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西樵鎮怎么樣

西樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)位(wei)于珠(zhu)江三角(jiao)洲腹地的佛山市南海區(qu)西南部，是國家“AAAAA”級風景名勝區(qu)、國家森林公(gong)園、中(zhong)國面料名鎮(zhen)、廣東省中(zhong)心(xin)鎮(zhen)，面積 176.63平方公(gong)里(li)，轄4個(ge)城區(qu)、27個(ge)行政村，常住人(ren)口292776人(ren)（2017年(nian)），流動人(ren)口6萬多人(ren)。

經過多年努力(li)，西樵鎮正式跨入“全國(guo)文(wen)明(ming)鎮”行(xing)(xing)列。2012年3月20日，該鎮舉行(xing)(xing)揭牌儀式，市委(wei)常委(wei)、宣傳(chuan)部部長馮(feng)德(de)良(liang)向西樵鎮頒發證書，并(bing)與南海區、西樵鎮領導共同為(wei)西樵“全國(guo)文(wen)明(ming)鎮”揭牌。

全(quan)國(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)城市(shi)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)村鎮(zhen)(zhen)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)單位(wei)每三(san)年表彰(zhang)一次。西樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)于正式(shi)獲評第三(san)批“全(quan)國(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)鎮(zhen)(zhen)”稱號，成為繼北滘鎮(zhen)(zhen)后第二個(ge)、南(nan)海(hai)(hai)區(qu)(qu)首個(ge)“全(quan)國(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)鎮(zhen)(zhen)”，南(nan)海(hai)(hai)區(qu)(qu)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)引領”戰略再(zai)添“國(guo)字號”平臺。

西樵鎮景區介紹

西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)風(feng)景(jing)(jing)區面積14.2平方公里，鐘靈毓(yu)秀(xiu)，素有“南(nan)(nan)粵名山(shan)數二(er)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”之(zhi)美譽(yu)(yu)。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)還是華南(nan)(nan)地區石器時(shi)代規模最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)制造工(gong)場，“西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)文化(hua)”為(wei)中(zhong)華文明的(de)(de)(de)發展作出了巨大(da)貢獻，被考(kao)古學者(zhe)譽(yu)(yu)為(wei)“珠江文明的(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)塔”。曾孕育了康(kang)有為(wei)、陳啟沅、詹天佑、黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)、黃(huang)君璧、冼玉(yu)清等一批時(shi)賢俊(jun)杰。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)自然風(feng)光(guang)綺妮秀(xiu)麗，人文景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)豐富多(duo)姿，交通(tong)四通(tong)八(ba)達，是旅游(you)(you)度(du)假(jia)、探險(xian)獵奇、考(kao)古尋(xun)秘的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)去(qu)處。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)鎮(zhen)轄下的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)岸風(feng)景(jing)(jing)區位于西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)面，是一個自然生態保護得非常完好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)景(jing)(jing)區。這里群山(shan)環抱、綠樹成林，流泉飛(fei)瀑終(zhong)年(nian)不絕，是度(du)假(jia)休閑和(he)觀(guan)(guan)光(guang)旅游(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)理想之(zhi)選(xuan)。鎮(zhen)內(nei)有大(da)小賓館、酒店25家(jia)(jia)，擁有四星級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)云影瓊樓和(he)多(duo)家(jia)(jia)星級(ji)酒店。2005年(nian)，共接待(dai)游(you)(you)客278萬人次，實現旅游(you)(you)收入4.87億元。

西(xi)樵的景色(se)，絢麗多(duo)彩；西(xi)樵的發展，欣(xin)欣(xin)向榮。新的世紀(ji)，新的挑戰(zhan)，新的思路，西(xi)樵將繼續發揮(hui)區位、人文、環境優勢(shi)，依托科技創新和體制(zhi)創新，大力推(tui)廣(guang)應(ying)用(yong)信息化，推(tui)進工業化、現代化發展，譜(pu)寫新的篇章。

西樵山位(wei)于廣(guang)東省南海市的(de)西南部，是廣(guang)東四大名(ming)山之(zhi)一(yi)，自(zi)然(ran)(ran)風光清幽秀麗，旅游文化底蘊(yun)厚重，民俗風情古樸自(zi)然(ran)(ran)。自(zi)明清以來，文人(ren)雅士，趨之(zhi)若鶩，旅人(ren)游子(zi)，紛至沓來，使秀美(mei)的(de)西樵山成為名(ming)噪南粵的(de)旅游熱點。

西樵(qiao)山自(zi)然(ran)風光美輪美奐，山上72峰(feng)峰(feng)峰(feng)皆(jie)奇，42洞洞洞皆(jie)幽(you)，更有湖、瀑、泉、澗、巖、壁、潭、臺點綴其(qi)間，成為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)座熄滅(mie)了億萬年的(de)死火山的(de)曠世佳作(zuo)。西樵(qiao)山林(lin)深苔厚(hou)，郁郁蔥蔥，洞壁巖縫，儲水豐富，古人(ren)贊之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“誰(shui)信匡(kuang)廬千(qian)嶂(zhang)瀑，移(yi)來一半在西樵(qiao)”。今人(ren)稱(cheng)之(zhi)是：“綠色水庫”，“固(gu)體水庫”。正是因為(wei)(wei)西樵(qiao)山有如此高品味的(de)自(zi)然(ran)旅游資源(yuan)，國(guo)務院、國(guo)家林(lin)業(ye)部(bu)才(cai)相繼授予它“國(guo)家級(ji)風景名勝(sheng)區(qu)(qu)”和“國(guo)家森林(lin)公(gong)園(yuan)”兩頂桂冠，還通過國(guo)家AAAAA級(ji)旅游區(qu)(qu)的(de)評(ping)定。

實用信息

文化特色

西樵(qiao)(qiao)民風淳樸，古(gu)俗(su)猶存(cun)。山間(jian)有(you)7個(ge)(ge)古(gu)村落，個(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)具(ju)有(you)原(yuan)汁原(yuan)味的的嶺南(nan)農(nong)(nong)家特色。走進農(nong)(nong)家采茶種菜，別有(you)風味；參加西樵(qiao)(qiao)婚(hun)嫁禮(li)儀，奇(qi)趣無窮。一種以“吃農(nong)(nong)家飯，住(zhu)農(nong)(nong)家屋，走農(nong)(nong)家路，干(gan)農(nong)(nong)家活(huo)”為特點的“做一天西樵(qiao)(qiao)山民”山村農(nong)(nong)家樂(le)活(huo)動(dong)因(yin)其山野之(zhi)趣，傾倒了眾多都市(shi)旅游者(zhe)。此(ci)外(wai)，西樵(qiao)(qiao)山歡樂(le)節(jie)等節(jie)慶活(huo)動(dong)，以及“半山扒龍舟(zhou)(zhou)”，“阿婆扒龍舟(zhou)(zhou)”，“新年獅藝”等民俗(su)活(huo)動(dong)，頗具(ju)地方特色。

西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)素有“珠(zhu)江(jiang)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)的(de)(de)燈(deng)塔”的(de)(de)美譽，早在(zai)6000多年前(qian)，勤勞(lao)智慧(hui)的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)人(ren)，就在(zai)這(zhe)塊土(tu)地(di)(di)上創造了燦(can)爛的(de)(de)“雙肩(jian)石器”文(wen)(wen)化；明(ming)清時期，以湛若水(shui)、何白(bai)云、康有為(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)代表的(de)(de)一大批文(wen)(wen)人(ren)學子隱居西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)，探求理學，錘煉心性，使(shi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)獲得(de)了“南(nan)粵(yue)理學名山(shan)(shan)”的(de)(de)雅(ya)號(hao)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)“理學文(wen)(wen)化”自此(ci)聲譽雀(que)起；西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)宗教(jiao)文(wen)(wen)化特色(se)鮮明(ming)，她不僅以佛、儒、道(dao)三(san)教(jiao)融合為(wei)(wei)(wei)其特點(dian)，更(geng)以具有中國特色(se)的(de)(de)南(nan)海觀音文(wen)(wen)化令人(ren)矚目(mu)，聳立于(yu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)第(di)八高峰上的(de)(de)世界第(di)一觀音座像已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)們研究觀音文(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)必到之所；作為(wei)(wei)(wei)國家(jia)森(sen)林(lin)公園(yuan)的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)，其綠色(se)文(wen)(wen)化尤(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)突(tu)出，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)以其美好的(de)(de)生態(tai)環境和(he)優越的(de)(de)地(di)(di)理位置(zhi)，被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)整個“珠(zhu)江(jiang)三(san)角洲”的(de)(de)“前(qian)花園(yuan)”成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)改革開放和(he)經濟發展(zhan)中逐步走向“都市(shi)化”的(de)(de)南(nan)粵(yue)民眾遠離塵囂，回歸自然的(de)(de)一塊福地(di)(di)。在(zai)這(zhe)里(li)，游(you)人(ren)可盡情吞吐西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)翠色(se)，肆意吸納(na)山(shan)(shan)川靈氣，休(xiu)閑度假修身養性，健(jian)康長生已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)“綠色(se)文(wen)(wen)化”的(de)(de)一道(dao)亮麗的(de)(de)風景線。

西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)上村人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)婚嫁習俗和生(sheng)產勞(lao)動習俗，引起了游(you)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)極大(da)興趣，特別是(shi)(shi)“半山(shan)(shan)扒龍舟”，“阿婆扒龍舟”，“新(xin)年獅藝(yi)”等民(min)間游(you)藝(yi)活動，更是(shi)(shi)盛況空前，游(you)人(ren)若(ruo)(ruo)不以一(yi)睹為快。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)美(mei)譽眾多，自(zi)古以來(lai)民(min)間就(jiu)流傳有(you)(you)(you)“南(nan)粵名山(shan)(shan)數二樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”的(de)(de)(de)佳話，將西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)與東樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)（羅浮山(shan)(shan)）列為南(nan)粵名山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)代表，更有(you)(you)(you)文人(ren)學(xue)士寫詩(shi)矚(zhu)文，給西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)以更高的(de)(de)(de)評價。趙樸初(chu)有(you)(you)(you)“古風爆竹喧(xuan)人(ren)日，世(shi)內桃源現代家”的(de)(de)(de)佳句(ju)，秦牧有(you)(you)(you)“西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)秀色(se)美(mei)于詩(shi)”的(de)(de)(de)贊譽，黃施民(min)有(you)(you)(you)“西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)若(ruo)(ruo)問比(bi)東樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)，秀倚南(nan)天(tian)此(ci)最嬌”的(de)(de)(de)吟詠，更有(you)(you)(you)學(xue)者專家盛贊其(qi)為“不上西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)，不算到(dao)嶺南(nan)”。今天(tian)，處于新(xin)世(shi)紀的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)--這顆綠色(se)的(de)(de)(de)寶石(shi)，正在顯現出愈加奪目的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)彩。

