮從吾特別注(zhu)意為師之(zhi)道。他十(shi)分(fen)熱(re)(re)愛作(zuo)教師講(jiang)學這(zhe)一職(zhi)業(ye),為官(guan)也講(jiang),不(bu)(bu)作(zuo)官(guan)也講(jiang),走到那(nei)(nei)講(jiang)到那(nei)(nei)。“學之(zhi)當(dang)講(jiang),猶饑之(zhi)當(dang)食(shi),寒之(zhi)當(dang)衣。”他把講(jiang)學看作(zuo)穿衣吃(chi)飯(fan)一樣,是他生命中不(bu)(bu)可(ke)缺少的精(jing)神(shen)支(zhi)柱。作(zuo)為教師,又非常(chang)注(zhu)意陶冶情操,為人師表。他雖曾做(zuo)過高(gao)官(guan),但始終生活儉(jian)樸(pu)。當(dang)他七十(shi)壽誕時,學生們(men)準備為他熱(re)(re)熱(re)(re)鬧鬧地(di)慶賀一番,他說:“國(guo)家(jia)正(zheng)值多事之(zhi)秋,我們(men)怎能安然歡娛(yu)呢?”勸告學生不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)輔(fu)張辦事。

馮從吾于明萬歷二十(shi)四年(1596年)在寶慶(qing)(qing)寺(si)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)時,特意撰寫僅(jin)108字的(de)一篇(pian)短文名曰《諭俗》,全文是:“千講(jiang)(jiang)萬講(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)過(guo)要大家做好人,存好心(xin),行(xing)好事(shi),三句盡之(zhi)矣。因錄舊(jiu)對(dui)一聯:‘做個好人,心(xin)正、身安,魂夢穩;行(xing)些善(shan)事(shi),天(tian)知、地鑒(jian),鬼神欽(qin)。’丙(bing)申(shen)秋,余(yu)偕諸同志講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)于寶慶(qing)(qing)寺(si),旬日一舉,越數會(hui),凡農、工、商、賈(jia)中有志向(xiang)者(zhe)咸(xian)來聽講(jiang)(jiang),且(qie)先問所講(jiang)(jiang)何事(shi)?余(yu)懼夫會(hui)約(指《寶慶(qing)(qing)寺(si)學(xue)會(hui)約》)之(zhi)難以(yi)解(jie)也,漫書此以(yi)示。”

這是(shi)400多(duo)年來(lai)中華民(min)族優良傳(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)化(hua)寶(bao)庫(ku)中最(zui)通俗而(er)又(you)最(zui)杰(jie)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)(dian)籍之(zhi)一(yi)。是(shi)馮(feng)從吾繼(ji)承弘(hong)揚“關學(xue)”道統(tong),獻身(shen)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)事(shi)業,孜孜不倦以(yi)“提醒人心為己任(ren)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)宗(zong)旨和(he)綱領;也(ye)是(shi)馮(feng)從吾對我國儒家兩千余(yu)年來(lai)古圣先賢講(jiang)(jiang)經(jing)(jing)明道如何做人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),以(yi)最(zui)通俗語言文(wen)字進(jin)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總結(jie)(jie)和(he)概括。正(zheng)如他在(zai)(zai)文(wen)章開首所寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那樣:“千講(jiang)(jiang)萬講(jiang)(jiang)不過(guo)要(yao)大家做好(hao)(hao)人,存(cun)好(hao)(hao)心,行(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)事(shi),三句(ju)盡之(zhi)矣。”這是(shi)多(duo)么直(zhi)截(jie)了當簡明扼(e)要(yao)地(di)講(jiang)(jiang)經(jing)(jing)論(lun)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語言,不僅避免(mian)了千百年來(lai)學(xue)者(zhe)們引經(jing)(jing)據(ju)典(dian)(dian),反(fan)復考證教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)條式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁瑣(suo)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弊端,使受業“士(shi)子”立即得到(dao)修身(shen)治學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)領,而(er)且更重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)使農、工、商(shang)、賈,一(yi)聽就(jiu)懂,心領神會(hui)“咸來(lai)聽講(jiang)(jiang)”。還可(ke)以(yi)說是(shi)我國幾千年來(lai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)史上有(you)關教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)改(gai)革最(zui)佳最(zui)早經(jing)(jing)驗總結(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)(dian)范(fan)。很值得我們今(jin)天(tian)各級(ji)各類(lei)學(xue)校(xiao)向(xiang)學(xue)生進(jin)行(xing)(xing)思想(xiang)品德(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)借(jie)鑒。馮(feng)從吾曾向(xiang)世人宣稱“開天(tian)辟地(di)在(zai)(zai)此(ci)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)、旋(xuan)轉乾坤在(zai)(zai)此(ci)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)、致君(jun)澤民(min)在(zai)(zai)此(ci)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)、撥亂反(fan)正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)此(ci)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)、扶(fu)正(zheng)變邪在(zai)(zai)此(ci)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)”,“在(zai)(zai)此(ci)”二字不是(shi)指(zhi)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方,而(er)是(shi)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容,即《諭俗》開首的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“做好(hao)(hao)人,存(cun)好(hao)(hao)心,行(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)事(shi)”三句(ju)話的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)思想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)一(yi)步具(ju)體闡(chan)述。

