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西樵鎮
0 票數:0 #古鎮#
西樵鎮是廣東省南海區轄下鎮,位于南海縣(即今日廣東省南海區)西南部,是珠江三角洲腹地的其中之一,也是國家“AAAAA”級風景名勝區、國家森林公園、中國面料名鎮、廣東省中心鎮,東臨南海縣沙頭鎮,南接南海縣九江鎮,西毗鄰高明、三水,東距離佛山27公里,距離廣州45公里。是中國紡織之鄉,旅游勝地,是"南海西樵山遺址文化"的發祥地。是南海區的全國重點鎮,廣東省省級中心鎮之一。
  • 所在地/隸屬: 廣東省佛(fo)山(shan)市南海區西樵鎮
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基本介紹

西樵(qiao)鎮位于珠江三角洲腹地的(de)佛山市南海區(qu)西南部,是國(guo)家“AAAAA”級(ji)風景(jing)名勝區(qu)、國(guo)家森林公園(yuan)、中(zhong)國(guo)面料(liao)名鎮、廣(guang)東省中(zhong)心鎮,面積 176.63平(ping)方(fang)公里,轄4個(ge)(ge)城(cheng)區(qu)、27個(ge)(ge)行(xing)政村,常(chang)住人口292776人(2017年),流動人口6萬多人。

經過多(duo)年(nian)努力,西樵鎮(zhen)(zhen)正(zheng)式(shi)跨入“全國(guo)(guo)文(wen)明(ming)鎮(zhen)(zhen)”行列(lie)。2012年(nian)3月20日(ri),該鎮(zhen)(zhen)舉行揭牌(pai)(pai)儀(yi)式(shi),市委常委、宣(xuan)傳部部長馮(feng)德良向西樵鎮(zhen)(zhen)頒發證書,并與(yu)南(nan)海區、西樵鎮(zhen)(zhen)領導共(gong)同為西樵“全國(guo)(guo)文(wen)明(ming)鎮(zhen)(zhen)”揭牌(pai)(pai)。

全國(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)明城市、文(wen)明村鎮(zhen)、文(wen)明單位每三年表彰一次。西樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)于正式獲評第三批“全國(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)明鎮(zhen)”稱號,成為繼北滘鎮(zhen)后第二個(ge)、南海(hai)區首個(ge)“全國(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)明鎮(zhen)”,南海(hai)區“文(wen)化引領(ling)”戰略再添“國(guo)(guo)(guo)字號”平臺(tai)。

景點景觀

西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)風景區面(mian)積14.2平方公里(li),鐘靈毓秀(xiu),素有(you)“南粵名山(shan)數(shu)二樵”之(zhi)美譽(yu)。西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)還是(shi)華(hua)南地區石器時(shi)(shi)代規模最大的(de)(de)(de)制造工(gong)場,“西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)文化”為中(zhong)華(hua)文明的(de)(de)(de)發展作出了巨大貢獻,被考(kao)古學者譽(yu)為“珠江文明的(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)塔”。曾(ceng)孕育了康有(you)為、陳啟沅、詹(zhan)天佑(you)、黃飛鴻(hong)、黃君璧、冼玉(yu)清(qing)等一批時(shi)(shi)賢俊杰。西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)自(zi)然(ran)風光綺妮秀(xiu)麗,人(ren)文景觀豐富多姿,交通(tong)四通(tong)八達,是(shi)旅(lv)游(you)度(du)(du)假、探險獵(lie)奇、考(kao)古尋秘(mi)的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)去(qu)處。西(xi)(xi)樵鎮轄下的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)岸風景區位于(yu)西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)南面(mian),是(shi)一個自(zi)然(ran)生態保護得非常完好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)風景區。這里(li)群山(shan)環抱、綠樹成林,流(liu)泉飛瀑終(zhong)年不(bu)絕,是(shi)度(du)(du)假休閑和觀光旅(lv)游(you)的(de)(de)(de)理想之(zhi)選。鎮內(nei)有(you)大小賓館(guan)、酒店25家(jia),擁(yong)有(you)四星級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)云影瓊(qiong)樓和多家(jia)星級(ji)酒店。2005年,共接待游(you)客278萬(wan)人(ren)次,實(shi)現旅(lv)游(you)收入4.87億元。

西(xi)樵的(de)景色,絢麗多彩;西(xi)樵的(de)發展,欣欣向榮。新的(de)世紀,新的(de)挑戰,新的(de)思(si)路,西(xi)樵將繼續(xu)發揮區位、人文(wen)、環境優勢,依托科技創新和體制創新,大力(li)推(tui)廣應用信息(xi)化,推(tui)進工業化、現(xian)代化發展,譜寫(xie)新的(de)篇(pian)章。

西樵山位于廣東省(sheng)南海市的(de)西南部,是廣東四大名(ming)山之一,自(zi)(zi)然(ran)風光清(qing)幽秀(xiu)麗(li),旅(lv)游文化底蘊厚重,民俗風情古樸自(zi)(zi)然(ran)。自(zi)(zi)明清(qing)以來,文人(ren)雅(ya)士,趨之若鶩,旅(lv)人(ren)游子,紛至沓(ta)來,使秀(xiu)美的(de)西樵山成為名(ming)噪(zao)南粵的(de)旅(lv)游熱(re)點。

西樵山(shan)自(zi)然風(feng)光美輪美奐,山(shan)上(shang)72峰(feng)峰(feng)峰(feng)皆奇,42洞(dong)洞(dong)洞(dong)皆幽,更有湖、瀑(pu)、泉、澗、巖、壁(bi)、潭、臺點(dian)綴其間,成為這(zhe)座(zuo)熄滅了億(yi)萬(wan)年的(de)(de)死火山(shan)的(de)(de)曠世佳作。西樵山(shan)林深(shen)苔厚,郁(yu)郁(yu)蔥蔥,洞(dong)壁(bi)巖縫,儲水(shui)(shui)豐富,古人贊之(zhi)為“誰信匡廬千嶂瀑(pu),移來(lai)一(yi)半在西樵”。今(jin)人稱之(zhi)是:“綠色水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)”,“固體(ti)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)”。正是因為西樵山(shan)有如此高品味的(de)(de)自(zi)然旅(lv)游(you)資源,國(guo)務院(yuan)、國(guo)家林業部才相(xiang)繼授予它“國(guo)家級風(feng)景名勝區(qu)”和“國(guo)家森(sen)林公園”兩頂桂冠,還通(tong)過國(guo)家AAAAA級旅(lv)游(you)區(qu)的(de)(de)評定。

實用信息

文化特色

西樵(qiao)(qiao)民風(feng)淳(chun)樸(pu),古(gu)俗猶存。山間(jian)有(you)(you)7個古(gu)村(cun)落,個個具(ju)有(you)(you)原汁原味的(de)的(de)嶺南農家(jia)特(te)(te)色。走(zou)進農家(jia)采茶(cha)種(zhong)菜,別有(you)(you)風(feng)味;參加西樵(qiao)(qiao)婚嫁禮儀,奇趣(qu)無(wu)窮。一種(zhong)以“吃農家(jia)飯,住農家(jia)屋,走(zou)農家(jia)路,干農家(jia)活”為特(te)(te)點的(de)“做一天西樵(qiao)(qiao)山民”山村(cun)農家(jia)樂活動因其山野之趣(qu),傾(qing)倒了(le)眾多都(dou)市旅(lv)游(you)者。此外,西樵(qiao)(qiao)山歡樂節等節慶(qing)活動,以及(ji)“半山扒龍舟(zhou)”,“阿婆(po)扒龍舟(zhou)”,“新年獅藝”等民俗活動,頗(po)具(ju)地方特(te)(te)色。

西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)素有(you)“珠(zhu)江文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)的(de)(de)燈(deng)塔”的(de)(de)美譽(yu),早(zao)在6000多年(nian)前,勤(qin)勞智慧(hui)的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)人(ren),就在這塊土地上創造(zao)了燦爛(lan)的(de)(de)“雙肩(jian)石器(qi)”文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua);明(ming)清時期,以湛(zhan)若水、何(he)白云、康有(you)為(wei)為(wei)代表(biao)的(de)(de)一大批文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)人(ren)學(xue)子隱居西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao),探求理學(xue),錘(chui)煉心性,使西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)獲得了“南粵理學(xue)名(ming)山(shan)(shan)”的(de)(de)雅號,西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)“理學(xue)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)”自(zi)此聲(sheng)譽(yu)雀起;西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)宗(zong)教文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)特(te)色(se)(se)鮮明(ming),她不僅(jin)以佛、儒、道三(san)教融合為(wei)其特(te)點,更以具有(you)中(zhong)國特(te)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)南海觀(guan)(guan)音文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)令人(ren)矚目,聳立(li)于西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)第八高峰(feng)上的(de)(de)世界第一觀(guan)(guan)音座像已成(cheng)為(wei)人(ren)們研究觀(guan)(guan)音文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)必到之所;作(zuo)為(wei)國家森林公園的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan),其綠(lv)色(se)(se)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)尤(you)為(wei)突出,西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)以其美好的(de)(de)生(sheng)態環(huan)境和(he)優(you)越的(de)(de)地理位置,被稱為(wei)整個(ge)“珠(zhu)江三(san)角洲”的(de)(de)“前花園”成(cheng)為(wei)在改革開放(fang)和(he)經濟(ji)發展中(zhong)逐步(bu)走向(xiang)“都市化(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)南粵民眾(zhong)遠離(li)塵囂,回(hui)歸自(zi)然的(de)(de)一塊福地。在這里,游(you)人(ren)可盡情(qing)吞吐(tu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)翠色(se)(se),肆(si)意吸(xi)納山(shan)(shan)川靈氣,休閑度假修身養性,健康長(chang)生(sheng)已成(cheng)為(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)“綠(lv)色(se)(se)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)一道亮麗的(de)(de)風(feng)景線。

西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)上村人(ren)的(de)(de)婚嫁(jia)習俗(su)和生產勞動習俗(su),引起了游人(ren)的(de)(de)極大興趣(qu),特別是“半山(shan)(shan)扒龍舟(zhou)”,“阿婆(po)扒龍舟(zhou)”,“新年(nian)獅藝”等民(min)(min)間游藝活(huo)動,更(geng)是盛況空前,游人(ren)若不以(yi)(yi)一睹(du)為(wei)快(kuai)。西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)美譽眾多,自古(gu)以(yi)(yi)來民(min)(min)間就流傳有“南粵名山(shan)(shan)數(shu)二樵(qiao)”的(de)(de)佳(jia)話,將(jiang)西(xi)樵(qiao)與東(dong)樵(qiao)(羅浮山(shan)(shan))列為(wei)南粵名山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)代(dai)表,更(geng)有文人(ren)學士寫詩(shi)矚文,給(gei)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)以(yi)(yi)更(geng)高的(de)(de)評價。趙樸初有“古(gu)風(feng)爆竹喧人(ren)日,世內桃源(yuan)現代(dai)家”的(de)(de)佳(jia)句(ju),秦牧有“西(xi)樵(qiao)秀(xiu)色(se)美于(yu)詩(shi)”的(de)(de)贊譽,黃(huang)施(shi)民(min)(min)有“西(xi)樵(qiao)若問比(bi)東(dong)樵(qiao),秀(xiu)倚南天此(ci)最嬌(jiao)”的(de)(de)吟詠,更(geng)有學者專家盛贊其為(wei)“不上西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan),不算(suan)到嶺南”。今天,處于(yu)新世紀的(de)(de)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)--這(zhe)顆(ke)綠(lv)色(se)的(de)(de)寶石,正在(zai)顯現出愈加奪目的(de)(de)光彩。