遺址文化

廣東(dong)的(de)新石器文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)存，自本世紀(ji)的(de)三(san)、四十年(nian)代始(shi)，在(zai)香港、海(hai)豐、粵東(dong)一些(xie)地方有(you)過(guo)若干(gan)發現①，并提出過(guo)“海(hai)豐沙坑文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(SON)”、“海(hai)豐三(san)角尾文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(SAK)”、“海(hai)豐菝(ba)仔園文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(PAT)”三(san)個(ge)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)名(ming)稱②，以及(ji)香港“舶寮島(dao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)”等③。

解放以(yi)來，廣東發(fa)現(xian)的(de)新石器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)遺(yi)(yi)址或遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)地點，約有四、五(wu)百(bai)處，經(jing)試(shi)掘和(he)發(fa)掘的(de)約四、五(wu)十處。清理(li)墓(mu)葬二(er)百(bai)多座，獲得各(ge)種文(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)數以(yi)萬計，為(wei)探索廣東原始社會(hui)的(de)歷史，提供了珍貴的(de)實物(wu)資料。在各(ge)地發(fa)現(xian)的(de)文(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)存中(zhong)，已經(jing)提出了兩個文(wen)化名稱，即西樵山文(wen)化和(he)石峽文(wen)化。

石峽(xia)(xia)文化(hua)是(shi)(shi)1977年提出的(de)④。它以(yi)(yi)曲江縣石峽(xia)(xia)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)層和(he)(he)墓葬代表(biao)，分布于粵北地區(qu)，是(shi)(shi)一種以(yi)(yi)稻作農(nong)業經濟為主(zhu)的(de)新石器時代晚期文化(hua)。文化(hua)遺(yi)物(wu)石器以(yi)(yi)钁、鏟、錛、鏃、鉞，陶器以(yi)(yi)鼎、釜、甑和(he)(he)盤、豆、罐(guan)、壺組合，以(yi)(yi)及石琮、璧、環、璜(huang)、玦(jue)、笄等飾物(wu)共存為特(te)征(zheng)⑤。它與江西地區(qu)的(de)“山背文化(hua)”(尤其與樊城堆下(xia)層)⑥，江浙(zhe)地區(qu)的(de)良渚(zhu)文化(hua)，山東(dong)大汶口文化(hua)，以(yi)(yi)及湖南湘鄉岱(dai)子坪(ping)和(he)(he)長沙月(yue)亮山遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)等有(you)著密(mi)切(qie)關系⑦。雖然同(tong)類(lei)文化(hua)遺(yi)還發現不多，但它的(de)特(te)征(zheng)和(he)(he)年代是(shi)(shi)比較明確的(de)。

西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)發現于1958年(nian)(nian)，西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)文化是(shi)1960年(nian)(nian)提出(chu)的(de)。然(ran)而(er)，西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)與西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)文化的(de)內(nei)涵、特征(zheng)、性質、年(nian)(nian)代及(ji)其分布如(ru)何?尚缺乏(fa)充分討(tao)論和專題(ti)探討(tao)。我(wo)認為這一問題(ti)的(de)深入(ru)探討(tao)和解(jie)決，不僅對(dui)研究廣東尤其是(shi)珠(zhu)江三(san)角洲地區(qu)的(de)歷史，而(er)且對(dui)探索與華(hua)南、東南沿海地區(qu)有關原始文化的(de)關系，都(dou)有重要意義。故不揣淺陋，把個人的(de)一些(xie)初步看法(fa)提出(chu)來，求(qiu)教于同志們。

發現及研究

為了進一步(bu)探(tan)討西樵山(shan)(shan)文化，有必要(yao)(yao)(yao)將(jiang)西樵山(shan)(shan)遺址的發現及其(qi)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)看法，作一扼要(yao)(yao)(yao)的介紹(shao)。

西(xi)樵山遺(yi)址位于廣東南海縣官山鎮西(xi)樵山，它(ta)原(yuan)是一(yi)座古火山丘，周(zhou)(zhou)邊長約13公里(li)，直(zhi)徑約4公里(li)。山峰(feng)高度(du)一(yi)般為(wei)100-200米，最高峰(feng)大科峰(feng)為(wei)300余米。山體主要由粗面巖(yan)、火山碎屑巖(yan)和石(shi)英巖(yan)構(gou)成。在(zai)(zai)東北部的(de)火石(shi)逕等有燧石(shi)、瑪瑙出露；在(zai)(zai)西(xi)部的(de)馬鞍山及(ji)山頂的(de)錦巖(yan)等洞穴(xue)有霏(fei)細巖(yan)巖(yan)脈。西(xi)樵山山麓(lu)周(zhou)(zhou)圍(wei)分布(bu)著(zhu)新老(lao)兩套洪積沖(chong)積扇，山下(xia)連接開闊的(de)珠江三角洲沖(chong)積平原(yuan)。從新石(shi)器以至更早的(de)時候(hou)起，便有人(ren)類在(zai)(zai)山上及(ji)周(zhou)(zhou)圍(wei)一(yi)帶采石(shi)制器，勞動生息。

西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)遺址發(fa)現(xian)(xian)后，經省(sheng)內外許多(duo)單位的(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)工作者的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)查(cha)(cha)、試掘和(he)(he)研(yan)究，先后發(fa)表了一些(xie)調(diao)查(cha)(cha)報告和(he)(he)文(wen)章。主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)：中山(shan)(shan)(shan)大(da)學(xue)調(diao)查(cha)(cha)組的(de)(de)(de)《廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)海(hai)縣西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)初步調(diao)查(cha)(cha)》（以(yi)下(xia)簡(jian)稱(cheng)《初步調(diao)查(cha)(cha)》）⑧，廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)博物館的(de)(de)(de)《廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)南(nan)海(hai)縣西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)出土的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)器(qi)》（簡(jian)稱(cheng)《西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)器(qi)》）⑨，賈蘭坡的(de)(de)(de)《廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)地(di)區古人(ren)類學(xue)及考古學(xue)研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)未來(lai)希(xi)望(wang)》（簡(jian)稱(cheng)《未來(lai)希(xi)望(wang)》）⑩，黃慰文(wen)等(deng)《廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)海(hai)縣西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)遺址復查(cha)(cha)》（簡(jian)稱(cheng)《復查(cha)(cha)》）⑾，曾(ceng)騏《西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)麓的(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)器(qi)》⑿，等(deng)等(deng)。截至1980年(nian)年(nian)止，西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)器(qi)地(di)點已(yi)有(you)二(er)十多(duo)處，獲(huo)得燧石(shi)細石(shi)器(qi)材料大(da)約(yue)二(er)、三千件；霏細巖大(da)石(shi)片(pian)石(shi)器(qi)大(da)約(yue)三、四千件，以(yi)及一部(bu)分粗砂陶(tao)和(he)(he)泥質(zhi)印(yin)紋陶(tao)片(pian)。這些(xie)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)論述，歸(gui)納(na)起來(lai)主要(yao)有(you)兩大(da)問題(ti)。

遺址性質

多數(shu)研究者認為(wei)，西樵山(shan)(shan)是一處石(shi)器(qi)制作場，如《未(wei)來希望》、《山(shan)(shan)西懷仁(ren)鵝毛口石(shi)器(qi)制造(zao)場遺址》⒀、《復查(cha)》和(he)(he)《關于華(hua)南早期(qi)(qi)新石(shi)器(qi)的(de)幾個問(wen)題》⒁等。《初(chu)步調查(cha)》和(he)(he)《西樵山(shan)(shan)石(shi)器(qi)》兩個報告，則認為(wei)還存(cun)在著與采集、漁獵(早期(qi)(qi)的(de))和(he)(he)鋤(chu)耕農業(晚期(qi)(qi)的(de))有關的(de)遺存(cun)。

我贊成(cheng)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)一處大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)、使(shi)用年(nian)代很長(chang)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品供給范(fan)圍很廣的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)看法。只有充(chong)分注(zhu)意并進一步解決石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)場(chang)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個問題，才(cai)(cai)能(neng)對(dui)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)許多地(di)點發(fa)(fa)現(xian)大(da)量(liang)打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(成(cheng)品、半成(cheng)品、廢品)和(he)(he)巨量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)恰當的(de)(de)(de)解釋，特別是(shi)(shi)對(dui)霏細(xi)(xi)巖的(de)(de)(de)各種打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)分類、定名和(he)(he)年(nian)代，進行正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)，珠江三(san)角(jiao)洲許多新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)以至青銅時代遺址石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)或石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料的(de)(de)(de)來源問題，才(cai)(cai)能(neng)得到(dao)正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)答(da)案(an)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一點，《復查》和(he)(he)《西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)東麓的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)》的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)了比較深入的(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)。但(dan)我也認(ren)為(wei)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)還應有生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)遺存，而不僅僅是(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)場(chang)。早(zao)期的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)太監崗和(he)(he)南蛇崗，既有細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)堆(dui)積，又發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有使(shi)用痕跡的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)，晚期的(de)(de)(de)就更為(wei)明顯(xian)。除鎮頭西(xi)(xi)坡(po)(po)(第(di)(di)15地(di)點)保存有長(chang)20余米(mi)，厚1米(mi)左右的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)層(淡水沙蜆等(deng)(deng)貝殼堆(dui)積，可分兩層，內含大(da)量(liang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)、部分石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)陶片(pian))⒂外(wai)，第(di)(di)7地(di)點(佛子(zi)廟)和(he)(he)第(di)(di)11地(di)點等(deng)(deng)，都有文化(hua)堆(dui)積，并非都是(shi)(shi)坡(po)(po)積層。又如(ru)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)中學校址(暫編(bian)第(di)(di)23地(di)點)先后出(chu)土(tu)過十多件磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精細(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)霏細(xi)(xi)巖、砂巖的(de)(de)(de)有肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧、錛(ben)(ben)、有段石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)(ben)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里是(shi)(shi)一片(pian)坡(po)(po)地(di)或臺地(di)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工具應與鋤耕(geng)農業有關。此外(wai)，西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)遺址先后發(fa)(fa)現(xian)過大(da)約(yue)近百件的(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)光石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)。有些(xie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料如(ru)砂巖、板巖等(deng)(deng)似非西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)所出(chu)產(chan)(chan)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)，也應與農業生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)密切相關。

