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基本介紹

西樵(qiao)鎮位(wei)于珠江三角洲(zhou)腹地的(de)佛山市(shi)南(nan)海區西南(nan)部，是國(guo)家(jia)“AAAAA”級風景名(ming)勝(sheng)區、國(guo)家(jia)森(sen)林公園、中(zhong)國(guo)面料名(ming)鎮、廣(guang)東省中(zhong)心鎮，面積 176.63平(ping)方公里，轄4個城區、27個行政村，常住人(ren)口292776人(ren)（2017年），流動人(ren)口6萬多人(ren)。

經過多年(nian)努力，西(xi)樵鎮正式跨(kua)入“全國文明鎮”行列。2012年(nian)3月20日，該鎮舉行揭(jie)牌儀式，市(shi)委(wei)常委(wei)、宣(xuan)傳部(bu)部(bu)長馮德良向西(xi)樵鎮頒發(fa)證(zheng)書，并(bing)與(yu)南海區(qu)、西(xi)樵鎮領導共同(tong)為西(xi)樵“全國文明鎮”揭(jie)牌。

全(quan)國(guo)文明(ming)城市、文明(ming)村鎮、文明(ming)單位(wei)每三年表彰一次。西樵鎮于(yu)正式獲評第三批“全(quan)國(guo)文明(ming)鎮”稱號，成為繼北(bei)滘鎮后(hou)第二(er)個、南(nan)海區首(shou)個“全(quan)國(guo)文明(ming)鎮”，南(nan)海區“文化引(yin)領”戰略再添“國(guo)字(zi)號”平臺。

景點景觀

西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)風景區面積14.2平方公里，鐘靈毓秀(xiu)(xiu)，素有“南(nan)粵名山(shan)(shan)數二樵(qiao)”之美(mei)譽。西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)還是(shi)華南(nan)地區石器時代規模(mo)最大的制造工場，“西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)”為中華文(wen)明(ming)的發展作出(chu)了巨大貢獻，被考(kao)(kao)古(gu)學者譽為“珠江文(wen)明(ming)的燈塔(ta)”。曾孕育了康有為、陳啟沅(yuan)、詹天佑、黃飛鴻(hong)、黃君(jun)璧、冼(xian)玉清(qing)等一批(pi)時賢俊杰。西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)自然風光綺妮秀(xiu)(xiu)麗(li)，人(ren)文(wen)景觀(guan)豐富多姿(zi)，交通四通八(ba)達，是(shi)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)度假(jia)、探險獵(lie)奇、考(kao)(kao)古(gu)尋秘的好去(qu)處(chu)。西(xi)樵(qiao)鎮轄下的西(xi)岸風景區位于西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的西(xi)南(nan)面，是(shi)一個自然生態保(bao)護(hu)得非常完好的風景區。這(zhe)里群山(shan)(shan)環抱、綠(lv)樹成林，流泉飛瀑終(zhong)年不絕，是(shi)度假(jia)休閑和觀(guan)光旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)的理想之選。鎮內有大小賓館、酒(jiu)店25家，擁有四星(xing)(xing)級的云影瓊樓和多家星(xing)(xing)級酒(jiu)店。2005年，共接待游(you)(you)客278萬人(ren)次，實現旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)收入(ru)4.87億元。

西樵的(de)(de)景色，絢麗多彩；西樵的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，欣(xin)欣(xin)向(xiang)榮。新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)世紀，新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)挑戰，新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)思路(lu)，西樵將繼(ji)續發揮區位、人(ren)文、環境優(you)勢，依托科技創新(xin)(xin)和(he)體制(zhi)創新(xin)(xin)，大力推廣應用信(xin)息化(hua)，推進工業(ye)化(hua)、現(xian)代化(hua)發展(zhan)，譜寫新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)篇章。

西(xi)樵(qiao)山位(wei)于(yu)廣(guang)(guang)東省南(nan)(nan)海(hai)市的(de)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)，是廣(guang)(guang)東四大名(ming)山之(zhi)一，自然風(feng)光清(qing)(qing)幽秀(xiu)麗，旅(lv)游(you)(you)文(wen)化底蘊厚重，民俗風(feng)情古樸自然。自明清(qing)(qing)以來，文(wen)人雅士，趨(qu)之(zhi)若鶩，旅(lv)人游(you)(you)子，紛至沓(ta)來，使秀(xiu)美的(de)西(xi)樵(qiao)山成為名(ming)噪南(nan)(nan)粵(yue)的(de)旅(lv)游(you)(you)熱點。

西(xi)樵山自(zi)然(ran)風(feng)光美(mei)輪美(mei)奐，山上72峰(feng)峰(feng)峰(feng)皆奇(qi)，42洞洞洞皆幽，更(geng)有(you)湖、瀑(pu)、泉、澗、巖、壁(bi)、潭、臺點綴其間，成為這座熄滅了億萬年的(de)(de)死火山的(de)(de)曠世佳作(zuo)。西(xi)樵山林深(shen)苔(tai)厚，郁(yu)郁(yu)蔥(cong)蔥(cong)，洞壁(bi)巖縫，儲(chu)水豐富，古人(ren)贊之為“誰信匡廬千嶂瀑(pu)，移來一(yi)半在(zai)西(xi)樵”。今人(ren)稱之是：“綠(lv)色(se)水庫”，“固體水庫”。正是因為西(xi)樵山有(you)如(ru)此高品味(wei)的(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)旅游(you)資源，國務院、國家(jia)林業部才相(xiang)繼(ji)授予它“國家(jia)級(ji)風(feng)景名(ming)勝區(qu)”和“國家(jia)森林公園”兩頂桂冠，還(huan)通過國家(jia)AAAAA級(ji)旅游(you)區(qu)的(de)(de)評(ping)定(ding)。

實用信息

文化特色

西樵民風淳樸(pu)，古(gu)俗猶存。山(shan)(shan)間(jian)有7個古(gu)村落，個個具有原(yuan)汁原(yuan)味的(de)(de)的(de)(de)嶺(ling)南農(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)特色。走(zou)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)采(cai)茶種菜，別有風味；參加西樵婚嫁(jia)禮儀，奇趣無窮。一種以(yi)“吃農(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)飯，住農(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)屋(wu)，走(zou)農(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)路，干(gan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)活”為特點(dian)的(de)(de)“做一天西樵山(shan)(shan)民”山(shan)(shan)村農(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)樂(le)活動因其山(shan)(shan)野(ye)之趣，傾(qing)倒(dao)了(le)眾多都市旅游者。此外(wai)，西樵山(shan)(shan)歡(huan)樂(le)節等(deng)節慶活動，以(yi)及(ji)“半山(shan)(shan)扒(ba)龍(long)舟”，“阿婆扒(ba)龍(long)舟”，“新年獅藝”等(deng)民俗活動，頗具地方特色。

西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)素有“珠(zhu)江文(wen)(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)燈塔”的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)譽，早在6000多年前(qian)，勤勞智慧的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)人(ren)，就在這塊(kuai)土地上創造了燦爛(lan)的(de)(de)(de)“雙肩石(shi)器”文(wen)(wen)化；明清時期，以(yi)湛若(ruo)水、何白云、康有為(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)代表的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)大批(pi)文(wen)(wen)人(ren)學(xue)(xue)子隱(yin)居(ju)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)，探(tan)求(qiu)理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)，錘(chui)煉心性，使(shi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)獲(huo)得(de)了“南粵(yue)理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)名(ming)山(shan)”的(de)(de)(de)雅號(hao)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)“理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)文(wen)(wen)化”自此聲譽雀起；西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)宗教文(wen)(wen)化特色鮮明，她不僅以(yi)佛、儒、道三教融合為(wei)(wei)(wei)其特點，更以(yi)具有中國特色的(de)(de)(de)南海觀音(yin)文(wen)(wen)化令人(ren)矚目，聳(song)立于西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)第(di)八高(gao)峰上的(de)(de)(de)世界第(di)一(yi)觀音(yin)座像已成為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)們(men)研(yan)究觀音(yin)文(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)到之所；作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)國家森林公園的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)，其綠(lv)(lv)色文(wen)(wen)化尤為(wei)(wei)(wei)突出，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)以(yi)其美(mei)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境和優越的(de)(de)(de)地理(li)(li)(li)位置，被稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)整個“珠(zhu)江三角洲”的(de)(de)(de)“前(qian)花園”成為(wei)(wei)(wei)在改(gai)革開放和經濟發展中逐步走向“都市化”的(de)(de)(de)南粵(yue)民(min)眾遠離塵囂(xiao)，回歸自然的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)塊(kuai)福(fu)地。在這里(li)，游人(ren)可盡情吞(tun)吐西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)翠色，肆意吸納山(shan)川靈氣，休閑度假(jia)修身(shen)養(yang)性，健康長生(sheng)(sheng)已成為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)“綠(lv)(lv)色文(wen)(wen)化”的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)道亮麗的(de)(de)(de)風景線(xian)。

西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)上村人(ren)的(de)婚嫁習俗和生產勞動習俗，引起了游人(ren)的(de)極(ji)大興(xing)趣，特別是(shi)“半山(shan)扒(ba)龍舟(zhou)”，“阿婆扒(ba)龍舟(zhou)”，“新(xin)年獅藝”等民間游藝活(huo)動，更(geng)(geng)是(shi)盛(sheng)況空(kong)前，游人(ren)若不(bu)以(yi)一睹(du)為(wei)快。西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)美譽眾多，自古以(yi)來民間就(jiu)流傳有(you)(you)“南(nan)粵名山(shan)數二(er)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”的(de)佳話，將西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)與(yu)東樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)（羅浮山(shan)）列為(wei)南(nan)粵名山(shan)的(de)代(dai)表，更(geng)(geng)有(you)(you)文人(ren)學士寫(xie)詩矚文，給西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)以(yi)更(geng)(geng)高的(de)評價。趙(zhao)樸(pu)初有(you)(you)“古風爆竹喧人(ren)日，世內桃源現代(dai)家”的(de)佳句，秦牧(mu)有(you)(you)“西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)秀色美于(yu)(yu)詩”的(de)贊譽，黃施民有(you)(you)“西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)若問(wen)比東樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)，秀倚南(nan)天此最嬌”的(de)吟詠，更(geng)(geng)有(you)(you)學者專(zhuan)家盛(sheng)贊其為(wei)“不(bu)上西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)，不(bu)算到嶺南(nan)”。今天，處于(yu)(yu)新(xin)世紀的(de)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)--這顆綠色的(de)寶石，正在顯現出(chu)愈(yu)加(jia)奪目的(de)光(guang)彩。

遺址文化

廣東的新(xin)石器文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺存，自本(ben)世紀(ji)的三(san)、四十年代始(shi)，在香港(gang)、海豐(feng)(feng)、粵東一些地方(fang)有過若(ruo)干發(fa)現①，并提出過“海豐(feng)(feng)沙坑文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(SON)”、“海豐(feng)(feng)三(san)角尾文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(SAK)”、“海豐(feng)(feng)菝仔園文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(PAT)”三(san)個文(wen)化(hua)(hua)名稱②，以及香港(gang)“舶寮島文(wen)化(hua)(hua)”等③。