遺址文化

廣東(dong)(dong)的新石器文化遺存,自本(ben)世紀的三、四十年代(dai)始,在香(xiang)港、海(hai)豐(feng)、粵(yue)東(dong)(dong)一些地方有過若干發現①,并提出過“海(hai)豐(feng)沙坑文化(SON)”、“海(hai)豐(feng)三角尾文化(SAK)”、“海(hai)豐(feng)菝仔(zi)園文化(PAT)”三個文化名(ming)稱②,以及香(xiang)港“舶寮島(dao)文化”等③。

解放以(yi)來,廣東發(fa)現(xian)的(de)新石(shi)器時代(dai)遺址(zhi)或遺物地(di)點(dian),約有(you)四、五(wu)百(bai)(bai)處,經試掘和發(fa)掘的(de)約四、五(wu)十處。清(qing)理墓葬二百(bai)(bai)多座,獲得各種(zhong)文(wen)(wen)化遺物數以(yi)萬(wan)計(ji),為探索廣東原(yuan)始社會的(de)歷史(shi),提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了(le)珍貴的(de)實物資料。在各地(di)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)文(wen)(wen)化遺存中(zhong),已經提(ti)(ti)出了(le)兩個文(wen)(wen)化名稱,即西樵(qiao)山文(wen)(wen)化和石(shi)峽文(wen)(wen)化。

石(shi)峽文(wen)化(hua)是(shi)1977年(nian)提出的④。它以(yi)曲江(jiang)(jiang)縣(xian)石(shi)峽遺址下層(ceng)和(he)墓葬代表(biao),分布于(yu)粵北地區(qu)(qu),是(shi)一種以(yi)稻作農業(ye)經濟為主(zhu)的新石(shi)器時代晚(wan)期文(wen)化(hua)。文(wen)化(hua)遺物石(shi)器以(yi)钁、鏟、錛、鏃、鉞,陶器以(yi)鼎(ding)、釜、甑和(he)盤、豆、罐、壺組合,以(yi)及石(shi)琮、璧、環、璜、玦(jue)、笄等飾物共存為特征(zheng)⑤。它與江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)地區(qu)(qu)的“山背(bei)文(wen)化(hua)”(尤其(qi)與樊城(cheng)堆下層(ceng))⑥,江(jiang)(jiang)浙地區(qu)(qu)的良渚文(wen)化(hua),山東大汶口文(wen)化(hua),以(yi)及湖南湘鄉岱子(zi)坪(ping)和(he)長沙月亮(liang)山遺址等有著(zhu)密切關系⑦。雖(sui)然(ran)同(tong)類文(wen)化(hua)遺還(huan)發現(xian)不多,但它的特征(zheng)和(he)年(nian)代是(shi)比較(jiao)明確的。

西(xi)樵山(shan)遺址(zhi)發現(xian)于(yu)1958年,西(xi)樵山(shan)文(wen)化是1960年提出(chu)的(de)(de)。然(ran)而,西(xi)樵山(shan)遺址(zhi)與(yu)西(xi)樵山(shan)文(wen)化的(de)(de)內(nei)涵、特征、性質、年代及其(qi)分(fen)布如何?尚缺乏充分(fen)討論和專題探討。我認為這一問題的(de)(de)深入探討和解決,不僅對研究廣東尤其(qi)是珠江三角(jiao)洲地區(qu)的(de)(de)歷史,而且(qie)對探索與(yu)華南(nan)、東南(nan)沿海地區(qu)有關原始文(wen)化的(de)(de)關系,都有重(zhong)要意義。故不揣(chuai)淺(qian)陋(lou),把個人的(de)(de)一些初步看法提出(chu)來,求教(jiao)于(yu)同志們。

發現及研究

為了(le)進一步探(tan)討西樵(qiao)山文化,有必要(yao)將西樵(qiao)山遺址的發現及其主要(yao)看法(fa),作一扼(e)要(yao)的介(jie)紹(shao)。

西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)遺址位于廣東(dong)南海縣(xian)官山(shan)(shan)鎮西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan),它原是一座古火山(shan)(shan)丘,周(zhou)邊長約13公里,直徑約4公里。山(shan)(shan)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)高(gao)度一般為(wei)(wei)100-200米,最高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)大科峰(feng)(feng)(feng)為(wei)(wei)300余米。山(shan)(shan)體主要(yao)由粗面巖(yan)(yan)、火山(shan)(shan)碎(sui)屑巖(yan)(yan)和石(shi)英巖(yan)(yan)構成。在東(dong)北(bei)部的火石(shi)逕等有(you)燧(sui)石(shi)、瑪瑙出露(lu);在西(xi)(xi)部的馬鞍山(shan)(shan)及山(shan)(shan)頂的錦巖(yan)(yan)等洞穴有(you)霏細巖(yan)(yan)巖(yan)(yan)脈。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)麓周(zhou)圍分布著新老兩套洪積沖積扇,山(shan)(shan)下(xia)連接開闊的珠江三角洲沖積平原。從新石(shi)器以(yi)至更早的時候起,便有(you)人類(lei)在山(shan)(shan)上及周(zhou)圍一帶采(cai)石(shi)制器,勞動(dong)生(sheng)息。

西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)遺址(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)后,經省內外(wai)許多單位的(de)科學(xue)工(gong)作者的(de)調查(cha)(cha)、試掘和研究(jiu),先后發(fa)表(biao)了一些調查(cha)(cha)報告和文章(zhang)。主要的(de)有:中山(shan)大(da)學(xue)調查(cha)(cha)組的(de)《廣(guang)東(dong)南海縣西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)石(shi)器(qi)的(de)初步(bu)(bu)調查(cha)(cha)》(以(yi)下(xia)簡(jian)(jian)稱《初步(bu)(bu)調查(cha)(cha)》)⑧,廣(guang)東(dong)省博物館的(de)《廣(guang)東(dong)省南海縣西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)出土的(de)石(shi)器(qi)》(簡(jian)(jian)稱《西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)石(shi)器(qi)》)⑨,賈蘭坡的(de)《廣(guang)東(dong)地(di)區古人類學(xue)及考古學(xue)研究(jiu)的(de)未來(lai)希(xi)(xi)望》(簡(jian)(jian)稱《未來(lai)希(xi)(xi)望》)⑩,黃慰文等(deng)(deng)《廣(guang)東(dong)南海縣西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)遺址(zhi)復(fu)查(cha)(cha)》(簡(jian)(jian)稱《復(fu)查(cha)(cha)》)⑾,曾(ceng)騏《西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)東(dong)麓(lu)的(de)細(xi)石(shi)器(qi)》⑿,等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。截至1980年年止,西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)石(shi)器(qi)地(di)點(dian)已有二(er)十多處,獲得燧石(shi)細(xi)石(shi)器(qi)材料大(da)約二(er)、三千(qian)(qian)件;霏細(xi)巖大(da)石(shi)片石(shi)器(qi)大(da)約三、四千(qian)(qian)件,以(yi)及一部分粗砂(sha)陶和泥質印紋陶片。這些發(fa)現(xian)和論述,歸納起來(lai)主要有兩大(da)問題。

遺址性質

多(duo)數研(yan)究(jiu)者(zhe)認(ren)為(wei),西(xi)樵山是一處石器制作(zuo)場(chang)(chang),如《未來希望(wang)》、《山西(xi)懷仁(ren)鵝毛口石器制造場(chang)(chang)遺(yi)址》⒀、《復查(cha)》和(he)《關(guan)于(yu)華南(nan)早期(qi)新石器的(de)幾個問題》⒁等(deng)。《初步調查(cha)》和(he)《西(xi)樵山石器》兩個報告,則認(ren)為(wei)還存(cun)在著與采(cai)集、漁獵(lie)(早期(qi)的(de))和(he)鋤耕農業(ye)(晚期(qi)的(de))有關(guan)的(de)遺(yi)存(cun)。

我贊成(cheng)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)主要(yao)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)處大型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、使用年(nian)代很長、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品供給范圍(wei)很廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法(fa)。只有(you)(you)(you)充分(fen)(fen)注意并進一(yi)(yi)步解(jie)決石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)場這(zhe)個問題(ti)(ti),才能對(dui)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)許多(duo)(duo)地(di)(di)點發(fa)(fa)現(xian)大量打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(成(cheng)品、半(ban)成(cheng)品、廢品)和巨量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)作(zuo)出恰當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)釋,特(te)別是(shi)對(dui)霏(fei)細巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類、定名(ming)和年(nian)代,進行正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析(xi),珠江三角洲許多(duo)(duo)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以至(zhi)青(qing)銅時代遺(yi)址(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源(yuan)問題(ti)(ti),才能得到正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)答(da)案。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點,《復查》和《西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)東麓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)者作(zuo)出了比較(jiao)深入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)。但我也認為西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)還應(ying)有(you)(you)(you)生產(chan)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存,而不僅僅是(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造場。早期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如太監崗和南蛇崗,既有(you)(you)(you)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文化堆積,又發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)使用痕跡(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就更為明(ming)顯。除鎮頭(tou)西(xi)坡(po)(第(di)15地(di)(di)點)保存有(you)(you)(you)長20余米,厚1米左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文化層(淡水沙蜆等(deng)貝殼堆積,可分(fen)(fen)兩層,內含(han)大量石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)、部分(fen)(fen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和陶片(pian))⒂外(wai),第(di)7地(di)(di)點(佛子廟(miao))和第(di)11地(di)(di)點等(deng),都有(you)(you)(you)文化堆積,并非(fei)都是(shi)坡(po)積層。又如西(xi)樵(qiao)中(zhong)學校址(zhi)(暫編第(di)23地(di)(di)點)先(xian)(xian)后(hou)出土過十多(duo)(duo)件(jian)磨制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霏(fei)細巖(yan)、砂巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧、錛(ben)、有(you)(you)(you)段石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben),這(zhe)里是(shi)一(yi)(yi)片(pian)坡(po)地(di)(di)或(huo)臺(tai)地(di)(di),這(zhe)些生產(chan)工具應(ying)與鋤耕農(nong)業有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)。此外(wai),西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)先(xian)(xian)后(hou)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)過大約近百件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磨光石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。有(you)(you)(you)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)如砂巖(yan)、板巖(yan)等(deng)似非(fei)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)所出產(chan)。這(zhe)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),也應(ying)與農(nong)業生產(chan)密切(qie)相關(guan)。

遺址年代

主要(yao)有幾種看(kan)法:(1)開(kai)始于(yu)一(yi)(yi)萬年(nian)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)舊石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)末期(qi)⒃;(2)對(dui)第二地(di)點(dian)(火石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)逕)或(huo)其它(ta)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)點(dian),有的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)章把它(ta)和(he)“沙苑文(wen)(wen)化”作(zuo)對(dui)比,認(ren)為可能屬于(yu)中石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代⒄,有的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)為屬新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)早(zao)期(qi)或(huo)更早(zao)⒅,有的(de)(de)(de)推測第二地(di)點(dian)可以(yi)(yi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)化⒆;(3)對(dui)西樵山遺(yi)址總的(de)(de)(de)看(kan)法,有的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)為包涵了舊石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)和(he)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不同時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存⒇,有的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)為其年(nian)代可能較(jiao)早(zao)于(yu)以(yi)(yi)印紋陶為代表的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存(21),有的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)為細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)磨光石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)應(ying)是(shi)“同時異(yi)相”,早(zao)于(yu)增(zeng)城(cheng)金蘭寺和(he)海豐(feng)遺(yi)址,年(nian)代為距今五、六千(qian)年(nian)前(qian)(22),等等。