遺址年代

主(zhu)要有(you)幾(ji)種看(kan)法：(1)開(kai)始于(yu)一萬年(nian)(nian)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)末(mo)期⒃；(2)對第(di)二地點(火石(shi)(shi)(shi)逕)或其它(ta)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)地點，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)章把(ba)它(ta)和(he)“沙苑文(wen)(wen)化”作對比，認(ren)為(wei)可(ke)能屬于(yu)中(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)⒄，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)屬新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)早(zao)期或更早(zao)⒅，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推測第(di)二地點可(ke)以(yi)是一種陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)化⒆；(3)對西樵山遺(yi)址總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)法，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)包涵了舊石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)晚期和(he)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)同時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存(cun)⒇，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)其年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)可(ke)能較早(zao)于(yu)以(yi)印紋(wen)陶(tao)為(wei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存(cun)（21），有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與磨光石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)應是“同時異(yi)相(xiang)”，早(zao)于(yu)增城金蘭寺和(he)海豐(feng)遺(yi)址，年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)為(wei)距今五(wu)、六千年(nian)(nian)前（22），等等。

我贊成西(xi)樵(qiao)山包涵著(zhu)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)早、中(zhong)、晚不(bu)同(tong)時期(qi)的(de)遺(yi)存(cun)。早期(qi)的(de)指(zhi)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)存(cun)，主要有(you)(you)火石(shi)(shi)(shi)逕、旋(xuan)風崗(gang)(gang)、太監(jian)崗(gang)(gang)和(he)南(nan)蛇(she)崗(gang)(gang)四處。根據省博物館(guan)對火石(shi)(shi)(shi)逕、中(zhong)山大學考古教研室(shi)對太監(jian)崗(gang)(gang)的(de)試掘（23），以及筆(bi)者(zhe)陪(pei)同(tong)有(you)(you)關專家的(de)多(duo)次觀察（24），這(zhe)兩處山崗(gang)(gang)存(cun)在著(zhu)不(bu)與磨光石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶片共存(cun)的(de)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)堆積層。不(bu)過，太監(jian)崗(gang)(gang)因基(ji)建取土，火石(shi)(shi)(shi)逕因有(you)(you)現代壕溝、墓葬、采石(shi)(shi)(shi)坑(keng)，試掘面(mian)積都很小(xiao)，兩處的(de)文化層看來(lai)并不(bu)典(dian)型(xing)、清晰。要徹底解(jie)決這(zhe)幾處細石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)地點的(de)文化層及年代問題(ti)，還需要較大面(mian)積的(de)發掘。

西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，其石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)以燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)主，細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)包括(kuo)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)四大(da)(da)類。根據(ju)比較分析，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與我(wo)國(guo)北方(fang)一些(xie)年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)較早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺址有(you)(you)許多(duo)相似之處，最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)同樣(yang)具有(you)(you)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)及其所(suo)由剝離的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)等代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)性器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形。據(ju)曾騏(qi)同志(zhi)(zhi)對旋風崗等地(di)點(dian)七(qi)二(er)(er)(er)四件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分類統(tong)計，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)二(er)(er)(er)七(qi)八(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)九十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)(san)十(shi)一件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)三(san)(san)二(er)(er)(er)三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)又可(ke)分多(duo)種(zhong)形式(shi)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)華(hua)北細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺址常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)船底(di)形石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)和(he)扇(shan)形石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)。在(zai)三(san)(san)二(er)(er)(er)三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，楔(xie)(xie)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占一○五件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Ⅲ式(shi)寬(kuan)(kuan)身楔(xie)(xie)形石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)即(ji)船底(di)形石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)有(you)(you)十(shi)四件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。另一方(fang)面(mian)，曾騏(qi)同志(zhi)(zhi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)角形楔(xie)(xie)形石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)和(he)帶(dai)把石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)其他(ta)省區所(suo)少見(jian)。在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尖錐(zhui)狀石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，未(wei)見(jian)華(hua)北常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“鉛筆尖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)”。西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)邊緣多(duo)數未(wei)經(jing)第二(er)(er)(er)步加(jia)工。細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)長、厚長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比數均偏(pian)大(da)(da)。而(er)且缺乏典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓頭(tou)刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(僅八(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、雕刻器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(二(er)(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))和(he)小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃(三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))。不見(jian)北方(fang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆。這些(xie)，又表(biao)明(ming)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具有(you)(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)(25)。在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)這批細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材料(liao)發(fa)表(biao)之前，安志(zhi)(zhi)敏先(xian)生曾經(jing)指出(chu)：“以海(hai)拉爾石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺存，具有(you)(you)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，而(er)沒有(you)(you)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共生。同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)也(ye)見(jian)于陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)大(da)(da)荔(li)沙(sha)苑(yuan)，河南(nan)許昌靈(ling)井，山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)沁水下(xia)川(chuan)和(he)河北陽原(yuan)虎(hu)頭(tou)梁等遺址，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)下(xia)川(chuan)、虎(hu)頭(tou)梁經(jing)過發(fa)掘，有(you)(you)明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)層證據(ju)，屬(shu)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能性較大(da)(da)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕對年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)可(ke)能距今(jin)八(ba)九千(qian)(qian)年(nian)。”(26)曾騏(qi)同志(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文章也(ye)談到，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，“總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)說，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)接近(jin)于沙(sha)苑(yuan)、松山(shan)(shan)(shan)(即(ji)海(hai)拉爾——引(yin)者)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，而(er)后兩者都被暫(zan)定為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)可(ke)能與上(shang)述遺存相去(qu)不遠(yuan)”。同時，根據(ju)賈蘭坡(po)先(xian)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場觀察(cha)、對西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)部分細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)標本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑒別(bie)及其有(you)(you)關文章，肯定西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)屬(shu)于我(wo)國(guo)華(hua)北細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍（27）。此(ci)外，細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)一種(zhong)復合(he)工具，多(duo)嵌于骨(gu)、木(mu)工具上(shang)使(shi)用。它往(wang)往(wang)與早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漁獵經(jing)濟相聯系(xi)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)及其周圍數千(qian)(qian)年(nian)前還是(shi)一個(ge)河涌縱橫、島(dao)丘散布、林木(mu)茂盛、沼澤遍野的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)理環境，也(ye)正符合(he)這種(zhong)經(jing)濟類型(xing)。

如果再(zai)結合其(qi)它一些現象考慮，如第(di)(di)(di)3、4、5地(di)點也采(cai)集(ji)過少量(liang)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，第(di)(di)(di)7地(di)點也發現有(you)幾件(jian)燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)核和幾十件(jian)球形(xing)的敲砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)，在(zai)南海螺崗(gang)、灶崗(gang)、藤涌崗(gang)，觀音廟口(kou)，佛(fo)山(shan)(shan)河宕，番禺喃嘸山(shan)(shan)以及深圳小(xiao)梅沙等(deng)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中、晚期(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址中，也出有(you)個別(bie)燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)或小(xiao)型(xing)打(da)制石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(詳見(jian)文末附表(biao))。此(ci)外，從西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)第(di)(di)(di)7、第(di)(di)(di)11地(di)點等(deng)霏細(xi)巖(yan)的部分(fen)有(you)肩(jian)斧、錛(ben)、尖狀器(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜背(bei)形(xing)砍砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)、刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)和細(xi)薄長石(shi)(shi)(shi)片等(deng)的打(da)片法，也可(ke)以看到它們與細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片的打(da)片法有(you)著承襲關系。因此(ci)，我(wo)認為西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)存應屬于新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時代早期(qi)，其(qi)年代大(da)約相(xiang)當于距(ju)今七八千(qian)年，下限可(ke)能還會(hui)延續得晚一些。總而言之(zhi)，西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)存的發現，填(tian)補(bu)了華南細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址分(fen)布上的空白，提出了廣(guang)東石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時代研究的新(xin)課題。

其(qi)(qi)次是屬(shu)于新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中、晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian)(dian)或遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)。這類(lei)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)多分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)南(nan)、西(xi)(xi)、北(bei)麓或臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，部(bu)分(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)岡和(he)洞穴，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)采石(shi)(shi)(shi)場(如虎頭巖(yan)(yan)等)、制石(shi)(shi)(shi)場(如第(di)(di)7、第(di)(di)11、15地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian)(dian)等)、漁獵捕撈和(he)“鋤農業”(如貝殼(ke)堆積、第(di)(di)23地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian)(dian)等)。這類(lei)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)料，絕(jue)大多數為霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)(yan)，器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)以有肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為代(dai)表(biao)，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)斧、錛、鏟等，石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)如刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)、尖狀器(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜背形(xing)砍砸(za)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、矛形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等。還有一(yi)些(xie)霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)(yan)、細(xi)(xi)砂巖(yan)(yan)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)英砂巖(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長身、梯(ti)形(xing)和(he)有段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)磨光錛、鑿、矛等，粗略估計在(zai)三、四(si)千件左右。其(qi)(qi)中通體磨光的(de)(de)(de)(de)不過一(yi)、二(er)(er)百件，礪石(shi)(shi)(shi)不超過一(yi)、二(er)(er)十(shi)件。陶(tao)(tao)片(pian)僅有二(er)(er)、三百片(pian)，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)、刻(ke)劃紋(wen)(wen)夾砂陶(tao)(tao)和(he)泥(ni)質、夾砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾何(he)印(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)環等飾物(wu)偶有發現(xian)(第(di)(di)15地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian)(dian))，動物(wu)(不包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)介殼(ke)類(lei))或植物(wu)遺(yi)(yi)骸至今尚無發現(xian)。這些(xie)現(xian)象與(yu)一(yi)般(ban)定(ding)居(ju)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)是不相稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)。幾何(he)印(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)(如方(fang)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)、曲尺紋(wen)(wen)、重圈紋(wen)(wen)、葉脈(mo)紋(wen)(wen)等)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)，正說明西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)存(cun)在(zai)著新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)。還可從以下三個方(fang)面，進一(yi)步證明西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)存(cun)在(zai)過新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)中、晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)。第(di)(di)一(yi)，鎮頭西(xi)(xi)坡(po)含(han)貝殼(ke)層遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)試掘，經碳十(shi)四(si)測(ce)定(ding)，表(biao)明其(qi)(qi)年代(dai)相當于中、晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(詳后(hou)年代(dai)部(bu)分(fen)(fen))。第(di)(di)二(er)(er)，據金蘭寺、石(shi)(shi)(shi)峽、河宕、茅(mao)崗等遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發掘和(he)測(ce)定(ding)年代(dai)可作(zuo)旁證，在(zai)西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)諸遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(或遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian)(dian))中，凡(fan)出(chu)(chu)細(xi)(xi)繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)、刻(ke)劃紋(wen)(wen)而(er)未有印(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，可定(ding)為中期(qi)(qi)(qi)；凡(fan)已出(chu)(chu)幾何(he)印(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，可定(ding)為晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)。第(di)(di)三，從西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(主(zhu)要是霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi))廣泛(fan)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于珠江三角洲地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中、晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中亦可得到印(yin)(yin)征（詳見(jian)文末(mo)附表(biao)）。