解放以來，廣(guang)東(dong)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)新石器時(shi)代遺(yi)(yi)址或遺(yi)(yi)物地點，約(yue)有四、五(wu)百處，經試掘(jue)和(he)發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)約(yue)四、五(wu)十處。清理墓葬(zang)二百多座，獲得(de)各種(zhong)文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)物數(shu)以萬計，為探索(suo)廣(guang)東(dong)原始(shi)社(she)會(hui)的(de)歷(li)史，提(ti)供了珍(zhen)貴的(de)實物資料。在(zai)各地發(fa)現(xian)的(de)文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存中，已經提(ti)出(chu)了兩個文化(hua)名(ming)稱(cheng)，即西樵山文化(hua)和(he)石峽文化(hua)。

石(shi)峽(xia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化是1977年(nian)提出的(de)(de)④。它(ta)(ta)以曲江縣(xian)石(shi)峽(xia)遺(yi)(yi)址下層和墓葬代(dai)表(biao)，分布(bu)于粵北地(di)區，是一種以稻作農業經濟為主(zhu)的(de)(de)新石(shi)器時代(dai)晚期(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)物石(shi)器以钁、鏟、錛、鏃(zu)、鉞，陶器以鼎、釜、甑和盤、豆、罐、壺(hu)組合，以及石(shi)琮、璧、環、璜、玦(jue)、笄等(deng)飾物共存為特(te)征⑤。它(ta)(ta)與江西地(di)區的(de)(de)“山背文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化”(尤(you)其與樊(fan)城堆下層)⑥，江浙(zhe)地(di)區的(de)(de)良渚文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化，山東大汶口文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化，以及湖南湘鄉(xiang)岱(dai)子坪和長沙月亮山遺(yi)(yi)址等(deng)有著(zhu)密切(qie)關系⑦。雖然同(tong)類(lei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)還(huan)發現不(bu)多(duo)，但它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)特(te)征和年(nian)代(dai)是比(bi)較明確的(de)(de)。

西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山遺(yi)址(zhi)發現于1958年(nian)(nian)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山文化(hua)是1960年(nian)(nian)提出(chu)的(de)(de)。然而(er)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山遺(yi)址(zhi)與(yu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山文化(hua)的(de)(de)內涵、特征、性質、年(nian)(nian)代及其分布如何?尚缺乏充分討論和(he)專題探(tan)討。我認為這一問題的(de)(de)深入探(tan)討和(he)解決，不僅對(dui)研究廣東(dong)尤其是珠江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲地區(qu)的(de)(de)歷史，而(er)且對(dui)探(tan)索與(yu)華南、東(dong)南沿海地區(qu)有(you)關(guan)原始文化(hua)的(de)(de)關(guan)系，都有(you)重要意義。故不揣淺陋，把個(ge)人(ren)的(de)(de)一些初步看法提出(chu)來，求教于同志們(men)。

發現及研究

為了進(jin)一步探討西樵山文化，有必要將西樵山遺址的發(fa)現(xian)及其(qi)主要看法(fa)，作一扼要的介(jie)紹。

西(xi)樵山(shan)遺址位于(yu)廣東(dong)南(nan)海縣官山(shan)鎮西(xi)樵山(shan)，它原(yuan)是(shi)一座(zuo)古火山(shan)丘，周(zhou)邊長約13公里，直徑(jing)約4公里。山(shan)峰(feng)高度一般為(wei)100-200米(mi)，最高峰(feng)大科峰(feng)為(wei)300余(yu)米(mi)。山(shan)體主要由粗(cu)面巖、火山(shan)碎(sui)屑巖和石英巖構(gou)成。在(zai)東(dong)北部(bu)的火石逕等有燧(sui)石、瑪瑙出露(lu)；在(zai)西(xi)部(bu)的馬鞍山(shan)及山(shan)頂的錦巖等洞穴有霏細巖巖脈。西(xi)樵山(shan)山(shan)麓(lu)周(zhou)圍(wei)(wei)分(fen)布著(zhu)新老兩套洪積沖積扇，山(shan)下連接(jie)開闊的珠江三角洲沖積平(ping)原(yuan)。從新石器以(yi)至(zhi)更早(zao)的時候(hou)起，便有人類在(zai)山(shan)上(shang)及周(zhou)圍(wei)(wei)一帶(dai)采石制器，勞動生息。

西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址發(fa)現后(hou)，經省內外許多(duo)單位的科學(xue)(xue)工作者的調查(cha)、試掘(jue)和(he)研究(jiu)，先后(hou)發(fa)表(biao)了(le)一些調查(cha)報告和(he)文章。主要的有(you)：中山(shan)(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)調查(cha)組的《廣東(dong)南海(hai)縣西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)的初(chu)步(bu)(bu)調查(cha)》（以下簡(jian)稱《初(chu)步(bu)(bu)調查(cha)》）⑧，廣東(dong)省博物館的《廣東(dong)省南海(hai)縣西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)出土的石(shi)器(qi)(qi)》（簡(jian)稱《西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)》）⑨，賈(jia)蘭坡的《廣東(dong)地區古(gu)人類(lei)學(xue)(xue)及(ji)考古(gu)學(xue)(xue)研究(jiu)的未(wei)來希望(wang)》（簡(jian)稱《未(wei)來希望(wang)》）⑩，黃(huang)慰(wei)文等《廣東(dong)南海(hai)縣西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址復(fu)查(cha)》（簡(jian)稱《復(fu)查(cha)》）⑾，曾(ceng)騏《西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)麓(lu)的細(xi)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)》⑿，等等。截至1980年年止，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)發(fa)現的石(shi)器(qi)(qi)地點已有(you)二十(shi)多(duo)處，獲得燧(sui)石(shi)細(xi)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)料(liao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)約二、三千件(jian)；霏細(xi)巖(yan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)石(shi)片石(shi)器(qi)(qi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)約三、四千件(jian)，以及(ji)一部分(fen)粗砂陶(tao)和(he)泥質(zhi)印(yin)紋(wen)陶(tao)片。這些發(fa)現和(he)論述，歸納起來主要有(you)兩大(da)(da)(da)(da)問題(ti)。

遺址性質

多數研究者認為(wei)，西(xi)樵(qiao)山是一處石器(qi)制作場(chang)，如《未來希望(wang)》、《山西(xi)懷仁(ren)鵝毛口石器(qi)制造(zao)場(chang)遺址》⒀、《復(fu)查(cha)》和《關于華南早期新石器(qi)的(de)(de)幾個問題》⒁等。《初步(bu)調(diao)查(cha)》和《西(xi)樵(qiao)山石器(qi)》兩個報(bao)告，則認為(wei)還存在著與(yu)采集、漁獵(早期的(de)(de))和鋤耕農業(晚期的(de)(de))有(you)關的(de)(de)遺存。

我(wo)贊成(cheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)主要是一(yi)處大型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)、使用年代(dai)很長、石(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品供給(gei)范圍很廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場的(de)(de)(de)看法。只有(you)(you)(you)(you)充分(fen)注(zhu)意并進一(yi)步(bu)解決石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場這(zhe)(zhe)個問(wen)題，才(cai)能對(dui)(dui)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)許(xu)多地(di)(di)點(dian)發現(xian)(xian)大量(liang)(liang)(liang)打制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(成(cheng)品、半成(cheng)品、廢品)和巨量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)恰當的(de)(de)(de)解釋，特別是對(dui)(dui)霏細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)各種打制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類、定名和年代(dai)，進行正確的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析，珠江三角洲許(xu)多新石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以至青銅時代(dai)遺(yi)址(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或石(shi)(shi)(shi)料的(de)(de)(de)來源問(wen)題，才(cai)能得(de)到正確的(de)(de)(de)答(da)案。這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)點(dian)，《復查》和《西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)東麓(lu)的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)》的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)了比較深(shen)入的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析。但(dan)我(wo)也認為(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)還(huan)應(ying)有(you)(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)產活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存，而不僅(jin)僅(jin)是石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造場。早期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)太監崗和南(nan)蛇崗，既有(you)(you)(you)(you)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化堆(dui)積，又(you)發現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)使用痕跡的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)就更為(wei)明顯。除(chu)鎮(zhen)頭西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)坡(po)(第(di)15地(di)(di)點(dian))保存有(you)(you)(you)(you)長20余(yu)米(mi)(mi)，厚1米(mi)(mi)左右的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化層(淡水(shui)沙(sha)蜆等(deng)(deng)貝殼堆(dui)積，可分(fen)兩層，內含大量(liang)(liang)(liang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)、部分(fen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和陶片(pian))⒂外(wai)，第(di)7地(di)(di)點(dian)(佛子廟)和第(di)11地(di)(di)點(dian)等(deng)(deng)，都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)文(wen)化堆(dui)積，并非都(dou)是坡(po)積層。又(you)如(ru)(ru)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵中學(xue)校址(zhi)(暫編第(di)23地(di)(di)點(dian))先(xian)后(hou)出(chu)土過十多件(jian)(jian)磨制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精細(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)霏細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)、砂巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)斧、錛、有(you)(you)(you)(you)段石(shi)(shi)(shi)錛，這(zhe)(zhe)里是一(yi)片(pian)坡(po)地(di)(di)或臺地(di)(di)，這(zhe)(zhe)些生(sheng)產工具應(ying)與鋤耕農業有(you)(you)(you)(you)關。此外(wai)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)先(xian)后(hou)發現(xian)(xian)過大約近百件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)磨光石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)料如(ru)(ru)砂巖(yan)、板巖(yan)等(deng)(deng)似非西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)所(suo)出(chu)產。這(zhe)(zhe)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，也應(ying)與農業生(sheng)產密切相關。

遺址年代

主要有(you)(you)(you)幾種看法：(1)開(kai)始于一(yi)(yi)萬年(nian)前的(de)舊石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)末期(qi)⒃；(2)對第二(er)地(di)點(dian)(dian)(火石(shi)逕)或(huo)其它細(xi)(xi)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)點(dian)(dian)，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)文章把它和“沙苑(yuan)文化”作對比，認(ren)為(wei)可(ke)能屬(shu)于中石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)⒄，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)認(ren)為(wei)屬(shu)新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)或(huo)更早(zao)(zao)⒅，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)推測第二(er)地(di)點(dian)(dian)可(ke)以是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以前的(de)新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文化⒆；(3)對西樵山遺址(zhi)總的(de)看法，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)認(ren)為(wei)包(bao)涵了舊石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)晚(wan)期(qi)和新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不同時期(qi)的(de)遺存(cun)⒇，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)認(ren)為(wei)其年(nian)代(dai)可(ke)能較(jiao)早(zao)(zao)于以印紋陶(tao)為(wei)代(dai)表的(de)遺存(cun)（21），有(you)(you)(you)的(de)認(ren)為(wei)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與磨光石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)應是(shi)“同時異相”，早(zao)(zao)于增城(cheng)金(jin)蘭寺和海豐(feng)遺址(zhi)，年(nian)代(dai)為(wei)距今五、六千年(nian)前（22），等等。

