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基本介紹

西樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)位于(yu)珠江(jiang)三角洲腹(fu)地(di)的佛山市南海(hai)區(qu)(qu)西南部，是國(guo)家(jia)“AAAAA”級風景(jing)名勝(sheng)區(qu)(qu)、國(guo)家(jia)森林(lin)公園、中國(guo)面(mian)料名鎮(zhen)、廣東省中心(xin)鎮(zhen)，面(mian)積 176.63平方公里，轄4個城(cheng)區(qu)(qu)、27個行(xing)政村，常住人(ren)口292776人(ren)（2017年），流動人(ren)口6萬多人(ren)。

經(jing)過多年努力，西(xi)樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)正式跨入(ru)“全國文明鎮(zhen)”行列。2012年3月20日，該鎮(zhen)舉行揭(jie)(jie)牌儀式，市委常委、宣傳(chuan)部部長馮德良向西(xi)樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)頒(ban)發證書(shu)，并與南海區、西(xi)樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)領導(dao)共同為西(xi)樵(qiao)“全國文明鎮(zhen)”揭(jie)(jie)牌。

全國(guo)(guo)文(wen)明城市(shi)、文(wen)明村(cun)鎮、文(wen)明單位每三年表彰一次。西樵鎮于正式獲評第三批“全國(guo)(guo)文(wen)明鎮”稱號，成為繼北滘鎮后第二個(ge)、南海(hai)區(qu)首個(ge)“全國(guo)(guo)文(wen)明鎮”，南海(hai)區(qu)“文(wen)化(hua)引(yin)領”戰略再添(tian)“國(guo)(guo)字號”平(ping)臺。

景點景觀

西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)風(feng)景(jing)區(qu)面(mian)積14.2平方公里，鐘靈毓秀，素(su)有(you)“南粵名山(shan)數二樵(qiao)”之美(mei)譽。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)還是華南地區(qu)石器時代(dai)規模最大的(de)(de)(de)制造工場，“西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)化”為中華文(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)發展作出了(le)巨大貢獻，被考古學(xue)者譽為“珠江文(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)燈塔”。曾孕育(yu)了(le)康(kang)有(you)為、陳啟(qi)沅、詹(zhan)天佑、黃飛鴻、黃君璧、冼(xian)玉清等一(yi)批(pi)時賢俊杰。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)自然(ran)風(feng)光綺(qi)妮(ni)秀麗(li)，人(ren)文(wen)景(jing)觀豐富(fu)多姿，交通四通八達，是旅游(you)(you)度假(jia)(jia)、探險獵奇、考古尋秘的(de)(de)(de)好去處。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)轄下的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)岸風(feng)景(jing)區(qu)位于西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南面(mian)，是一(yi)個自然(ran)生態保護(hu)得非常完好的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)景(jing)區(qu)。這里群山(shan)環抱(bao)、綠樹成林(lin)，流泉飛瀑終年不絕，是度假(jia)(jia)休(xiu)閑和(he)觀光旅游(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)理想(xiang)之選。鎮(zhen)內有(you)大小賓(bin)館、酒(jiu)店25家，擁有(you)四星級的(de)(de)(de)云影(ying)瓊樓和(he)多家星級酒(jiu)店。2005年，共接待(dai)游(you)(you)客278萬(wan)人(ren)次，實現旅游(you)(you)收入(ru)4.87億元(yuan)。

西樵的(de)景色，絢麗多彩；西樵的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)，欣(xin)欣(xin)向榮(rong)。新(xin)的(de)世紀，新(xin)的(de)挑(tiao)戰(zhan)，新(xin)的(de)思路，西樵將繼續發揮(hui)區(qu)位、人文、環境優勢，依托科(ke)技創(chuang)新(xin)和(he)體制創(chuang)新(xin)，大力推廣應用信息化，推進(jin)工業化、現代化發展(zhan)(zhan)，譜寫新(xin)的(de)篇(pian)章。

西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)位于廣東(dong)省南海市的(de)西(xi)南部，是廣東(dong)四大名(ming)山(shan)之一，自然風光清幽秀(xiu)麗(li)，旅游文(wen)化底蘊(yun)厚重，民俗風情古樸自然。自明清以來，文(wen)人雅士，趨之若(ruo)鶩，旅人游子，紛至沓來，使秀(xiu)美的(de)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)成為名(ming)噪(zao)南粵(yue)的(de)旅游熱點。

西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)自然(ran)風光美輪美奐，山(shan)上72峰峰峰皆(jie)(jie)奇，42洞(dong)洞(dong)洞(dong)皆(jie)(jie)幽，更有湖(hu)、瀑、泉、澗、巖、壁、潭、臺點綴其間，成為(wei)這座熄滅了億萬年的死(si)火山(shan)的曠世佳(jia)作。西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)林(lin)深苔厚(hou)，郁郁蔥(cong)蔥(cong)，洞(dong)壁巖縫(feng)，儲水豐富，古人贊之為(wei)“誰信匡廬千嶂瀑，移來一半在西(xi)(xi)樵”。今人稱之是：“綠色水庫”，“固體水庫”。正是因為(wei)西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)有如(ru)此高品味(wei)的自然(ran)旅(lv)游資源，國(guo)(guo)務院、國(guo)(guo)家林(lin)業部(bu)才相繼(ji)授予它“國(guo)(guo)家級(ji)(ji)風景名勝區(qu)”和“國(guo)(guo)家森(sen)林(lin)公園”兩頂(ding)桂冠(guan)，還通過國(guo)(guo)家AAAAA級(ji)(ji)旅(lv)游區(qu)的評定。

實用信息

文化特色

西(xi)樵民(min)(min)風淳樸(pu)，古(gu)俗(su)猶(you)存。山(shan)(shan)(shan)間(jian)有(you)(you)7個古(gu)村落，個個具有(you)(you)原汁原味的(de)的(de)嶺南農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)特(te)色。走(zou)進農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)采茶種(zhong)菜(cai)，別有(you)(you)風味；參加(jia)西(xi)樵婚嫁禮儀(yi)，奇趣(qu)無窮。一種(zhong)以“吃農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)飯，住農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)屋，走(zou)農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)路，干農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)活”為特(te)點(dian)的(de)“做一天西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)(shan)民(min)(min)”山(shan)(shan)(shan)村農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)樂(le)活動(dong)因其(qi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)野之(zhi)趣(qu)，傾倒了眾多都(dou)市旅游(you)者。此外，西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)(shan)歡樂(le)節等(deng)節慶活動(dong)，以及“半山(shan)(shan)(shan)扒龍(long)舟”，“阿婆扒龍(long)舟”，“新(xin)年獅藝”等(deng)民(min)(min)俗(su)活動(dong)，頗(po)具地方特(te)色。

西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)素有(you)“珠(zhu)江文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)塔”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美譽，早在(zai)6000多(duo)年前，勤勞智慧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)人(ren)(ren)，就在(zai)這(zhe)塊(kuai)(kuai)土地上(shang)(shang)創(chuang)造了燦爛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“雙(shuang)肩(jian)石器”文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)；明(ming)(ming)清時期，以(yi)(yi)湛若(ruo)水、何白云(yun)、康有(you)為(wei)為(wei)代表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一大批文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)人(ren)(ren)學子隱居西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)，探(tan)求理(li)學，錘煉心(xin)性(xing)，使西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)獲得了“南粵理(li)學名(ming)山(shan)(shan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雅(ya)號，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)“理(li)學文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)”自此聲(sheng)譽雀(que)起(qi)；西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗教文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)特(te)色(se)(se)(se)鮮明(ming)(ming)，她(ta)不(bu)僅以(yi)(yi)佛、儒、道(dao)三(san)教融合為(wei)其特(te)點，更以(yi)(yi)具有(you)中(zhong)國特(te)色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南海觀音(yin)(yin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)令人(ren)(ren)矚目，聳立于西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)第八高峰(feng)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世界第一觀音(yin)(yin)座(zuo)像(xiang)已成為(wei)人(ren)(ren)們研究(jiu)觀音(yin)(yin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)到(dao)之所；作為(wei)國家森(sen)林公園的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)，其綠色(se)(se)(se)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)尤(you)為(wei)突出(chu)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)以(yi)(yi)其美好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生態環境和優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地理(li)位置，被稱為(wei)整個“珠(zhu)江三(san)角(jiao)洲”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“前花(hua)園”成為(wei)在(zai)改革開放和經濟發展中(zhong)逐步走(zou)向(xiang)“都市化(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南粵民眾遠離塵囂(xiao)，回(hui)歸自然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一塊(kuai)(kuai)福地。在(zai)這(zhe)里，游人(ren)(ren)可盡(jin)情吞(tun)吐西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)翠色(se)(se)(se)，肆意吸納山(shan)(shan)川靈氣(qi)，休(xiu)閑度假修(xiu)身養(yang)性(xing)，健康長生已成為(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)“綠色(se)(se)(se)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一道(dao)亮麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)景線。

西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)上村(cun)人(ren)的(de)(de)婚嫁習俗(su)和生(sheng)產勞(lao)動習俗(su)，引起(qi)了游(you)(you)人(ren)的(de)(de)極大興趣，特別是“半山(shan)(shan)扒龍舟”，“阿婆扒龍舟”，“新(xin)年獅藝(yi)”等民(min)(min)間游(you)(you)藝(yi)活動，更是盛況空前，游(you)(you)人(ren)若不以一睹為(wei)快(kuai)。西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)美譽眾多(duo)，自古(gu)以來民(min)(min)間就流傳有(you)(you)“南粵(yue)名(ming)山(shan)(shan)數二樵”的(de)(de)佳話，將西(xi)樵與東樵（羅浮山(shan)(shan)）列為(wei)南粵(yue)名(ming)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)代(dai)表，更有(you)(you)文(wen)人(ren)學士(shi)寫詩矚文(wen)，給西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)以更高的(de)(de)評價(jia)。趙(zhao)樸初有(you)(you)“古(gu)風爆竹喧人(ren)日，世內桃源現(xian)(xian)代(dai)家(jia)”的(de)(de)佳句(ju)，秦(qin)牧有(you)(you)“西(xi)樵秀(xiu)色(se)美于(yu)詩”的(de)(de)贊譽，黃施民(min)(min)有(you)(you)“西(xi)樵若問比東樵，秀(xiu)倚(yi)南天(tian)此最嬌”的(de)(de)吟詠，更有(you)(you)學者(zhe)專家(jia)盛贊其為(wei)“不上西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)，不算到嶺南”。今天(tian)，處(chu)于(yu)新(xin)世紀的(de)(de)西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)--這顆綠色(se)的(de)(de)寶石，正在顯現(xian)(xian)出愈加(jia)奪目的(de)(de)光彩。