我贊成西樵山(shan)包涵著新石(shi)器(qi)早、中(zhong)、晚(wan)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存。早期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)指細石(shi)器(qi)遺(yi)存,主(zhu)要有火(huo)石(shi)逕、旋風(feng)崗(gang)(gang)、太(tai)監崗(gang)(gang)和南(nan)蛇崗(gang)(gang)四處。根據省博物館對(dui)火(huo)石(shi)逕、中(zhong)山(shan)大(da)學(xue)考古教研室(shi)對(dui)太(tai)監崗(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)試掘(23),以(yi)及筆者(zhe)陪同(tong)有關專家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多次觀(guan)察(24),這兩處山(shan)崗(gang)(gang)存在著不(bu)(bu)與磨光石(shi)器(qi)、陶片共存的(de)(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)器(qi)堆積(ji)層(ceng)。不(bu)(bu)過,太(tai)監崗(gang)(gang)因基建(jian)取土,火(huo)石(shi)逕因有現代(dai)(dai)壕溝、墓葬、采(cai)石(shi)坑(keng),試掘面(mian)積(ji)都很小,兩處的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)層(ceng)看來并不(bu)(bu)典型、清晰。要徹(che)底解決(jue)這幾處細石(shi)器(qi)地點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)層(ceng)及年代(dai)(dai)問題(ti),還(huan)需要較大(da)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)掘。

西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),其(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料以燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)主,細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)包括小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)四(si)大(da)(da)類。根據(ju)比較(jiao)分(fen)(fen)析,西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)我國北(bei)方一(yi)(yi)(yi)些年(nian)代(dai)較(jiao)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺址(zhi)有(you)許多相(xiang)似(si)之(zhi)處,最重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)(yang)具(ju)(ju)有(you)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)所由(you)剝離的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)等(deng)(deng)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)性器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)。據(ju)曾騏同(tong)(tong)志(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)旋風崗(gang)等(deng)(deng)地點七(qi)二(er)四(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類統(tong)計,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)二(er)七(qi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)九十二(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)(san)(san)十一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)三(san)(san)(san)二(er)三(san)(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)又(you)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)多種(zhong)形(xing)(xing)式,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)華北(bei)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺址(zhi)常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)船底形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)和(he)(he)扇形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)。在三(san)(san)(san)二(er)三(san)(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),楔(xie)(xie)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占一(yi)(yi)(yi)○五件(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Ⅲ式寬身(shen)楔(xie)(xie)形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)即(ji)船底形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)有(you)十四(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面,曾騏同(tong)(tong)志(zhi)(zhi)認為(wei)(wei),西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)楔(xie)(xie)形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)和(he)(he)帶把(ba)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)其(qi)他省(sheng)區所少見(jian)(jian)。在西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尖(jian)(jian)錐狀(zhuang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),未(wei)見(jian)(jian)華北(bei)常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“鉛筆尖(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)”。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)邊緣多數未(wei)經(jing)(jing)第二(er)步加工。細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬長(chang)、厚長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比數均偏大(da)(da)。而且缺乏典型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓頭(tou)刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(僅八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian))、雕刻器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(二(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian))和(he)(he)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃(三(san)(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian))。不見(jian)(jian)北(bei)方細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆。這些,又(you)表(biao)(biao)明西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(25)。在西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)這批細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材料發表(biao)(biao)之(zhi)前,安志(zhi)(zhi)敏先(xian)生(sheng)曾經(jing)(jing)指出:“以海(hai)(hai)拉爾石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺存,具(ju)(ju)有(you)典型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),而沒有(you)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共生(sheng)。同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象也見(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)陜西(xi)(xi)大(da)(da)荔沙(sha)苑,河(he)南(nan)許昌靈井,山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)沁水下川(chuan)和(he)(he)河(he)北(bei)陽原虎(hu)頭(tou)梁等(deng)(deng)遺址(zhi),特(te)別(bie)是下川(chuan)、虎(hu)頭(tou)梁經(jing)(jing)過(guo)發掘,有(you)明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地層證據(ju),屬于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)性較(jiao)大(da)(da),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)對(dui)年(nian)代(dai)可(ke)能(neng)距今八(ba)(ba)九千年(nian)。”(26)曾騏同(tong)(tong)志(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文章(zhang)也談到,西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),“總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來說,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點接近于(yu)(yu)沙(sha)苑、松山(shan)(shan)(即(ji)海(hai)(hai)拉爾——引者)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),而后兩者都被暫定(ding)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai),西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)代(dai)可(ke)能(neng)與(yu)上(shang)述遺存相(xiang)去不遠(yuan)”。同(tong)(tong)時(shi),根據(ju)賈(jia)蘭(lan)坡先(xian)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現場觀察、對(dui)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)部分(fen)(fen)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)標本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑒別(bie)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)有(you)關文章(zhang),肯(ken)定(ding)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)屬于(yu)(yu)我國華北(bei)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)(27)。此外,細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)復合工具(ju)(ju),多嵌(qian)于(yu)(yu)骨、木(mu)工具(ju)(ju)上(shang)使(shi)用。它往往與(yu)早(zao)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漁獵經(jing)(jing)濟相(xiang)聯系。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)周圍(wei)數千年(nian)前還是一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)河(he)涌縱橫、島(dao)丘散(san)布、林木(mu)茂盛、沼澤遍(bian)野的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地理環境,也正符合這種(zhong)經(jing)(jing)濟類型(xing)(xing)。

如(ru)(ru)果再結(jie)合其它(ta)一些現(xian)象考(kao)慮,如(ru)(ru)第(di)(di)3、4、5地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)也采(cai)集(ji)過少量細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi),第(di)(di)7地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)也發現(xian)有(you)(you)幾(ji)件燧(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核和(he)幾(ji)十件球(qiu)形的(de)(de)敲(qiao)砸器(qi)(qi),在(zai)南海螺崗、灶崗、藤涌崗,觀音廟(miao)口,佛山河宕,番禺喃嘸(fu)山以及深(shen)圳小(xiao)梅沙等新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中、晚期遺(yi)址(zhi)中,也出有(you)(you)個別(bie)燧(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)或小(xiao)型打制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(詳見文末附(fu)表)。此外(wai),從(cong)西(xi)樵山第(di)(di)7、第(di)(di)11地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)等霏細(xi)巖(yan)的(de)(de)部分有(you)(you)肩斧、錛(ben)、尖(jian)狀器(qi)(qi)、龜背形砍砸器(qi)(qi)、刮削(xue)器(qi)(qi)和(he)細(xi)薄長(chang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)等的(de)(de)打片(pian)(pian)法,也可(ke)以看到它(ta)們與細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)打片(pian)(pian)法有(you)(you)著承襲關系。因此,我(wo)認為西(xi)樵山細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)遺(yi)存(cun)應屬于新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)早期,其年代(dai)(dai)大約相當(dang)于距今七八千(qian)年,下限可(ke)能還會延續得晚一些。總而言之,西(xi)樵山細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)遺(yi)存(cun)的(de)(de)發現(xian),填補了華南細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)分布上的(de)(de)空白(bai),提(ti)出了廣東(dong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)新課題(ti)。

其次(ci)是(shi)屬于新(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)、晚(wan)(wan)(wan)期(qi)的(de)地點(dian)或遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)。這類(lei)(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)(cun)多(duo)分布于西樵山南、西、北麓(lu)或臺地,部(bu)分分布于較高(gao)的(de)山岡和洞(dong)穴,包(bao)括(kuo)采石(shi)(shi)場(chang)(如(ru)虎頭(tou)巖(yan)等)、制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)場(chang)(如(ru)第7、第11、15地點(dian)等)、漁獵捕(bu)撈(lao)和“鋤農(nong)業”(如(ru)貝殼堆積、第23地點(dian)等)。這類(lei)(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)(cun)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)石(shi)(shi)料,絕(jue)大多(duo)數為(wei)霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan),器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)以有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)代(dai)(dai)表,包(bao)括(kuo)斧(fu)、錛、鏟等,石(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)如(ru)刮(gua)削(xue)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、尖狀器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜背形(xing)砍砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、矛形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)些(xie)霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)、細(xi)(xi)砂巖(yan)、石(shi)(shi)英(ying)砂巖(yan)的(de)長身、梯形(xing)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)段的(de)磨光錛、鑿、矛等,粗略估計在三(san)、四(si)(si)千件(jian)左右。其中(zhong)通體(ti)磨光的(de)不過(guo)一(yi)、二百(bai)件(jian),礪石(shi)(shi)不超過(guo)一(yi)、二十件(jian)。陶(tao)片僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)二、三(san)百(bai)片,包(bao)括(kuo)繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、刻劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)夾(jia)砂陶(tao)和泥質(zhi)、夾(jia)砂的(de)幾何(he)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(tao)。石(shi)(shi)環等飾物(wu)偶有(you)(you)(you)(you)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(第15地點(dian)),動物(wu)(不包(bao)括(kuo)介殼類(lei)(lei))或植物(wu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)骸至今尚無發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)。這些(xie)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)與一(yi)般定居遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)不相(xiang)稱的(de)。幾何(he)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(如(ru)方格紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、曲尺(chi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、重圈(quan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、葉脈(mo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等)的(de)出現(xian)(xian)(xian),正說明西樵山存(cun)(cun)(cun)在著新(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)晚(wan)(wan)(wan)期(qi)的(de)文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)(cun)。還(huan)可(ke)(ke)從以下三(san)個方面,進一(yi)步證明西樵山存(cun)(cun)(cun)在過(guo)新(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)中(zhong)、晚(wan)(wan)(wan)期(qi)的(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)。第一(yi),鎮頭(tou)西坡含(han)貝殼層遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)試(shi)掘,經碳十四(si)(si)測定,表明其年(nian)代(dai)(dai)相(xiang)當于中(zhong)、晚(wan)(wan)(wan)期(qi)(詳后年(nian)代(dai)(dai)部(bu)分)。第二,據金蘭寺、石(shi)(shi)峽、河(he)宕、茅崗等遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)發(fa)掘和測定年(nian)代(dai)(dai)可(ke)(ke)作旁證,在西樵山諸遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(或遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物(wu)地點(dian))中(zhong),凡出細(xi)(xi)繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、刻劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)而(er)未有(you)(you)(you)(you)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(tao)的(de),可(ke)(ke)定為(wei)中(zhong)期(qi);凡已(yi)出幾何(he)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(tao)的(de),可(ke)(ke)定為(wei)晚(wan)(wan)(wan)期(qi)。第三(san),從西樵山類(lei)(lei)型的(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(主(zhu)要是(shi)霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)的(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi))廣泛(fan)分布于珠江三(san)角洲地區(qu)新(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)、晚(wan)(wan)(wan)期(qi)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)亦可(ke)(ke)得到印(yin)征(詳見文末附(fu)表)。