我(wo)贊成西樵山(shan)包涵著(zhu)新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)早、中(zhong)、晚不(bu)同時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)遺存(cun)(cun)。早期(qi)的(de)(de)指細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)遺存(cun)(cun)，主(zhu)要有(you)(you)火(huo)石(shi)(shi)逕、旋(xuan)風崗(gang)、太監(jian)崗(gang)和南蛇崗(gang)四處(chu)。根據省博物館對(dui)火(huo)石(shi)(shi)逕、中(zhong)山(shan)大(da)學考古(gu)教(jiao)研室對(dui)太監(jian)崗(gang)的(de)(de)試掘(jue)（23），以(yi)及(ji)筆者陪同有(you)(you)關專家的(de)(de)多次觀察（24），這兩(liang)處(chu)山(shan)崗(gang)存(cun)(cun)在著(zhu)不(bu)與磨光(guang)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)、陶片共存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)堆積層。不(bu)過，太監(jian)崗(gang)因基建取土，火(huo)石(shi)(shi)逕因有(you)(you)現代壕溝(gou)、墓葬、采石(shi)(shi)坑，試掘(jue)面(mian)積都很小，兩(liang)處(chu)的(de)(de)文(wen)化層看來并不(bu)典(dian)型(xing)、清晰。要徹底解決這幾(ji)處(chu)細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)地點(dian)的(de)(de)文(wen)化層及(ji)年代問題(ti)，還需要較大(da)面(mian)積的(de)(de)發掘(jue)。

西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，其石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料以燧(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)主，細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)包括小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)四(si)大類(lei)。根(gen)據(ju)比較(jiao)(jiao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與我(wo)國北方(fang)一些年代較(jiao)(jiao)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址有(you)許(xu)多(duo)相似之處，最重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是同(tong)(tong)樣具(ju)有(you)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)及其所(suo)(suo)由剝離的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)等(deng)代表(biao)(biao)性(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)。據(ju)曾(ceng)騏同(tong)(tong)志對旋(xuan)風崗等(deng)地(di)點(dian)七二(er)四(si)件(jian)(jian)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)統計(ji)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)二(er)七八(ba)件(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)九十(shi)(shi)二(er)件(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)十(shi)(shi)一件(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)三(san)二(er)三(san)件(jian)(jian)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)又可(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)多(duo)種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)華(hua)北細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)船底形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)和(he)扇(shan)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)。在(zai)三(san)二(er)三(san)件(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，楔(xie)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占一○五件(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Ⅲ式(shi)寬身楔(xie)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)即船底形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)有(you)十(shi)(shi)四(si)件(jian)(jian)。另(ling)一方(fang)面，曾(ceng)騏同(tong)(tong)志認為(wei)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)楔(xie)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)和(he)帶把石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)為(wei)其他省(sheng)區(qu)所(suo)(suo)少(shao)見。在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尖(jian)錐狀石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，未見華(hua)北常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)“鉛筆尖(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)”。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)邊緣多(duo)數(shu)未經第二(er)步加(jia)工(gong)。細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)寬長(chang)(chang)、厚長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比數(shu)均(jun)偏大。而且缺乏典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓頭(tou)刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(僅八(ba)件(jian)(jian))、雕刻器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(二(er)件(jian)(jian))和(he)小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃(三(san)件(jian)(jian))。不(bu)見北方(fang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆。這(zhe)些，又表(biao)(biao)明西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)有(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)(25)。在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)這(zhe)批細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材料發(fa)表(biao)(biao)之前，安(an)志敏先生曾(ceng)經指出：“以海拉(la)爾石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)代表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)存，具(ju)有(you)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，而沒有(you)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共生。同(tong)(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象也(ye)見于(yu)(yu)(yu)陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)大荔沙苑(yuan)，河南許(xu)昌靈井(jing)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)沁水下(xia)川和(he)河北陽原虎(hu)頭(tou)梁(liang)等(deng)遺(yi)(yi)址，特別是下(xia)川、虎(hu)頭(tou)梁(liang)經過(guo)發(fa)掘，有(you)明確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)層(ceng)證據(ju)，屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)大，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)對年代可(ke)能(neng)(neng)距今八(ba)九千年。”(26)曾(ceng)騏同(tong)(tong)志的(de)(de)(de)(de)文章(zhang)也(ye)談到，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，“總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)來說，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)接近于(yu)(yu)(yu)沙苑(yuan)、松山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(即海拉(la)爾——引者(zhe)(zhe))細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，而后兩者(zhe)(zhe)都被暫定(ding)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)年代可(ke)能(neng)(neng)與上(shang)述遺(yi)(yi)存相去不(bu)遠”。同(tong)(tong)時，根(gen)據(ju)賈蘭坡先生的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)觀察、對西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)標本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑒別及其有(you)關文章(zhang)，肯定(ding)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)我(wo)國華(hua)北細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)（27）。此外(wai)，細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是一種(zhong)復(fu)合工(gong)具(ju)，多(duo)嵌于(yu)(yu)(yu)骨、木工(gong)具(ju)上(shang)使用。它往(wang)往(wang)與早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)漁(yu)獵經濟(ji)相聯系(xi)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)及其周(zhou)圍(wei)數(shu)千年前還是一個(ge)河涌縱橫、島(dao)丘散(san)布、林木茂盛、沼澤遍野的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)理(li)環境，也(ye)正符合這(zhe)種(zhong)經濟(ji)類(lei)型(xing)。

如果再結(jie)合其它(ta)(ta)一些(xie)現(xian)象(xiang)考慮，如第(di)(di)3、4、5地點也(ye)采集過(guo)少量細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，第(di)(di)7地點也(ye)發現(xian)有(you)幾(ji)件燧(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核和(he)幾(ji)十件球形的(de)(de)敲砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，在南(nan)海螺崗(gang)、灶崗(gang)、藤涌崗(gang)，觀(guan)音廟口，佛山(shan)河宕，番禺喃嘸山(shan)以及深圳小梅沙等新(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中、晚期遺(yi)址中，也(ye)出有(you)個別燧(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或小型打(da)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(詳見文末附表(biao))。此外(wai)，從西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)第(di)(di)7、第(di)(di)11地點等霏(fei)細(xi)巖的(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)有(you)肩斧(fu)、錛、尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜(gui)背形砍砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)細(xi)薄(bo)長石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)等的(de)(de)打(da)片(pian)法(fa)，也(ye)可以看(kan)到它(ta)(ta)們與細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)的(de)(de)打(da)片(pian)法(fa)有(you)著承(cheng)襲(xi)關(guan)系。因(yin)此，我認為(wei)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)存應屬于新(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代早(zao)期，其年代大約相當于距今七八千年，下限可能還會延續得(de)晚一些(xie)。總而言(yan)之(zhi)，西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)存的(de)(de)發現(xian)，填補了華南(nan)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)址分(fen)布上的(de)(de)空白，提(ti)出了廣東石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代研究的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)課(ke)題。

其次是(shi)屬于(yu)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)、晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地點(dian)(dian)或遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。這(zhe)類遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)多分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)南、西(xi)、北麓或臺地，部分(fen)分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)岡和洞穴，包括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)采石(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(如(ru)虎頭巖(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng))、制石(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(如(ru)第7、第11、15地點(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)(deng))、漁(yu)獵捕撈和“鋤(chu)農業”(如(ru)貝殼(ke)堆積、第23地點(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)(deng))。這(zhe)類遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)料，絕大多數為(wei)霏細巖(yan)(yan)(yan)，器(qi)(qi)形以有(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)代(dai)表，包括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)斧、錛、鏟等(deng)(deng)(deng)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)如(ru)刮削器(qi)(qi)、尖(jian)狀器(qi)(qi)、龜背(bei)形砍砸器(qi)(qi)、矛形器(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。還有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)些霏細巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、細砂(sha)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)英砂(sha)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長身(shen)、梯形和有(you)(you)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)磨光錛、鑿、矛等(deng)(deng)(deng)，粗略估(gu)計在(zai)三(san)(san)、四(si)千件左右。其中(zhong)(zhong)通體磨光的(de)(de)(de)(de)不過一(yi)(yi)、二(er)百件，礪石(shi)(shi)(shi)不超過一(yi)(yi)、二(er)十(shi)件。陶片(pian)僅有(you)(you)二(er)、三(san)(san)百片(pian)，包括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、刻劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)夾(jia)砂(sha)陶和泥質、夾(jia)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾何(he)印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)陶。石(shi)(shi)(shi)環等(deng)(deng)(deng)飾(shi)物(wu)(wu)偶有(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(第15地點(dian)(dian))，動物(wu)(wu)(不包括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)介殼(ke)類)或植物(wu)(wu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)骸至今尚無發(fa)(fa)現(xian)。這(zhe)些現(xian)象(xiang)與(yu)一(yi)(yi)般定(ding)(ding)居遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)不相(xiang)(xiang)稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)。幾何(he)印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(如(ru)方(fang)格紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、曲尺紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、重圈紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、葉脈紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng)(deng))的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)，正(zheng)說明西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)存(cun)在(zai)著新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)。還可(ke)(ke)從以下(xia)三(san)(san)個方(fang)面，進一(yi)(yi)步證明西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)存(cun)在(zai)過新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)、晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。第一(yi)(yi)，鎮頭西(xi)坡含貝殼(ke)層(ceng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)試掘，經碳十(shi)四(si)測定(ding)(ding)，表明其年(nian)代(dai)相(xiang)(xiang)當于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)、晚期(qi)(詳后年(nian)代(dai)部分(fen))。第二(er)，據金蘭寺、石(shi)(shi)(shi)峽、河(he)宕、茅崗等(deng)(deng)(deng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)掘和測定(ding)(ding)年(nian)代(dai)可(ke)(ke)作旁證，在(zai)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)諸遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(或遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)地點(dian)(dian))中(zhong)(zhong)，凡(fan)出(chu)細繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、刻劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)而(er)未有(you)(you)印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)陶的(de)(de)(de)(de)，可(ke)(ke)定(ding)(ding)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)；凡(fan)已出(chu)幾何(he)印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)陶的(de)(de)(de)(de)，可(ke)(ke)定(ding)(ding)為(wei)晚期(qi)。第三(san)(san)，從西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(主要是(shi)霏細巖(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi))廣泛分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)珠江三(san)(san)角洲(zhou)地區新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)、晚期(qi)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)亦(yi)可(ke)(ke)得到印征（詳見(jian)文末附表）。