由此可見，西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)是(shi)一處(chu)大(da)型的(de)、延續年代很長的(de)、供應范(fan)圍(wei)很廣的(de)石器(qi)制作場(chang)，這(zhe)是(shi)最突出和(he)最主(zhu)要的(de)。同時也(ye)有生產(chan)生活的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)，這(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)不可否認的(de)。總(zong)之(zhi)，西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)包涵了新石器(qi)各(ge)個(ge)階段的(de)遺(yi)存(cun)，主(zhu)要是(shi)中(zhong)、晚期遺(yi)存(cun)。

文化內涵

西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)文化(hua)因1958年首先發(fa)現于(yu)南海(hai)縣西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)而得名。在一段時(shi)間內，它是(shi)(shi)專指西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)遺(yi)(yi)址本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)存。從發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料看，西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)文化(hua)應(ying)當是(shi)(shi)分布(bu)于(yu)珠(zhu)江三角洲(zhou)地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種新石(shi)器時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)原始文化(hua)。它區(qu)別于(yu)封(feng)開(kai)黃巖洞(dong)類型(xing)和英德青(qing)塘(tang)類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)穴遺(yi)(yi)址，區(qu)別于(yu)韓江流域陳(chen)橋村類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貝丘遺(yi)(yi)址，也不(bu)同于(yu)粵北的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)峽文化(hua)，具有(you)其自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)。

遺址分布

西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)包括(kuo)了以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)造場為紐帶和西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)遺(yi)物共存(cun)(cun)為標志(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)群古文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)存(cun)(cun)。主要(yao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)狹義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲地(di)區(qu)(一(yi)(yi)般系指北(bei)(bei)自(zi)廣(guang)州(zhou)石(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)水以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)，西(xi)北(bei)(bei)自(zi)三水思賢滘以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)，西(xi)自(zi)潭江(jiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)，東(dong)自(zi)東(dong)莞(guan)(guan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)龍以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)。包括(kuo)南海(hai)、番(fan)禺、順(shun)德、中(zhong)山(shan)、斗門(men)(men)、三水、新(xin)會(hui)、東(dong)莞(guan)(guan)、高鶴、寶安(an)、增(zeng)城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)或(huo)大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及廣(guang)州(zhou)、佛山(shan)、江(jiang)門(men)(men)、深圳、珠(zhu)(zhu)海(hai)五個(ge)市(shi)，面(mian)(mian)積(ji)一(yi)(yi)萬平方公里)。如果我(wo)們(men)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)——主要(yao)是霏(fei)(fei)細(xi)巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)作(zuo)為一(yi)(yi)種指示物來探索(suo)(suo)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)，那(nei)么(me)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)范(fan)圍(wei)可能及于(yu)廣(guang)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲地(di)區(qu)(一(yi)(yi)般指北(bei)(bei)自(zi)北(bei)(bei)江(jiang)飛(fei)來峽以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)，西(xi)江(jiang)自(zi)三榕峽以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)，東(dong)江(jiang)自(zi)劍潭以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)。包括(kuo)清遠(yuan)、廣(guang)州(zhou)、花縣、番(fan)禺、增(zeng)城、三水、南海(hai)、佛山(shan)、順(shun)德、高鶴、中(zhong)山(shan)、斗門(men)(men)、新(xin)會(hui)、江(jiang)門(men)(men)、珠(zhu)(zhu)海(hai)、臺山(shan)、恩(en)平、開(kai)平、博羅、東(dong)莞(guan)(guan)、寶安(an)、深圳、肇慶(qing)、高要(yao)、四(si)會(hui)等(deng)(deng)二十四(si)個(ge)縣、市(shi)，總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)為三萬四(si)千多平方公里)（33）。除花縣、順(shun)德、四(si)會(hui)、江(jiang)門(men)(men)、肇慶(qing)和開(kai)平等(deng)(deng)外，其(qi)余(yu)各縣、市(shi)均有(you)發(fa)現。如果包括(kuo)香(xiang)港沿海(hai)島(dao)嶼，筆者查到有(you)這類(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)點已達(da)一(yi)(yi)百處以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(詳見文(wen)末附表(biao))。西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在珠(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲遺(yi)址(zhi)如此廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)，一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)正(zheng)表(biao)明它是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)供應范(fan)圍(wei)很廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、大型(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)造場(這與珠(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲這一(yi)(yi)沖(chong)積(ji)平原(yuan)缺乏適合制(zhi)(zhi)造石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良好石(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)有(you)關)；另方面(mian)(mian)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)證明當(dang)時(至遲在制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)有(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)之時)已經(jing)出現了社會(hui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)工與產品交換。應當(dang)說(shuo)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是，我(wo)們(men)并不(bu)(bu)是將霏(fei)(fei)細(xi)巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)無作(zuo)為確(que)定西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)同(tong)類(lei)遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)(yi)標志(zhi)(zhi)，而只是把(ba)它作(zuo)為探求西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)范(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據和線(xian)索(suo)(suo)。例如，我(wo)們(men)并不(bu)(bu)把(ba)番(fan)禺和廣(guang)州(zhou)飛(fei)鵝嶺等(deng)(deng)地(di)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)與夔紋(wen)陶(tao)共存(cun)(cun)含有(you)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)類(lei)型(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)時代遺(yi)存(cun)(cun)劃入西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)。又如，我(wo)們(men)之所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)香(xiang)港一(yi)(yi)些(xie)遺(yi)址(zhi)歸入西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)類(lei)型(xing)遺(yi)存(cun)(cun)，那(nei)不(bu)(bu)僅是蒲臺島(dao)、南丫島(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆須城等(deng)(deng)地(di)都(dou)發(fa)現過霏(fei)(fei)細(xi)巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，更重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是那(nei)里發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)少新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)、晚期遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)面(mian)(mian)貌都(dou)與珠(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲十分(fen)(fen)(fen)相象或(huo)說(shuo)一(yi)(yi)脈相承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)（34）。

遺物特征

文化遺物(wu)包括石器(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)、紡輪、骨(gu)角牙蠔蚌質(zhi)的工具和飾物(wu)等。這(zhe)里不(bu)準備逐項(xiang)詳細描述(shu)，只略(lve)舉其主(zhu)要器(qi)(qi)物(wu)及其特點。

石器文化

簡介

所謂西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)類型的(de)石器(qi)，一指其石料，二指其器(qi)形。以燧石為(wei)主要原料的(de)細石器(qi)是西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)早期遺(yi)址中具(ju)有特(te)點的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)工具(ju)(具(ju)體器(qi)物及分類參看曾騏的(de)《西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)東麓(lu)的(de)細石器(qi)》一文(wen)及本文(wen)第一部(bu)分的(de)簡述，這里從略)，除主要發現(xian)于西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)外，珠江三角(jiao)洲一些遺(yi)址也有少量發現(xian)(詳見文(wen)末附表(biao))。

以霏細巖為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要石(shi)料的(de)(de)有肩石(shi)器(qi)是西(xi)樵(qiao)山文化中、晚期遺址(zhi)中最富代表(biao)性的(de)(de)生(sheng)產工具，器(qi)形包(bao)括(kuo)斧(fu)、錛(ben)、鏟等，以斧(fu)、錛(ben)為(wei)(wei)大宗。西(xi)樵(qiao)山石(shi)器(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)場出(chu)土的(de)(de)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)打制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(包(bao)括(kuo)一(yi)部分廢品和殘件(jian))，刃部多(duo)未經磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，斧(fu)或(huo)(huo)錛(ben)的(de)(de)器(qi)形難辨；珠江(jiang)三角洲遺址(zhi)發現(xian)的(de)(de)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(刃部磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)(huo)通體磨(mo)光)，錛(ben)比斧(fu)多(duo)，還(huan)常見一(yi)種有肩有段石(shi)器(qi)。此外(wai)，還(huan)有一(yi)些長身、梯形或(huo)(huo)有段的(de)(de)斧(fu)、錛(ben)、鑿以及鏃、矛等。西(xi)樵(qiao)山打制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)有肩石(shi)器(qi)，主(zhu)要可分四式(shi)：Ⅰ式(shi)為(wei)(wei)圓盤(pan)狀，柄(bing)部不突出(chu)，應是從這種圓盤(pan)狀石(shi)坯打制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)雙肩的(de)(de)。Ⅱ式(shi)略呈扇形，短(duan)柄(bing)，溜(liu)肩，弧刃

，薄體。Ⅲ式器身呈梯形，長柄(bing)或短肩(jian)(jian)，肩(jian)(jian)角(jiao)大于(yu)九十度，弧刃(ren)的多。Ⅳ式短身，寬刃(ren)，肩(jian)(jian)多呈直(zhi)角(jiao)，平刃(ren)的多。西樵(qiao)山類型的有肩(jian)(jian)石器，其大小(xiao)、厚(hou)薄相差懸殊，可能反映(ying)出用(yong)途的不同。最大的長達(da)12-14、寬6-8、厚(hou)1-2厘(li)米；最小(xiao)的長僅3-4、寬2-3、厚(hou)0.3-0.5厘(li)米。

有(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)的特(te)征是(shi)器(qi)型大(da)，長身，短柄。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)文化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)此類石(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)發現不多(duo)，如中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)大(da)學在(zai)大(da)仙崗采集的一(yi)件，器(qi)身琢制，全長21.5、柄高3.5、寬9-10.6厘米(mi)；省博物館在(zai)第7地點采集的一(yi)件，全長17、柄高3.3、寬7-7.5厘米(mi)。此外(wai)，廣(guang)州飛鵝嶺菠羅(luo)山(shan)、番禺(yu)西(xi)(xi)園(yuan)莊、喃嘸山(shan)也有(you)發現，但(dan)時代(dai)較(jiao)晚。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)或西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)文化(hua)的有(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)與(yu)海(hai)南島發現的長身石(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)，與(yu)粵西(xi)(xi)封開、德慶、高要以及湛江地區的陽(yang)江、海(hai)南島儋縣等(deng)地發現的大(da)石(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)(指桂南類型的大(da)石(shi)(shi)鏟(chan))是(shi)否(fou)有(you)承襲關系，是(shi)一(yi)個值得注意的問題(ti)（35）。