遺址文化

廣東(dong)的新石器文化遺存(cun)，自本(ben)世紀的三、四十年代始，在香(xiang)港、海豐(feng)、粵東(dong)一些地方有(you)過若(ruo)干發現①，并(bing)提出(chu)過“海豐(feng)沙坑文化(SON)”、“海豐(feng)三角尾文化(SAK)”、“海豐(feng)菝仔園文化(PAT)”三個文化名(ming)稱②，以及(ji)香(xiang)港“舶(bo)寮(liao)島文化”等③。

解(jie)放以(yi)(yi)來，廣東發現的新石器時(shi)代遺(yi)(yi)址或遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)地點，約有(you)四、五(wu)百處，經試掘和發掘的約四、五(wu)十處。清(qing)理墓葬二百多座，獲得各種文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)數以(yi)(yi)萬計，為探索廣東原始社(she)會的歷史，提(ti)供了珍貴的實物(wu)資料。在各地發現的文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)中，已經提(ti)出了兩個(ge)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)名稱，即(ji)西樵山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)和石峽文(wen)化(hua)(hua)。

石(shi)峽文化(hua)(hua)是(shi)1977年提出的④。它以(yi)(yi)曲(qu)江(jiang)(jiang)縣石(shi)峽遺(yi)址(zhi)下層和(he)墓葬代(dai)表，分布于粵北地(di)區，是(shi)一(yi)種以(yi)(yi)稻作農業經濟為主(zhu)的新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)晚期文化(hua)(hua)。文化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)物石(shi)器(qi)以(yi)(yi)钁、鏟、錛、鏃、鉞，陶器(qi)以(yi)(yi)鼎(ding)、釜(fu)、甑和(he)盤、豆(dou)、罐、壺組合，以(yi)(yi)及(ji)石(shi)琮、璧、環(huan)、璜、玦(jue)、笄等(deng)飾物共存為特征⑤。它與(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)地(di)區的“山背(bei)文化(hua)(hua)”(尤(you)其與(yu)樊城堆下層)⑥，江(jiang)(jiang)浙地(di)區的良(liang)渚(zhu)文化(hua)(hua)，山東大汶口文化(hua)(hua)，以(yi)(yi)及(ji)湖南湘鄉(xiang)岱子坪和(he)長沙(sha)月亮山遺(yi)址(zhi)等(deng)有著密切關系⑦。雖然(ran)同(tong)類文化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)還發現不多(duo)，但它的特征和(he)年代(dai)是(shi)比較明確(que)的。

西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)遺址發現于1958年，西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化是1960年提出(chu)的(de)(de)。然而，西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)遺址與西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化的(de)(de)內涵、特(te)征(zheng)、性(xing)質(zhi)、年代及(ji)其(qi)分(fen)布如(ru)何?尚缺(que)乏充分(fen)討論和專題(ti)探(tan)(tan)討。我(wo)認為這一(yi)問題(ti)的(de)(de)深入探(tan)(tan)討和解決，不僅對研究廣(guang)東尤(you)其(qi)是珠江(jiang)三角洲(zhou)地區的(de)(de)歷史，而且對探(tan)(tan)索與華南、東南沿海地區有(you)關原始文(wen)化的(de)(de)關系，都有(you)重要意義。故不揣淺陋，把個人的(de)(de)一(yi)些初步看法提出(chu)來，求(qiu)教于同志們(men)。

發現及研究

為了進一(yi)步探討西樵山文化，有必要(yao)將西樵山遺址的(de)發現(xian)及其主要(yao)看法，作(zuo)一(yi)扼(e)要(yao)的(de)介紹。

西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址位(wei)于廣東(dong)南海縣官山(shan)(shan)(shan)鎮西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，它原是一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)古火(huo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)丘，周(zhou)邊長(chang)約13公(gong)里(li)，直徑(jing)約4公(gong)里(li)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)峰高度一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為100-200米，最高峰大科峰為300余(yu)米。山(shan)(shan)(shan)體主(zhu)要由粗面巖(yan)、火(huo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)碎屑巖(yan)和石英巖(yan)構成。在東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)火(huo)石逕等有(you)燧石、瑪瑙出露；在西(xi)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)馬鞍山(shan)(shan)(shan)及山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂的(de)(de)錦巖(yan)等洞穴有(you)霏(fei)細巖(yan)巖(yan)脈。西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)麓周(zhou)圍分布(bu)著(zhu)新老兩(liang)套(tao)洪積(ji)(ji)(ji)沖積(ji)(ji)(ji)扇，山(shan)(shan)(shan)下(xia)連接開闊(kuo)的(de)(de)珠江三(san)角(jiao)洲沖積(ji)(ji)(ji)平原。從新石器(qi)以至更早的(de)(de)時候(hou)起，便有(you)人(ren)類在山(shan)(shan)(shan)上及周(zhou)圍一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)采(cai)石制器(qi)，勞動生息(xi)。

西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)遺(yi)址發(fa)現后，經省內外許(xu)多單位的(de)科學工作者的(de)調查、試(shi)掘和(he)(he)研究(jiu)，先后發(fa)表(biao)了一(yi)些調查報告和(he)(he)文章。主要(yao)的(de)有：中(zhong)山(shan)大(da)學調查組的(de)《廣(guang)東南海(hai)縣西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)初(chu)步調查》（以下簡稱《初(chu)步調查》）⑧，廣(guang)東省博物(wu)館的(de)《廣(guang)東省南海(hai)縣西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)出土(tu)的(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)》（簡稱《西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)》）⑨，賈蘭坡的(de)《廣(guang)東地區古人類(lei)學及(ji)考古學研究(jiu)的(de)未來希(xi)望(wang)》（簡稱《未來希(xi)望(wang)》）⑩，黃慰(wei)文等(deng)《廣(guang)東南海(hai)縣西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)遺(yi)址復查》（簡稱《復查》）⑾，曾騏(qi)《西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)東麓(lu)的(de)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)》⑿，等(deng)等(deng)。截至1980年年止，西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)發(fa)現的(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)地點(dian)已有二十多處，獲(huo)得(de)燧(sui)石(shi)(shi)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)料大(da)約(yue)二、三(san)千件(jian)；霏細(xi)巖大(da)石(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)大(da)約(yue)三(san)、四千件(jian)，以及(ji)一(yi)部分(fen)粗砂陶和(he)(he)泥質印紋(wen)陶片(pian)。這些發(fa)現和(he)(he)論述，歸納起來主要(yao)有兩大(da)問題。

遺址性質

多數研究者認(ren)為，西樵山是一(yi)處石器制作場，如《未來希望》、《山西懷仁鵝毛口石器制造場遺(yi)址》⒀、《復查》和(he)《關于華南(nan)早(zao)期新石器的幾個(ge)問題》⒁等(deng)。《初(chu)步調查》和(he)《西樵山石器》兩個(ge)報告(gao)，則認(ren)為還(huan)存在著與(yu)采集、漁獵(早(zao)期的)和(he)鋤耕(geng)農業(晚(wan)期的)有關的遺(yi)存。

我贊成西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)主要(yao)是(shi)一處大型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)、使用(yong)年代很長、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)供給范圍(wei)很廣的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)場的(de)(de)(de)看法。只有(you)(you)充分(fen)注意并(bing)進一步解(jie)決石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)場這(zhe)個問(wen)題(ti)，才(cai)能對西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)許(xu)多地(di)(di)點發現(xian)大量打制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(成品(pin)、半成品(pin)、廢品(pin))和巨量的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)(chu)恰當的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)釋，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)對霏細(xi)巖(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)各種打制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類、定名和年代，進行正(zheng)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)，珠江三角洲許(xu)多新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)以至青銅時(shi)代遺(yi)址石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)或石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料的(de)(de)(de)來源問(wen)題(ti)，才(cai)能得到正(zheng)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)答案。這(zhe)一點，《復查(cha)》和《西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)東麓(lu)的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)》的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)者作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)(chu)了比較深(shen)入的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)。但我也(ye)認為(wei)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)還應(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)生(sheng)產(chan)活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存(cun)，而不僅僅是(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)造場。早期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)如太監(jian)崗(gang)和南蛇崗(gang)，既有(you)(you)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)堆(dui)積，又發現(xian)有(you)(you)使用(yong)痕(hen)跡的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)，晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)就更為(wei)明顯(xian)。除(chu)鎮頭西(xi)(xi)坡(第15地(di)(di)點)保存(cun)有(you)(you)長20余米(mi)，厚(hou)1米(mi)左右的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)層(淡水沙(sha)蜆等(deng)貝殼堆(dui)積，可分(fen)兩(liang)層，內含大量石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)、部分(fen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)和陶片(pian))⒂外(wai)，第7地(di)(di)點(佛(fo)子廟(miao))和第11地(di)(di)點等(deng)，都有(you)(you)文化(hua)堆(dui)積，并(bing)非(fei)都是(shi)坡積層。又如西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)中學校(xiao)址(暫編第23地(di)(di)點)先(xian)后出(chu)(chu)土(tu)過十多件磨制(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)霏細(xi)巖(yan)(yan)、砂巖(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧、錛、有(you)(you)段石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛，這(zhe)里是(shi)一片(pian)坡地(di)(di)或臺地(di)(di)，這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)生(sheng)產(chan)工具(ju)應(ying)(ying)與鋤耕農業有(you)(you)關。此外(wai)，西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址先(xian)后發現(xian)過大約近百件的(de)(de)(de)磨光石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)。有(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料如砂巖(yan)(yan)、板巖(yan)(yan)等(deng)似非(fei)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)所出(chu)(chu)產(chan)。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)，也(ye)應(ying)(ying)與農業生(sheng)產(chan)密切相關。

遺址年代

主要有(you)幾種(zhong)看(kan)法：(1)開始于(yu)一萬年前(qian)的(de)(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)末期(qi)(qi)⒃；(2)對(dui)第二地點(dian)(火石(shi)(shi)逕)或其(qi)它細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)地點(dian)，有(you)的(de)(de)文(wen)章把它和(he)“沙苑文(wen)化”作(zuo)對(dui)比，認(ren)為可能屬于(yu)中石(shi)(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)⒄，有(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為屬新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)或更早(zao)(zao)⒅，有(you)的(de)(de)推測第二地點(dian)可以(yi)(yi)是一種(zhong)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)以(yi)(yi)前(qian)的(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)文(wen)化⒆；(3)對(dui)西樵山(shan)遺址總的(de)(de)看(kan)法，有(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為包涵了舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)晚期(qi)(qi)和(he)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)不(bu)同時(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)遺存⒇，有(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為其(qi)年代(dai)(dai)可能較早(zao)(zao)于(yu)以(yi)(yi)印紋陶(tao)(tao)為代(dai)(dai)表的(de)(de)遺存（21），有(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)與磨光石(shi)(shi)器(qi)應(ying)是“同時(shi)異相(xiang)”，早(zao)(zao)于(yu)增城(cheng)金蘭寺和(he)海豐遺址，年代(dai)(dai)為距今五、六千年前(qian)（22），等等。