由此可見,西樵(qiao)山遺(yi)址是(shi)一處大型的(de)(de)、延續年代很(hen)長的(de)(de)、供應范圍很(hen)廣的(de)(de)石器(qi)制作場,這是(shi)最(zui)(zui)突出和(he)最(zui)(zui)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)。同時也有生產(chan)生活的(de)(de)遺(yi)址,這也是(shi)不(bu)可否認(ren)的(de)(de)。總之,西樵(qiao)山遺(yi)址中包涵(han)了(le)新石器(qi)各(ge)個階段(duan)的(de)(de)遺(yi)存,主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)中、晚期遺(yi)存。

文化內涵

西樵(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)(wen)化因1958年首先(xian)發現于(yu)南海(hai)縣西樵(qiao)山(shan)而得名。在一段時間內,它(ta)是專指西樵(qiao)山(shan)遺(yi)址本身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存。從發現的(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)看,西樵(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)(wen)化應當是分布于(yu)珠江三角洲(zhou)地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)一種新石(shi)(shi)器時代的(de)(de)(de)原始文(wen)(wen)化。它(ta)區(qu)別于(yu)封(feng)開黃巖洞(dong)類(lei)型(xing)和英(ying)德(de)青塘類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)穴遺(yi)址,區(qu)別于(yu)韓江流域(yu)陳(chen)橋村類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)貝丘遺(yi)址,也不同于(yu)粵北的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)峽文(wen)(wen)化,具有其自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)特點。

遺址分布

西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)包括(kuo)(kuo)了(le)以西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山石(shi)(shi)器制造(zao)場為(wei)(wei)紐帶(dai)和(he)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山類型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器等遺(yi)物(wu)共(gong)存(cun)為(wei)(wei)標志的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)群古文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)存(cun)。主要分(fen)(fen)(fen)布于(yu)狹義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)(zhou)地(di)(di)區(qu)(一(yi)般系指北(bei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)廣(guang)州(zhou)石(shi)(shi)門水(shui)(shui)以下,西(xi)(xi)北(bei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)三(san)水(shui)(shui)思賢滘以下,西(xi)(xi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)潭江(jiang)(jiang)以下,東(dong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)東(dong)莞(guan)(guan)石(shi)(shi)龍以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)。包括(kuo)(kuo)南海、番(fan)(fan)禺(yu)、順德(de)(de)、中(zhong)山、斗門、三(san)水(shui)(shui)、新(xin)會(hui)、東(dong)莞(guan)(guan)、高鶴、寶安、增城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)或大部分(fen)(fen)(fen),以及(ji)廣(guang)州(zhou)、佛山、江(jiang)(jiang)門、深圳、珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)海五(wu)個市(shi),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)一(yi)萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公里(li))。如果(guo)我們以西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山類型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器——主要是(shi)霏細巖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)器作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)指示物(wu)來(lai)探(tan)(tan)索西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布,那(nei)么,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布范(fan)(fan)圍可(ke)能及(ji)于(yu)廣(guang)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)(zhou)地(di)(di)區(qu)(一(yi)般指北(bei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)北(bei)江(jiang)(jiang)飛(fei)來(lai)峽以下,西(xi)(xi)江(jiang)(jiang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)三(san)榕峽以下,東(dong)江(jiang)(jiang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)劍潭以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)。包括(kuo)(kuo)清遠、廣(guang)州(zhou)、花(hua)縣、番(fan)(fan)禺(yu)、增城(cheng)、三(san)水(shui)(shui)、南海、佛山、順德(de)(de)、高鶴、中(zhong)山、斗門、新(xin)會(hui)、江(jiang)(jiang)門、珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)海、臺(tai)山、恩平(ping)(ping)、開(kai)平(ping)(ping)、博羅、東(dong)莞(guan)(guan)、寶安、深圳、肇慶、高要、四(si)(si)會(hui)等二十四(si)(si)個縣、市(shi),總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)三(san)萬(wan)四(si)(si)千多平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公里(li))(33)。除花(hua)縣、順德(de)(de)、四(si)(si)會(hui)、江(jiang)(jiang)門、肇慶和(he)開(kai)平(ping)(ping)等外(wai),其余(yu)各(ge)縣、市(shi)均(jun)有(you)(you)發現(xian)。如果(guo)包括(kuo)(kuo)香港沿(yan)海島(dao)嶼,筆者查到(dao)有(you)(you)這(zhe)類石(shi)(shi)器地(di)(di)點已達一(yi)百處以上(詳見文(wen)(wen)末(mo)附表(biao))。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山類型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器在珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)(zhou)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)如此廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布,一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)正表(biao)明(ming)它(ta)是(shi)一(yi)個供應(ying)范(fan)(fan)圍很廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、大型(xing)(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)器制造(zao)場(這(zhe)與珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)(zhou)這(zhe)一(yi)沖積(ji)平(ping)(ping)原缺乏(fa)適合制造(zao)石(shi)(shi)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良好石(shi)(shi)料有(you)(you)關);另方(fang)面(mian)(mian)可(ke)以證明(ming)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)(至遲(chi)在制作(zuo)(zuo)有(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)器之(zhi)時(shi)(shi))已經出現(xian)了(le)社會(hui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)工與產品(pin)交換。應(ying)當(dang)(dang)說明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi),我們并(bing)不是(shi)將霏細巖石(shi)(shi)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)無作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)確定西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)同類遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)標志,而只(zhi)是(shi)把它(ta)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)探(tan)(tan)求西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布范(fan)(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據和(he)線(xian)索。例如,我們并(bing)不把番(fan)(fan)禺(yu)和(he)廣(guang)州(zhou)飛(fei)鵝嶺等地(di)(di)一(yi)些與夔(kui)紋陶共(gong)存(cun)含(han)有(you)(you)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山類型(xing)(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅時(shi)(shi)代遺(yi)存(cun)劃入(ru)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。又如,我們之(zhi)所以把香港一(yi)些遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)歸入(ru)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)遺(yi)存(cun),那(nei)不僅是(shi)蒲臺(tai)島(dao)、南丫島(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆須城(cheng)等地(di)(di)都發現(xian)過霏細巖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)器,更重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)那(nei)里(li)發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不少新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器中(zhong)、晚期(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)(mian)貌都與珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)(zhou)十分(fen)(fen)(fen)相象或說一(yi)脈(mo)相承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(34)。

遺物特征

文化遺物包括(kuo)石器、陶器、紡輪、骨角(jiao)牙蠔蚌質的工具和(he)飾物等(deng)。這里不準備逐項詳細描述,只略舉其主(zhu)要器物及其特(te)點。

石器文化

簡介

所謂西(xi)(xi)樵山類型的(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi),一(yi)(yi)指(zhi)(zhi)其石(shi)(shi)料(liao),二(er)指(zhi)(zhi)其器(qi)(qi)形。以燧石(shi)(shi)為(wei)主要原料(liao)的(de)細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)是西(xi)(xi)樵山文(wen)化(hua)早(zao)期遺址中具(ju)有(you)特點(dian)的(de)生產工具(ju)(具(ju)體器(qi)(qi)物及分類參看(kan)曾騏的(de)《西(xi)(xi)樵山東麓的(de)細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)》一(yi)(yi)文(wen)及本文(wen)第一(yi)(yi)部分的(de)簡述(shu),這(zhe)里從略),除主要發現于西(xi)(xi)樵山外,珠江三角洲一(yi)(yi)些遺址也(ye)有(you)少(shao)量發現(詳(xiang)見文(wen)末附表(biao))。

以(yi)霏細巖為主要石料(liao)的(de)(de)有肩(jian)石器(qi)(qi)是(shi)西樵(qiao)山文化中(zhong)(zhong)、晚期遺(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)最富代(dai)表性的(de)(de)生(sheng)產工(gong)具(ju),器(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)包括斧(fu)、錛、鏟(chan)等,以(yi)斧(fu)、錛為大宗。西樵(qiao)山石器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作場出土的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)為打制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(包括一部(bu)(bu)分廢品(pin)和殘件),刃(ren)(ren)部(bu)(bu)多(duo)(duo)未經磨制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),斧(fu)或錛的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)難(nan)辨;珠(zhu)江三角洲遺(yi)址發現(xian)的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)為磨制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(刃(ren)(ren)部(bu)(bu)磨制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或通體磨光),錛比斧(fu)多(duo)(duo),還常見一種有肩(jian)有段石器(qi)(qi)。此外,還有一些(xie)長身、梯形(xing)(xing)或有段的(de)(de)斧(fu)、錛、鑿以(yi)及(ji)鏃、矛等。西樵(qiao)山打制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)有肩(jian)石器(qi)(qi),主要可分四式:Ⅰ式為圓(yuan)(yuan)盤(pan)狀(zhuang),柄部(bu)(bu)不突出,應是(shi)從(cong)這(zhe)種圓(yuan)(yuan)盤(pan)狀(zhuang)石坯打制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出雙(shuang)肩(jian)的(de)(de)。Ⅱ式略呈(cheng)扇形(xing)(xing),短柄,溜肩(jian),弧刃(ren)(ren)

,薄(bo)體。Ⅲ式器身(shen)呈梯形(xing),長柄或短(duan)肩(jian),肩(jian)角大于九十(shi)度,弧刃(ren)的(de)(de)多(duo)。Ⅳ式短(duan)身(shen),寬(kuan)刃(ren),肩(jian)多(duo)呈直角,平(ping)刃(ren)的(de)(de)多(duo)。西樵山(shan)類(lei)型的(de)(de)有肩(jian)石器,其大小(xiao)、厚(hou)薄(bo)相(xiang)差懸殊,可能(neng)反映出用途的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)。最大的(de)(de)長達12-14、寬(kuan)6-8、厚(hou)1-2厘米;最小(xiao)的(de)(de)長僅3-4、寬(kuan)2-3、厚(hou)0.3-0.5厘米。

有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)鏟的(de)(de)特征是器(qi)型(xing)(xing)大(da)(da),長(chang)身(shen),短柄。西(xi)樵山(shan)文化中(zhong)此類(lei)石(shi)(shi)鏟發(fa)現(xian)(xian)不(bu)多,如中(zhong)山(shan)大(da)(da)學(xue)在大(da)(da)仙崗采集的(de)(de)一件(jian),器(qi)身(shen)琢制,全(quan)長(chang)21.5、柄高3.5、寬9-10.6厘(li)米(mi);省博(bo)物館在第7地點采集的(de)(de)一件(jian),全(quan)長(chang)17、柄高3.3、寬7-7.5厘(li)米(mi)。此外,廣州飛(fei)鵝(e)嶺菠(bo)羅山(shan)、番禺(yu)西(xi)園(yuan)莊、喃(nan)嘸山(shan)也有(you)發(fa)現(xian)(xian),但(dan)時(shi)代較晚。西(xi)樵山(shan)或西(xi)樵山(shan)文化的(de)(de)有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)鏟與海南島(dao)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)長(chang)身(shen)石(shi)(shi)鏟,與粵西(xi)封開、德(de)慶、高要以(yi)及湛(zhan)江(jiang)地區的(de)(de)陽江(jiang)、海南島(dao)儋縣等地發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)石(shi)(shi)鏟(指桂南類(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)石(shi)(shi)鏟)是否(fou)有(you)承襲關系(xi),是一個值得注意(yi)的(de)(de)問(wen)題(35)。