這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)(li)再(zai)舉幾個數字，以說明西(xi)樵山(shan)文化遺址中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)與其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)它形式石(shi)(shi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共存、比例關系。例一，1960年前在廣東中(zhong)部低地區(基本上就是珠江三(san)(san)角洲)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)一一四(si)處(chu)遺址中(zhong)，獲得(de)各種(zhong)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)一○二(er)(er)(er)三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)(fu)鏟類(lei)九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)一件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)；錛類(lei)三(san)(san)三(san)(san)四(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占一三(san)(san)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)(li)四(si)種(zhong)主要(yao)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)共計(ji)(ji)五(wu)(wu)(wu)四(si)五(wu)(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)和有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占二(er)(er)(er)七(qi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，即占50%強(qiang)（36）。例二(er)(er)(er)，寶安蚌地山(shan)出土(tu)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)二(er)(er)(er)○○件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)(fu)、錛、鑿九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)四(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，即占62%，而有(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)錛僅有(you)(you)(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（37）。例三(san)(san)，佛山(shan)河(he)宕舊墟出土(tu)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(不計(ji)(ji)礪石(shi)(shi)和裝(zhuang)飾(shi)品)二(er)(er)(er)一七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)(fu)(十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、錛(八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、鏟(三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))，共九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)斧(fu)(fu)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)錛三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)一件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)錛十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)錛九(jiu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。三(san)(san)種(zhong)合計(ji)(ji)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，占斧(fu)(fu)錛鏟總(zong)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)58.7%。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次，在河(he)宕遺址中(zhong)，西(xi)樵山(shan)石(shi)(shi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)四(si)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(霏細巖的(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、燧石(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)(fu)

六件、雙肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)三件；錛類三十件、雙肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八件、單肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三件、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三件。如此(ci)斧錛三十六件，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約占(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)(yi)半（38）。例(li)(li)(li)四(si)，廣(guang)州飛鵝嶺九處遺址發(fa)現有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)五(wu)○件，占(zhan)(zhan)各(ge)類石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)總數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)80%左右。在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)，以斧最(zui)多(duo)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)錛只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三件。其中(zhong)Ⅳ式石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(短身(shen)寬肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))和(he)長身(shen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟也與(yu)西樵(qiao)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相近。霏(fei)細巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料也占(zhan)(zhan)很大比例(li)(li)(li)，證明其石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料應(ying)來自(zi)西樵(qiao)山(shan)（39），不過，年(nian)(nian)代應(ying)當(dang)(dang)較(jiao)(jiao)晚(wan)。以上(shang)數(shu)例(li)(li)(li)可以說明，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)西樵(qiao)山(shan)文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要生(sheng)產工具中(zhong)占(zhan)(zhan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相當(dang)(dang)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)(li)(li)（大約占(zhan)(zhan)60%以上(shang)）。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)特別是(shi)典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)西樵(qiao)山(shan)文化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)發(fa)現并不多(duo)，它(ta)遠不如石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽(xia)文化(hua)(hua)墓(mu)葬出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)樣(yang)典型(xing)、精(jing)制(zhi)。但(dan)在(zai)(zai)珠江(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)洲晚(wan)期遺址中(zhong)，普(pu)遍(bian)出(chu)(chu)現一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)中(zhong)小型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛，它(ta)是(shi)否(fou)反映著有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩(liang)者溶為一(yi)(yi)體呢尚未見(jian)到詳細論證的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文章(zhang)。與(yu)此(ci)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個問題是(shi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孰早(zao)孰晚(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。就兩(liang)廣(guang)地(di)區——我(wo)國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主要發(fa)祥(xiang)地(di)和(he)最(zui)流行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區之一(yi)(yi)來看，我(wo)認為有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)要早(zao)于有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。主要理由是(shi)西樵(qiao)山(shan)遺址是(shi)發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨一(yi)(yi)無二的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造場，其次，在(zai)(zai)增(zeng)城金蘭寺下層(ceng)、東(dong)莞萬福(fu)庵下層(ceng)、新(xin)會羅山(shan)咀、高(gao)要永安(an)夏江(jiang)(jiang)村這些新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺址中(zhong)，已經出(chu)(chu)現有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)而(er)不見(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。這些遺址或層(ceng)位(wei)一(yi)(yi)般定在(zai)(zai)距(ju)(ju)今五(wu)、六千年(nian)(nian)。而(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛在(zai)(zai)廣(guang)東(dong)出(chu)(chu)現地(di)層(ceng)明確、年(nian)(nian)代較(jiao)(jiao)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)曲江(jiang)(jiang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽(xia)遺址下層(ceng)及(ji)(ji)墓(mu)葬。共存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少量有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)(ji)幾何印(yin)紋陶。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽(xia)文化(hua)(hua)墓(mu)葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)代為距(ju)(ju)今四(si)千五(wu)百年(nian)(nian)上(shang)下，下層(ceng)前一(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)代較(jiao)(jiao)早(zao)，大致也不超過距(ju)(ju)今六千年(nian)(nian)。就全省調查發(fa)掘情況(kuang)看，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)與(yu)幾何形印(yin)紋陶共存。

陶器

西樵山遺址發現的(de)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)很少(前(qian)后出土估計不(bu)過二、三百片)，且缺乏完整器(qi)。可分兩類(lei)(lei)(lei)：一類(lei)(lei)(lei)是夾(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao)，器(qi)形有(you)(you)圜底釜等，這里(li)的(de)一部分陶(tao)(tao)釜片，具有(you)(you)早期(qi)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)的(de)特征(zheng)，如黃褐色或紅褐色，胎薄，火(huo)候低，飾繩紋(wen)(wen)、劃紋(wen)(wen)或壓點紋(wen)(wen)，有(you)(you)的(de)帶紅色、白色陶(tao)(tao)衣，年代應當較早。另一類(lei)(lei)(lei)是泥(ni)質素面陶(tao)(tao)和幾何印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)，后者也有(you)(you)夾(jia)砂的(de)(胎較厚)，紋(wen)(wen)有(you)(you)方(fang)格紋(wen)(wen)、葉(xie)脈(mo)紋(wen)(wen)、曲尺紋(wen)(wen)、半(ban)重圈紋(wen)(wen)等，年代當較晚。

我(wo)們可以從西樵山(shan)周圍如(ru)(ru)(ru)南海(hai)(hai)、佛山(shan)以至(zhi)珠江三角洲的其他遺(yi)址，看(kan)到西樵山(shan)文化陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)的特(te)征(zheng)。新石器(qi)時代中(zhong)期遺(yi)址，如(ru)(ru)(ru)南海(hai)(hai)觀音廟(miao)口、新會(hui)羅(luo)山(shan)咀、增城金蘭(lan)寺(si)下(xia)層(ceng)、東莞萬福庵(an)下(xia)層(ceng)、高要(yao)永安夏江、深(shen)(shen)圳大(da)、小(xiao)梅沙（40）、以至(zhi)香(xiang)港深(shen)(shen)灣F層(ceng)等(deng)(deng)。這類遺(yi)址夾(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)很大(da)比重(如(ru)(ru)(ru)羅(luo)山(shan)咀、大(da)、小(xiao)梅沙都達(da)95%以上(shang))。主(zhu)要(yao)器(qi)形是(shi)(shi)圜(yuan)底釜，還有罐(guan)(guan)、缽(碗)、盤、杯、豆(dou)和“器(qi)座”等(deng)(deng)。紋飾以各(ge)種繩(sheng)紋和刻劃紋、篦點紋為主(zhu)。器(qi)形一般較小(xiao)，手制或模制。泥質陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)有罐(guan)(guan)、鏤孔矮圈足盤、平底盆和淺(qian)盤、豆(dou)、杯等(deng)(deng)。泥質磨(mo)光紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(或橙黃陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao))占(zhan)(zhan)一定比例，并出現(xian)了彩陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)，這是(shi)(shi)西樵山(shan)文化陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)的一個特(te)點。如(ru)(ru)(ru)金蘭(lan)寺(si)、萬福庵(an)、深(shen)(shen)灣等(deng)(deng)泥質陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)都占(zhan)(zhan)有一定比例。金蘭(lan)寺(si)下(xia)層(ceng)的夾(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)占(zhan)(zhan)82.5%、磨(mo)光紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)占(zhan)(zhan)13.6%、彩陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)占(zhan)(zhan)3.9%便是(shi)(shi)一例。

彩(cai)(cai)(cai)已知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，金蘭(lan)寺（41）、萬(wan)福庵(an)(an)、小(xiao)(xiao)梅(mei)殺(sha)（42）、香港舂(chong)坎(kan)(kan)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)、銅鼓灣(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)、大灣(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)和蟹地(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)（43）。金蘭(lan)寺和萬(wan)福庵(an)(an)多為(wei)(wei)殘片，可以(yi)看出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)矮圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤等(deng)(deng)(deng)。金蘭(lan)寺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)磨光紅(hong)(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)表(biao)面(mian)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)赭(zhe)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)寬(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)（圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)），或(huo)(huo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)盤外(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)葉(xie)(xie)脈狀紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。東(dong)莞(guan)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)表(biao)里(li)均(jun)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)，泥(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)黃(huang)灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)先(xian)涂(tu)白地(di)(di)(di)，再繪(hui)(hui)(hui)暗(an)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或(huo)(huo)弧形(xing)(xing)(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)金蘭(lan)寺還(huan)(huan)(huan)出(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)可復(fu)(fu)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)缽，泥(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)，質(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)較(jiao)(jiao)堅硬，斂口(kou)(kou)(kou)小(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)底(di)，底(di)部有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)旋轉(zhuan)痕跡，口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)外(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)（寬(kuan)1.2厘米）紅(hong)(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。口(kou)(kou)(kou)徑(jing)17.5、高5.7厘米。舂(chong)坎(kan)(kan)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)（Chung Hom Wan）有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)件(jian)復(fu)(fu)原(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)，均(jun)為(wei)(wei)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)淺底(di)盤（Shallow Dish）器(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)略(lve)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)差別。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)斂口(kou)(kou)(kou)，圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)向(xiang)內弧；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)敞口(kou)(kou)(kou)斜腹，圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)外(wai)撇，飾小(xiao)(xiao)圓鏤孔，紅(hong)(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)白衣，盤外(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)波浪(lang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、圓點(dian)(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。同出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鏤孔圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)直腹細泥(ni)(ni)(ni)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)杯(bei)，器(qi)身(shen)刻曲折紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)（44）舂(chong)坎(kan)(kan)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同類彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)矮圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤殘件(jian)，省(sheng)(sheng)博物(wu)館(guan)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)藏品(pin)（45）。1980年，深(shen)圳小(xiao)(xiao)梅(mei)沙(sha)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)發現一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤，經復(fu)(fu)原(yuan)(yuan)其形(xing)(xing)(xing)制與舂(chong)坎(kan)(kan)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)幾乎完全(quan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)，唯器(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)稍大，彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圖案更為(wei)(wei)清晰，美(mei)觀（46）。以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)均(jun)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)新(xin)石時代中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)。此外(wai)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)我館(guan)藏品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)，筆者找到一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)粗紗陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)釜(fu)或(huo)(huo)罐(guan)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)殘片，口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，以(yi)下(xia)為(wei)(wei)刻劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，出(chu)(chu)于南海縣，編號(hao)為(wei)(wei)“NKG”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)。這表(biao)明(ming)西樵(qiao)山(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)所在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南海縣也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)發現。還(huan)(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)佛(fo)山(shan)河(he)宕(dang)下(xia)層(ceng)也(ye)發現過一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)橙黃(huang)色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)小(xiao)(xiao)罐(guan)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)三(san)條短條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)腹繪(hui)(hui)(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)筆流暢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)赭(zhe)色(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)條。另(ling)外(wai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)下(xia)層(ceng)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)十多件(jian)（殘片）泥(ni)(ni)(ni)質(zhi)磨光彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤，圖案是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)赭(zhe)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或(huo)(huo)寬(kuan)窄并列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，繪(hui)(hui)(hui)于盤口(kou)(kou)(kou)外(wai)或(huo)(huo)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)面(mian)，花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)簡單(47)。總之，珠(zhu)江(jiang)三(san)角洲(zhou)、香港沿(yan)(yan)(yan)海島嶼(以(yi)及韓江(jiang)三(san)角洲(zhou)海豐等(deng)(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)(di)(48))新(xin)石器(qi)時代中(zhong)(zhong)、晚期(qi)遺(yi)存中(zhong)(zhong)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)，數量(liang)還(huan)(huan)(huan)不多，圖案紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)樣(yang)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)簡單。器(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)主要是(shi)(shi)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤，還(huan)(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)底(di)缽、圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)小(xiao)(xiao)罐(guan)和夾(jia)砂(sha)釜(fu)或(huo)(huo)罐(guan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圖案屬于幾何形(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)系(xi)統(帶(dai)狀條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、平(ping)行線(xian)條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、葉(xie)(xie)脈狀條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、勾(gou)連(lian)(lian)弧線(xian)或(huo)(huo)勾(gou)連(lian)(lian)云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng)(deng))，比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)復(fu)(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)梅(mei)沙(sha)那種(zhong)近(jin)似勾(gou)連(lian)(lian)弧線(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)加(jia)圓點(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，至今未發現動植物(wu)圖案花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風格與我國(guo)東(dong)南沿(yan)(yan)(yan)海省(sheng)(sheng)區新(xin)石器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)刻劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因此可以(yi)說(shuo)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方特(te)點(dian)(dian)(dian)；但又與青蓮崗文化(hua)(hua)、曇石山(shan)文化(hua)(hua)、鳳(feng)鼻(bi)頭(tou)文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相似之處。例如，南京北陰陽營有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)碗(wan)，邳(pi)縣大墩子彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)缽上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)勾(gou)連(lian)(lian)弧線(xian)加(jia)圓點(dian)(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(49)。臺(tai)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)鳳(feng)鼻(bi)頭(tou)文化(hua)(hua)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)類似舂(chong)坎(kan)(kan)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)弧線(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。臺(tai)中(zhong)(zhong)社腳也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)類似河(he)宕(dang)那種(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)窄排列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短線(xian)條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(50)，等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。廣東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)與它(ta)們可能有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)。