由此可見，西樵(qiao)山遺(yi)址是一處(chu)大型的(de)、延續年代很長(chang)的(de)、供應范圍很廣的(de)石(shi)(shi)器制(zhi)作(zuo)場，這是最突出和最主(zhu)要的(de)。同(tong)時也(ye)有生產(chan)生活的(de)遺(yi)址，這也(ye)是不可否認的(de)。總之，西樵(qiao)山遺(yi)址中(zhong)包涵了新石(shi)(shi)器各個階段的(de)遺(yi)存，主(zhu)要是中(zhong)、晚期遺(yi)存。

文化內涵

西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)化因1958年首先(xian)發現(xian)于(yu)南(nan)海縣西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山而得名。在(zai)一段時間內，它是專(zhuan)指(zhi)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山遺(yi)址本身的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存(cun)。從發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)材料看，西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)化應當是分(fen)布于(yu)珠江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲地區的(de)(de)(de)一種新(xin)石器時代的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始文(wen)化。它區別于(yu)封開黃(huang)巖洞類型(xing)和(he)英(ying)德青塘類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)洞穴遺(yi)址，區別于(yu)韓江(jiang)流域陳橋(qiao)村類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)貝丘遺(yi)址，也不同于(yu)粵北的(de)(de)(de)石峽文(wen)化，具有(you)其自身的(de)(de)(de)特點。

遺址分布

西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)包(bao)括(kuo)了以(yi)(yi)(yi)西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造(zao)場為紐帶和西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物(wu)共(gong)存(cun)(cun)為標(biao)志的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)群古文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)。主(zhu)(zhu)要分(fen)(fen)布于狹義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲地(di)(di)區(一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般系指(zhi)北自(zi)(zi)(zi)廣州(zhou)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)門水(shui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下，西北自(zi)(zi)(zi)三(san)(san)(san)水(shui)思(si)賢滘(jiao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下，西自(zi)(zi)(zi)潭(tan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下，東(dong)(dong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)東(dong)(dong)莞(guan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍以(yi)(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區。包(bao)括(kuo)南海(hai)、番禺、順德(de)、中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)、斗門、三(san)(san)(san)水(shui)、新會(hui)、東(dong)(dong)莞(guan)、高鶴(he)(he)、寶(bao)安、增城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)或(huo)大(da)部分(fen)(fen)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)廣州(zhou)、佛山(shan)(shan)、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)門、深(shen)(shen)圳、珠(zhu)海(hai)五(wu)個市(shi)，面積一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)公里)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)我(wo)們(men)以(yi)(yi)(yi)西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)——主(zhu)(zhu)要是(shi)霏(fei)細巖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)作為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種指(zhi)示物(wu)來探索(suo)西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布，那(nei)么，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布范圍可能及(ji)于廣義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲地(di)(di)區(一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般指(zhi)北自(zi)(zi)(zi)北江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)飛來峽以(yi)(yi)(yi)下，西江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)三(san)(san)(san)榕峽以(yi)(yi)(yi)下，東(dong)(dong)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)劍潭(tan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區。包(bao)括(kuo)清(qing)遠、廣州(zhou)、花(hua)(hua)縣、番禺、增城、三(san)(san)(san)水(shui)、南海(hai)、佛山(shan)(shan)、順德(de)、高鶴(he)(he)、中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)、斗門、新會(hui)、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)門、珠(zhu)海(hai)、臺山(shan)(shan)、恩(en)平(ping)(ping)(ping)、開(kai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)、博羅、東(dong)(dong)莞(guan)、寶(bao)安、深(shen)(shen)圳、肇(zhao)(zhao)慶(qing)、高要、四會(hui)等二十(shi)四個縣、市(shi)，總面積為三(san)(san)(san)萬四千多平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)公里)（33）。除花(hua)(hua)縣、順德(de)、四會(hui)、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)門、肇(zhao)(zhao)慶(qing)和開(kai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)等外，其余(yu)各縣、市(shi)均有(you)發(fa)現(xian)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)包(bao)括(kuo)香港沿海(hai)島(dao)嶼，筆者查到有(you)這類(lei)(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)(di)點(dian)已(yi)達一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)處(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(詳見文(wen)末附表)。西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)如(ru)(ru)此(ci)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面正表明它是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個供應范圍很廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、大(da)型石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造(zao)場(這與珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲這一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)沖積平(ping)(ping)(ping)原缺乏適合制(zhi)造(zao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好(hao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)有(you)關)；另方(fang)面可以(yi)(yi)(yi)證(zheng)明當時(shi)(至遲在(zai)制(zhi)作有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi))已(yi)經出(chu)現(xian)了社會(hui)分(fen)(fen)工與產品(pin)交換。應當說明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，我(wo)們(men)并(bing)不是(shi)將霏(fei)細巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)無作為確定西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)同類(lei)(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)標(biao)志，而只是(shi)把它作為探求西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)布范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據和線索(suo)。例如(ru)(ru)，我(wo)們(men)并(bing)不把番禺和廣州(zhou)飛鵝嶺(ling)等地(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些與夔紋陶共(gong)存(cun)(cun)含有(you)西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅時(shi)代遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)劃入西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。又如(ru)(ru)，我(wo)們(men)之(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)(yi)(yi)把香港一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)歸入西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類(lei)(lei)型遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)，那(nei)不僅是(shi)蒲臺島(dao)、南丫(ya)島(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆須(xu)城等地(di)(di)都(dou)(dou)發(fa)現(xian)過霏(fei)細巖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，更重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)那(nei)里發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不少新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)、晚(wan)期遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面貌都(dou)(dou)與珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲十(shi)分(fen)(fen)相象或(huo)說一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)脈相承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)（34）。

遺物特征

文化遺物(wu)包括石器、陶器、紡輪、骨角牙蠔蚌質的工具和(he)飾物(wu)等(deng)。這里不準備逐項詳細描述，只略(lve)舉其(qi)主要器物(wu)及其(qi)特(te)點(dian)。

石器文化

簡介

所謂西樵(qiao)山(shan)類型的(de)石器(qi)(qi)，一(yi)指其石料(liao)，二指其器(qi)(qi)形。以燧(sui)石為主要(yao)原料(liao)的(de)細石器(qi)(qi)是西樵(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)化早(zao)期遺(yi)址(zhi)中具有特(te)點的(de)生產工具(具體器(qi)(qi)物及分(fen)類參(can)看曾騏(qi)的(de)《西樵(qiao)山(shan)東麓的(de)細石器(qi)(qi)》一(yi)文(wen)及本文(wen)第一(yi)部分(fen)的(de)簡述，這(zhe)里從略)，除主要(yao)發(fa)現于西樵(qiao)山(shan)外，珠江(jiang)三角洲(zhou)一(yi)些遺(yi)址(zhi)也有少量發(fa)現(詳見文(wen)末附表)。

以(yi)霏細巖為(wei)主要石(shi)(shi)料(liao)的有(you)(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)是西樵山(shan)文化中(zhong)、晚(wan)期(qi)遺(yi)址中(zhong)最(zui)富代(dai)表(biao)性的生產工(gong)具，器(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)包括斧(fu)(fu)、錛(ben)、鏟等(deng)，以(yi)斧(fu)(fu)、錛(ben)為(wei)大(da)宗。西樵山(shan)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)作(zuo)場(chang)出(chu)土的多(duo)為(wei)打(da)制(zhi)的(包括一部(bu)(bu)分廢品和(he)殘件)，刃(ren)部(bu)(bu)多(duo)未經(jing)磨制(zhi)，斧(fu)(fu)或錛(ben)的器(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)難辨；珠江三角洲遺(yi)址發現的多(duo)為(wei)磨制(zhi)(刃(ren)部(bu)(bu)磨制(zhi)或通體(ti)磨光)，錛(ben)比斧(fu)(fu)多(duo)，還常見一種有(you)(you)肩(jian)有(you)(you)段(duan)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)。此外，還有(you)(you)一些長身、梯形(xing)(xing)或有(you)(you)段(duan)的斧(fu)(fu)、錛(ben)、鑿以(yi)及鏃(zu)、矛(mao)等(deng)。西樵山(shan)打(da)制(zhi)的有(you)(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)，主要可分四式：Ⅰ式為(wei)圓(yuan)盤狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，柄部(bu)(bu)不(bu)突出(chu)，應(ying)是從這種圓(yuan)盤狀(zhuang)(zhuang)石(shi)(shi)坯打(da)制(zhi)出(chu)雙肩(jian)的。Ⅱ式略呈扇形(xing)(xing)，短柄，溜(liu)肩(jian)，弧刃(ren)

，薄體。Ⅲ式器(qi)身(shen)呈梯形，長柄或短肩，肩角大(da)(da)于(yu)九(jiu)十度(du)，弧刃(ren)的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)。Ⅳ式短身(shen)，寬刃(ren)，肩多(duo)(duo)呈直角，平(ping)刃(ren)的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)。西樵山類型的(de)(de)有(you)肩石器(qi)，其(qi)大(da)(da)小、厚(hou)薄相差(cha)懸殊，可能反映出用途的(de)(de)不同。最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)長達12-14、寬6-8、厚(hou)1-2厘米(mi)；最小的(de)(de)長僅3-4、寬2-3、厚(hou)0.3-0.5厘米(mi)。

有肩石(shi)鏟(chan)的(de)(de)特征是器(qi)型大(da)(da)(da)，長(chang)身，短柄。西樵(qiao)山(shan)文化(hua)中此類石(shi)鏟(chan)發(fa)現不多，如中山(shan)大(da)(da)(da)學在大(da)(da)(da)仙(xian)崗采(cai)集(ji)的(de)(de)一件，器(qi)身琢制，全長(chang)21.5、柄高(gao)(gao)3.5、寬(kuan)9-10.6厘(li)(li)米；省(sheng)博物館在第7地點采(cai)集(ji)的(de)(de)一件，全長(chang)17、柄高(gao)(gao)3.3、寬(kuan)7-7.5厘(li)(li)米。此外(wai)，廣州飛鵝嶺菠羅山(shan)、番禺西園莊、喃嘸山(shan)也有發(fa)現，但時(shi)代(dai)較晚。西樵(qiao)山(shan)或西樵(qiao)山(shan)文化(hua)的(de)(de)有肩石(shi)鏟(chan)與(yu)海南(nan)島(dao)發(fa)現的(de)(de)長(chang)身石(shi)鏟(chan)，與(yu)粵(yue)西封(feng)開、德慶、高(gao)(gao)要以(yi)及湛江地區的(de)(de)陽江、海南(nan)島(dao)儋縣等地發(fa)現的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)石(shi)鏟(chan)(指桂南(nan)類型的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)石(shi)鏟(chan))是否有承襲關系，是一個值得注意的(de)(de)問題（35）。