我贊(zan)成西樵(qiao)山(shan)包涵著新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)早、中、晚不同時期(qi)的(de)(de)遺存(cun)。早期(qi)的(de)(de)指細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)遺存(cun)，主要有火石(shi)(shi)逕(jing)、旋(xuan)風崗(gang)(gang)(gang)、太監(jian)崗(gang)(gang)(gang)和南蛇崗(gang)(gang)(gang)四處(chu)。根據省(sheng)博物(wu)館(guan)對火石(shi)(shi)逕(jing)、中山(shan)大學(xue)考古教(jiao)研(yan)室對太監(jian)崗(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)試(shi)掘(jue)(jue)（23），以及筆(bi)者(zhe)陪同有關專家(jia)的(de)(de)多次觀察（24），這兩處(chu)山(shan)崗(gang)(gang)(gang)存(cun)在著不與磨光石(shi)(shi)器(qi)、陶片共存(cun)的(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)堆(dui)積(ji)層。不過，太監(jian)崗(gang)(gang)(gang)因基建取土，火石(shi)(shi)逕(jing)因有現代壕溝、墓葬(zang)、采石(shi)(shi)坑，試(shi)掘(jue)(jue)面(mian)積(ji)都(dou)很小，兩處(chu)的(de)(de)文化(hua)層看(kan)來(lai)并不典型、清晰。要徹(che)底解決這幾處(chu)細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)地點(dian)的(de)(de)文化(hua)層及年代問題，還需要較大面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)。

西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)以(yi)燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為主，細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)包括小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)四(si)(si)大(da)(da)類(lei)。根據(ju)(ju)比較(jiao)分(fen)析，西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)我國北(bei)方一(yi)些年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)較(jiao)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)有(you)(you)許多相似(si)之(zhi)(zhi)處，最重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)具(ju)有(you)(you)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉及(ji)(ji)其(qi)所由剝離的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)等(deng)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)性(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)。據(ju)(ju)曾騏同(tong)志對(dui)(dui)旋風崗(gang)等(deng)地點(dian)七二(er)(er)(er)四(si)(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類(lei)統計，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)二(er)(er)(er)七八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)九十二(er)(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)(san)十一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)三(san)(san)二(er)(er)(er)三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)又可(ke)分(fen)多種(zhong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)華(hua)北(bei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)船底形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)和(he)扇(shan)形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)。在(zai)(zai)三(san)(san)二(er)(er)(er)三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)，楔形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占一(yi)○五件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)Ⅲ式(shi)寬(kuan)身(shen)楔形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)即(ji)船底形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)有(you)(you)十四(si)(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。另一(yi)方面，曾騏同(tong)志認為，西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)角形(xing)(xing)楔形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)和(he)帶把石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)為其(qi)他(ta)省區所少見。在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尖錐狀石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)，未見華(hua)北(bei)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“鉛筆尖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)”。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)邊緣多數未經(jing)第二(er)(er)(er)步加(jia)工。細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)長、厚長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比數均偏大(da)(da)。而且缺乏典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)頭(tou)刮(gua)削(xue)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(僅八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、雕刻器(qi)(qi)(qi)(二(er)(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))和(he)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃(三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))。不見北(bei)方細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆。這(zhe)些，又表(biao)(biao)明西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)有(you)(you)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)(25)。在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)這(zhe)批細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)材料(liao)發表(biao)(biao)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)，安志敏(min)先生(sheng)曾經(jing)指(zhi)出(chu)：“以(yi)海(hai)拉(la)爾石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存(cun)，具(ju)有(you)(you)典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，而沒(mei)有(you)(you)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)共生(sheng)。同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象也(ye)見于(yu)(yu)陜西(xi)(xi)大(da)(da)荔沙苑，河(he)南許昌(chang)靈井，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)沁水下川和(he)河(he)北(bei)陽原虎頭(tou)梁等(deng)遺(yi)址(zhi)，特(te)別是(shi)下川、虎頭(tou)梁經(jing)過發掘，有(you)(you)明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地層(ceng)證據(ju)(ju)，屬于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能性(xing)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕對(dui)(dui)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)可(ke)能距今八(ba)(ba)九千(qian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)。”(26)曾騏同(tong)志的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)章(zhang)也(ye)談(tan)到，西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，“總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來說，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)接近于(yu)(yu)沙苑、松山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(即(ji)海(hai)拉(la)爾——引者)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，而后(hou)兩者都被暫(zan)定為中(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)，西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)可(ke)能與(yu)上述(shu)遺(yi)存(cun)相去不遠”。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，根據(ju)(ju)賈蘭坡先生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現場觀察、對(dui)(dui)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)部分(fen)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)標本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑒(jian)別及(ji)(ji)其(qi)有(you)(you)關文(wen)章(zhang)，肯定西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)屬于(yu)(yu)我國華(hua)北(bei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)（27）。此(ci)外，細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)復合工具(ju)，多嵌于(yu)(yu)骨、木(mu)工具(ju)上使用。它(ta)(ta)往往與(yu)早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漁獵經(jing)濟(ji)相聯系(xi)(xi)。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)周圍(wei)數千(qian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)前(qian)(qian)還是(shi)一(yi)個河(he)涌(yong)縱橫(heng)、島丘散布、林木(mu)茂盛、沼澤遍野的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地理(li)環境，也(ye)正符(fu)合這(zhe)種(zhong)經(jing)濟(ji)類(lei)型。

如(ru)果(guo)再結合(he)其它一(yi)些現(xian)象考慮，如(ru)第(di)3、4、5地(di)點(dian)也采(cai)集過少量細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)，第(di)7地(di)點(dian)也發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有幾件(jian)燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核和幾十件(jian)球形的(de)(de)敲砸器(qi)，在南(nan)海螺崗、灶崗、藤涌崗，觀音廟口，佛(fo)山(shan)河宕，番禺(yu)喃(nan)嘸山(shan)以及(ji)深圳小(xiao)梅沙等新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)中、晚期遺(yi)(yi)址中，也出有個別(bie)燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)或小(xiao)型打制石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(詳(xiang)見文(wen)末(mo)附表)。此外，從西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)第(di)7、第(di)11地(di)點(dian)等霏細(xi)(xi)巖的(de)(de)部分有肩斧(fu)、錛、尖狀器(qi)、龜背形砍砸器(qi)、刮削器(qi)和細(xi)(xi)薄(bo)長石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)等的(de)(de)打片(pian)(pian)法(fa)，也可以看到它們與細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)打片(pian)(pian)法(fa)有著承襲關系。因此，我認為西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)應屬于新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)早期，其年(nian)(nian)代(dai)大(da)約相當于距今七八千(qian)年(nian)(nian)，下限可能還(huan)會延續得晚一(yi)些。總(zong)而言之，西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，填(tian)補了(le)華(hua)南(nan)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址分布上的(de)(de)空白，提出了(le)廣東石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)研(yan)究的(de)(de)新(xin)課題。

其次是(shi)屬于(yu)(yu)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)、晚(wan)期(qi)的(de)(de)地(di)點或(huo)遺(yi)址(zhi)。這類(lei)(lei)(lei)遺(yi)存(cun)多(duo)分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)南(nan)、西(xi)、北麓或(huo)臺地(di)，部分(fen)分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)較高(gao)的(de)(de)山(shan)岡和(he)洞穴，包括(kuo)采石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)虎頭(tou)巖(yan)(yan)等(deng))、制石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)第7、第11、15地(di)點等(deng))、漁獵捕撈和(he)“鋤農業”(如(ru)(ru)(ru)貝殼堆積、第23地(di)點等(deng))。這類(lei)(lei)(lei)遺(yi)存(cun)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料，絕大多(duo)數(shu)為霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)(yan)，器(qi)(qi)(qi)形以有(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為代(dai)(dai)表，包括(kuo)斧、錛、鏟等(deng)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)刮(gua)削器(qi)(qi)(qi)、尖狀器(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜背形砍砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)、矛形器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)。還有(you)一些霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)(yan)、細(xi)(xi)砂(sha)巖(yan)(yan)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英砂(sha)巖(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)長身、梯形和(he)有(you)段的(de)(de)磨(mo)光錛、鑿、矛等(deng)，粗略估計在三(san)(san)、四千件左右。其中(zhong)(zhong)通體磨(mo)光的(de)(de)不過(guo)(guo)一、二(er)(er)百件，礪石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不超過(guo)(guo)一、二(er)(er)十件。陶(tao)片僅有(you)二(er)(er)、三(san)(san)百片，包括(kuo)繩(sheng)紋(wen)、刻劃紋(wen)夾砂(sha)陶(tao)和(he)泥質、夾砂(sha)的(de)(de)幾(ji)何印紋(wen)陶(tao)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環(huan)等(deng)飾物偶有(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(第15地(di)點)，動物(不包括(kuo)介殼類(lei)(lei)(lei))或(huo)植(zhi)物遺(yi)骸(hai)至今尚無發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)。這些現(xian)象與一般定居遺(yi)址(zhi)是(shi)不相稱的(de)(de)。幾(ji)何印紋(wen)陶(tao)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)方格紋(wen)、曲尺紋(wen)、重圈紋(wen)、葉脈紋(wen)等(deng))的(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)，正說(shuo)明西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)存(cun)在著新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)晚(wan)期(qi)的(de)(de)文(wen)化遺(yi)存(cun)。還可(ke)從(cong)以下三(san)(san)個方面，進一步證明西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)存(cun)在過(guo)(guo)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)、晚(wan)期(qi)的(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)。第一，鎮頭(tou)西(xi)坡含貝殼層遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)試掘，經碳十四測(ce)(ce)定，表明其年代(dai)(dai)相當于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)、晚(wan)期(qi)(詳(xiang)后年代(dai)(dai)部分(fen))。第二(er)(er)，據金蘭寺、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽、河宕、茅(mao)崗等(deng)遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘和(he)測(ce)(ce)定年代(dai)(dai)可(ke)作旁證，在西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)諸遺(yi)址(zhi)(或(huo)遺(yi)物地(di)點)中(zhong)(zhong)，凡出(chu)細(xi)(xi)繩(sheng)紋(wen)、刻劃紋(wen)而未有(you)印紋(wen)陶(tao)的(de)(de)，可(ke)定為中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)；凡已出(chu)幾(ji)何印紋(wen)陶(tao)的(de)(de)，可(ke)定為晚(wan)期(qi)。第三(san)(san)，從(cong)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(主要是(shi)霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)有(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi))廣泛分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)珠江三(san)(san)角洲地(di)區新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)、晚(wan)期(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)亦可(ke)得(de)到印征（詳(xiang)見文(wen)末附表）。