這里(li)再舉(ju)幾個數字,以說明西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)文化遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)器(qi)與其(qi)它(ta)形式石(shi)器(qi)的(de)共(gong)(gong)存、比例關(guan)系(xi)。例一(yi)(yi),1960年前在廣東中(zhong)部低地區(基本上就是珠(zhu)江三(san)(san)角洲)發現的(de)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)四(si)(si)處遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong),獲得各種(zhong)石(shi)器(qi)一(yi)(yi)○二(er)(er)三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)鏟類九十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)的(de)占五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);錛類三(san)(san)三(san)(san)四(si)(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)的(de)占一(yi)(yi)三(san)(san)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)占八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)占二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。這里(li)四(si)(si)種(zhong)主(zhu)要石(shi)器(qi)共(gong)(gong)計五(wu)(wu)四(si)(si)五(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)占二(er)(er)七(qi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),即占50%強(36)。例二(er)(er),寶安(an)蚌地山(shan)出土(tu)石(shi)器(qi)二(er)(er)○○件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)、錛、鑿九十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)的(de)占五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),即占62%,而有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)錛僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(37)。例三(san)(san),佛山(shan)河宕(dang)舊(jiu)墟出土(tu)石(shi)器(qi)(不計礪石(shi)和裝飾品)二(er)(er)一(yi)(yi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)(十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、錛(八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、鏟(三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)),共(gong)(gong)九十(shi)(shi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)斧(fu)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)錛三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)錛十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)錛九件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。三(san)(san)種(zhong)合(he)計五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),占斧(fu)錛鏟總數的(de)58.7%。其(qi)次,在河宕(dang)遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong),西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)石(shi)料的(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(霏細巖(yan)的(de)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、燧石(shi)的(de)二(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)),其(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)

六(liu)件(jian)、雙肩(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占三(san)(san)件(jian);錛(ben)類(lei)三(san)(san)十(shi)件(jian)、雙肩(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八件(jian)、單肩(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)件(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)件(jian)。如此斧錛(ben)三(san)(san)十(shi)六(liu)件(jian),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)占一半(ban)(38)。例四,廣(guang)(guang)州飛鵝嶺九處遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)發現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)一五(wu)○件(jian),占各(ge)類(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)總(zong)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)80%左右(you)。在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)中(zhong),以(yi)斧最多,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)錛(ben)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)件(jian)。其中(zhong)Ⅳ式石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(短身寬肩(jian)(jian))和長身石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟也與(yu)(yu)西樵(qiao)(qiao)山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)近。霏細(xi)(xi)巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)也占很大(da)(da)(da)比(bi)例,證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)其石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)應來自西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(39),不(bu)(bu)過,年(nian)代應當較晚。以(yi)上數例可(ke)以(yi)說明(ming)(ming),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)在(zai)(zai)西樵(qiao)(qiao)山文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)生(sheng)產工具中(zhong)占有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相(xiang)(xiang)當大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例(大(da)(da)(da)約(yue)占60%以(yi)上)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)西樵(qiao)(qiao)山文化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)發現(xian)并不(bu)(bu)多,它(ta)遠不(bu)(bu)如石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽文化(hua)(hua)墓葬出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那樣典(dian)型(xing)、精(jing)制。但在(zai)(zai)珠江(jiang)三(san)(san)角洲晚期遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong),普(pu)遍出現(xian)一種中(zhong)小型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben),它(ta)是(shi)(shi)否反映著有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)與(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)兩者溶為一體(ti)呢尚未見到詳細(xi)(xi)論證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文章。與(yu)(yu)此有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個問題(ti)是(shi)(shi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)與(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)孰早孰晚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。就兩廣(guang)(guang)地區——我國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)主要(yao)發祥地和最流行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區之一來看(kan),我認(ren)為有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)要(yao)早于有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)。主要(yao)理(li)由是(shi)(shi)西樵(qiao)(qiao)山遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)是(shi)(shi)發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨一無(wu)二(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)制造場,其次(ci),在(zai)(zai)增(zeng)城金蘭寺下層(ceng)(ceng)、東(dong)莞萬福庵(an)下層(ceng)(ceng)、新會羅山咀、高要(yao)永安夏(xia)江(jiang)村這(zhe)些(xie)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)中(zhong)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong),已(yi)經(jing)出現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)而不(bu)(bu)見有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)。這(zhe)些(xie)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)或層(ceng)(ceng)位一般定在(zai)(zai)距今五(wu)、六(liu)千(qian)年(nian)。而有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)在(zai)(zai)廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)出現(xian)地層(ceng)(ceng)明(ming)(ming)確、年(nian)代較早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)曲江(jiang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)下層(ceng)(ceng)及墓葬。共存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少量有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)及幾(ji)何印紋陶。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽文化(hua)(hua)墓葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)代為距今四千(qian)五(wu)百年(nian)上下,下層(ceng)(ceng)前一段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)代較早,大(da)(da)(da)致也不(bu)(bu)超(chao)過距今六(liu)千(qian)年(nian)。就全省(sheng)調查發掘情況看(kan),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)多與(yu)(yu)幾(ji)何形印紋陶共存。

陶器

西樵山遺址發現的陶(tao)(tao)器很少(shao)(前后出土(tu)估計不過(guo)二、三百片(pian)),且缺(que)乏完整器。可(ke)分(fen)兩類:一類是(shi)夾(jia)砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao),器形有(you)圜底釜等(deng),這里的一部(bu)分(fen)陶(tao)(tao)釜片(pian),具有(you)早期陶(tao)(tao)器的特(te)征,如黃褐色(se)或紅褐色(se),胎(tai)(tai)薄,火候(hou)低,飾(shi)繩紋(wen)(wen)、劃紋(wen)(wen)或壓點紋(wen)(wen),有(you)的帶紅色(se)、白色(se)陶(tao)(tao)衣,年代應當較早。另一類是(shi)泥(ni)質素面(mian)陶(tao)(tao)和幾何印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao),后者(zhe)也有(you)夾(jia)砂(sha)的(胎(tai)(tai)較厚),紋(wen)(wen)有(you)方格紋(wen)(wen)、葉(xie)脈紋(wen)(wen)、曲尺紋(wen)(wen)、半重圈紋(wen)(wen)等(deng),年代當較晚。

我們可以從西(xi)樵山(shan)周圍如(ru)(ru)(ru)南(nan)海(hai)、佛(fo)山(shan)以至(zhi)珠江三角洲的(de)(de)其他遺(yi)(yi)址,看(kan)到西(xi)樵山(shan)文化陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)特征。新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代中期(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址,如(ru)(ru)(ru)南(nan)海(hai)觀音廟口、新(xin)會羅山(shan)咀(ju)、增(zeng)城(cheng)金蘭(lan)寺下層、東莞萬福(fu)庵(an)下層、高要(yao)永安(an)夏江、深(shen)(shen)圳(zhen)大(da)、小梅沙(sha)(40)、以至(zhi)香(xiang)港深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)F層等。這類(lei)遺(yi)(yi)址夾(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)占(zhan)很大(da)比重(如(ru)(ru)(ru)羅山(shan)咀(ju)、大(da)、小梅沙(sha)都達(da)95%以上(shang))。主要(yao)器(qi)(qi)形是(shi)圜底(di)(di)釜,還有(you)罐、缽(bo)(碗)、盤(pan)(pan)、杯(bei)、豆和(he)“器(qi)(qi)座”等。紋飾以各種繩紋和(he)刻劃(hua)紋、篦(bi)點紋為(wei)主。器(qi)(qi)形一(yi)(yi)般較小,手制或(huo)模(mo)制。泥質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)有(you)罐、鏤孔矮圈足盤(pan)(pan)、平底(di)(di)盆和(he)淺(qian)盤(pan)(pan)、豆、杯(bei)等。泥質(zhi)磨(mo)光紅陶(tao)(tao)(或(huo)橙黃陶(tao)(tao))占(zhan)一(yi)(yi)定比例(li),并(bing)出現(xian)了彩陶(tao)(tao),這是(shi)西(xi)樵山(shan)文化陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個特點。如(ru)(ru)(ru)金蘭(lan)寺、萬福(fu)庵(an)、深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)等泥質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)都占(zhan)有(you)一(yi)(yi)定比例(li)。金蘭(lan)寺下層的(de)(de)夾(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao)占(zhan)82.5%、磨(mo)光紅陶(tao)(tao)占(zhan)13.6%、彩陶(tao)(tao)占(zhan)3.9%便是(shi)一(yi)(yi)例(li)。

彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)已知的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you),金(jin)蘭(lan)(lan)寺(si)(si)(41)、萬(wan)福庵(an)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)梅殺(42)、香港舂(chong)坎灣(wan)(wan)、銅鼓灣(wan)(wan)、大(da)灣(wan)(wan)和(he)蟹地(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)等(deng)(deng)(43)。金(jin)蘭(lan)(lan)寺(si)(si)和(he)萬(wan)福庵(an)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)殘片(pian),可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)矮圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)等(deng)(deng)。金(jin)蘭(lan)(lan)寺(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)磨光紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)表面繪(hui)赭(zhe)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)),或在(zai)(zai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)葉脈(mo)狀(zhuang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。東莞彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)表里均繪(hui)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),泥質黃灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)先涂白(bai)地(di)(di),再繪(hui)暗紅(hong)(hong)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)或弧形紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。在(zai)(zai)金(jin)蘭(lan)(lan)寺(si)(si)還(huan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)可(ke)(ke)復(fu)(fu)原的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)缽,泥質灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao),質地(di)(di)較(jiao)堅(jian)硬(ying),斂(lian)(lian)口(kou)(kou)(kou)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)(ping)底(di),底(di)部有(you)(you)(you)旋轉痕跡,口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(寬(kuan)(kuan)1.2厘米)紅(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。口(kou)(kou)(kou)徑17.5、高5.7厘米。舂(chong)坎灣(wan)(wan)(Chung Hom Wan)有(you)(you)(you)兩件(jian)(jian)復(fu)(fu)原器(qi),均為(wei)(wei)(wei)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)淺底(di)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(Shallow Dish)器(qi)形略(lve)有(you)(you)(you)差別(bie)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)斂(lian)(lian)口(kou)(kou)(kou),圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)向內弧;另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)敞口(kou)(kou)(kou)斜腹,圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)外(wai)(wai)撇,飾小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)圓(yuan)鏤(lou)孔(kong),紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)白(bai)衣,盤(pan)(pan)(pan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)紅(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)波浪紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、圓(yuan)點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。同出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)鏤(lou)孔(kong)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)直腹細泥紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)杯,器(qi)身刻曲折紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(44)舂(chong)坎灣(wan)(wan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)同類彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)矮圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)殘件(jian)(jian),省博物(wu)館也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)藏品(pin)(45)。1980年(nian),深(shen)圳小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)梅沙遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan),經(jing)復(fu)(fu)原其(qi)形制與舂(chong)坎灣(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)幾(ji)乎完全一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang),唯器(qi)形稍大(da),彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圖(tu)(tu)案更(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)清晰,美觀(46)。以(yi)(yi)上(shang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)均定為(wei)(wei)(wei)新石(shi)時代中(zhong)期。此外(wai)(wai),在(zai)(zai)我館藏品(pin)中(zhong),筆者找到一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)粗紗陶(tao)(tao)(tao)釜(fu)或罐(guan)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)殘片(pian),口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道紅(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),以(yi)(yi)下為(wei)(wei)(wei)刻劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)及繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen),出(chu)(chu)(chu)于(yu)南(nan)海(hai)縣(xian),編號為(wei)(wei)(wei)“NKG”的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)。這(zhe)表明西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)所在(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)南(nan)海(hai)縣(xian)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you),在(zai)(zai)佛山(shan)(shan)河(he)宕下層也(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)過一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)泥質橙黃色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)罐(guan),在(zai)(zai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)面上(shang)繪(hui)三(san)條(tiao)短(duan)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),上(shang)腹繪(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)筆流(liu)暢的(de)(de)(de)赭(zhe)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)條(tiao)。另(ling)外(wai)(wai)在(zai)(zai)下層出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)有(you)(you)(you)十多(duo)件(jian)(jian)(殘片(pian))泥質磨光彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan),圖(tu)(tu)案是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種紅(hong)(hong)色(se)或赭(zhe)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)或寬(kuan)(kuan)窄(zhai)并列的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),繪(hui)于(yu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)口(kou)(kou)(kou)外(wai)(wai)或口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)面,花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)比(bi)較(jiao)簡(jian)單(dan)(47)。總(zong)之,珠(zhu)江三(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)、香港沿(yan)海(hai)島嶼(以(yi)(yi)及韓江三(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)海(hai)豐(feng)等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)(48))新石(shi)器(qi)時代中(zhong)、晚期遺(yi)存中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao),數量還(huan)不多(duo),圖(tu)(tu)案紋(wen)(wen)(wen)樣(yang)比(bi)較(jiao)簡(jian)單(dan)。器(qi)形主(zhu)要是(shi)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan),還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)(ping)底(di)缽、圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)罐(guan)和(he)夾砂釜(fu)或罐(guan)等(deng)(deng),彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圖(tu)(tu)案屬于(yu)幾(ji)何形花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)系統(tong)(帶(dai)狀(zhuang)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、平(ping)(ping)行線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、葉脈(mo)狀(zhuang)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、勾(gou)連(lian)(lian)弧線(xian)(xian)或勾(gou)連(lian)(lian)云紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng)),比(bi)較(jiao)復(fu)(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)梅沙那種近(jin)似(si)勾(gou)連(lian)(lian)弧線(xian)(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)加(jia)圓(yuan)點(dian)等(deng)(deng),至(zhi)今未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)動植(zhi)物(wu)圖(tu)(tu)案花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)風格與我國東南(nan)沿(yan)海(hai)省區新石(shi)器(qi)中(zhong)期陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)上(shang)刻劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)征是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de),因此可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)說具有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方特(te)點(dian);但又與青蓮崗文化(hua)、曇石(shi)山(shan)(shan)文化(hua)、鳳鼻(bi)頭文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)(you)(you)相似(si)之處。例如,南(nan)京北陰陽營有(you)(you)(you)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)繪(hui)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)碗,邳縣(xian)大(da)墩子彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)缽上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)繪(hui)勾(gou)連(lian)(lian)弧線(xian)(xian)加(jia)圓(yuan)點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(49)。臺(tai)灣(wan)(wan)鳳鼻(bi)頭文化(hua)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)類似(si)舂(chong)坎灣(wan)(wan)弧線(xian)(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。臺(tai)中(zhong)社腳(jiao)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)類似(si)河(he)宕那種在(zai)(zai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)面上(shang)繪(hui)寬(kuan)(kuan)窄(zhai)排列的(de)(de)(de)短(duan)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(50),等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。廣(guang)東的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)與它們可(ke)(ke)能(neng)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)關系。