相當于新(xin)石(shi)器時代(dai)晚期(qi)的代(dai)表性遺址(zhi)，有(you)金蘭寺中層、東莞龍江村(cun)、南(nan)海通(tong)心崗(gang)、灶崗(gang)、佛(fo)山(shan)河宕、高要茅崗(gang)、深(shen)(shen)圳(zhen)鶴地(di)山(shan)、赤灣村(cun)、寶安蚌(bang)地(di)山(shan)(51)、西樵(qiao)山(shan)鎮頭西坡，以及香(xiang)港(gang)深(shen)(shen)灣cb層等。

廣(guang)東新石器晚(wan)(wan)期根據石峽下層(ceng)(ceng)和(he)(he)中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)等遺(yi)址的層(ceng)(ceng)位(wei)疊壓和(he)(he)器物的特點變(bian)化關(guan)系(xi)，可以分(fen)(fen)為前(qian)、后兩個(ge)階段(duan)(或稱晚(wan)(wan)期和(he)(he)末期)。上(shang)述珠江三(san)角(jiao)洲的遺(yi)址雖然本身還有(you)早(zao)晚(wan)(wan)之別，如金(jin)蘭寺中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)分(fen)(fen)有(you)2A層(ceng)(ceng)和(he)(he)2B層(ceng)(ceng)，河宕(dang)遺(yi)址可分(fen)(fen)第(di)2層(ceng)(ceng)和(he)(he)第(di)3層(ceng)(ceng)，鎮頭西(xi)坡貝殼層(ceng)(ceng)也(ye)可分(fen)(fen)上(shang)、下層(ceng)(ceng)，但(dan)它們在文化面貌和(he)(he)年代上(shang)大(da)多屬于末期，即大(da)體與石峽中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)、始(shi)興(xing)澄(cheng)陂村窯(yao)址相當。

這個(ge)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)，一(yi)個(ge)特(te)(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)幾何形(xing)印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)盛(sheng)行，泥(ni)質陶(tao)(tao)和(he)(he)夾砂陶(tao)(tao)都拍(pai)印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾，而且具有(you)(you)特(te)(te)點(dian)。以(yi)(yi)河宕(dang)(dang)、灶(zao)崗與石峽(xia)中(zhong)層(ceng)比(bi)較(jiao)，前兩者印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)深(shen)而清晰，單位(wei)結構粗(cu)疏(shu)，如(ru)(ru)對(dui)角(jiao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)方(fang)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(大小由(you)四至(zhi)五重(zhong)組成(cheng))一(yi)個(ge)單位(wei)直徑達4-6厘米。印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)也多(duo)，河宕(dang)(dang)一(yi)處就有(you)(you)二十多(duo)種(zhong)不(bu)同花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。另(ling)一(yi)特(te)(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)形(xing)承襲、發展了(le)本區前期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征。如(ru)(ru)炊(chui)煮器(qi)(qi)仍以(yi)(yi)釜為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，三足(zu)器(qi)(qi)(如(ru)(ru)鼎等(deng))極少發現(xian)(佛山河宕(dang)(dang)出土(tu)四萬多(duo)片(pian)陶(tao)(tao)片(pian)，僅見一(yi)件實足(zu))。深(shen)圳赤(chi)灣發現(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)粗(cu)砂陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐箅形(xing)”器(qi)(qi)，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)支墊器(qi)(qi)座，應為(wei)(wei)烤魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)，過去寶安、香港深(shen)灣等(deng)地(di)發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)殘件，不(bu)明用(yong)途（52）。另(ling)外(wai)深(shen)圳還發現(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)帶(dai)兩個(ge)鏤孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐座”(暫名(ming))。這里僅舉河宕(dang)(dang)為(wei)(wei)例，河宕(dang)(dang)舊墟(xu)遺址較(jiao)大面(mian)(mian)(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)揭(jie)露(lu)及其出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富(fu)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)，在西樵(qiao)山附(fu)近以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)珠江三角(jiao)洲地(di)區具有(you)(you)相當的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表性，使我(wo)們比(bi)較(jiao)清楚地(di)看到(dao)晚期(qi)(qi)(末(mo)期(qi)(qi))陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)幾何印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富(fu)多(duo)彩。如(ru)(ru)盛(sheng)行圜底釜、矮圈足(zu)罐，缺乏(fa)三足(zu)器(qi)(qi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)。釜多(duo)寬沿敞口(kou)(棱角(jiao)明顯)、扁圓(yuan)(yuan)腹。夾砂陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)(yin)(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)除繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(籃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen))、劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(以(yi)(yi)水波狀為(wei)(wei)多(duo))外(wai)，還有(you)(you)曲(qu)尺紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、梯子形(xing)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、云(yun)雷紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、對(dui)角(jiao)線重(zhong)方(fang)格(ge)、凸(tu)圓(yuan)(yuan)點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)二十多(duo)種(zhong)。泥(ni)質陶(tao)(tao)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要有(you)(you)罐壺(hu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)盤豆(dou)類(lei)(lei)(lei)。罐壺(hu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)都附(fu)圈足(zu)，形(xing)式多(duo)樣，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)圓(yuan)(yuan)腹和(he)(he)折(zhe)肩(jian)兩類(lei)(lei)(lei)。圓(yuan)(yuan)腹的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)素面(mian)(mian)(mian)磨(mo)光(guang)(guang)，地(di)層(ceng)和(he)(he)墓葬中(zhong)都有(you)(you)出土(tu)，是(shi)(shi)石峽(xia)中(zhong)層(ceng)未(wei)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)。小口(kou)折(zhe)肩(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，肩(jian)以(yi)(yi)上無紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，肩(jian)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)云(yun)雷紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)一(yi)至(zhi)三周，以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)曲(qu)尺紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)組合，是(shi)(shi)末(mo)期(qi)(qi)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)典型器(qi)(qi)。石峽(xia)中(zhong)層(ceng)也有(you)(you)，但數(shu)量很少。盤豆(dou)類(lei)(lei)(lei)數(shu)量多(duo)，以(yi)(yi)鏤孔矮圈足(zu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。圈足(zu)盤有(you)(you)斂口(kou)、子母口(kou)和(he)(he)展唇等(deng)不(bu)同形(xing)式，質地(di)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)細泥(ni)磨(mo)光(guang)(guang)紅陶(tao)(tao)或橙(cheng)黃陶(tao)(tao)。一(yi)

種(zhong)斂口的(de)(de)(de)磨光紅陶(tao)盤，很象仰(yang)韶式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)紅陶(tao)缽，但下面(mian)(mian)附有(you)(you)圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)，同(tong)時(shi)在圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤中(zhong)還有(you)(you)一(yi)部分彩陶(tao)。泥質陶(tao)的(de)(de)(de)印紋種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)將近有(you)(you)三十種(zhong)，主要拍(pai)印于罐壺類(lei)(lei)上。此外，河宕(dang)還發(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)六、七十片陶(tao)片上有(you)(you)刻劃(hua)符(fu)號，二件器底部刻劃(hua)魚紋，符(fu)號多(duo)刻于圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤的(de)(de)(de)底部。石峽下層(ceng)沒有(you)(you)發(fa)現(xian)刻劃(hua)符(fu)號，中(zhong)層(ceng)僅見一(yi)個(ge)“米(mi)”字形(xing)符(fu)號。而與河宕(dang)年代(dai)相(xiang)當的(de)(de)(de)高要茅崗也發(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)十個(ge)左右的(de)(de)(de)刻劃(hua)符(fu)號。河宕(dang)下層(ceng)與中(zhong)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)紡輪有(you)(you)明(ming)顯(xian)區別，中(zhong)層(ceng)多(duo)為素面(mian)(mian)。下層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)其(qi)底面(mian)(mian)多(duo)有(you)(you)刻劃(hua)花紋，為單(dan)線或復線的(de)(de)(de)圓弧(hu)線，把底面(mian)(mian)分成(cheng)三、四、五等分。還應提到，增(zeng)城金蘭寺中(zhong)層(ceng)，出土過一(yi)件形(xing)象逼真的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)祖(且)，它反映了這一(yi)時(shi)期(qi)父(fu)權制的(de)(de)(de)確立。(53)