由此可見，西樵山(shan)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)是一處(chu)大型的(de)(de)(de)(de)、延續年代很長的(de)(de)(de)(de)、供(gong)應(ying)范(fan)圍很廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石器制作場(chang)，這(zhe)是最(zui)突出(chu)和最(zui)主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)。同時(shi)也(ye)有(you)生產生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)，這(zhe)也(ye)是不可否認的(de)(de)(de)(de)。總之，西樵山(shan)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中包涵了新石器各個階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)存，主要是中、晚期遺(yi)(yi)存。

文化內涵

西(xi)樵山(shan)文化(hua)(hua)因1958年首先(xian)發現于南海(hai)縣西(xi)樵山(shan)而得名。在一(yi)段時間內，它(ta)是(shi)專指西(xi)樵山(shan)遺(yi)址本身(shen)的(de)(de)遺(yi)存。從發現的(de)(de)材(cai)料看，西(xi)樵山(shan)文化(hua)(hua)應當是(shi)分布于珠江三角洲(zhou)地區的(de)(de)一(yi)種新(xin)石(shi)器時代的(de)(de)原始文化(hua)(hua)。它(ta)區別(bie)(bie)于封開黃巖洞類型(xing)和(he)英德青塘類型(xing)的(de)(de)洞穴遺(yi)址，區別(bie)(bie)于韓江流域陳橋村類型(xing)的(de)(de)貝丘遺(yi)址，也不(bu)同于粵北的(de)(de)石(shi)峽文化(hua)(hua)，具有其自身(shen)的(de)(de)特點。

遺址分布

西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)包括(kuo)了以(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制造(zao)場(chang)為紐帶(dai)和(he)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)遺(yi)物共存(cun)為標(biao)志(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)群古文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)存(cun)。主要(yao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)于狹義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)江(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)地(di)區(qu)(一(yi)(yi)般(ban)系(xi)指(zhi)北(bei)(bei)自(zi)廣(guang)州(zhou)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)水以(yi)(yi)(yi)下，西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)自(zi)三(san)(san)(san)水思賢滘以(yi)(yi)(yi)下，西(xi)(xi)自(zi)潭(tan)江(jiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下，東(dong)(dong)(dong)自(zi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)莞石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)。包括(kuo)南(nan)海、番(fan)禺、順(shun)德(de)、中山(shan)(shan)(shan)、斗門(men)(men)、三(san)(san)(san)水、新會(hui)(hui)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)莞、高鶴、寶(bao)安(an)、增城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)或大(da)部分(fen)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及廣(guang)州(zhou)、佛山(shan)(shan)(shan)、江(jiang)門(men)(men)、深(shen)圳(zhen)、珠(zhu)海五個市，面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)萬(wan)平(ping)方公(gong)里(li)(li)(li))。如(ru)果(guo)我(wo)們(men)(men)以(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)——主要(yao)是霏細(xi)巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)作為一(yi)(yi)種指(zhi)示(shi)物來探(tan)索西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)，那(nei)么，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)范圍(wei)可(ke)能及于廣(guang)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)江(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)地(di)區(qu)(一(yi)(yi)般(ban)指(zhi)北(bei)(bei)自(zi)北(bei)(bei)江(jiang)飛來峽以(yi)(yi)(yi)下，西(xi)(xi)江(jiang)自(zi)三(san)(san)(san)榕峽以(yi)(yi)(yi)下，東(dong)(dong)(dong)江(jiang)自(zi)劍潭(tan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)。包括(kuo)清遠、廣(guang)州(zhou)、花(hua)縣、番(fan)禺、增城(cheng)、三(san)(san)(san)水、南(nan)海、佛山(shan)(shan)(shan)、順(shun)德(de)、高鶴、中山(shan)(shan)(shan)、斗門(men)(men)、新會(hui)(hui)、江(jiang)門(men)(men)、珠(zhu)海、臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)、恩平(ping)、開平(ping)、博羅(luo)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)莞、寶(bao)安(an)、深(shen)圳(zhen)、肇慶(qing)、高要(yao)、四會(hui)(hui)等(deng)二十(shi)四個縣、市，總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)為三(san)(san)(san)萬(wan)四千多平(ping)方公(gong)里(li)(li)(li))（33）。除(chu)花(hua)縣、順(shun)德(de)、四會(hui)(hui)、江(jiang)門(men)(men)、肇慶(qing)和(he)開平(ping)等(deng)外，其余各縣、市均有(you)發現。如(ru)果(guo)包括(kuo)香(xiang)港(gang)沿(yan)海島嶼(yu)，筆者查到(dao)有(you)這(zhe)類(lei)(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)點已(yi)達一(yi)(yi)百處以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(詳見文(wen)(wen)末附表(biao)(biao))。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)珠(zhu)江(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)此廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)，一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)正表(biao)(biao)明它(ta)是一(yi)(yi)個供應范圍(wei)很廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、大(da)型(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制造(zao)場(chang)(這(zhe)與(yu)珠(zhu)江(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)沖積(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)原缺乏適(shi)合制造(zao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良好石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料有(you)關)；另(ling)方面(mian)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)證明當時(至遲在(zai)(zai)制作有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)之時)已(yi)經出現了社會(hui)(hui)分(fen)工與(yu)產品交換(huan)。應當說(shuo)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是，我(wo)們(men)(men)并不是將(jiang)霏細(xi)巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)無作為確定西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)同(tong)類(lei)(lei)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)(yi)標(biao)志(zhi)，而只是把(ba)(ba)它(ta)作為探(tan)求西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據(ju)和(he)線索。例如(ru)，我(wo)們(men)(men)并不把(ba)(ba)番(fan)禺和(he)廣(guang)州(zhou)飛鵝嶺等(deng)地(di)一(yi)(yi)些與(yu)夔紋(wen)陶共存(cun)含有(you)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅時代遺(yi)存(cun)劃入(ru)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)。又如(ru)，我(wo)們(men)(men)之所以(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)香(xiang)港(gang)一(yi)(yi)些遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)歸(gui)入(ru)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)遺(yi)存(cun)，那(nei)不僅是蒲臺島、南(nan)丫島的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆須城(cheng)等(deng)地(di)都(dou)發現過霏細(xi)巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，更重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是那(nei)里(li)(li)(li)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不少新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中、晚(wan)期遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)面(mian)貌都(dou)與(yu)珠(zhu)江(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)十(shi)分(fen)相(xiang)象或說(shuo)一(yi)(yi)脈相(xiang)承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)（34）。

遺物特征

文化遺物包括石器(qi)(qi)、陶器(qi)(qi)、紡輪、骨角牙蠔蚌質的工具和飾物等。這(zhe)里不準(zhun)備逐項詳細(xi)描述，只略舉其(qi)主要器(qi)(qi)物及其(qi)特點(dian)。

石器文化

簡介

所謂西(xi)樵(qiao)山類型的(de)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)，一(yi)指其(qi)石料(liao)，二(er)指其(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)形。以燧(sui)石為主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)原料(liao)的(de)細(xi)(xi)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)是西(xi)樵(qiao)山文(wen)化早期(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址中具(ju)有特點的(de)生產(chan)工具(ju)(具(ju)體器(qi)(qi)(qi)物及分類參看曾(ceng)騏的(de)《西(xi)樵(qiao)山東麓的(de)細(xi)(xi)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)》一(yi)文(wen)及本文(wen)第一(yi)部分的(de)簡述，這里從(cong)略)，除主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)發(fa)現于西(xi)樵(qiao)山外(wai)，珠(zhu)江三角洲一(yi)些遺(yi)(yi)址也有少量發(fa)現(詳見文(wen)末附表)。

以霏(fei)細巖為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要石(shi)(shi)(shi)料的(de)(de)有(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器是(shi)西樵山文化中、晚期遺(yi)址(zhi)中最(zui)富代表性(xing)的(de)(de)生產工具，器形(xing)包括斧、錛、鏟(chan)等，以斧、錛為(wei)(wei)大宗。西樵山石(shi)(shi)(shi)器制(zhi)作場出(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)多為(wei)(wei)打(da)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(包括一(yi)部分廢品(pin)和殘件(jian))，刃部多未經(jing)磨(mo)制(zhi)，斧或(huo)錛的(de)(de)器形(xing)難辨；珠江三(san)角洲(zhou)遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)現的(de)(de)多為(wei)(wei)磨(mo)制(zhi)(刃部磨(mo)制(zhi)或(huo)通體磨(mo)光)，錛比(bi)斧多，還(huan)常(chang)見一(yi)種(zhong)有(you)肩(jian)有(you)段石(shi)(shi)(shi)器。此外，還(huan)有(you)一(yi)些長身、梯形(xing)或(huo)有(you)段的(de)(de)斧、錛、鑿(zao)以及鏃、矛等。西樵山打(da)制(zhi)的(de)(de)有(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器，主(zhu)要可(ke)分四式：Ⅰ式為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)盤狀，柄部不突出(chu)(chu)(chu)，應是(shi)從這種(zhong)圓(yuan)盤狀石(shi)(shi)(shi)坯打(da)制(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)雙肩(jian)的(de)(de)。Ⅱ式略呈扇形(xing)，短柄，溜肩(jian)，弧刃

，薄(bo)體。Ⅲ式(shi)器身呈梯形，長(chang)柄或(huo)短肩(jian)，肩(jian)角大(da)于九(jiu)十度，弧刃(ren)的(de)(de)多(duo)。Ⅳ式(shi)短身，寬刃(ren)，肩(jian)多(duo)呈直角，平(ping)刃(ren)的(de)(de)多(duo)。西樵(qiao)山類(lei)型的(de)(de)有肩(jian)石器，其大(da)小、厚(hou)薄(bo)相差懸殊，可能反映出用途的(de)(de)不(bu)同。最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)長(chang)達12-14、寬6-8、厚(hou)1-2厘(li)(li)米(mi)；最(zui)小的(de)(de)長(chang)僅3-4、寬2-3、厚(hou)0.3-0.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)。

有肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)的(de)(de)(de)特征是器型大(da)(da)(da)，長身(shen)，短柄。西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)文化中此(ci)類石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)發現(xian)不多，如中山(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)(da)學在(zai)大(da)(da)(da)仙崗(gang)采(cai)集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件，器身(shen)琢制(zhi)，全(quan)長21.5、柄高(gao)3.5、寬9-10.6厘米(mi)；省(sheng)博物館在(zai)第7地點采(cai)集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件，全(quan)長17、柄高(gao)3.3、寬7-7.5厘米(mi)。此(ci)外(wai)，廣州飛鵝(e)嶺菠羅山(shan)(shan)、番禺西(xi)(xi)園(yuan)莊、喃嘸山(shan)(shan)也有發現(xian)，但(dan)時代較晚。西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)或(huo)西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)文化的(de)(de)(de)有肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)與海南島發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)長身(shen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)，與粵西(xi)(xi)封開、德慶(qing)、高(gao)要以及湛(zhan)江地區的(de)(de)(de)陽江、海南島儋縣等(deng)地發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)(指桂南類型的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan))是否有承襲關系，是一(yi)個值(zhi)得注意的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題（35）。

這里(li)再舉幾個(ge)數字，以說明西樵山(shan)文化遺址中有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)與其(qi)它形式石(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共存(cun)、比例(li)(li)關(guan)系。例(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)，1960年前在(zai)廣(guang)東中部低地(di)區(基本(ben)上(shang)就是珠江三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)角洲(zhou))發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)四處(chu)遺址中，獲得各種石(shi)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)○二三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其(qi)中斧(fu)鏟類九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)；錛(ben)(ben)(ben)類三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)四件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)(yi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。這里(li)四種主要(yao)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)共計(ji)五(wu)(wu)四五(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)二七(qi)(qi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，即(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)50%強(qiang)（36）。例(li)(li)二，寶安(an)蚌(bang)地(di)山(shan)出土石(shi)器(qi)(qi)二○○件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中斧(fu)、錛(ben)(ben)(ben)、鑿九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，即(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)62%，而有(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)僅有(you)(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（37）。例(li)(li)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)，佛山(shan)河宕(dang)舊(jiu)墟(xu)出土石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(不計(ji)礪石(shi)和(he)裝飾品)二一(yi)(yi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中斧(fu)(十(shi)(shi)(shi)二件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、錛(ben)(ben)(ben)(八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、鏟(三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))，共九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其(qi)中有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)斧(fu)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)九(jiu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)種合計(ji)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斧(fu)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)鏟總(zong)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)58.7%。其(qi)次，在(zai)河宕(dang)遺址中，西樵山(shan)石(shi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(霏細巖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、燧石(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))，其(qi)中斧(fu)

六件(jian)(jian)、雙肩(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)三件(jian)(jian)；錛(ben)類(lei)三十(shi)件(jian)(jian)、雙肩(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八件(jian)(jian)、單(dan)肩(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三件(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三件(jian)(jian)。如此(ci)斧(fu)錛(ben)三十(shi)六件(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)和(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約占(zhan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)半(ban)（38）。例(li)(li)四，廣(guang)州(zhou)飛鵝嶺九處遺(yi)址(zhi)發現有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)○件(jian)(jian)，占(zhan)各類(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)總數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)80%左右。在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)，以(yi)斧(fu)最(zui)多，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)和(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三件(jian)(jian)。其中(zhong)Ⅳ式石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)(短身寬肩(jian)(jian))和(he)長身石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟也與西樵山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)近。霏細巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)也占(zhan)很(hen)大比例(li)(li)，證(zheng)明其石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)應來(lai)自西樵山(shan)(shan)（39），不過，年代(dai)應當較晚。以(yi)上數例(li)(li)可以(yi)說明，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)西樵山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)生產工具中(zhong)占(zhan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相(xiang)(xiang)當大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)(li)（大約占(zhan)60%以(yi)上）。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)特別是典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)西樵山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)發現并不多，它遠(yuan)不如石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽(xia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那樣典型、精制(zhi)。但在(zai)(zai)珠江(jiang)(jiang)三角洲晚期(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)，普(pu)遍出(chu)(chu)現一(yi)(yi)(yi)種中(zhong)小型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)，它是否反映著有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩(liang)者溶為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體呢尚未見(jian)到詳(xiang)細論證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)章。與此(ci)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個問題是，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孰早孰晚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。就兩(liang)廣(guang)地(di)區——我(wo)(wo)國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)發祥地(di)和(he)最(zui)流行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區之一(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)看，我(wo)(wo)認為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)要(yao)早于有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。主(zhu)要(yao)理(li)由(you)是西樵山(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)是發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨一(yi)(yi)(yi)無(wu)二(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造場，其次(ci)，在(zai)(zai)增城金蘭寺下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、東(dong)(dong)莞萬福庵下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、新會羅山(shan)(shan)咀、高要(yao)永安夏江(jiang)(jiang)村這些新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)，已經(jing)出(chu)(chu)現有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)而不見(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。這些遺(yi)址(zhi)或層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)位(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般定(ding)在(zai)(zai)距今(jin)五(wu)、六千(qian)年。而有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)在(zai)(zai)廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)出(chu)(chu)現地(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)明確(que)、年代(dai)較早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是曲(qu)江(jiang)(jiang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽(xia)遺(yi)址(zhi)下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)。共(gong)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少量(liang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)幾何(he)印(yin)紋陶。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽(xia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年代(dai)為(wei)(wei)距今(jin)四千(qian)五(wu)百(bai)年上下，下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年代(dai)較早，大致也不超過距今(jin)六千(qian)年。就全省調(diao)查發掘(jue)情況(kuang)看，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多與幾何(he)形印(yin)紋陶共(gong)存。

陶器

西樵山遺址發現的(de)(de)陶器(qi)很少(前后出(chu)土估計不過二、三(san)百片)，且(qie)缺乏完整器(qi)。可分兩類：一(yi)(yi)類是夾砂陶，器(qi)形有圜(yuan)底釜(fu)等(deng)，這里的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分陶釜(fu)片，具有早期陶器(qi)的(de)(de)特征，如黃褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)或紅褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)，胎(tai)薄，火(huo)候(hou)低(di)，飾繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)、劃紋(wen)(wen)或壓點紋(wen)(wen)，有的(de)(de)帶紅色(se)(se)(se)、白色(se)(se)(se)陶衣，年代應當(dang)較(jiao)早。另一(yi)(yi)類是泥質素面陶和幾(ji)何印紋(wen)(wen)陶，后者(zhe)也有夾砂的(de)(de)(胎(tai)較(jiao)厚)，紋(wen)(wen)有方(fang)格紋(wen)(wen)、葉脈紋(wen)(wen)、曲尺紋(wen)(wen)、半重圈紋(wen)(wen)等(deng)，年代當(dang)較(jiao)晚。

我們可以(yi)從西樵山(shan)周圍如南海、佛山(shan)以(yi)至(zhi)珠(zhu)江三角洲的(de)其他遺(yi)址，看到西樵山(shan)文化(hua)陶(tao)(tao)器的(de)特征。新石(shi)器時代中期遺(yi)址，如南海觀音廟口、新會羅山(shan)咀、增城金(jin)蘭(lan)寺下層(ceng)、東莞(guan)萬福庵下層(ceng)、高要永(yong)安夏江、深(shen)圳大(da)、小(xiao)梅沙（40）、以(yi)至(zhi)香港深(shen)灣F層(ceng)等(deng)。這類(lei)遺(yi)址夾(jia)砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)器占很大(da)比重(如羅山(shan)咀、大(da)、小(xiao)梅沙都達95%以(yi)上)。主要器形是(shi)圜(yuan)底釜，還有(you)(you)罐、缽(碗)、盤、杯、豆和(he)“器座(zuo)”等(deng)。紋(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)各種繩紋(wen)(wen)和(he)刻(ke)劃紋(wen)(wen)、篦點紋(wen)(wen)為主。器形一般較小(xiao)，手制或(huo)模制。泥質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)有(you)(you)罐、鏤孔矮圈足盤、平底盆(pen)和(he)淺盤、豆、杯等(deng)。泥質(zhi)磨光(guang)紅陶(tao)(tao)(或(huo)橙(cheng)黃陶(tao)(tao))占一定比例，并出現了彩陶(tao)(tao)，這是(shi)西樵山(shan)文化(hua)陶(tao)(tao)器的(de)一個特點。如金(jin)蘭(lan)寺、萬福庵、深(shen)灣等(deng)泥質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)都占有(you)(you)一定比例。金(jin)蘭(lan)寺下層(ceng)的(de)夾(jia)砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)占82.5%、磨光(guang)紅陶(tao)(tao)占13.6%、彩陶(tao)(tao)占3.9%便是(shi)一例。