馮從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)主持的(de)關(guan)中(zhong)書(shu)院辦得聞名(ming)遐邇,他的(de)思想對(dui)社會產生了(le)很(hen)大影響(xiang)。當時,魏(wei)忠賢的(de)爪牙遍布全國。據《陜(shan)西(xi)通志(zhi)·藝文志(zhi)》載:“天(tian)下皆建生祠(魏(wei)忠賢),惟陜(shan)西(xi)獨無。”就是由于陜(shan)西(xi)知識界堅持了(le)馮從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)所教育(yu)的(de)不(bu)與小人同(tong)流合污的(de)高尚品(pin)德的(de)結果。天(tian)啟六年(nian)(1626年(nian))十二月,朝(chao)廷(ting)竟下令(ling)搗毀(hui)了(le)關(guan)中(zhong)書(shu)院,把(ba)馮從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)尊崇的(de)孔子塑像擲于城墻南(nan)隅。馮從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)目睹自己(ji)傾注了(le)畢生心血(xue)的(de)書(shu)院成為一片廢墟,悲恨(hen)切膚,于天(tian)啟七年(nian)(1627年(nian))二月飲恨(hen)長逝。

鐵骨錚錚 冒死直諫

明(ming)萬歷(li)二十年(1592年)正(zheng)月的(de)一(yi)天(tian)(tian),京城皇(huang)(huang)(huang)宮內張燈結彩,笙歌喧天(tian)(tian),王(wang)公(gong)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)競相揖拜,贊(zan)辭(ci)頌(song)詩(shi)不絕于耳,為當朝(chao)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝的(de)生母———仁圣皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)后隆重(zhong)慶賀(he)生日。這(zhe)時(shi),明(ming)神(shen)宗朱(zhu)翊鈞自然歡喜(xi)不盡。可(ke)是(shi),一(yi)份(fen)題為《請修朝(chao)政疏(shu)》的(de)書(shu)奏,頓使他(ta)大(da)(da)發雷霆(ting)。他(ta)立即(ji)傳旨:對上疏(shu)者馮從吾(wu)“廷(ting)杖”。廷(ting)杖是(shi)懲罰官吏的(de)一(yi)種酷(ku)刑,即(ji)在朝(chao)廷(ting)上當眾用棍(gun)棒毆打被脫了衣裳的(de)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)。原來,這(zhe)份(fen)奏疏(shu)非但沒有(you)一(yi)字向皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)后祝頌(song)萬壽(shou),反而全篇矛頭直指皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝。正(zheng)當殺氣騰(teng)(teng)騰(teng)(teng)的(de)武士持棒上殿,準(zhun)備動手(shou)打的(de)時(shi)候(hou),大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)趙志皋等人(ren)出面向明(ming)神(shen)宗極力懇請,聯名舉保。明(ming)神(shen)宗姑念太(tai)后壽(shou)辰,給了面子,上疏(shu)者才幸免于難。

孜孜育才 弟子五千

馮從吾歷盡艱難(nan)曲折,惟(wei)對教(jiao)書育人(ren)(ren)樂此不(bu)疲(pi),孜孜不(bu)倦。他說講(jiang)學(xue)可以“發蓓(bei)擊蒙(meng),移風易俗”。這(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)說,他把教(jiao)育看成改造社會、發人(ren)(ren)才(cai)智、凈化(hua)世(shi)風的重(zhong)要途徑(jing)。他還(huan)認為(wei),國家正處在(zai)危難(nan)之中,更(geng)需(xu)要講(jiang)學(xue),以喚(huan)起人(ren)(ren)心(xin),才(cai)能有效地抵(di)御外侮,安定天下。這(zhe)說明他講(jiang)學(xue)還(huan)有重(zhong)要的政治目的,就是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)與魏(wei)忠賢之流繼續進行斗爭。為(wei)了(le)達到講(jiang)學(xue)的目的,弘揚教(jiao)化(hua),于(yu)明萬歷三十七年(nian)(1609年(nian))以后,他主持了(le)關中書院,使這(zhe)個書院成為(wei)正直人(ren)(ren)士評論(lun)國是(shi)(shi)、反(fan)對魏(wei)忠賢之輩的講(jiang)壇(tan)和學(xue)術(shu)活動中心(xin),成為(wei)具有相當規模的著名(ming)學(xue)府,先后培養五千人(ren)(ren)之多。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)他聲名(ming)大震(zhen),被人(ren)(ren)們譽(yu)為(wei)“關西(xi)夫子”。