相當于新石器時代晚期的(de)代表性遺(yi)址(zhi),有金(jin)蘭寺中層(ceng)、東莞(guan)龍(long)江村、南海通心崗、灶崗、佛山(shan)河宕(dang)、高要茅崗、深圳鶴(he)地山(shan)、赤灣村、寶(bao)安蚌地山(shan)(51)、西樵(qiao)山(shan)鎮頭西坡,以及香港深灣cb層(ceng)等。

廣東新(xin)石器晚期根據石峽(xia)下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)和(he)中層(ceng)等遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的層(ceng)位疊壓和(he)器物(wu)的特點變化關系(xi),可以分(fen)為(wei)前、后兩個階(jie)段(或稱晚期和(he)末期)。上述珠江三(san)角洲的遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)雖然本身還有(you)早晚之(zhi)別,如金蘭(lan)寺中層(ceng)分(fen)有(you)2A層(ceng)和(he)2B層(ceng),河宕(dang)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)可分(fen)第2層(ceng)和(he)第3層(ceng),鎮頭西坡貝殼層(ceng)也可分(fen)上、下(xia)(xia)層(ceng),但它們在文化面貌和(he)年代上大(da)多屬于末期,即大(da)體與石峽(xia)中層(ceng)、始興(xing)澄(cheng)陂村(cun)窯址(zhi)相(xiang)當。

這個(ge)(ge)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi),一(yi)個(ge)(ge)特點(dian)是幾(ji)何(he)形(xing)印紋(wen)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)盛(sheng)行(xing),泥(ni)質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)和(he)(he)(he)夾砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)都(dou)拍(pai)印紋(wen)飾,而且(qie)具有(you)(you)特點(dian)。以(yi)(yi)河(he)宕(dang)(dang)、灶崗(gang)與(yu)石峽(xia)中(zhong)層(ceng)比較(jiao),前(qian)(qian)兩者印紋(wen)深(shen)(shen)(shen)而清(qing)晰,單位(wei)結(jie)構粗疏,如對角(jiao)(jiao)線的(de)重(zhong)方格(ge)紋(wen)(大小由(you)四至(zhi)五重(zhong)組成)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)單位(wei)直徑達4-6厘(li)米(mi)。印紋(wen)種類(lei)(lei)(lei)也多(duo)(duo),河(he)宕(dang)(dang)一(yi)處就有(you)(you)二十多(duo)(duo)種不(bu)同花紋(wen)。另一(yi)特點(dian)是器(qi)(qi)形(xing)承襲、發(fa)展了本區(qu)前(qian)(qian)期(qi)(qi)的(de)特征(zheng)。如炊煮器(qi)(qi)仍以(yi)(yi)釜為(wei)主,三(san)足(zu)器(qi)(qi)(如鼎等(deng))極少(shao)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(佛山河(he)宕(dang)(dang)出(chu)土四萬(wan)多(duo)(duo)片陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片,僅(jin)見(jian)(jian)一(yi)件實(shi)足(zu))。深(shen)(shen)(shen)圳(zhen)赤(chi)灣(wan)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)種粗砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)“爐(lu)箅形(xing)”器(qi)(qi),有(you)(you)的(de)下(xia)面支墊器(qi)(qi)座(zuo),應(ying)為(wei)烤魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)器(qi)(qi)物,過(guo)去(qu)寶(bao)安(an)、香港深(shen)(shen)(shen)灣(wan)等(deng)地發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)多(duo)(duo)為(wei)殘件,不(bu)明(ming)用途(52)。另外深(shen)(shen)(shen)圳(zhen)還發(fa)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)種帶(dai)兩個(ge)(ge)鏤孔的(de)“爐(lu)座(zuo)”(暫名)。這里僅(jin)舉河(he)宕(dang)(dang)為(wei)例,河(he)宕(dang)(dang)舊墟(xu)遺址(zhi)較(jiao)大面積(ji)的(de)揭露及(ji)其出(chu)土的(de)豐富陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi),在西樵(qiao)山附(fu)近(jin)以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)珠江三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)洲地區(qu)具有(you)(you)相當的(de)代表(biao)性,使我們比較(jiao)清(qing)楚地看(kan)到晚期(qi)(qi)(末期(qi)(qi))陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)的(de)種類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)(he)幾(ji)何(he)印紋(wen)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)豐富多(duo)(duo)彩。如盛(sheng)行(xing)圜(yuan)底釜、矮圈足(zu)罐(guan),缺乏三(san)足(zu)器(qi)(qi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)。釜多(duo)(duo)寬沿敞口(棱角(jiao)(jiao)明(ming)顯)、扁(bian)圓(yuan)腹。夾砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)印紋(wen)除繩紋(wen)、條紋(wen)(籃(lan)紋(wen))、劃紋(wen)(以(yi)(yi)水波狀(zhuang)為(wei)多(duo)(duo))外,還有(you)(you)曲尺紋(wen)、梯子形(xing)格(ge)紋(wen)、云(yun)雷紋(wen)、對角(jiao)(jiao)線重(zhong)方格(ge)、凸圓(yuan)點(dian)紋(wen)等(deng)二十多(duo)(duo)種。泥(ni)質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)主要有(you)(you)罐(guan)壺(hu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)(he)盤豆(dou)類(lei)(lei)(lei)。罐(guan)壺(hu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)都(dou)附(fu)圈足(zu),形(xing)式(shi)多(duo)(duo)樣,主要是圓(yuan)腹和(he)(he)(he)折(zhe)肩兩類(lei)(lei)(lei)。圓(yuan)腹的(de)多(duo)(duo)素面磨(mo)光,地層(ceng)和(he)(he)(he)墓葬中(zhong)都(dou)有(you)(you)出(chu)土,是石峽(xia)中(zhong)層(ceng)未見(jian)(jian)的(de)。小口折(zhe)肩的(de),肩以(yi)(yi)上無紋(wen),肩以(yi)(yi)下(xia)有(you)(you)云(yun)雷紋(wen)一(yi)至(zhi)三(san)周(zhou),以(yi)(yi)下(xia)多(duo)(duo)為(wei)曲尺紋(wen)組合,是末期(qi)(qi)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)的(de)一(yi)種典型器(qi)(qi)。石峽(xia)中(zhong)層(ceng)也有(you)(you),但數(shu)量(liang)很少(shao)。盤豆(dou)類(lei)(lei)(lei)數(shu)量(liang)多(duo)(duo),以(yi)(yi)鏤孔矮圈足(zu)為(wei)主。圈足(zu)盤有(you)(you)斂口、子母口和(he)(he)(he)展唇(chun)等(deng)不(bu)同形(xing)式(shi),質(zhi)地多(duo)(duo)為(wei)細泥(ni)磨(mo)光紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)或橙黃陶(tao)(tao)(tao)。一(yi)

種(zhong)斂口的磨光紅陶(tao)盤(pan),很象仰(yang)韶式的紅陶(tao)缽(bo),但(dan)下(xia)面附(fu)有圈(quan)足,同時(shi)在圈(quan)足盤(pan)中還(huan)(huan)有一部分(fen)彩陶(tao)。泥質陶(tao)的印(yin)紋種(zhong)類將近有三(san)十種(zhong),主(zhu)要拍(pai)印(yin)于罐(guan)壺類上。此外(wai),河宕(dang)還(huan)(huan)發(fa)現(xian)有六、七(qi)十片陶(tao)片上有刻劃(hua)(hua)(hua)符(fu)(fu)號,二件器底(di)(di)部刻劃(hua)(hua)(hua)魚紋,符(fu)(fu)號多刻于圈(quan)足盤(pan)的底(di)(di)部。石峽下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)沒有發(fa)現(xian)刻劃(hua)(hua)(hua)符(fu)(fu)號,中層(ceng)(ceng)僅見一個(ge)“米”字(zi)形(xing)符(fu)(fu)號。而與(yu)河宕(dang)年代相當的高要茅崗也發(fa)現(xian)有十個(ge)左右的刻劃(hua)(hua)(hua)符(fu)(fu)號。河宕(dang)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)與(yu)中層(ceng)(ceng)的陶(tao)紡(fang)輪有明顯區(qu)別,中層(ceng)(ceng)多為素面。下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)的其(qi)底(di)(di)面多有刻劃(hua)(hua)(hua)花紋,為單線(xian)或復線(xian)的圓(yuan)弧線(xian),把(ba)底(di)(di)面分(fen)成三(san)、四(si)、五等(deng)分(fen)。還(huan)(huan)應(ying)提到,增城金蘭寺中層(ceng)(ceng),出土過(guo)一件形(xing)象逼真的陶(tao)祖(zu)(且),它反(fan)映了這一時(shi)期父權制的確立。(53)