彩(cai)(cai)(cai)已(yi)知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)，金蘭寺(si)（41）、萬福庵、小(xiao)梅殺（42）、香港舂(chong)(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)(wan)、銅鼓灣(wan)(wan)、大灣(wan)(wan)和蟹地灣(wan)(wan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)（43）。金蘭寺(si)和萬福庵多為殘(can)片，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)看(kan)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)矮(ai)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。金蘭寺(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)磨光紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)表(biao)面(mian)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)赭紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)（圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)），或(huo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)葉脈(mo)狀紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。東(dong)(dong)莞彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)表(biao)里均繪(hui)(hui)(hui)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)，泥質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)黃灰(hui)(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)先(xian)涂白地，再繪(hui)(hui)(hui)暗紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或(huo)弧(hu)(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)金蘭寺(si)還出(chu)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)可(ke)(ke)復(fu)原的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)缽，泥質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)灰(hui)(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地較(jiao)堅(jian)硬，斂口(kou)(kou)(kou)小(xiao)平底(di)，底(di)部有(you)(you)(you)(you)旋轉痕跡，口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)一(yi)道（寬(kuan)(kuan)1.2厘(li)米(mi)）紅(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。口(kou)(kou)(kou)徑17.5、高(gao)5.7厘(li)米(mi)。舂(chong)(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)(wan)（Chung Hom Wan）有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)復(fu)原器(qi)(qi)，均為圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)淺底(di)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)（Shallow Dish）器(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)略有(you)(you)(you)(you)差別。一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)斂口(kou)(kou)(kou)，圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)向內弧(hu)(hu)；另(ling)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)敞(chang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)斜腹(fu)(fu)，圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)外(wai)(wai)撇(pie)，飾小(xiao)圓鏤孔，紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)白衣，盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)紅(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)波浪紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、圓點(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。同出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鏤孔圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)直腹(fu)(fu)細泥紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)杯，器(qi)(qi)身刻(ke)曲折紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)（44）舂(chong)(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)(wan)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同類彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)矮(ai)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)殘(can)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，省博物館(guan)也有(you)(you)(you)(you)藏(zang)品（45）。1980年(nian)，深圳小(xiao)梅沙(sha)遺(yi)址發(fa)(fa)現(xian)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)，經(jing)復(fu)原其形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制與(yu)舂(chong)(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)幾乎完(wan)全一(yi)樣，唯器(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)稍大，彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圖案(an)更(geng)為清晰(xi)，美觀(guan)（46）。以(yi)上(shang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)均定為新石(shi)時代中期(qi)。此外(wai)(wai)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我館(guan)藏(zang)品中，筆者找到一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)粗紗陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)釜或(huo)罐(guan)(guan)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)殘(can)片，口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)道紅(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，以(yi)下為刻(ke)劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，出(chu)于南(nan)海(hai)縣，編號為“NKG”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)址。這(zhe)表(biao)明西(xi)樵山(shan)遺(yi)址所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)海(hai)縣也有(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)。還有(you)(you)(you)(you)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)佛山(shan)河宕下層(ceng)也發(fa)(fa)現(xian)過一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泥質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)橙(cheng)黃色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)小(xiao)罐(guan)(guan)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)面(mian)上(shang)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)三(san)條(tiao)短條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，上(shang)腹(fu)(fu)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)一(yi)筆流暢(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)赭色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)條(tiao)。另(ling)外(wai)(wai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)下層(ceng)出(chu)土有(you)(you)(you)(you)十多件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（殘(can)片）泥質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)磨光彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)，圖案(an)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)或(huo)赭紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或(huo)寬(kuan)(kuan)窄并列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，繪(hui)(hui)(hui)于盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)口(kou)(kou)(kou)外(wai)(wai)或(huo)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)面(mian)，花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)比(bi)較(jiao)簡單(dan)(47)。總(zong)之，珠江(jiang)三(san)角洲、香港沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)島(dao)嶼(以(yi)及韓江(jiang)三(san)角洲海(hai)豐等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)地(48))新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代中、晚期(qi)遺(yi)存中發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)，數量(liang)還不多，圖案(an)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)樣比(bi)較(jiao)簡單(dan)。器(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)(shi)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)平底(di)缽、圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)小(xiao)罐(guan)(guan)和夾砂釜或(huo)罐(guan)(guan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圖案(an)屬于幾何形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)系統(帶(dai)(dai)(dai)狀條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、平行(xing)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、葉脈(mo)狀條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、勾(gou)連弧(hu)(hu)線(xian)(xian)或(huo)勾(gou)連云紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))，比(bi)較(jiao)復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)小(xiao)梅沙(sha)那(nei)種(zhong)近似勾(gou)連弧(hu)(hu)線(xian)(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)加圓點(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，至今未(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)動(dong)植物圖案(an)花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風格與(yu)我國東(dong)(dong)南(nan)沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)省區新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)中期(qi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)刻(ke)劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因此可(ke)(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方特點(dian)(dian)；但又與(yu)青蓮崗(gang)文化、曇石(shi)山(shan)文化、鳳鼻頭(tou)(tou)文化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)相似之處(chu)。例如(ru)，南(nan)京北(bei)陰陽營(ying)有(you)(you)(you)(you)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)碗(wan)，邳縣大墩子彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)缽上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)勾(gou)連弧(hu)(hu)線(xian)(xian)加圓點(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(49)。臺(tai)灣(wan)(wan)鳳鼻頭(tou)(tou)文化圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)也有(you)(you)(you)(you)類似舂(chong)(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)(wan)弧(hu)(hu)線(xian)(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。臺(tai)中社(she)腳也有(you)(you)(you)(you)類似河宕那(nei)種(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)面(mian)上(shang)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)(kuan)窄排列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(50)，等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。廣東(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)與(yu)它(ta)們可(ke)(ke)能有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系。

相當于新石器(qi)時(shi)代晚期的代表性遺(yi)址，有金蘭寺中層(ceng)、東莞龍江村、南海通心崗(gang)、灶崗(gang)、佛山河宕、高(gao)要茅崗(gang)、深(shen)圳(zhen)鶴(he)地山、赤灣(wan)村、寶安(an)蚌地山(51)、西樵(qiao)山鎮(zhen)頭西坡，以(yi)及香(xiang)港深(shen)灣(wan)cb層(ceng)等。

廣東新石(shi)器晚(wan)(wan)期根(gen)據石(shi)峽(xia)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)等遺址的(de)(de)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)位疊壓和器物的(de)(de)特(te)點變(bian)化關(guan)系，可以分為前、后(hou)兩個階(jie)段(或稱晚(wan)(wan)期和末(mo)期)。上述珠江三角洲(zhou)的(de)(de)遺址雖然(ran)本(ben)身還(huan)有早晚(wan)(wan)之別，如金蘭寺中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)分有2A層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和2B層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，河宕遺址可分第2層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和第3層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，鎮頭(tou)西坡貝(bei)殼層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)也可分上、下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，但它們在文化面(mian)貌和年代上大(da)多屬于(yu)末(mo)期，即(ji)大(da)體與石(shi)峽(xia)中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、始(shi)興(xing)澄(cheng)陂村(cun)窯址相當(dang)。

這(zhe)個(ge)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)特點是幾何(he)形(xing)(xing)印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盛行，泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)和(he)(he)夾砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)都(dou)(dou)拍印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾，而且(qie)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)特點。以(yi)河(he)宕(dang)、灶崗(gang)與石峽(xia)中(zhong)(zhong)層比較(jiao)，前兩者印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)深而清(qing)(qing)晰(xi)，單(dan)位結構粗疏，如對角線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重方(fang)格紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(大小由四(si)(si)至五重組成(cheng))一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)單(dan)位直(zhi)徑達4-6厘米。印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)種類(lei)也多(duo)，河(he)宕(dang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)處就有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二十多(duo)種不同(tong)花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特點是器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)承(cheng)襲(xi)、發展了(le)本區(qu)前期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。如炊煮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)仍以(yi)釜為主(zhu)，三足(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(如鼎(ding)等(deng))極少(shao)發現(xian)(xian)(佛山(shan)河(he)宕(dang)出土四(si)(si)萬多(duo)片陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)片，僅(jin)見(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)實(shi)足(zu))。深圳赤灣發現(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種粗砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐箅形(xing)(xing)”器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)面(mian)支墊器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)座(zuo)，應為烤魚類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物，過去寶安、香港深灣等(deng)地發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)為殘件(jian)，不明用途（52）。另(ling)外(wai)深圳還發現(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種帶(dai)兩個(ge)鏤孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐座(zuo)”(暫名)。這(zhe)里僅(jin)舉(ju)河(he)宕(dang)為例，河(he)宕(dang)舊墟遺址較(jiao)大面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)揭露及其出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐(feng)富陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，在西樵(qiao)山(shan)附近以(yi)至珠江三角洲地區(qu)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代表性(xing)，使我(wo)們比較(jiao)清(qing)(qing)楚地看到晚期(qi)(qi)(末期(qi)(qi))陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)和(he)(he)幾何(he)印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐(feng)富多(duo)彩。如盛行圜底釜、矮圈足(zu)罐(guan)(guan)，缺(que)乏三足(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)類(lei)。釜多(duo)寬沿敞口(棱角明顯)、扁圓(yuan)腹(fu)(fu)。夾砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)除(chu)繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(籃紋(wen)(wen)(wen))、劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(以(yi)水波狀(zhuang)為多(duo))外(wai)，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)曲(qu)尺(chi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、梯子(zi)形(xing)(xing)格紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、云雷紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、對角線重方(fang)格、凸(tu)圓(yuan)點紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)二十多(duo)種。泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)罐(guan)(guan)壺類(lei)和(he)(he)盤豆類(lei)。罐(guan)(guan)壺類(lei)都(dou)(dou)附圈足(zu)，形(xing)(xing)式多(duo)樣，主(zhu)要(yao)是圓(yuan)腹(fu)(fu)和(he)(he)折肩兩類(lei)。圓(yuan)腹(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)素面(mian)磨(mo)光，地層和(he)(he)墓葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)出土，是石峽(xia)中(zhong)(zhong)層未見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。小口折肩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，肩以(yi)上無紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，肩以(yi)下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)云雷紋(wen)(wen)(wen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)至三周，以(yi)下(xia)多(duo)為曲(qu)尺(chi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)組合，是末期(qi)(qi)出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種典(dian)型器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。石峽(xia)中(zhong)(zhong)層也有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，但數(shu)量很少(shao)。盤豆類(lei)數(shu)量多(duo)，以(yi)鏤孔矮圈足(zu)為主(zhu)。圈足(zu)盤有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)斂口、子(zi)母口和(he)(he)展唇(chun)等(deng)不同(tong)形(xing)(xing)式，質(zhi)地多(duo)為細泥(ni)(ni)磨(mo)光紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)或橙黃陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)

種(zhong)斂口的(de)(de)磨光紅陶盤，很象仰(yang)韶式(shi)的(de)(de)紅陶缽，但(dan)下面(mian)(mian)附有圈足(zu)，同時在圈足(zu)盤中(zhong)還(huan)有一(yi)部分彩陶。泥質陶的(de)(de)印紋(wen)種(zhong)類將近(jin)有三十(shi)種(zhong)，主(zhu)要拍印于(yu)罐壺類上(shang)。此外(wai)，河宕(dang)還(huan)發現(xian)有六、七十(shi)片陶片上(shang)有刻劃(hua)(hua)符(fu)(fu)號(hao)，二件器底部刻劃(hua)(hua)魚紋(wen)，符(fu)(fu)號(hao)多(duo)(duo)刻于(yu)圈足(zu)盤的(de)(de)底部。石(shi)峽下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)沒有發現(xian)刻劃(hua)(hua)符(fu)(fu)號(hao)，中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)僅(jin)見一(yi)個(ge)“米(mi)”字形符(fu)(fu)號(hao)。而與(yu)河宕(dang)年代相當(dang)的(de)(de)高要茅崗也發現(xian)有十(shi)個(ge)左右的(de)(de)刻劃(hua)(hua)符(fu)(fu)號(hao)。河宕(dang)下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)與(yu)中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)陶紡(fang)輪(lun)有明顯區別，中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)多(duo)(duo)為素面(mian)(mian)。下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)其底面(mian)(mian)多(duo)(duo)有刻劃(hua)(hua)花紋(wen)，為單線(xian)或(huo)復線(xian)的(de)(de)圓弧線(xian)，把底面(mian)(mian)分成三、四、五等(deng)分。還(huan)應提到，增(zeng)城金蘭寺(si)中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，出土過一(yi)件形象逼真的(de)(de)陶祖(且(qie))，它反映了這一(yi)時期父權(quan)制的(de)(de)確立。(53)