工具飾物

在珠江三角洲，港澳(ao)沿海島(dao)嶼的(de)(de)貝(bei)丘(qiu)和(he)沙丘(qiu)遺(yi)址中，出(chu)土(tu)有(you)(you)一部分以動物(wu)、介殼(ke)(ke)類遺(yi)骸制作的(de)(de)工具和(he)飾(shi)物(wu)，這也是西樵山(shan)文化(hua)遺(yi)存的(de)(de)一個不(bu)可忽視的(de)(de)特點。例如，在萬福庵(an)、河宕獅子橋(qiao)、王借崗(gang)等(deng)遺(yi)址，都發現有(you)(you)蠔殼(ke)(ke)磨成的(de)(de)穿孔(kong)工具。河宕舊墟出(chu)有(you)(you)一種特殊形式的(de)(de)穿孔(kong)骨(gu)(gu)針(疑即織魚(yu)(yu)網織針)。河宕的(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)鏃(zu)(zu)比石鏃(zu)(zu)多幾倍。新會羅山(shan)咀(ju)發現穿孔(kong)蚶殼(ke)(ke)、深灣下(xia)層有(you)(you)穿孔(kong)鯊(sha)魚(yu)(yu)牙飾(shi)。有(you)(you)些(xie)遺(yi)址還出(chu)土(tu)魚(yu)(yu)脊骨(gu)(gu)串(chuan)飾(shi)等(deng)。

墓葬習俗

墓葬特點

西樵(qiao)山文化(hua)的早期墓(mu)葬尚(shang)無發現。中(zhong)期的如新會羅山咀發現一(yi)座二次甕(weng)棺葬，葬具為兩件相套(tao)的粗砂陶厚胎折肩(jian)甕(weng)，肩(jian)上刻(ke)劃(hua)一(yi)周三(san)角形(內加斜(xie)線)劃(hua)紋，還有一(yi)個刻(ke)劃(hua)符號。人骨從頭(tou)到下肢(zhi)有序(xu)地(di)疊置于(yu)甕(weng)內，隨葬品有骨簪、穿孔麻(ma)龜(gui)板飾物(wu)各(ge)一(yi)件（54）。據《深灣》發掘報(bao)告，在F層(ceng)及(ji)(ji)晚(wan)期cb層(ceng)都發現過(guo)火葬及(ji)(ji)土葬。引人注目的是(shi)火葬，這種火葬是(shi)從文化(hua)層(ceng)中(zhong)零(ling)星散見的許多(duo)碎骨，包括頭(tou)骨及(ji)(ji)肢(zhi)骨等，經過(guo)八百度高溫(wen)火化(hua)跡象而判定的（55）。

晚期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)(you)較多發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)。1961年(nian)(nian)金蘭寺2A層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)貝(bei)殼(ke)堆積中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)四(si)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，淺坑或墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑不明顯，人(ren)骨(gu)架頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)東(dong)腳(jiao)(jiao)西(xi)，仰(yang)臥(wo)(wo)直肢，基本(ben)并(bing)(bing)行排(pai)(pai)列(lie)。鑒定為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(老(lao))、兩(liang)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(青(qing))、一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兒(er)童，兒(er)童緊(jin)依(yi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)骨(gu)架。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)M2(男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，25歲(sui)±)，有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)工拔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)（56）。僅(jin)(jin)M4女(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，有(you)(you)(you)長(chang)方格(ge)印(yin)紋(wen)陶缶(fou)、骨(gu)飾各一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)。1978年(nian)(nian)，南(nan)海(hai)灶崗貝(bei)丘遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)六座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑多不明顯，頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)向(xiang)東(dong)南(nan)，腳(jiao)(jiao)向(xiang)西(xi)北，仰(yang)臥(wo)(wo)直肢，經(jing)鑒定男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)少(shao)均有(you)(you)(you)。僅(jin)(jin)三座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)小(xiao)石(shi)錛(ben)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)。1977年(nian)(nian)，筆者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)河(he)(he)宕(dang)獅子(zi)橋遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)調查，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)蓋骨(gu)、顎骨(gu)、肢骨(gu)殘(can)骸，推測應為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)。獅子(zi)橋的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)代與河(he)(he)宕(dang)舊墟的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)相當。1977-1978年(nian)(nian)，河(he)(he)宕(dang)舊墟發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)760平方米，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)七十(shi)七座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)五(wu)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)貝(bei)殼(ke)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)二(er)十(shi)六座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo))。這批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)(zai)文(wen)化層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)，多數沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)有(you)(you)(you)淺坑(如(ru)M15打破(po)紅(hong)燒土(tu)居址(zhi)(zhi))。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)式(shi)主要是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次單人(ren)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，仰(yang)臥(wo)(wo)直肢，但下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)可能為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)次葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，仍(reng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仰(yang)臥(wo)(wo)直肢。M12發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)架兩(liang)具(ju)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑不明顯，經(jing)鑒定同為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)年(nian)(nian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)，還(huan)不能肯定為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)，經(jing)鑒定的(de)(de)五(wu)十(shi)六座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)少(shao)均有(you)(you)(you)，幼童占十(shi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)幼都是間錯排(pai)(pai)列(lie)（還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)疊壓打破(po)關系），并(bing)(bing)非(fei)同輩的(de)(de)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)有(you)(you)(you)序地排(pai)(pai)列(lie)。經(jing)鑒定有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)重要現(xian)象，即成年(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)西(xi)腳(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)，成年(nian)(nian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)東(dong)腳(jiao)(jiao)西(xi)（57）。二(er)十(shi)八座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)成年(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)，占成年(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)總數的(de)(de)42%，隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)共四(si)十(shi)件(jian)(jian)，每墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多者(zhe)三件(jian)(jian)，少(shao)者(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)。女(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)多隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶紡輪(lun)(lun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)，男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)(xing)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)小(xiao)石(shi)錛(ben)或鏃(zu)(zu)(zu)、矛，或許仍(reng)然(ran)反映著男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)自(zi)然(ran)分(fen)工。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)，下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶器(qi)，九件(jian)(jian)陶器(qi)均出于中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或打破(po)中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)甲區(qu)M1(女(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)年(nian)(nian)有(you)(you)(you)三件(jian)(jian)(泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)黑(hei)皮圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤二(er)、夾砂方格(ge)紋(wen)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)罐(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian))。M19(男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，青(qing)年(nian)(nian))，泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)薄胎(tai)方格(ge)紋(wen)敞口凹底罐(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)。M23(女(nv)(nv)(nv)，青(qing)年(nian)(nian))，肩有(you)(you)(you)雙鋬磨光黑(hei)皮小(xiao)陶罐(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)。M24(男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，成年(nian)(nian))，似水晶(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)地的(de)(de)玦和紅(hong)陶圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)小(xiao)罐(guan)(guan)各一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)。下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)除了隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)小(xiao)石(shi)錛(ben)、骨(gu)鏃(zu)(zu)(zu)、石(shi)鏃(zu)(zu)(zu)、石(shi)環(huan)(huan)、陶紡輪(lun)(lun)外(wai)，有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)象牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)。兩(liang)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)年(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)(xing)，M25(30歲(sui)±，人(ren)工拔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya))，人(ren)骨(gu)右手(shou)腕上(shang)戴大象牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)環(huan)(huan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)，頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)半(ban)環(huan)(huan)形一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)側帶凹槽的(de)(de)骨(gu)飾一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)，長(chang)10厘米余；M65(25歲(sui)±，拔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya))，頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)大小(xiao)相若的(de)(de)亞腰筒形器(qi)兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)，高(gao)7.6、上(shang)徑6.2、下(xia)徑8.2厘米。制作(zuo)精致(zhi)，薄如(ru)蛋殼(ke)。

更(geng)為(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，這(zhe)批(pi)人(ren)(ren)骨架在(zai)可供觀察的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)二(er)個(ge)(ge)(ge)成年(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體中(zhong)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現有(you)(you)(you)十(shi)九個(ge)(ge)(ge)(男十(shi)，女九)生前人(ren)(ren)工拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)，未拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge)，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體出現率占(zhan)82.6%。拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體中(zhong)，最小年(nian)(nian)齡為(wei)22-25歲(sui)(甲(jia)區(qu)(qu)M63)，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)種(zhong)(zhong)絕(jue)大多數是上(shang)頜(he)兩側(也有(you)(you)(you)單側)第二(er)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)五例是拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除上(shang)頜(he)中(zhong)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、中(zhong)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與左(zuo)(zuo)右側門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)，研究(jiu)人(ren)(ren)員指出“這(zhe)是值(zhi)(zhi)得(de)注意(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)（58），因為(wei)我國(guo)山東(dong)大汶口(kou)文(wen)(wen)化、江(jiang)蘇邳縣大墩子、福建曇石(shi)(shi)山等(deng)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)遺(yi)(yi)址發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)材料(liao)中(zhong)，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除或敲去的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)種(zhong)(zhong)絕(jue)大多數(據統計占(zhan)90%強(qiang))是上(shang)頜(he)側門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，一(yi)般忌拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)上(shang)中(zhong)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)及下門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，同時(shi)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，往往反映著不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)義。河宕人(ren)(ren)骨架體質形(xing)態，鑒定接(jie)近于(yu)蒙古人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)亞類(lei)型。發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)報(bao)告(gao)又指出。雖然“顯(xian)示出一(yi)些(xie)同赤道人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)相似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)”，“但他們還(huan)(huan)應該屬于(yu)蒙古人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)部(bu)邊緣類(lei)型”（59）。男性平(ping)均身(shen)高(gao)約為(wei)166厘米，女性約154厘米。比黃河流域新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)居民的(de)(de)(de)(de)估算身(shen)高(gao)(168.4-172.3厘米)矮一(yi)些(xie)。上(shang)述金蘭寺墓葬經鑒定認為(wei)“這(zhe)批(pi)頭骨有(you)(you)(you)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)”，并(bing)指出“有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)形(xing)態如圓(yuan)頭、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)可能對探討我國(guo)沿海的(de)(de)(de)(de)民族起(qi)源和(he)遷(qian)移(yi)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)定意(yi)義”（60）。如上(shang)所述，廣東(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體，都發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現于(yu)珠江(jiang)三(san)角洲沿海的(de)(de)(de)(de)貝丘遺(yi)(yi)址，文(wen)(wen)化性質和(he)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)也相當，均屬距今(jin)四千年(nian)(nian)左(zuo)(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)末期，結合《山海經》、《淮南(nan)子》、和(he)《唐大和(he)上(shang)東(dong)征(zheng)傳》(61)等(deng)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)有(you)(you)(you)關記述以及民族學材料(liao)，特(te)別是結合從山東(dong)至廣東(dong)，我國(guo)東(dong)方和(he)東(dong)南(nan)沿海地區(qu)(qu)(包括臺灣(wan))考古發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)體質形(xing)態、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(鑿齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi))材料(liao),不難(nan)看出廣東(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)批(pi)墓葬及拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)資料(liao)，具有(you)(you)(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)(zhi)。