工具飾物

在珠江三角洲,港澳沿海島嶼的貝(bei)丘和沙(sha)丘遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong),出土有(you)一部分以(yi)動物、介殼(ke)類遺(yi)(yi)骸制作的工具和飾(shi)物,這也是西樵(qiao)山文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存的一個不可忽(hu)視的特點。例如,在萬(wan)福庵、河(he)(he)宕獅子橋、王借崗等遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi),都發(fa)現有(you)蠔殼(ke)磨成(cheng)的穿孔工具。河(he)(he)宕舊墟出有(you)一種特殊形式的穿孔骨(gu)針(zhen)(疑即織魚(yu)(yu)網織針(zhen))。河(he)(he)宕的骨(gu)鏃比石鏃多幾(ji)倍。新(xin)會羅山咀發(fa)現穿孔蚶(han)殼(ke)、深灣下(xia)層有(you)穿孔鯊(sha)魚(yu)(yu)牙飾(shi)。有(you)些遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)還出土魚(yu)(yu)脊骨(gu)串飾(shi)等。

墓葬習俗

墓葬特點

西(xi)樵山文化(hua)(hua)的早期墓葬尚無發現。中期的如新會羅(luo)山咀發現一座二(er)次甕(weng)棺葬,葬具為(wei)兩件相套的粗砂陶厚胎(tai)折肩甕(weng),肩上刻劃一周三角形(內加斜線)劃紋,還有一個(ge)刻劃符號。人骨從(cong)(cong)頭到(dao)下(xia)肢有序地疊置于甕(weng)內,隨(sui)葬品有骨簪、穿孔(kong)麻龜板飾物(wu)各(ge)一件(54)。據《深灣(wan)》發掘(jue)報告,在F層及(ji)晚期cb層都發現過(guo)火葬及(ji)土葬。引人注目的是火葬,這種火葬是從(cong)(cong)文化(hua)(hua)層中零星散見的許多碎骨,包括頭骨及(ji)肢骨等,經過(guo)八百度高(gao)溫火化(hua)(hua)跡象而判定的(55)。

晚期墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)(you)較多發(fa)現。1961年(nian)金蘭(lan)寺2A層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)貝(bei)(bei)殼(ke)堆積中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現四(si)座(zuo)(zuo),淺(qian)坑(keng)(keng)或(huo)墓坑(keng)(keng)不(bu)明(ming)顯,人(ren)(ren)骨(gu)(gu)架頭東(dong)腳(jiao)(jiao)西(xi),仰臥(wo)(wo)(wo)直肢(zhi)(zhi),基本并行(xing)排列(lie)。鑒(jian)(jian)定為一(yi)(yi)(yi)女(nv)(nv)(老(lao)(lao))、兩(liang)男(nan)(nan)(青)、一(yi)(yi)(yi)兒童,兒童緊依(yi)女(nv)(nv)性(xing)骨(gu)(gu)架。其中(zhong)(zhong)M2(男(nan)(nan),25歲(sui)±),有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)工拔牙(ya)(56)。僅M4女(nv)(nv)性(xing)墓,有(you)(you)(you)長方(fang)格印紋陶(tao)(tao)(tao)缶(fou)、骨(gu)(gu)飾各一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)為隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品。1978年(nian),南(nan)海(hai)灶(zao)崗貝(bei)(bei)丘遺址發(fa)現六座(zuo)(zuo),墓坑(keng)(keng)多不(bu)明(ming)顯,頭向(xiang)東(dong)南(nan),腳(jiao)(jiao)向(xiang)西(xi)北,仰臥(wo)(wo)(wo)直肢(zhi)(zhi),經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)定男(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)老(lao)(lao)少均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)。僅三座(zuo)(zuo)墓各隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)小(xiao)石錛(ben)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)。1977年(nian),筆者(zhe)在河(he)宕獅(shi)子橋遺址調查,發(fa)現有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)頭蓋骨(gu)(gu)、顎骨(gu)(gu)、肢(zhi)(zhi)骨(gu)(gu)殘骸(hai),推測應為墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)。獅(shi)子橋的(de)年(nian)代與(yu)河(he)宕舊墟的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)相當(dang)。1977-1978年(nian),河(he)宕舊墟發(fa)掘760平方(fang)米,發(fa)現墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)七座(zuo)(zuo)(中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo),下(xia)(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)貝(bei)(bei)殼(ke)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六座(zuo)(zuo))。這(zhe)批墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)在文化層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong),多數沒有(you)(you)(you)墓坑(keng)(keng),一(yi)(yi)(yi)部分有(you)(you)(you)淺(qian)坑(keng)(keng)(如(ru)M15打(da)破(po)紅(hong)燒土居址)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)式主要是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次單人(ren)(ren)葬(zang)(zang)(zang),仰臥(wo)(wo)(wo)直肢(zhi)(zhi),但下(xia)(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部分可能為二(er)次葬(zang)(zang)(zang),仍為仰臥(wo)(wo)(wo)直肢(zhi)(zhi)。M12發(fa)現有(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)(gu)架兩(liang)具,墓坑(keng)(keng)不(bu)明(ming)顯,經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)定同(tong)為中(zhong)(zhong)年(nian)女(nv)(nv)性(xing),還不(bu)能肯定為合(he)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓。這(zhe)批墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)為東(dong)西(xi)向(xiang),經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)定的(de)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六座(zuo)(zuo),男(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)老(lao)(lao)少均(jun)有(you)(you)(you),幼童占(zhan)十(shi)(shi)(shi)座(zuo)(zuo)。中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)下(xia)(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)男(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)老(lao)(lao)幼都(dou)是(shi)間錯排列(lie)(還有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)疊(die)壓打(da)破(po)關系),并非同(tong)輩的(de)男(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)有(you)(you)(you)序地排列(lie)。經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)定有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)重要現象,即成(cheng)年(nian)男(nan)(nan)性(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭西(xi)腳(jiao)(jiao)東(dong),成(cheng)年(nian)女(nv)(nv)性(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭東(dong)腳(jiao)(jiao)西(xi)(57)。二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)座(zuo)(zuo)成(cheng)年(nian)男(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)墓有(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品,占(zhan)成(cheng)年(nian)男(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)墓總數的(de)42%,隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品共四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian),每墓多者(zhe)三件(jian),少者(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)。女(nv)(nv)性(xing)多隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)紡輪(lun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian),男(nan)(nan)性(xing)多為一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)小(xiao)石錛(ben)或(huo)鏃(zu)、矛,或(huo)許仍然反映著男(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)兩(liang)性(xing)自(zi)然分工。還有(you)(you)(you),下(xia)(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓都(dou)沒有(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi),九件(jian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)均(jun)出于中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)打(da)破(po)中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)。其中(zhong)(zhong)甲區M1(女(nv)(nv)老(lao)(lao)年(nian)有(you)(you)(you)三件(jian)(泥質黑(hei)(hei)皮圈足(zu)盤(pan)二(er)、夾砂方(fang)格紋圈足(zu)罐(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian))。M19(男(nan)(nan),青年(nian)),泥質薄胎方(fang)格紋敞(chang)口凹(ao)底罐(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)。M23(女(nv)(nv),青年(nian)),肩有(you)(you)(you)雙鋬磨(mo)光黑(hei)(hei)皮小(xiao)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)罐(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)。M24(男(nan)(nan),成(cheng)年(nian)),似水晶質地的(de)玦和紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圈足(zu)小(xiao)罐(guan)各一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)。下(xia)(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓除了隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)小(xiao)石錛(ben)、骨(gu)(gu)鏃(zu)、石鏃(zu)、石環、陶(tao)(tao)(tao)紡輪(lun)外,有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)座(zuo)(zuo)墓隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)象牙(ya)器(qi)。兩(liang)座(zuo)(zuo)墓均(jun)為青年(nian)男(nan)(nan)性(xing),M25(30歲(sui)±,人(ren)(ren)工拔牙(ya)),人(ren)(ren)骨(gu)(gu)右手腕上戴大象牙(ya)環一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian),頭上有(you)(you)(you)半環形一(yi)(yi)(yi)側帶凹(ao)槽的(de)骨(gu)(gu)飾一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian),長10厘米余;M65(25歲(sui)±,拔牙(ya)),頭上有(you)(you)(you)大小(xiao)相若的(de)亞腰(yao)筒形器(qi)兩(liang)件(jian),高7.6、上徑(jing)(jing)6.2、下(xia)(xia)(xia)徑(jing)(jing)8.2厘米。制作精致,薄如(ru)蛋(dan)殼(ke)。

更(geng)為重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),這(zhe)批(pi)人(ren)骨(gu)(gu)架(jia)在可(ke)供(gong)觀(guan)察的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)二(er)個(ge)(ge)(ge)成年(nian)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),發(fa)現有(you)(you)(you)十(shi)九個(ge)(ge)(ge)(男(nan)十(shi),女(nv)九)生(sheng)前人(ren)工拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya),未拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)(ge)(ge),拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)出(chu)現率占82.6%。拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),最小年(nian)齡為22-25歲(甲區(qu)M63),拔(ba)(ba)(ba)除(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)種絕大多數是(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)頜(he)兩側(也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)單側)第二(er)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi),還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)五例是(shi)(shi)(shi)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)除(chu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)頜(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)與左(zuo)右側門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)相結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),研究人(ren)員指出(chu)“這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)值(zhi)得(de)注意(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(58),因為我國(guo)山(shan)東(dong)大汶口文化、江蘇邳縣(xian)大墩子、福建曇(tan)石(shi)山(shan)等(deng)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)遺址發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)材(cai)料中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),拔(ba)(ba)(ba)除(chu)或敲去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)種絕大多數(據統計占90%強)是(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)頜(he)側門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi),一(yi)般忌拔(ba)(ba)(ba)上(shang)(shang)(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)下(xia)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi),同(tong)(tong)時(shi)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong),往(wang)往(wang)反(fan)映著不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含義。河宕(dang)人(ren)骨(gu)(gu)架(jia)體(ti)(ti)質形(xing)態,鑒定(ding)接近于(yu)蒙古(gu)人(ren)種南(nan)(nan)亞類型(xing)。發(fa)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究報(bao)告(gao)又指出(chu)。雖然(ran)“顯示出(chu)一(yi)些(xie)同(tong)(tong)赤道人(ren)種相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng)”,“但他們還(huan)應該屬(shu)于(yu)蒙古(gu)人(ren)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)邊緣類型(xing)”(59)。男(nan)性(xing)平均身高約為166厘米,女(nv)性(xing)約154厘米。比黃(huang)(huang)河流域新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)居民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)估算身高(168.4-172.3厘米)矮一(yi)些(xie)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)述(shu)金蘭寺墓(mu)(mu)葬經鑒定(ding)認為“這(zhe)批(pi)頭骨(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)種人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng)”,并指出(chu)“有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)形(xing)態如圓頭、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)可(ke)能(neng)對探討我國(guo)沿(yan)海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)族起(qi)源和(he)遷移(yi)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)意(yi)義”(60)。如上(shang)(shang)(shang)所(suo)述(shu),廣東(dong)發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti),都發(fa)現于(yu)珠(zhu)江三角(jiao)洲沿(yan)海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貝丘遺址,文化性(xing)質和(he)年(nian)代(dai)也(ye)相當,均屬(shu)距今(jin)四千(qian)年(nian)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)末期(qi),結(jie)合(he)《山(shan)海(hai)經》、《淮南(nan)(nan)子》、和(he)《唐大和(he)上(shang)(shang)(shang)東(dong)征(zheng)傳(chuan)》(61)等(deng)文獻有(you)(you)(you)關記(ji)述(shu)以及(ji)(ji)(ji)民(min)族學材(cai)料,特(te)(te)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)合(he)從山(shan)東(dong)至(zhi)廣東(dong),我國(guo)東(dong)方(fang)和(he)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)沿(yan)海(hai)地區(qu)(包括臺灣)考古(gu)發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)類體(ti)(ti)質形(xing)態、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(鑿(zao)齒(chi)(chi)(chi))材(cai)料,不(bu)難看出(chu)廣東(dong)發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)批(pi)墓(mu)(mu)葬及(ji)(ji)(ji)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)資料,具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值(zhi)。