工具飾物

在珠(zhu)江三角洲，港澳沿海島嶼的貝丘和沙丘遺址(zhi)中，出土(tu)有(you)一(yi)(yi)部分以動(dong)物、介殼類遺骸制作的工具(ju)和飾物，這(zhe)也是西樵山(shan)文化遺存的一(yi)(yi)個不可忽視(shi)的特點(dian)。例如，在萬福庵、河(he)宕獅子橋(qiao)、王借崗等遺址(zhi)，都發現有(you)蠔(hao)殼磨成的穿孔(kong)工具(ju)。河(he)宕舊墟出有(you)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)特殊形式的穿孔(kong)骨針(疑即織(zhi)魚網(wang)織(zhi)針)。河(he)宕的骨鏃比石鏃多幾倍。新會(hui)羅山(shan)咀發現穿孔(kong)蚶殼、深灣下層有(you)穿孔(kong)鯊魚牙飾。有(you)些遺址(zhi)還出土(tu)魚脊(ji)骨串飾等。

墓葬習俗

墓葬特點

西樵(qiao)山文化的(de)早期(qi)墓葬(zang)尚無發(fa)(fa)現。中期(qi)的(de)如(ru)新會(hui)羅山咀發(fa)(fa)現一(yi)座二次甕棺葬(zang)，葬(zang)具為兩件相套(tao)的(de)粗砂陶厚胎(tai)折肩甕，肩上刻劃一(yi)周三角形(內加(jia)斜線(xian))劃紋，還(huan)有一(yi)個刻劃符號。人骨(gu)(gu)從頭(tou)到下肢(zhi)有序地疊置于甕內，隨葬(zang)品有骨(gu)(gu)簪、穿孔麻龜(gui)板(ban)飾物各一(yi)件（54）。據《深灣》發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)報告，在(zai)F層及晚期(qi)cb層都發(fa)(fa)現過(guo)火(huo)葬(zang)及土葬(zang)。引人注(zhu)目的(de)是火(huo)葬(zang)，這種(zhong)火(huo)葬(zang)是從文化層中零星散見的(de)許多碎骨(gu)(gu)，包括頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)及肢(zhi)骨(gu)(gu)等，經過(guo)八百度(du)高溫火(huo)化跡(ji)象(xiang)而(er)判(pan)定的(de)（55）。

晚期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)(you)較多(duo)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)。1961年(nian)(nian)(nian)金蘭寺2A層(ceng)(ceng)貝(bei)殼堆積中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)四(si)座(zuo)(zuo)，淺(qian)坑(keng)(keng)或(huo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)明顯，人(ren)骨(gu)(gu)架(jia)(jia)頭東(dong)腳西(xi)(xi)，仰臥(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)直(zhi)肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，基本并(bing)行排列。鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(老(lao))、兩男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(青(qing)(qing))、一(yi)(yi)(yi)兒(er)童，兒(er)童緊依女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)骨(gu)(gu)架(jia)(jia)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)M2(男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，25歲(sui)±)，有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)工拔(ba)牙(ya)（56）。僅(jin)(jin)M4女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，有(you)(you)(you)長方格印(yin)紋(wen)陶(tao)(tao)缶、骨(gu)(gu)飾各(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)。1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)，南海灶(zao)崗貝(bei)丘遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)六(liu)座(zuo)(zuo)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng)多(duo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)明顯，頭向東(dong)南，腳向西(xi)(xi)北，仰臥(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)直(zhi)肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)少均有(you)(you)(you)。僅(jin)(jin)三座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各(ge)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)小(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)錛一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。1977年(nian)(nian)(nian)，筆者在(zai)河(he)宕獅子橋遺(yi)址(zhi)調查，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)頭蓋骨(gu)(gu)、顎(e)骨(gu)(gu)、肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)骨(gu)(gu)殘骸，推測應(ying)為(wei)(wei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)。獅子橋的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代與河(he)宕舊(jiu)(jiu)墟的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)相當。1977-1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)，河(he)宕舊(jiu)(jiu)墟發(fa)掘760平方米(mi)，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)七十(shi)(shi)七座(zuo)(zuo)(中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)五十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)，下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)貝(bei)殼層(ceng)(ceng)二十(shi)(shi)六(liu)座(zuo)(zuo))。這(zhe)批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)文化層(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，多(duo)數(shu)沒有(you)(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)部分(fen)有(you)(you)(you)淺(qian)坑(keng)(keng)(如M15打(da)(da)破(po)紅(hong)燒土居址(zhi))。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式(shi)主要(yao)(yao)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)次單人(ren)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，仰臥(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)直(zhi)肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，但下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部分(fen)可能為(wei)(wei)二次葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，仍(reng)為(wei)(wei)仰臥(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)直(zhi)肢(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。M12發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)(gu)架(jia)(jia)兩具，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)明顯，經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)同(tong)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，還(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能肯定(ding)為(wei)(wei)合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這(zhe)批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)均為(wei)(wei)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)向，經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)五十(shi)(shi)六(liu)座(zuo)(zuo)，男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)少均有(you)(you)(you)，幼(you)(you)童占十(shi)(shi)座(zuo)(zuo)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)幼(you)(you)都是間(jian)錯排列（還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)疊壓打(da)(da)破(po)關(guan)系(xi)），并(bing)非同(tong)輩的(de)(de)(de)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)有(you)(you)(you)序地(di)排列。經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)重要(yao)(yao)現(xian)(xian)象，即成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭西(xi)(xi)腳東(dong)，成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭東(dong)腳西(xi)(xi)（57）。二十(shi)(shi)八座(zuo)(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)，占成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)總(zong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)42%，隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)共四(si)十(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，每墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)者三件(jian)(jian)(jian)，少者一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)多(duo)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)(tao)紡輪(lun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)錛或(huo)鏃、矛，或(huo)許仍(reng)然反映著男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)兩性(xing)(xing)(xing)自然分(fen)工。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)，下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都沒有(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)，九(jiu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)均出于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)打(da)(da)破(po)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)甲區M1(女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)(you)(you)三件(jian)(jian)(jian)(泥(ni)質黑(hei)皮圈足盤二、夾(jia)砂(sha)方格紋(wen)圈足罐(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian))。M19(男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，青(qing)(qing)年(nian)(nian)(nian))，泥(ni)質薄胎方格紋(wen)敞(chang)口(kou)凹底罐(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。M23(女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)，青(qing)(qing)年(nian)(nian)(nian))，肩有(you)(you)(you)雙鋬(shi)磨光(guang)黑(hei)皮小(xiao)(xiao)陶(tao)(tao)罐(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。M24(男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian))，似水晶質地(di)的(de)(de)(de)玦和(he)紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)圈足小(xiao)(xiao)罐(guan)(guan)各(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)除了隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)小(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)錛、骨(gu)(gu)鏃、石(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃、石(shi)(shi)(shi)環、陶(tao)(tao)紡輪(lun)外，有(you)(you)(you)兩座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)象牙(ya)器(qi)(qi)。兩座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)均為(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)年(nian)(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，M25(30歲(sui)±，人(ren)工拔(ba)牙(ya))，人(ren)骨(gu)(gu)右手(shou)腕(wan)上(shang)戴大(da)(da)象牙(ya)環一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，頭上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)半環形一(yi)(yi)(yi)側(ce)帶凹槽的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)飾一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，長10厘(li)米(mi)余；M65(25歲(sui)±，拔(ba)牙(ya))，頭上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)相若的(de)(de)(de)亞(ya)腰筒形器(qi)(qi)兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)，高7.6、上(shang)徑(jing)6.2、下(xia)(xia)徑(jing)8.2厘(li)米(mi)。制(zhi)作精(jing)致，薄如蛋殼。

更(geng)為(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，這(zhe)批(pi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)骨架在可(ke)供觀察的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)十二(er)(er)(er)個成年個體中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)十九個(男十，女(nv)九)生前人(ren)(ren)(ren)工拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，未拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)個，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)個體出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)率占82.6%。拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)個體中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，最(zui)小年齡為(wei)22-25歲(sui)(甲區M63)，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)種(zhong)(zhong)絕大多(duo)數是(shi)上(shang)頜(he)兩側(也(ye)有(you)(you)單側)第二(er)(er)(er)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)，還有(you)(you)五(wu)例是(shi)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除(chu)上(shang)頜(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)與(yu)左(zuo)右側門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，研究人(ren)(ren)(ren)員指出(chu)(chu)(chu)“這(zhe)是(shi)值得(de)注意(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)（58），因為(wei)我國山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)大汶(wen)口(kou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)、江(jiang)蘇邳縣大墩子、福(fu)建曇石山(shan)(shan)(shan)等(deng)(deng)新(xin)石器(qi)時代(dai)(dai)遺址發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)材料中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除(chu)或(huo)敲去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)種(zhong)(zhong)絕大多(duo)數(據(ju)統(tong)計占90%強)是(shi)上(shang)頜(he)側門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)，一般忌拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)上(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)及下門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)，同(tong)時拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，往(wang)往(wang)反映著不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含義(yi)。河(he)宕人(ren)(ren)(ren)骨架體質形(xing)(xing)態，鑒定接近于蒙(meng)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)南亞類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。發(fa)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究報告(gao)又(you)指出(chu)(chu)(chu)。雖(sui)然“顯示出(chu)(chu)(chu)一些(xie)同(tong)赤道人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng)”，“但他們還應該屬(shu)于蒙(meng)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南部邊緣(yuan)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)”（59）。男性平均(jun)身高約(yue)為(wei)166厘米，女(nv)性約(yue)154厘米。比黃河(he)流域新(xin)石器(qi)時代(dai)(dai)居民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)估算身高(168.4-172.3厘米)矮一些(xie)。上(shang)述金蘭寺墓(mu)葬(zang)經鑒定認為(wei)“這(zhe)批(pi)頭骨有(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng)”，并指出(chu)(chu)(chu)“有(you)(you)些(xie)形(xing)(xing)態如(ru)圓(yuan)頭、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)能對(dui)探(tan)討我國沿海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民族(zu)起源和(he)遷移(yi)有(you)(you)一定意(yi)義(yi)”（60）。如(ru)上(shang)所述，廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)十個拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)個體，都發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于珠江(jiang)三(san)角洲沿海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貝丘遺址，文(wen)(wen)化(hua)性質和(he)年代(dai)(dai)也(ye)相(xiang)當，均(jun)屬(shu)距今(jin)四千(qian)年左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石器(qi)末(mo)期(qi)，結合《山(shan)(shan)(shan)海(hai)經》、《淮南子》、和(he)《唐大和(he)上(shang)東(dong)(dong)征(zheng)傳(chuan)》(61)等(deng)(deng)文(wen)(wen)獻有(you)(you)關記(ji)述以及民族(zu)學材料，特(te)(te)別是(shi)結合從山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)至廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)，我國東(dong)(dong)方和(he)東(dong)(dong)南沿海(hai)地區(包括臺(tai)灣)考古(gu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石器(qi)時代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)體質形(xing)(xing)態、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(鑿齒(chi)(chi))材料,不(bu)(bu)難看(kan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)批(pi)墓(mu)葬(zang)及拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)資料，具有(you)(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值。