總之，上述(shu)河宕(dang)、灶崗、金蘭(lan)寺等貝丘遺址(zhi)的(de)墓葬(zang)(zang)有(you)幾(ji)個共同(tong)特點：(1)墓葬(zang)(zang)或(huo)墓地(di)分布于遺址(zhi)中；(2)墓坑不明顯或(huo)挖淺坑，用貝殼填埋；(3)墓坑或(huo)人(ren)骨架以東西(xi)向(xiang)為(wei)(wei)主，實行(xing)一(yi)次單人(ren)葬(zang)(zang)為(wei)(wei)主(河宕(dang)可(ke)能(neng)也有(you)二次單人(ren)葬(zang)(zang))，未見(jian)明確的(de)合葬(zang)(zang)墓；(4)多數墓沒有(you)隨葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)(約占墓葬(zang)(zang)總數的(de)三(san)分之二)，有(you)隨葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)的(de)每座(zuo)墓多為(wei)(wei)一(yi)件，也有(you)二、三(san)件的(de)。這些情況，可(ke)能(neng)在很大程(cheng)度上反映了珠江三(san)角(jiao)洲一(yi)帶(dai)當時居民(min)的(de)葬(zang)(zang)制和葬(zang)(zang)俗。

地理環境

西樵山文(wen)化分布(bu)的(de)(de)珠江三角(jiao)洲，是(shi)一個(ge)地勢(shi)坦蕩，河(he)涌(yong)縱(zong)橫，山崗臺地(一說(shuo)是(shi)島丘)棋布(bu)，又(you)有不少低洼沼澤地的(de)(de)沖積平原（62）。這種復合三角(jiao)洲的(de)(de)地理環(huan)境(jing)，亞熱(re)帶或熱(re)帶氣候(hou)及自然(ran)(ran)資源的(de)(de)特點，必然(ran)(ran)給(gei)西樵山文(wen)化原始居民的(de)(de)經濟來源和生活習(xi)俗，帶來很(hen)大的(de)(de)影響。這可從遺(yi)址類型、自然(ran)(ran)遺(yi)物(wu)及居住遺(yi)跡(ji)(如“干闌式”建筑)等方面(mian)得到說(shuo)明(ming)。

遺址類型

在(zai)各種(zhong)類型的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)-山(shan)崗(或島丘(qiu))、臺地、土墩、貝(bei)丘(qiu)、沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(或沙(sha)(sha)洲)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，貝(bei)丘(qiu)和沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)占半數(shu)以(yi)上，總(zong)數(shu)不(bu)少于一百處。廣東新(xin)石器中期(qi)(qi)的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)是貝(bei)丘(qiu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，也多(duo)分布于珠(zhu)江(jiang)三(san)角洲沿海地區。沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(或沙(sha)(sha)洲)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如深圳(zhen)大、小(xiao)梅沙(sha)(sha)，香港深灣F層(ceng)第。屬于晚期(qi)(qi)的(de)貝(bei)丘(qiu)和沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(或文(wen)化層(ceng))就更多(duo)了(參(can)看本文(wen)附表(biao))。這類貝(bei)丘(qiu)和沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(主要(yao)是貝(bei)丘(qiu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi))，堆積(ji)著大量成(cheng)層(ceng)的(de)介殼類和水陸棲動(dong)物遺(yi)骸。如河宕舊墟發掘面(mian)積(ji)760平方米，就出土有三(san)千五百多(duo)件各種(zhong)動(dong)物的(de)遺(yi)骨(gu)，以(yi)及數(shu)以(yi)噸計(ji)的(de)介殼(主要(yao)是下層(ceng))。下面(mian)列舉一些比較(jiao)重要(yao)的(de)種(zhong)屬，以(yi)供(gong)研究參(can)考。

象(xiang)(xiang)(南(nan)海(hai)(hai)民樂、河宕、茅(mao)崗(gang)(gang)(gang)等(deng)，民樂象(xiang)(xiang)頭骨(gu)鑒(jian)定為“西樵山亞(ya)(ya)洲(zhou)象(xiang)(xiang)新亞(ya)(ya)種)（63）”，牛(河宕中(zhong)層、金蘭(lan)寺、增(zeng)城石(shi)(shi)灘(tan)仙村(cun)、新塘、博(bo)(bo)羅(luo)鐵(tie)場(chang)墟、民樂龍船田、觀音廟口、深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)[Bos])，豬(河宕，茅(mao)崗(gang)(gang)(gang)，龍江村(cun)，深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)等(deng)，茅(mao)崗(gang)(gang)(gang)、河宕經鑒(jian)定有(you)(you)小部分屬家養)，彌猴([Macca sp.]河宕下層)，馬來(lai)鱷([Tomistoma sp.]河宕、東莞(guan)龍江村(cun)等(deng))，硬頭海(hai)(hai)鯰(nian)(俗(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)赤魚(yu)(yu)[Arius Leiotetoce phalos]深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)數量(liang)多，還河宕，金蘭(lan)寺)（64），據《深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)》報(bao)告(gao)說是(shi)(shi)一種深(shen)(shen)海(hai)(hai)魚(yu)(yu)類，產(chan)卵時可游至(zhi)淺(qian)海(hai)(hai)或(huo)河口)，斷(duan)斑石(shi)(shi)鱸(俗(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)頭鱸，也(ye)深(shen)(shen)海(hai)(hai)魚(yu)(yu)類，深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)有(you)(you)大量(liang)出土(tu))，海(hai)(hai)豚、大魟魚(yu)(yu)(深(shen)(shen)灣(wan))，麗蚌或(huo)河蚌(Lamprotula sp.)蘭(lan)蜆或(huo)河蜆(Corbicula sp.)，蚶(新會羅(luo)山咀(ju)、環城牛頭山、茶坑、外(wai)(wai)海(hai)(hai)潮(chao)蓮富崗(gang)(gang)(gang)、青瀾、高鶴(he)古椰村(cun)、博(bo)(bo)羅(luo)馬嘶村(cun)、上南(nan)村(cun)、惠陽潼湖下里村(cun)等(deng))，牡蠣(li)(俗(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)蠓，有(you)(you)長牡蠣(li)、僧帽牡蠣(li)等(deng)，河宕舊(jiu)墟、獅子橋(qiao)、南(nan)海(hai)(hai)大瀝梁邊村(cun)，增(zeng)城仙村(cun)、新塘、石(shi)(shi)灘(tan)、博(bo)(bo)羅(luo)鐵(tie)場(chang)圩，新會環城、外(wai)(wai)海(hai)(hai)、羅(luo)山咀(ju)等(deng))（65）。此(ci)外(wai)(wai)，有(you)(you)些(xie)遺址還有(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)、陶網墜。以上這些(xie)發(fa)現(xian)，一方(fang)面充分證明漁獵(lie)、捕撈業是(shi)(shi)當時居民生活的(de)(de)主要來(lai)源(yuan)；另方(fang)面，對(dui)探討珠三角洲(zhou)平原的(de)(de)形(xing)成和變遷(qian)及是(shi)(shi)否有(you)(you)過(guo)(guo)海(hai)(hai)浸等(deng)問題(ti)，也(ye)有(you)(you)參考價值。至(zhi)于山岡和臺地遺址，從大量(liang)磨制石(shi)(shi)斧、錛、鏟和發(fa)達的(de)(de)陶器看，晚期應(ying)有(you)(you)原始農(nong)業的(de)(de)出現(xian)。但至(zhi)今似(si)未發(fa)現(xian)過(guo)(guo)農(nong)作物，因此(ci)無法作進一步(bu)的(de)(de)推斷(duan)。

武術文化

黃飛(fei)(fei)鴻獅藝(yi)武術館(guan)位(wei)于黃飛(fei)(fei)鴻的出生地南海市西樵山下的祿舟(zhou)村(cun)，距西樵官山城區僅三公里。武術館(guan)籌建于一(yi)九九六年，占(zhan)地面積五點二(er)三畝，綠瓦飛(fei)(fei)檐，建筑(zhu)別致，具有(you)清末古建筑(zhu)風格。館(guan)內分設有(you)黃飛(fei)(fei)鴻故(gu)居、黃飛(fei)(fei)鴻練功休息室(shi)、黃飛(fei)(fei)鴻史跡陳列影(ying)視室(shi)、寶芝林堂、百草堂、關德興(xing)紀(ji)念堂等。另有(you)黃飛(fei)(fei)鴻影(ying)視城，黃飛(fei)(fei)鴻武術村(cun)、黃飛(fei)(fei)鴻水寨等正在規劃中(zhong)。

黃飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)于道光二十(shi)七(qi)年（一(yi)八四七(qi)年）出生于祿舟村，其(qi)祖(zu)父(fu)黃泰(tai)、父(fu)親(qin)黃麒英均是南拳高(gao)手，黃飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)五歲學(xue)父(fu)習武，父(fu)嚴子(zi)專(zhuan)、進(jin)步很快，十(shi)二歲時擊敗廣州鄭大(da)雄，頓時名聲大(da)噪，時稱“少(shao)年英雄”，后(hou)開(kai)館授徒。黃飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)武藝高(gao)強(qiang)，卻從不恃強(qiang)凌弱，他一(yi)生行(xing)俠仗義，并開(kai)設寶芝林懸壺濟世，以(yi)其(qi)高(gao)尚的醫德、武德深受人們愛(ai)戴。

黃(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻獅藝武(wu)術館(guan)系黃(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻家鄉(xiang)父(fu)老為(wei)弘揚黃(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻醫德、武(wu)德而(er)建(jian)。館(guan)內除陳列黃(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻、關德興等事跡圖(tu)片實物外(wai)(wai)，還定時表(biao)演功夫、舞龍、舞獅等傳統項目，黃(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻高樁醒獅有(you)世界(jie)獅王之稱(cheng)，其表(biao)演精彩絕倫(lun)，讓(rang)你大開眼界(jie)，堪(kan)稱(cheng)世界(jie)一(yi)絕。吸引眾多海內外(wai)(wai)游(you)客前來欣賞。

榮譽及其他

2019年2月(yue)2日，被文化和旅游部命名為2018-2020年度“中國(guo)民間文化藝術之鄉”。

2019年(nian)9月(yue)11日，西樵鎮(zhen)(zhen)入選“2018中(zhong)國鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)綜(zong)合(he)競(jing)爭力100強”。