由(you)于(yu)馮(feng)從吾特別重視(shi)教育的(de)社會政治功能(neng),因而他(ta)很強(qiang)調(diao)德(de)(de)育。他(ta)說“講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)就是講(jiang)德(de)(de)。”他(ta)在給(gei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生講(jiang)課時,對古代直臣仁人的(de)骨氣(qi)節操(cao),常(chang)表示欽佩(pei)不(bu)已。教育學(xue)(xue)(xue)生學(xue)(xue)(xue)知識,首先應學(xue)(xue)(xue)會做人,做堂堂正正、品(pin)格高尚的(de)人。將(jiang)聰明用(yong)于(yu)正路(lu),愈(yu)聰明愈(yu)好,而學(xue)(xue)(xue)業(ye)更會有成就;否(fou)則將(jiang)聰明用(yong)于(yu)邪路(lu),則愈(yu)聰明愈(yu)壞(huai),其學(xue)(xue)(xue)業(ye)會助(zhu)長(chang)惡行(xing)。他(ta)之所以(yi)這(zhe)樣強(qiang)調(diao)品(pin)德(de)(de)情操(cao),是由(you)于(yu)品(pin)德(de)(de)情操(cao)是原(yuan)則問題(ti),來不(bu)得半點含糊。他(ta)認為只有秉公(gong)持正,一(yi)心為國,才稱得上君子。他(ta)視(shi)朝中閹宦權奸為小人,自(zi)己寧(ning)可高官不(bu)做,厚祿不(bu)取,也決不(bu)與(yu)那些小人同流合污。所以(yi)他(ta)常(chang)教育學(xue)(xue)(xue)生要分清(qing)君子和小人,要分清(qing)大是大非;否(fou)則,“若要立中間,終為路(lu)人”,自(zi)己終將(jiang)誤(wu)入岐(qi)途。

他(ta)還特別強調,做一個(ge)(ge)高尚的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),就要處理好個(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)和國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)關系,一切都要從國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)利益著想(xiang),個(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)利害得失、禍福榮(rong)辱統(tong)統(tong)算不(bu)了什么(me)。他(ta)要求學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)“無馳于功名”。不(bu)要追(zhui)求個(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)名和利。馮從吾這樣(yang)教誨學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng),他(ta)自己首先身體力(li)(li)行。無論(lun)在(zai)(zai)朝在(zai)(zai)野,施教育人(ren)(ren)不(bu)遺余力(li)(li);一直用高潔的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)品節操給學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)樹立了榜樣(yang)。他(ta)在(zai)(zai)七十壽(shou)辰時,寫(xie)了一首詩(shi)《七十自壽(shou)》:“太華有青松,商山有紫(zi)芝。物且耐歲寒,人(ren)(ren)肯為時移?點檢生(sheng)(sheng)平(ping)事,一步未敢(gan)虧。”這首詩(shi)就是他(ta)最好的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)格(ge)寫(xie)照。

本百(bai)科詞條由網(wang)站注冊(ce)用戶【 歲月靜好(hao) 】編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)上傳提供,詞(ci)條(tiao)屬于(yu)開(kai)放詞(ci)條(tiao),當前頁面(mian)所展(zhan)示的(de)(de)詞(ci)條(tiao)介紹涉及(ji)宣(xuan)傳內(nei)(nei)容屬于(yu)注冊用戶個人編(bian)輯(ji)(ji)行(xing)為,與【馮從(cong)吾】的(de)(de)所屬企業/所有人/主體(ti)無(wu)關,網站(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)完全(quan)保證(zheng)內(nei)(nei)容信息的(de)(de)準(zhun)確性(xing)、真實性(xing),也不(bu)代表本站(zhan)(zhan)立場,各項(xiang)數據信息存(cun)在更新不(bu)及(ji)時的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang),僅供參(can)考(kao),請以官方發布為準(zhun)。如(ru)果頁面(mian)內(nei)(nei)容與實際情(qing)況(kuang)不(bu)符,可點擊(ji)“反饋”在線向網站(zhan)(zhan)提出(chu)修改,網站(zhan)(zhan)將核實后進(jin)行(xing)更正。 反(fan)饋
詞條所在榜單
發表評論
您還未登錄,依《網絡安全法》相關要求,請您登錄賬戶后再提交發布信息。點擊登錄>>如您還未注冊,可,感謝您的理解及支持!
最新評論
暫無評論
網站提醒和聲明
本(ben)站為注冊(ce)用戶(hu)提供信(xin)(xin)息(xi)存儲空間(jian)服務,非“MAIGOO編輯上傳提供”的(de)文(wen)章(zhang)/文(wen)字均是(shi)注冊(ce)用戶(hu)自(zi)主發(fa)布上傳,不代表本(ben)站觀點,版權(quan)歸(gui)原作者所有,如有侵(qin)權(quan)、虛假(jia)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)、錯誤信(xin)(xin)息(xi)或任何問題(ti),請及時聯系我們,我們將在第一時間(jian)刪(shan)除(chu)或更正。 申請刪除>> 糾錯>> 投訴侵權>> 網(wang)頁上相關信息的知識產權歸網(wang)站方所(suo)有(包(bao)括但不限于文字、圖(tu)片、圖(tu)表(biao)、著作權、商標權、為用戶提供的商業信息等),非經許可不得(de)抄襲或使用。
提交說明: 查看提交幫助>> 注冊登錄>>
頁面相關分類
熱門模塊
已有4083135個品牌入駐 更新521333個招商信息 已發布1609332個代理需求 已有1393111條品牌點贊