總之，上(shang)述河(he)(he)宕、灶崗、金蘭(lan)寺等貝丘遺(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)有(you)幾個共同特(te)點：(1)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)或墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地分布于遺(yi)址中(zhong)；(2)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)坑不明顯(xian)或挖淺坑，用貝殼填埋；(3)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)坑或人骨架以東西向為(wei)主(zhu)，實行一次單人葬(zang)(zang)為(wei)主(zhu)(河(he)(he)宕可能也(ye)有(you)二次單人葬(zang)(zang))，未見明確的(de)(de)(de)合葬(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)；(4)多數墓(mu)(mu)(mu)沒(mei)有(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品(約占(zhan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)總數的(de)(de)(de)三(san)分之二)，有(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品的(de)(de)(de)每座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)多為(wei)一件，也(ye)有(you)二、三(san)件的(de)(de)(de)。這些情況，可能在很大程度上(shang)反映(ying)了珠江三(san)角(jiao)洲一帶當時居民的(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)(zang)制和(he)葬(zang)(zang)俗。

地理環境

西樵山(shan)文化分布(bu)的(de)珠(zhu)江三角(jiao)洲(zhou)，是一個地(di)勢坦蕩，河涌(yong)縱橫，山(shan)崗臺地(di)(一說是島丘)棋布(bu)，又有不少(shao)低洼(wa)沼澤地(di)的(de)沖積平(ping)原（62）。這種復合三角(jiao)洲(zhou)的(de)地(di)理環境，亞熱(re)帶或熱(re)帶氣候(hou)及自(zi)(zi)然(ran)資源的(de)特(te)點，必(bi)然(ran)給(gei)西樵山(shan)文化原始居民的(de)經濟(ji)來(lai)(lai)源和生活習俗，帶來(lai)(lai)很(hen)大的(de)影響(xiang)。這可從遺(yi)(yi)址類型、自(zi)(zi)然(ran)遺(yi)(yi)物及居住遺(yi)(yi)跡(ji)(如“干闌式(shi)”建筑)等方面得到說明(ming)。

遺址類型

在各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)-山(shan)崗(gang)(或(huo)島丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu))、臺地(di)、土墩、貝(bei)(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、沙丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(或(huo)沙洲(zhou))遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，貝(bei)(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和沙丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)占半(ban)數(shu)以(yi)(yi)上，總數(shu)不少于(yu)一百處(chu)。廣東新石器中期的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多是貝(bei)(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，也多分(fen)布于(yu)珠(zhu)江三(san)角洲(zhou)沿海(hai)地(di)區。沙丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(或(huo)沙洲(zhou))遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如深圳(zhen)大(da)、小(xiao)梅沙，香港深灣F層第。屬于(yu)晚期的(de)(de)貝(bei)(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和沙丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(或(huo)文(wen)化層)就更多了(le)(參(can)看(kan)本(ben)文(wen)附表)。這類(lei)貝(bei)(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和沙丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是貝(bei)(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi))，堆(dui)積著大(da)量成層的(de)(de)介殼(ke)類(lei)和水陸棲動物遺(yi)(yi)(yi)骸。如河宕舊墟發掘面積760平方(fang)米，就出(chu)土有(you)三(san)千五百多件各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)動物的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)骨，以(yi)(yi)及數(shu)以(yi)(yi)噸計的(de)(de)介殼(ke)(主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是下層)。下面列舉一些比較重要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬，以(yi)(yi)供研究參(can)考。

象(xiang)(南(nan)海(hai)(hai)民(min)(min)樂、河(he)(he)宕、茅(mao)崗(gang)等(deng)(deng)，民(min)(min)樂象(xiang)頭(tou)(tou)骨鑒定為(wei)“西樵山(shan)(shan)亞(ya)洲象(xiang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)亞(ya)種)（63）”，牛(niu)(河(he)(he)宕中層、金(jin)蘭(lan)(lan)寺(si)、增(zeng)城(cheng)石灘仙村(cun)(cun)(cun)、新(xin)(xin)(xin)塘、博(bo)羅(luo)鐵場(chang)墟(xu)、民(min)(min)樂龍(long)船田、觀音廟口、深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan)[Bos])，豬(河(he)(he)宕，茅(mao)崗(gang)，龍(long)江村(cun)(cun)(cun)，深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan)等(deng)(deng)，茅(mao)崗(gang)、河(he)(he)宕經(jing)鑒定有(you)(you)(you)小部分屬家(jia)養)，彌猴([Macca sp.]河(he)(he)宕下層)，馬來鱷([Tomistoma sp.]河(he)(he)宕、東(dong)莞龍(long)江村(cun)(cun)(cun)等(deng)(deng))，硬頭(tou)(tou)海(hai)(hai)鯰(俗(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)赤魚[Arius Leiotetoce phalos]深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan)數量多，還(huan)河(he)(he)宕，金(jin)蘭(lan)(lan)寺(si))（64），據《深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan)》報告說(shuo)是一(yi)種深(shen)(shen)海(hai)(hai)魚類，產卵(luan)時可游至淺海(hai)(hai)或(huo)河(he)(he)口)，斷斑石鱸(lu)(俗(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)頭(tou)(tou)鱸(lu)，也深(shen)(shen)海(hai)(hai)魚類，深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan)有(you)(you)(you)大量出土(tu))，海(hai)(hai)豚、大魟(hong)魚(深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan))，麗蚌或(huo)河(he)(he)蚌(Lamprotula sp.)蘭(lan)(lan)蜆或(huo)河(he)(he)蜆(Corbicula sp.)，蚶(新(xin)(xin)(xin)會羅(luo)山(shan)(shan)咀(ju)、環城(cheng)牛(niu)頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)(shan)、茶坑、外(wai)海(hai)(hai)潮蓮富崗(gang)、青瀾、高鶴古椰村(cun)(cun)(cun)、博(bo)羅(luo)馬嘶村(cun)(cun)(cun)、上南(nan)村(cun)(cun)(cun)、惠陽潼湖(hu)下里村(cun)(cun)(cun)等(deng)(deng))，牡(mu)蠣(俗(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)蠓，有(you)(you)(you)長牡(mu)蠣、僧(seng)帽(mao)牡(mu)蠣等(deng)(deng)，河(he)(he)宕舊墟(xu)、獅子(zi)橋、南(nan)海(hai)(hai)大瀝梁邊村(cun)(cun)(cun)，增(zeng)城(cheng)仙村(cun)(cun)(cun)、新(xin)(xin)(xin)塘、石灘、博(bo)羅(luo)鐵場(chang)圩，新(xin)(xin)(xin)會環城(cheng)、外(wai)海(hai)(hai)、羅(luo)山(shan)(shan)咀(ju)等(deng)(deng))（65）。此(ci)外(wai)，有(you)(you)(you)些遺址還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)石、陶網(wang)墜(zhui)。以上這(zhe)些發(fa)現，一(yi)方(fang)面充分證明漁獵、捕撈業(ye)是當時居民(min)(min)生活(huo)的(de)(de)主要來源(yuan)；另方(fang)面，對(dui)探討珠三(san)角洲平原的(de)(de)形成和(he)變遷及是否有(you)(you)(you)過海(hai)(hai)浸等(deng)(deng)問題，也有(you)(you)(you)參(can)考價值(zhi)。至于山(shan)(shan)岡和(he)臺(tai)地(di)遺址，從(cong)大量磨制(zhi)石斧、錛、鏟(chan)和(he)發(fa)達的(de)(de)陶器看，晚期應(ying)有(you)(you)(you)原始農(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)出現。但(dan)至今似(si)未發(fa)現過農(nong)作物，因此(ci)無(wu)法作進一(yi)步的(de)(de)推斷。

武術文化

黃(huang)(huang)飛鴻獅(shi)藝武術館(guan)位于黃(huang)(huang)飛鴻的出生地南海市(shi)西樵山(shan)下(xia)的祿(lu)舟(zhou)村，距西樵官山(shan)城區僅(jin)三(san)公里。武術館(guan)籌建(jian)于一九九六年(nian)，占地面積(ji)五點二三(san)畝，綠瓦飛檐(yan)，建(jian)筑別(bie)致，具有清末古建(jian)筑風格(ge)。館(guan)內分設有黃(huang)(huang)飛鴻故居、黃(huang)(huang)飛鴻練功休息室(shi)、黃(huang)(huang)飛鴻史跡陳列(lie)影(ying)視室(shi)、寶芝(zhi)林(lin)堂、百草堂、關德興紀念堂等。另有黃(huang)(huang)飛鴻影(ying)視城，黃(huang)(huang)飛鴻武術村、黃(huang)(huang)飛鴻水(shui)寨等正在規劃中。

黃飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)于道光二十七(qi)年(nian)（一八四七(qi)年(nian)）出生于祿舟(zhou)村，其祖父黃泰、父親黃麒英均是南拳高手，黃飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)五歲學父習武(wu)(wu)，父嚴子專、進步很(hen)快(kuai)，十二歲時(shi)擊敗廣州鄭大雄，頓時(shi)名聲大噪，時(shi)稱“少年(nian)英雄”，后開館授徒。黃飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)武(wu)(wu)藝高強，卻從不恃(shi)強凌(ling)弱，他(ta)一生行俠仗義，并開設寶芝林懸壺(hu)濟(ji)世，以其高尚的醫德(de)、武(wu)(wu)德(de)深受人(ren)們(men)愛戴(dai)。

黃(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)獅藝武術館系黃(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)家鄉(xiang)父老為弘揚(yang)黃(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)醫德、武德而建。館內除陳列黃(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)、關德興等事跡圖(tu)片實物外(wai)(wai)，還(huan)定時表演功(gong)夫、舞龍、舞獅等傳統項(xiang)目，黃(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)高樁醒獅有(you)世(shi)界獅王之稱(cheng)，其表演精彩絕倫，讓你大開眼界，堪稱(cheng)世(shi)界一絕。吸引眾多海內外(wai)(wai)游客(ke)前來欣賞。

榮譽及其他

2019年2月(yue)2日(ri)，被文(wen)化和旅游部命名(ming)為2018-2020年度“中國民間文(wen)化藝術(shu)之鄉(xiang)”。

2019年9月11日，西樵鎮入選(xuan)“2018中國鄉鎮綜合(he)競爭(zheng)力100強(qiang)”。