這里再(zai)舉幾個數字，以說(shuo)明西樵山(shan)(shan)文化遺址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)與其(qi)它形式(shi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)的(de)(de)共(gong)存、比例關系。例一(yi)，1960年前在廣東(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部低地區(基本上(shang)就是(shi)珠(zhu)江三(san)(san)角洲)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)一(yi)一(yi)四(si)處遺址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，獲得各種石(shi)(shi)器(qi)一(yi)○二(er)三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧鏟(chan)類九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)八件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)的(de)(de)占(zhan)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)；錛(ben)(ben)(ben)類三(san)(san)三(san)(san)四(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)的(de)(de)占(zhan)一(yi)三(san)(san)八件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)占(zhan)八十(shi)(shi)八件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)占(zhan)二(er)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。這里四(si)種主要石(shi)(shi)器(qi)共(gong)計五(wu)(wu)四(si)五(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)占(zhan)二(er)七(qi)(qi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，即占(zhan)50%強（36）。例二(er)，寶安蚌(bang)地山(shan)(shan)出(chu)(chu)土石(shi)(shi)器(qi)二(er)○○件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧、錛(ben)(ben)(ben)、鑿九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)四(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)的(de)(de)占(zhan)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)八件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，即占(zhan)62%，而(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（37）。例三(san)(san)，佛山(shan)(shan)河宕舊墟出(chu)(chu)土石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(不計礪石(shi)(shi)和裝飾品)二(er)一(yi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧(十(shi)(shi)二(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、錛(ben)(ben)(ben)(八十(shi)(shi)二(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、鏟(chan)(三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))，共(gong)九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)斧八件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)十(shi)(shi)八件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)九(jiu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。三(san)(san)種合計五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，占(zhan)斧錛(ben)(ben)(ben)鏟(chan)總數的(de)(de)58.7%。其(qi)次，在河宕遺址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，西樵山(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)料(liao)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)四(si)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(霏細巖的(de)(de)四(si)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、燧石(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)二(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧

六件(jian)(jian)、雙肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占三(san)(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)；錛(ben)類(lei)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)件(jian)(jian)、雙肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八件(jian)(jian)、單(dan)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)。如(ru)此(ci)斧(fu)錛(ben)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)六件(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約占一半(ban)（38）。例(li)(li)四(si)，廣州飛鵝(e)嶺九(jiu)處遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)現有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一五(wu)○件(jian)(jian)，占各類(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)總數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)80%左右(you)。在(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)，以斧(fu)最多，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)錛(ben)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)。其(qi)中(zhong)Ⅳ式石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)(短身寬肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))和(he)長身石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟也與(yu)(yu)西樵(qiao)山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相近。霏細(xi)巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料也占很大(da)(da)比(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)，證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)其(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料應(ying)(ying)來自西樵(qiao)山（39），不過(guo)，年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)應(ying)(ying)當較(jiao)晚(wan)。以上數例(li)(li)可(ke)以說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)西樵(qiao)山文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)生產(chan)工(gong)具中(zhong)占有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相當大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)（大(da)(da)約占60%以上）。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)特別是(shi)典型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)西樵(qiao)山文(wen)化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)發(fa)現并不多，它遠不如(ru)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽(xia)(xia)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)墓(mu)葬(zang)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那樣典型(xing)(xing)(xing)、精制(zhi)。但在(zai)珠江三(san)(san)(san)角洲晚(wan)期遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)，普遍出(chu)現一種(zhong)中(zhong)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)，它是(shi)否反(fan)映著有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者溶為(wei)一體呢尚未見到詳細(xi)論證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)章。與(yu)(yu)此(ci)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個問(wen)題是(shi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)孰(shu)(shu)早(zao)孰(shu)(shu)晚(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。就兩廣地區——我國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)發(fa)祥地和(he)最流行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區之一來看，我認(ren)為(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)要(yao)早(zao)于(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)理由(you)是(shi)西樵(qiao)山遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)是(shi)發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨一無二的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造場，其(qi)次，在(zai)增(zeng)城金蘭寺下層(ceng)、東(dong)莞萬福庵(an)下層(ceng)、新會羅山咀(ju)、高要(yao)永安夏(xia)江村這些(xie)(xie)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)，已經出(chu)現有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)而不見有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。這些(xie)(xie)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)或(huo)層(ceng)位一般定在(zai)距今五(wu)、六千年(nian)(nian)(nian)。而有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)在(zai)廣東(dong)出(chu)現地層(ceng)明(ming)(ming)確(que)、年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)較(jiao)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)曲江石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽(xia)(xia)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)下層(ceng)及墓(mu)葬(zang)。共(gong)(gong)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少量有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)及幾何印紋陶。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽(xia)(xia)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)墓(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)為(wei)距今四(si)千五(wu)百年(nian)(nian)(nian)上下，下層(ceng)前一段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)較(jiao)早(zao)，大(da)(da)致(zhi)也不超過(guo)距今六千年(nian)(nian)(nian)。就全省(sheng)調查發(fa)掘(jue)情況看，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)多與(yu)(yu)幾何形(xing)印紋陶共(gong)(gong)存(cun)。

陶器

西樵山遺址發現的(de)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)很少(shao)(前后出土估(gu)計(ji)不過二、三百(bai)片)，且缺(que)乏完整器(qi)。可分兩類(lei)：一(yi)類(lei)是夾砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)，器(qi)形有(you)圜底釜等(deng)，這(zhe)里的(de)一(yi)部分陶(tao)(tao)釜片，具有(you)早期陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)的(de)特征，如黃褐色(se)或紅褐色(se)，胎薄，火候(hou)低，飾繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)、劃紋(wen)(wen)或壓點紋(wen)(wen)，有(you)的(de)帶紅色(se)、白色(se)陶(tao)(tao)衣，年代應(ying)當(dang)(dang)較(jiao)早。另一(yi)類(lei)是泥質素面陶(tao)(tao)和幾何印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)，后者也有(you)夾砂(sha)的(de)(胎較(jiao)厚)，紋(wen)(wen)有(you)方格紋(wen)(wen)、葉脈紋(wen)(wen)、曲(qu)尺紋(wen)(wen)、半(ban)重圈紋(wen)(wen)等(deng)，年代當(dang)(dang)較(jiao)晚(wan)。

我們(men)可以(yi)從西(xi)樵(qiao)山周圍如(ru)(ru)南(nan)(nan)海、佛山以(yi)至(zhi)珠江三角洲的(de)其(qi)他遺址(zhi)(zhi)，看到西(xi)樵(qiao)山文(wen)化陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)的(de)特征。新(xin)石器(qi)(qi)時代中期遺址(zhi)(zhi)，如(ru)(ru)南(nan)(nan)海觀(guan)音廟口、新(xin)會羅山咀、增城金蘭(lan)寺下層(ceng)、東莞萬福(fu)庵下層(ceng)、高要永安夏江、深(shen)(shen)圳大(da)、小(xiao)梅沙(sha)（40）、以(yi)至(zhi)香港(gang)深(shen)(shen)灣F層(ceng)等(deng)。這(zhe)類遺址(zhi)(zhi)夾(jia)(jia)砂陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)占很大(da)比重(如(ru)(ru)羅山咀、大(da)、小(xiao)梅沙(sha)都達95%以(yi)上)。主要器(qi)(qi)形是(shi)圜(yuan)底釜，還有(you)罐(guan)、缽(碗)、盤(pan)(pan)、杯、豆和“器(qi)(qi)座”等(deng)。紋(wen)飾以(yi)各(ge)種繩紋(wen)和刻劃紋(wen)、篦點紋(wen)為主。器(qi)(qi)形一般(ban)較(jiao)小(xiao)，手制或(huo)模(mo)制。泥(ni)質陶(tao)有(you)罐(guan)、鏤孔矮圈足盤(pan)(pan)、平底盆和淺(qian)盤(pan)(pan)、豆、杯等(deng)。泥(ni)質磨光紅(hong)陶(tao)(或(huo)橙黃陶(tao))占一定比例(li)，并出現(xian)了彩(cai)陶(tao)，這(zhe)是(shi)西(xi)樵(qiao)山文(wen)化陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)的(de)一個特點。如(ru)(ru)金蘭(lan)寺、萬福(fu)庵、深(shen)(shen)灣等(deng)泥(ni)質陶(tao)都占有(you)一定比例(li)。金蘭(lan)寺下層(ceng)的(de)夾(jia)(jia)砂陶(tao)占82.5%、磨光紅(hong)陶(tao)占13.6%、彩(cai)陶(tao)占3.9%便是(shi)一例(li)。

彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)已(yi)知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，金蘭(lan)寺(si)（41）、萬(wan)福(fu)庵、小(xiao)(xiao)梅殺（42）、香(xiang)(xiang)港(gang)舂(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)(wan)、銅鼓灣(wan)(wan)、大灣(wan)(wan)和(he)蟹地灣(wan)(wan)等（43）。金蘭(lan)寺(si)和(he)萬(wan)福(fu)庵多為(wei)殘(can)片(pian)，可以(yi)看出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)矮圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)等。金蘭(lan)寺(si)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)磨(mo)光紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)表面(mian)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)赭(zhe)紅(hong)(hong)色寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)（圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)），或(huo)在(zai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)外(wai)(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)葉(xie)脈狀紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。東(dong)莞(guan)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)表里均繪(hui)(hui)(hui)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，泥(ni)質(zhi)黃灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)先涂(tu)白(bai)地，再繪(hui)(hui)(hui)暗紅(hong)(hong)色的(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或(huo)弧形(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。在(zai)金蘭(lan)寺(si)還出(chu)一件(jian)可復(fu)原的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)缽，泥(ni)質(zhi)灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)，質(zhi)地較堅硬，斂口小(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)底(di)，底(di)部有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)旋轉(zhuan)痕跡，口沿(yan)(yan)外(wai)(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)一道（寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)1.2厘(li)米(mi)）紅(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。口徑17.5、高5.7厘(li)米(mi)。舂(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)(wan)（Chung Hom Wan）有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩件(jian)復(fu)原器(qi)(qi)(qi)，均為(wei)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)淺底(di)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)（Shallow Dish）器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)略有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)差別。一件(jian)斂口，圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)向(xiang)內弧；另一件(jian)敞口斜(xie)腹(fu)，圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)撇，飾小(xiao)(xiao)圓鏤孔，紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)白(bai)衣，盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)外(wai)(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)紅(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)波浪紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、圓點(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。同出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一件(jian)完(wan)(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)鏤孔圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)直腹(fu)細泥(ni)紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)杯，器(qi)(qi)(qi)身刻曲折紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)（44）舂(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)(wan)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)同類彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)矮圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)殘(can)件(jian)，省博物(wu)館(guan)也有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)藏品（45）。1980年，深圳小(xiao)(xiao)梅沙遺(yi)址發現(xian)(xian)一件(jian)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)，經(jing)復(fu)原其形(xing)制(zhi)與(yu)(yu)舂(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)一件(jian)幾乎完(wan)(wan)全一樣，唯器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)稍大，彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圖案(an)更(geng)為(wei)清晰，美(mei)觀（46）。以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)均定為(wei)新石(shi)時代中(zhong)期。此外(wai)(wai)(wai)，在(zai)我(wo)館(guan)藏品中(zhong)，筆者(zhe)找到(dao)一件(jian)粗紗陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)釜(fu)或(huo)罐口沿(yan)(yan)殘(can)片(pian)，口沿(yan)(yan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一道紅(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，以(yi)下(xia)為(wei)刻劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，出(chu)于(yu)(yu)南(nan)(nan)海(hai)縣(xian)，編號為(wei)“NKG”的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)址。這表明西樵(qiao)山遺(yi)址所在(zai)地的(de)(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)海(hai)縣(xian)也有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)發現(xian)(xian)。還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，在(zai)佛(fo)山河宕(dang)下(xia)層也發現(xian)(xian)過一件(jian)完(wan)(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)質(zhi)橙黃色彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)小(xiao)(xiao)罐，在(zai)口沿(yan)(yan)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)三條(tiao)短條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)腹(fu)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)一筆流暢的(de)(de)(de)赭(zhe)色彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)條(tiao)。另外(wai)(wai)(wai)在(zai)下(xia)層出(chu)土有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)十(shi)多件(jian)（殘(can)片(pian)）泥(ni)質(zhi)磨(mo)光彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)，圖案(an)是(shi)(shi)一種紅(hong)(hong)色或(huo)赭(zhe)紅(hong)(hong)色的(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或(huo)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)窄并列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，繪(hui)(hui)(hui)于(yu)(yu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)口外(wai)(wai)(wai)或(huo)口沿(yan)(yan)面(mian)，花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)比較簡單(47)。總之(zhi)，珠(zhu)江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲(zhou)、香(xiang)(xiang)港(gang)沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)島嶼(以(yi)及韓江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲(zhou)海(hai)豐等地(48))新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時代中(zhong)、晚期遺(yi)存中(zhong)發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)，數量(liang)還不多，圖案(an)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)樣比較簡單。器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)主要是(shi)(shi)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)底(di)缽、圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)小(xiao)(xiao)罐和(he)夾砂釜(fu)或(huo)罐等，彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圖案(an)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)幾何形(xing)花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)系統(帶(dai)狀條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、平(ping)行線條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、葉(xie)脈狀條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、勾(gou)連(lian)弧線或(huo)勾(gou)連(lian)云紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等)，比較復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)梅沙那種近似勾(gou)連(lian)弧線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)加圓點(dian)(dian)等，至今未發現(xian)(xian)動(dong)植物(wu)圖案(an)花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。總的(de)(de)(de)風格與(yu)(yu)我(wo)國東(dong)南(nan)(nan)沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)省區新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)期陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)刻劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng)是(shi)(shi)一致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)此可以(yi)說具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)地方特(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)；但又與(yu)(yu)青(qing)蓮崗文化(hua)、曇石(shi)山文化(hua)、鳳鼻(bi)頭(tou)文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相似之(zhi)處(chu)。例如，南(nan)(nan)京北陰(yin)陽(yang)營有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)口沿(yan)(yan)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)碗(wan)，邳縣(xian)大墩子彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)缽上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)勾(gou)連(lian)弧線加圓點(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(49)。臺(tai)灣(wan)(wan)鳳鼻(bi)頭(tou)文化(hua)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)類似舂(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)(wan)弧線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。臺(tai)中(zhong)社(she)腳也有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)類似河宕(dang)那種在(zai)口沿(yan)(yan)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)窄排列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)短線條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(50)，等等。廣東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)與(yu)(yu)它們可能(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)關系。

相當于(yu)新石器時代晚(wan)期的代表性遺址(zhi)，有金蘭寺中層、東(dong)莞(guan)龍江村、南海通心崗(gang)、灶崗(gang)、佛(fo)山河宕、高要茅崗(gang)、深圳鶴(he)地(di)山、赤(chi)灣村、寶安(an)蚌地(di)山(51)、西樵山鎮頭西坡(po)，以(yi)及香港深灣cb層等。

廣東(dong)新(xin)石器晚期根據(ju)石峽(xia)(xia)下層和(he)(he)(he)中層等遺址(zhi)的層位疊(die)壓和(he)(he)(he)器物(wu)的特(te)點變(bian)化關系，可(ke)以分為前、后兩(liang)個階段(duan)(或稱晚期和(he)(he)(he)末期)。上述珠江三角(jiao)洲的遺址(zhi)雖(sui)然本身還(huan)有早晚之(zhi)別(bie)，如金蘭(lan)寺中層分有2A層和(he)(he)(he)2B層，河宕遺址(zhi)可(ke)分第2層和(he)(he)(he)第3層，鎮頭西坡貝殼層也(ye)可(ke)分上、下層，但它們在文(wen)化面(mian)貌和(he)(he)(he)年代上大(da)多屬于末期，即大(da)體與石峽(xia)(xia)中層、始興澄陂村窯址(zhi)相當(dang)。

這個時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，一個特(te)(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)幾何形印(yin)(yin)紋(wen)陶(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)盛行，泥質陶(tao)和(he)夾(jia)砂(sha)陶(tao)都拍印(yin)(yin)紋(wen)飾，而且(qie)具有特(te)(te)點(dian)。以(yi)河宕(dang)(dang)、灶(zao)崗與(yu)石(shi)峽中層比較(jiao)，前兩(liang)(liang)者印(yin)(yin)紋(wen)深(shen)而清晰，單(dan)(dan)位(wei)結(jie)構粗疏，如(ru)對角(jiao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)重方格(ge)紋(wen)(大(da)小(xiao)由(you)四至五重組成)一個單(dan)(dan)位(wei)直徑達(da)4-6厘米。印(yin)(yin)紋(wen)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)也多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)，河宕(dang)(dang)一處就有二十多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同花紋(wen)。另(ling)一特(te)(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形承(cheng)襲、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了本區前期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征。如(ru)炊煮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)仍以(yi)釜(fu)為主(zhu)，三足器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(如(ru)鼎(ding)等)極少發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(佛山河宕(dang)(dang)出土四萬多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)片(pian)陶(tao)片(pian)，僅見(jian)一件(jian)實足)。深(shen)圳赤灣發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)一種(zhong)(zhong)粗砂(sha)陶(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐箅形”器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)面(mian)支墊器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)座(zuo)，應為烤魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物，過去寶安、香港深(shen)灣等地發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)為殘件(jian)，不(bu)明用途（52）。另(ling)外深(shen)圳還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)一種(zhong)(zhong)帶兩(liang)(liang)個鏤孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐座(zuo)”(暫(zan)名)。這里(li)僅舉(ju)河宕(dang)(dang)為例，河宕(dang)(dang)舊墟遺址較(jiao)大(da)面(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)揭(jie)露及其出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，在西樵山附近(jin)以(yi)至珠江三角(jiao)洲地區具有相當的(de)(de)(de)(de)代表性，使我們比較(jiao)清楚地看(kan)到晚(wan)期(qi)(末期(qi))陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)幾何印(yin)(yin)紋(wen)陶(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)彩。如(ru)盛行圜底釜(fu)、矮圈(quan)(quan)足罐，缺乏三足器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)。釜(fu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)寬沿敞口(棱(leng)角(jiao)明顯(xian))、扁圓(yuan)腹(fu)。夾(jia)砂(sha)陶(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)(yin)紋(wen)除(chu)繩紋(wen)、條紋(wen)(籃(lan)紋(wen))、劃紋(wen)(以(yi)水波(bo)狀(zhuang)為多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo))外，還有曲(qu)尺紋(wen)、梯子(zi)形格(ge)紋(wen)、云雷紋(wen)、對角(jiao)線重方格(ge)、凸圓(yuan)點(dian)紋(wen)等二十多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)。泥質陶(tao)主(zhu)要(yao)有罐壺(hu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)盤豆類(lei)(lei)(lei)。罐壺(hu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)都附圈(quan)(quan)足，形式(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)圓(yuan)腹(fu)和(he)折肩(jian)兩(liang)(liang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)。圓(yuan)腹(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)素面(mian)磨光，地層和(he)墓葬中都有出土，是(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)峽中層未見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。小(xiao)口折肩(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，肩(jian)以(yi)上無紋(wen)，肩(jian)以(yi)下(xia)有云雷紋(wen)一至三周(zhou)，以(yi)下(xia)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)為曲(qu)尺紋(wen)組合，是(shi)(shi)(shi)末期(qi)出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)典(dian)型器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。石(shi)峽中層也有，但(dan)數(shu)量很(hen)少。盤豆類(lei)(lei)(lei)數(shu)量多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)，以(yi)鏤孔矮圈(quan)(quan)足為主(zhu)。圈(quan)(quan)足盤有斂口、子(zi)母口和(he)展(zhan)唇等不(bu)同形式(shi)(shi)，質地多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)為細泥磨光紅陶(tao)或橙黃陶(tao)。一

種(zhong)斂口(kou)的(de)磨光紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)盤(pan)，很象(xiang)仰韶式的(de)紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)缽(bo)，但下面(mian)附有(you)圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)，同時(shi)在圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤(pan)中(zhong)還有(you)一(yi)部分彩(cai)陶(tao)。泥質陶(tao)的(de)印紋種(zhong)類將近有(you)三(san)十種(zhong)，主要拍印于(yu)罐(guan)壺類上。此外，河(he)宕(dang)還發(fa)現(xian)有(you)六(liu)、七十片陶(tao)片上有(you)刻(ke)劃(hua)符號(hao)，二件(jian)器底(di)部刻(ke)劃(hua)魚紋，符號(hao)多刻(ke)于(yu)圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤(pan)的(de)底(di)部。石峽下層(ceng)(ceng)沒有(you)發(fa)現(xian)刻(ke)劃(hua)符號(hao)，中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)僅見一(yi)個“米”字形符號(hao)。而與河(he)宕(dang)年代(dai)相當的(de)高要茅崗也發(fa)現(xian)有(you)十個左右的(de)刻(ke)劃(hua)符號(hao)。河(he)宕(dang)下層(ceng)(ceng)與中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)陶(tao)紡輪有(you)明顯區別，中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)多為(wei)(wei)素(su)面(mian)。下層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)其底(di)面(mian)多有(you)刻(ke)劃(hua)花紋，為(wei)(wei)單線(xian)或復線(xian)的(de)圓弧線(xian)，把底(di)面(mian)分成三(san)、四、五等分。還應提到，增城(cheng)金蘭寺中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)，出土過一(yi)件(jian)形象(xiang)逼(bi)真的(de)陶(tao)祖(且)，它反映了(le)這一(yi)時(shi)期父權制的(de)確立。(53)