總之,上(shang)(shang)述(shu)河(he)宕、灶崗(gang)、金蘭(lan)寺等貝(bei)(bei)丘遺址(zhi)的墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)幾個共(gong)同特點:(1)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)或(huo)墓(mu)地分(fen)布于(yu)遺址(zhi)中;(2)墓(mu)坑不明(ming)顯(xian)或(huo)挖淺坑,用貝(bei)(bei)殼填埋;(3)墓(mu)坑或(huo)人(ren)骨架以東西向為(wei)主(zhu),實(shi)行一(yi)(yi)次單(dan)人(ren)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)為(wei)主(zhu)(河(he)宕可能也有(you)(you)二次單(dan)人(ren)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)),未(wei)見(jian)明(ming)確的合(he)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu);(4)多(duo)數(shu)墓(mu)沒有(you)(you)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(約占墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)總數(shu)的三(san)分(fen)之二),有(you)(you)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品的每座墓(mu)多(duo)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)件(jian),也有(you)(you)二、三(san)件(jian)的。這些情況(kuang),可能在(zai)很大(da)程度上(shang)(shang)反映了珠江三(san)角洲一(yi)(yi)帶當時居(ju)民的葬(zang)(zang)(zang)制(zhi)和葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗。

地理環境

西樵山(shan)文化(hua)分布的(de)(de)珠江(jiang)三(san)角洲(zhou),是一個(ge)地(di)勢坦蕩,河涌縱(zong)橫,山(shan)崗臺地(di)(一說是島丘(qiu))棋(qi)布,又有不少低洼沼澤地(di)的(de)(de)沖積平(ping)原(62)。這(zhe)(zhe)種復合三(san)角洲(zhou)的(de)(de)地(di)理環境,亞(ya)熱帶或熱帶氣(qi)候及自(zi)然資源(yuan)的(de)(de)特點,必(bi)然給西樵山(shan)文化(hua)原始居民的(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)來(lai)源(yuan)和生活習(xi)俗(su),帶來(lai)很大的(de)(de)影響。這(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)從遺址類型、自(zi)然遺物及居住遺跡(如“干闌式”建筑)等方面得到(dao)說明。

遺址類型

在(zai)各種類(lei)(lei)(lei)型的(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)-山崗(或(huo)(huo)島丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu))、臺地、土墩(dun)、貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(或(huo)(huo)沙(sha)(sha)洲(zhou)(zhou))遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中,貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和(he)沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)占半數以(yi)上,總數不少于(yu)一(yi)百(bai)處。廣東新石器中期的(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)多(duo)是(shi)貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi),也多(duo)分布于(yu)珠(zhu)江三(san)角洲(zhou)(zhou)沿海地區(qu)。沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(或(huo)(huo)沙(sha)(sha)洲(zhou)(zhou))遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)如(ru)深圳大(da)、小梅沙(sha)(sha),香港深灣(wan)F層(ceng)第。屬(shu)于(yu)晚期的(de)貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和(he)沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(或(huo)(huo)文(wen)化層(ceng))就更多(duo)了(參看本(ben)文(wen)附表(biao))。這類(lei)(lei)(lei)貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和(he)沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)),堆積著大(da)量成層(ceng)的(de)介殼類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)水陸棲動物遺(yi)(yi)(yi)骸(hai)。如(ru)河宕舊墟發掘(jue)面(mian)積760平方(fang)米,就出土有三(san)千五百(bai)多(duo)件各種動物的(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)骨(gu),以(yi)及數以(yi)噸計的(de)介殼(主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)下(xia)(xia)層(ceng))。下(xia)(xia)面(mian)列舉一(yi)些比較重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)種屬(shu),以(yi)供研(yan)究參考。

象(南海(hai)民樂(le)(le)、河(he)宕、茅崗(gang)(gang)等(deng)(deng)(deng),民樂(le)(le)象頭骨鑒定(ding)(ding)為“西樵山亞洲象新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)亞種(zhong))(63)”,牛(niu)(河(he)宕中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)、金蘭(lan)寺(si)、增城(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)(shi)灘仙村(cun)(cun)(cun)、新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)塘(tang)、博羅(luo)鐵場(chang)墟(xu)、民樂(le)(le)龍(long)(long)船田、觀音廟(miao)口、深(shen)(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan)[Bos]),豬(河(he)宕,茅崗(gang)(gang),龍(long)(long)江(jiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun),深(shen)(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan)等(deng)(deng)(deng),茅崗(gang)(gang)、河(he)宕經鑒定(ding)(ding)有(you)小(xiao)部分屬家(jia)養(yang)),彌猴([Macca sp.]河(he)宕下層(ceng)(ceng)),馬來(lai)鱷(e)([Tomistoma sp.]河(he)宕、東莞龍(long)(long)江(jiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)等(deng)(deng)(deng)),硬頭海(hai)鯰(nian)(俗(su)稱赤魚[Arius Leiotetoce phalos]深(shen)(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan)數量(liang)多,還河(he)宕,金蘭(lan)寺(si))(64),據《深(shen)(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan)》報(bao)告(gao)說(shuo)是一(yi)種(zhong)深(shen)(shen)(shen)海(hai)魚類(lei),產卵時(shi)(shi)可游(you)至(zhi)淺海(hai)或(huo)(huo)河(he)口),斷(duan)(duan)斑石(shi)(shi)鱸(俗(su)稱頭鱸,也(ye)深(shen)(shen)(shen)海(hai)魚類(lei),深(shen)(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan)有(you)大(da)量(liang)出土(tu)),海(hai)豚、大(da)魟魚(深(shen)(shen)(shen)灣(wan)(wan)),麗蚌(bang)或(huo)(huo)河(he)蚌(bang)(Lamprotula sp.)蘭(lan)蜆或(huo)(huo)河(he)蜆(Corbicula sp.),蚶(新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)會羅(luo)山咀、環城(cheng)(cheng)牛(niu)頭山、茶坑(keng)、外(wai)海(hai)潮蓮富崗(gang)(gang)、青(qing)瀾、高鶴古椰(ye)村(cun)(cun)(cun)、博羅(luo)馬嘶村(cun)(cun)(cun)、上南村(cun)(cun)(cun)、惠陽潼(tong)湖下里村(cun)(cun)(cun)等(deng)(deng)(deng)),牡蠣(俗(su)稱蠓,有(you)長牡蠣、僧帽牡蠣等(deng)(deng)(deng),河(he)宕舊墟(xu)、獅子(zi)橋、南海(hai)大(da)瀝梁(liang)邊村(cun)(cun)(cun),增城(cheng)(cheng)仙村(cun)(cun)(cun)、新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)塘(tang)、石(shi)(shi)灘、博羅(luo)鐵場(chang)圩,新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)會環城(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)海(hai)、羅(luo)山咀等(deng)(deng)(deng))(65)。此外(wai),有(you)些遺址還有(you)石(shi)(shi)、陶網墜。以上這(zhe)些發(fa)現,一(yi)方面充分證(zheng)明漁獵、捕撈(lao)業(ye)是當(dang)時(shi)(shi)居民生活(huo)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)來(lai)源;另(ling)方面,對探(tan)討珠三角洲平原的(de)形成和變遷(qian)及(ji)是否有(you)過海(hai)浸(jin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)問題,也(ye)有(you)參考(kao)價值。至(zhi)于山岡和臺(tai)地遺址,從大(da)量(liang)磨制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、錛、鏟和發(fa)達(da)的(de)陶器(qi)看,晚期應(ying)有(you)原始農業(ye)的(de)出現。但至(zhi)今似未發(fa)現過農作物,因此無法作進(jin)一(yi)步的(de)推斷(duan)(duan)。

武術文化

黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)獅藝武(wu)術館位于黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)的出生(sheng)地南海(hai)市西(xi)樵山(shan)下(xia)的祿舟村(cun),距(ju)西(xi)樵官山(shan)城區僅三公(gong)里(li)。武(wu)術館籌建于一九(jiu)(jiu)九(jiu)(jiu)六年(nian),占地面積五(wu)點二三畝,綠瓦(wa)飛(fei)檐,建筑別致(zhi),具(ju)有清末古(gu)建筑風格。館內分設有黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)故居、黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)練功休息室、黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)史跡陳列影視室、寶芝(zhi)林堂、百草堂、關德興紀念(nian)堂等(deng)。另有黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)影視城,黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)武(wu)術村(cun)、黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)水寨等(deng)正在(zai)規劃(hua)中。

黃(huang)(huang)飛鴻于道光(guang)二十七年(一八四七年)出生于祿舟村,其祖父黃(huang)(huang)泰、父親黃(huang)(huang)麒英(ying)均是南拳高(gao)手,黃(huang)(huang)飛鴻五歲學父習武(wu),父嚴子專(zhuan)、進步很快,十二歲時(shi)擊敗(bai)廣(guang)州鄭大雄(xiong),頓時(shi)名聲大噪,時(shi)稱(cheng)“少(shao)年英(ying)雄(xiong)”,后開館授徒(tu)。黃(huang)(huang)飛鴻武(wu)藝高(gao)強,卻從(cong)不恃強凌弱,他(ta)一生行(xing)俠(xia)仗義,并開設寶芝林懸(xuan)壺濟世,以其高(gao)尚的醫德、武(wu)德深(shen)受(shou)人們愛(ai)戴。

黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻獅(shi)藝武術館系黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻家鄉父老為弘揚黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻醫德、武德而(er)建。館內(nei)除陳列黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻、關德興(xing)等事(shi)跡圖片實物外(wai),還定時表演(yan)功夫、舞龍、舞獅(shi)等傳(chuan)統項目,黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻高樁(zhuang)醒獅(shi)有世界(jie)獅(shi)王之稱,其表演(yan)精(jing)彩絕倫,讓(rang)你(ni)大(da)開眼界(jie),堪(kan)稱世界(jie)一(yi)絕。吸引眾多海(hai)內(nei)外(wai)游客(ke)前(qian)來欣(xin)賞(shang)。

榮譽及其他

2019年2月2日,被(bei)文化和旅游部命名為2018-2020年度“中(zhong)國民間文化藝術(shu)之鄉”。

2019年9月(yue)11日(ri),西樵鎮入選“2018中國鄉鎮綜合競爭力100強”。

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