工具飾物

在珠江(jiang)三角洲，港澳沿海(hai)島(dao)嶼的(de)貝丘和沙(sha)丘遺址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，出(chu)土有(you)一部分以(yi)動物(wu)、介殼(ke)類遺骸制作的(de)工(gong)具和飾(shi)物(wu)，這也(ye)是西樵(qiao)山(shan)文化遺存的(de)一個不可忽視的(de)特點(dian)。例如，在萬福庵、河宕(dang)獅子橋(qiao)、王(wang)借崗等遺址(zhi)(zhi)，都發(fa)現(xian)有(you)蠔殼(ke)磨成的(de)穿(chuan)孔(kong)工(gong)具。河宕(dang)舊(jiu)墟出(chu)有(you)一種特殊形式的(de)穿(chuan)孔(kong)骨(gu)針(zhen)(疑即織(zhi)魚(yu)網織(zhi)針(zhen))。河宕(dang)的(de)骨(gu)鏃(zu)比石(shi)鏃(zu)多幾倍。新(xin)會羅山(shan)咀發(fa)現(xian)穿(chuan)孔(kong)蚶殼(ke)、深灣下(xia)層有(you)穿(chuan)孔(kong)鯊魚(yu)牙飾(shi)。有(you)些遺址(zhi)(zhi)還(huan)出(chu)土魚(yu)脊骨(gu)串飾(shi)等。

墓葬習俗

墓葬特點

西樵山文化(hua)的早期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)尚無(wu)發現。中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)的如新會羅山咀發現一(yi)座二次(ci)甕(weng)(weng)棺葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具為兩件(jian)相套(tao)的粗(cu)砂陶厚胎折肩(jian)甕(weng)(weng)，肩(jian)上刻(ke)(ke)劃一(yi)周三角形(內(nei)加斜線(xian))劃紋(wen)，還有一(yi)個刻(ke)(ke)劃符號。人(ren)骨(gu)(gu)從頭到(dao)下肢有序地疊置于甕(weng)(weng)內(nei)，隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品有骨(gu)(gu)簪、穿孔麻龜板飾物各一(yi)件(jian)（54）。據《深灣(wan)》發掘報告，在F層及(ji)晚期(qi)(qi)cb層都發現過(guo)火葬(zang)(zang)(zang)及(ji)土葬(zang)(zang)(zang)。引人(ren)注目的是(shi)火葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，這種火葬(zang)(zang)(zang)是(shi)從文化(hua)層中(zhong)零星(xing)散(san)見的許多碎骨(gu)(gu)，包括頭骨(gu)(gu)及(ji)肢骨(gu)(gu)等，經過(guo)八百度高溫火化(hua)跡象而(er)判定的（55）。

晚期墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)較多(duo)(duo)(duo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)。1961年(nian)金(jin)蘭寺(si)2A層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)貝(bei)(bei)殼堆積中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)四座(zuo)(zuo)，淺坑(keng)或(huo)墓(mu)(mu)坑(keng)不(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯，人(ren)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)架頭(tou)東(dong)腳(jiao)西(xi)，仰臥(wo)直肢(zhi)，基本(ben)并行排列。鑒定(ding)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)女(nv)(nv)(老(lao))、兩男(nan)(青(qing))、一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兒(er)童(tong)(tong)，兒(er)童(tong)(tong)緊依女(nv)(nv)性(xing)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)架。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)M2(男(nan)，25歲(sui)(sui)±)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)工拔牙(ya)(ya)（56）。僅(jin)M4女(nv)(nv)性(xing)墓(mu)(mu)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)長方(fang)格(ge)印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)缶、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)飾各(ge)(ge)(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)為(wei)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)品。1978年(nian)，南海灶崗貝(bei)(bei)丘遺址(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)六(liu)座(zuo)(zuo)，墓(mu)(mu)坑(keng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)不(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯，頭(tou)向東(dong)南，腳(jiao)向西(xi)北(bei)，仰臥(wo)直肢(zhi)，經鑒定(ding)男(nan)女(nv)(nv)老(lao)少(shao)均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)。僅(jin)三(san)座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)各(ge)(ge)(ge)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)錛(ben)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)。1977年(nian)，筆者(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)河宕獅(shi)子(zi)橋遺址(zhi)調查，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)頭(tou)蓋骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、顎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、肢(zhi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)殘骸，推測(ce)應(ying)為(wei)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)。獅(shi)子(zi)橋的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)代與河宕舊(jiu)墟的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)相當。1977-1978年(nian)，河宕舊(jiu)墟發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘760平方(fang)米，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)七十(shi)七座(zuo)(zuo)(中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)五十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)，下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)貝(bei)(bei)殼層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)二十(shi)六(liu)座(zuo)(zuo))。這批(pi)(pi)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)在(zai)文化層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，多(duo)(duo)(duo)數沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)坑(keng)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)分有(you)(you)(you)(you)淺坑(keng)(如(ru)M15打(da)(da)破紅(hong)燒(shao)土居址(zhi))。葬(zang)式主要是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)單人(ren)葬(zang)，仰臥(wo)直肢(zhi)，但下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)分可能(neng)為(wei)二次(ci)葬(zang)，仍(reng)為(wei)仰臥(wo)直肢(zhi)。M12發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)架兩具，墓(mu)(mu)坑(keng)不(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯，經鑒定(ding)同為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)年(nian)女(nv)(nv)性(xing)，還不(bu)能(neng)肯定(ding)為(wei)合葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)。這批(pi)(pi)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)均(jun)為(wei)東(dong)西(xi)向，經鑒定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)五十(shi)六(liu)座(zuo)(zuo)，男(nan)女(nv)(nv)老(lao)少(shao)均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)，幼童(tong)(tong)占(zhan)十(shi)座(zuo)(zuo)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)男(nan)女(nv)(nv)老(lao)幼都(dou)是(shi)間錯(cuo)排列（還有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些疊壓打(da)(da)破關系），并非同輩的(de)(de)(de)男(nan)女(nv)(nv)有(you)(you)(you)(you)序地排列。經鑒定(ding)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)重(zhong)要現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，即(ji)成年(nian)男(nan)性(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭(tou)西(xi)腳(jiao)東(dong)，成年(nian)女(nv)(nv)性(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭(tou)東(dong)腳(jiao)西(xi)（57）。二十(shi)八座(zuo)(zuo)成年(nian)男(nan)女(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)品，占(zhan)成年(nian)男(nan)女(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)總數的(de)(de)(de)42%，隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)品共四十(shi)件(jian)(jian)，每墓(mu)(mu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)者(zhe)(zhe)三(san)件(jian)(jian)，少(shao)者(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)。女(nv)(nv)性(xing)多(duo)(duo)(duo)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)陶(tao)紡輪(lun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)，男(nan)性(xing)多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)錛(ben)或(huo)鏃、矛，或(huo)許(xu)仍(reng)然反映著(zhu)男(nan)女(nv)(nv)兩性(xing)自(zi)然分工。還有(you)(you)(you)(you)，下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)都(dou)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)陶(tao)器(qi)，九件(jian)(jian)陶(tao)器(qi)均(jun)出(chu)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)打(da)(da)破中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)甲區M1(女(nv)(nv)老(lao)年(nian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)件(jian)(jian)(泥(ni)質黑皮圈(quan)(quan)足盤二、夾砂方(fang)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)圈(quan)(quan)足罐(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian))。M19(男(nan)，青(qing)年(nian))，泥(ni)質薄(bo)胎方(fang)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)敞口(kou)凹底(di)罐(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)。M23(女(nv)(nv)，青(qing)年(nian))，肩有(you)(you)(you)(you)雙鋬(shi)磨光黑皮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)陶(tao)罐(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)。M24(男(nan)，成年(nian))，似水晶(jing)質地的(de)(de)(de)玦(jue)和紅(hong)陶(tao)圈(quan)(quan)足小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)罐(guan)各(ge)(ge)(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)。下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)除了隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)錛(ben)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鏃、石(shi)(shi)鏃、石(shi)(shi)環(huan)、陶(tao)紡輪(lun)外，有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)象(xiang)牙(ya)(ya)器(qi)。兩座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)均(jun)為(wei)青(qing)年(nian)男(nan)性(xing)，M25(30歲(sui)(sui)±，人(ren)工拔牙(ya)(ya))，人(ren)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)右手腕(wan)上(shang)戴(dai)大(da)象(xiang)牙(ya)(ya)環(huan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)，頭(tou)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)半環(huan)形(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)側帶凹槽(cao)的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)飾一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)，長10厘(li)(li)米余；M65(25歲(sui)(sui)±，拔牙(ya)(ya))，頭(tou)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)相若的(de)(de)(de)亞腰筒形(xing)器(qi)兩件(jian)(jian)，高7.6、上(shang)徑(jing)6.2、下(xia)(xia)徑(jing)8.2厘(li)(li)米。制作精致，薄(bo)如(ru)蛋(dan)殼。

更為重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)，這批人(ren)骨架在可(ke)供觀察的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二十二個(ge)成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)個(ge)體(ti)中(zhong)，發現有(you)十九個(ge)(男(nan)十，女(nv)九)生前人(ren)工拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)，未拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)個(ge)體(ti)出(chu)(chu)現率占82.6%。拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)個(ge)體(ti)中(zhong)，最小(xiao)年(nian)(nian)齡為22-25歲(甲區M63)，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)種絕大多(duo)數是(shi)(shi)上(shang)頜(he)兩側(也有(you)單側)第二門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)，還有(you)五例是(shi)(shi)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除上(shang)頜(he)中(zhong)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)、中(zhong)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)與左(zuo)右側門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)相(xiang)結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，研(yan)究(jiu)人(ren)員指出(chu)(chu)“這是(shi)(shi)值得注(zhu)意”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)（58），因為我(wo)國山(shan)東(dong)(dong)大汶口文化(hua)、江蘇邳縣(xian)大墩(dun)子、福建曇石山(shan)等新(xin)石器(qi)時(shi)(shi)代遺(yi)址發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)中(zhong)，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除或敲去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)種絕大多(duo)數(據統計占90%強)是(shi)(shi)上(shang)頜(he)側門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)，一(yi)般忌拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)上(shang)中(zhong)門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)及下門(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)，同時(shi)(shi)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，往往反映(ying)著不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含義。河(he)宕人(ren)骨架體(ti)質(zhi)形態(tai)，鑒(jian)定(ding)接近于(yu)蒙古人(ren)種南(nan)亞(ya)類型。發表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)報告又指出(chu)(chu)。雖(sui)然“顯示出(chu)(chu)一(yi)些(xie)同赤道人(ren)種相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征”，“但他們還應該(gai)屬于(yu)蒙古人(ren)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)部邊緣類型”（59）。男(nan)性平(ping)均(jun)身高約(yue)(yue)為166厘(li)(li)米(mi)，女(nv)性約(yue)(yue)154厘(li)(li)米(mi)。比黃河(he)流域新(xin)石器(qi)時(shi)(shi)代居民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)估算身高(168.4-172.3厘(li)(li)米(mi))矮一(yi)些(xie)。上(shang)述金蘭(lan)寺墓葬經鑒(jian)定(ding)認為“這批頭(tou)骨有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃種人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征”，并指出(chu)(chu)“有(you)些(xie)形態(tai)如圓頭(tou)、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)能(neng)對探討(tao)我(wo)國沿海的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民族起源和遷移有(you)一(yi)定(ding)意義”（60）。如上(shang)所述，廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二十個(ge)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)個(ge)體(ti)，都發現于(yu)珠江三角洲沿海的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貝(bei)丘遺(yi)址，文化(hua)性質(zhi)和年(nian)(nian)代也相(xiang)當，均(jun)屬距今四千(qian)年(nian)(nian)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石器(qi)末期，結合(he)《山(shan)海經》、《淮南(nan)子》、和《唐大和上(shang)東(dong)(dong)征傳》(61)等文獻有(you)關記述以及民族學(xue)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)結合(he)從(cong)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)至廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)，我(wo)國東(dong)(dong)方(fang)和東(dong)(dong)南(nan)沿海地(di)區(包括臺灣)考古發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石器(qi)時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)類體(ti)質(zhi)形態(tai)、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(鑿齒(chi)(chi))材(cai)料(liao)(liao),不(bu)難看出(chu)(chu)廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這批墓葬及拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)資料(liao)(liao)，具有(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值。

總之(zhi)，上(shang)述(shu)河宕(dang)、灶(zao)崗、金蘭寺(si)等貝丘(qiu)遺址(zhi)的墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)幾個(ge)共同(tong)特點(dian)：(1)墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)或(huo)(huo)墓地分(fen)布于(yu)遺址(zhi)中；(2)墓坑(keng)不明顯或(huo)(huo)挖(wa)淺(qian)坑(keng)，用貝殼填埋；(3)墓坑(keng)或(huo)(huo)人骨架以(yi)東西向為主，實行一(yi)次(ci)單人葬(zang)(zang)(zang)為主(河宕(dang)可(ke)能也有(you)二(er)次(ci)單人葬(zang)(zang)(zang))，未見(jian)明確的合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓；(4)多數(shu)墓沒(mei)有(you)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(約占墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)總數(shu)的三分(fen)之(zhi)二(er))，有(you)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)的每座(zuo)墓多為一(yi)件，也有(you)二(er)、三件的。這些情況，可(ke)能在(zai)很大程度上(shang)反映了珠江三角洲一(yi)帶當時(shi)居民的葬(zang)(zang)(zang)制和(he)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗。

地理環境

西樵山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)分(fen)布的珠江(jiang)三角(jiao)(jiao)洲(zhou)，是一個地勢坦蕩，河涌縱橫，山(shan)崗臺地(一說(shuo)是島丘)棋布，又有不少低洼沼(zhao)澤地的沖積平(ping)原（62）。這種復合三角(jiao)(jiao)洲(zhou)的地理環境，亞熱帶或熱帶氣候及自然(ran)(ran)資源(yuan)的特點，必然(ran)(ran)給西樵山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)原始居(ju)民的經濟(ji)來源(yuan)和生(sheng)活(huo)習俗，帶來很大的影響。這可從遺址類型、自然(ran)(ran)遺物及居(ju)住遺跡(ji)(如“干闌式”建筑)等(deng)方面得到說(shuo)明。

遺址類型

在(zai)各種(zhong)類型的(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)-山崗(或島丘(qiu)(qiu))、臺地、土墩、貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)、沙(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(或沙(sha)洲)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)和(he)沙(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)占半數以上(shang)，總數不少于一(yi)百處。廣東新石器(qi)中(zhong)期(qi)的(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)是(shi)貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，也多(duo)(duo)分(fen)布于珠(zhu)江三角洲沿海地區。沙(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(或沙(sha)洲)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)深圳大、小梅沙(sha)，香港深灣F層(ceng)第。屬于晚期(qi)的(de)(de)貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)和(he)沙(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(或文化層(ceng))就(jiu)更(geng)多(duo)(duo)了(參看本文附表)。這類貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)和(he)沙(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(主要是(shi)貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi))，堆積(ji)著大量成層(ceng)的(de)(de)介殼類和(he)水陸棲動(dong)物(wu)遺(yi)骸。如(ru)河宕(dang)舊墟發掘(jue)面積(ji)760平方米(mi)，就(jiu)出土有(you)三千(qian)五百多(duo)(duo)件各種(zhong)動(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)遺(yi)骨(gu)，以及數以噸計的(de)(de)介殼(主要是(shi)下層(ceng))。下面列舉一(yi)些比較重要的(de)(de)種(zhong)屬，以供研究參考。

象(南(nan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)民(min)(min)樂、河(he)(he)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)、茅(mao)崗等(deng)，民(min)(min)樂象頭(tou)骨鑒(jian)定(ding)為“西樵山(shan)(shan)(shan)亞洲象新亞種)（63）”，牛(河(he)(he)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)中層(ceng)、金蘭(lan)寺(si)、增(zeng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)灘仙(xian)村(cun)、新塘、博羅(luo)鐵(tie)場墟、民(min)(min)樂龍(long)船田(tian)、觀音廟(miao)口(kou)(kou)、深灣[Bos])，豬(河(he)(he)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)，茅(mao)崗，龍(long)江村(cun)，深灣等(deng)，茅(mao)崗、河(he)(he)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)經鑒(jian)定(ding)有(you)(you)小部分(fen)屬家養)，彌(mi)猴(hou)([Macca sp.]河(he)(he)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)下層(ceng))，馬來(lai)鱷(e)([Tomistoma sp.]河(he)(he)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)、東莞龍(long)江村(cun)等(deng))，硬頭(tou)海(hai)(hai)(hai)鯰(nian)(俗稱赤(chi)魚(yu)[Arius Leiotetoce phalos]深灣數(shu)量(liang)(liang)多，還河(he)(he)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)，金蘭(lan)寺(si))（64），據《深灣》報(bao)告說是(shi)一種深海(hai)(hai)(hai)魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)，產(chan)卵(luan)時可游至淺海(hai)(hai)(hai)或河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou))，斷斑石(shi)鱸(俗稱頭(tou)鱸，也深海(hai)(hai)(hai)魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)，深灣有(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)(liang)出土)，海(hai)(hai)(hai)豚(tun)、大(da)魟魚(yu)(深灣)，麗蚌或河(he)(he)蚌(Lamprotula sp.)蘭(lan)蜆或河(he)(he)蜆(Corbicula sp.)，蚶(新會(hui)羅(luo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)咀(ju)、環(huan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)牛頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、茶(cha)坑、外(wai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)潮(chao)蓮(lian)富(fu)崗、青瀾、高鶴古椰(ye)村(cun)、博羅(luo)馬嘶村(cun)、上南(nan)村(cun)、惠陽潼(tong)湖(hu)下里村(cun)等(deng))，牡蠣(li)(俗稱蠓，有(you)(you)長牡蠣(li)、僧帽牡蠣(li)等(deng)，河(he)(he)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)舊(jiu)墟、獅子橋、南(nan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)大(da)瀝梁邊村(cun)，增(zeng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)仙(xian)村(cun)、新塘、石(shi)灘、博羅(luo)鐵(tie)場圩，新會(hui)環(huan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)、羅(luo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)咀(ju)等(deng))（65）。此外(wai)，有(you)(you)些遺址還有(you)(you)石(shi)、陶(tao)網(wang)墜。以(yi)上這些發(fa)現，一方面充分(fen)證明漁獵、捕撈(lao)業(ye)是(shi)當時居民(min)(min)生活的(de)主要(yao)來(lai)源；另方面，對探(tan)討珠三角(jiao)洲平原(yuan)的(de)形(xing)成和(he)變(bian)遷及是(shi)否有(you)(you)過(guo)海(hai)(hai)(hai)浸等(deng)問題，也有(you)(you)參考價(jia)值(zhi)。至于山(shan)(shan)(shan)岡和(he)臺地遺址，從大(da)量(liang)(liang)磨制石(shi)斧、錛、鏟和(he)發(fa)達的(de)陶(tao)器看，晚(wan)期應有(you)(you)原(yuan)始農(nong)業(ye)的(de)出現。但(dan)至今似未發(fa)現過(guo)農(nong)作(zuo)物，因此無法(fa)作(zuo)進一步的(de)推斷。

武術文化

黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)獅藝(yi)武(wu)術(shu)館(guan)位于黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)的(de)出(chu)生地(di)南海市(shi)西樵山下的(de)祿舟村，距西樵官山城區(qu)僅三公里。武(wu)術(shu)館(guan)籌建(jian)于一九九六年，占地(di)面積五點二三畝，綠瓦飛(fei)檐，建(jian)筑(zhu)別致，具有清末(mo)古建(jian)筑(zhu)風格(ge)。館(guan)內分設有黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)故(gu)居、黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)練功休(xiu)息室、黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)史跡陳列(lie)影(ying)視室、寶芝(zhi)林堂、百草堂、關德興紀念堂等(deng)。另有黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)影(ying)視城，黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)武(wu)術(shu)村、黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)水寨等(deng)正在(zai)規劃中。

黃(huang)飛鴻(hong)于(yu)道光二十七年（一(yi)(yi)八(ba)四七年）出(chu)生于(yu)祿舟村，其祖父黃(huang)泰、父親(qin)黃(huang)麒英均是(shi)南(nan)拳高(gao)手(shou)，黃(huang)飛鴻(hong)五歲學父習武，父嚴子專、進步很快(kuai)，十二歲時(shi)擊敗廣州鄭(zheng)大雄，頓時(shi)名(ming)聲(sheng)大噪，時(shi)稱“少年英雄”，后開館授徒(tu)。黃(huang)飛鴻(hong)武藝高(gao)強，卻從不恃(shi)強凌弱，他一(yi)(yi)生行俠仗義，并開設寶芝林(lin)懸壺(hu)濟(ji)世(shi)，以其高(gao)尚的醫德(de)、武德(de)深受(shou)人(ren)們愛戴(dai)。

黃飛(fei)鴻獅(shi)藝武(wu)術館系黃飛(fei)鴻家鄉父老為弘揚黃飛(fei)鴻醫(yi)德(de)、武(wu)德(de)而(er)建。館內除陳列黃飛(fei)鴻、關德(de)興等(deng)(deng)事(shi)跡圖片實物外(wai)，還定(ding)時表演功(gong)夫、舞龍、舞獅(shi)等(deng)(deng)傳統(tong)項目，黃飛(fei)鴻高樁醒獅(shi)有世(shi)界獅(shi)王之稱，其表演精彩絕倫，讓(rang)你大開眼界，堪稱世(shi)界一絕。吸引眾多海內外(wai)游(you)客(ke)前(qian)來欣賞。

榮譽及其他

2019年(nian)2月2日，被(bei)文化和旅游部(bu)命名為2018-2020年(nian)度(du)“中國民間文化藝術之鄉”。

2019年9月(yue)11日，西(xi)樵(qiao)鎮入選“2018中國鄉鎮綜合競爭力100強(qiang)”。