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世界上最大的宮殿
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世界上最大的宮殿是故宮。北京故宮是中國明清兩代的皇家宮殿,舊稱為紫禁城,位于北京中軸線的中心,是中國古代宮廷建筑之精華。北京故宮以三大殿為中心,有大小宮殿七十多座,房屋九千余間。是世界上現存規模最大、保存最為完整的木質結構古建筑之一。沈陽故宮是我國僅存的兩大宮殿建筑群之一,沈陽故宮占地面積六萬多平方米,有古建筑114座,500多間,至今保存完好,是一處包含著豐富歷史文化內涵的古代遺址。2004年7月1日,在中國蘇州召開的第28屆世界遺產委員會會議批準沈陽故宮作為明清皇宮文化遺產擴展項目列入《世界遺產名錄》。
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沈陽故宮

建筑結構

大政殿

大政(zheng)殿是一(yi)座八(ba)角(jiao)重(zhong)檐亭式(shi)建筑,俗稱(cheng)八(ba)角(jiao)殿。始建于1625年,是清(qing)(qing)太(tai)祖(zu)努爾哈赤營建的重(zhong)要(yao)宮(gong)殿,是盛京皇宮(gong)內最莊嚴(yan)最神圣的地方。初稱(cheng)大衙門(men),1636定名篤恭殿,后(hou)改大政(zheng)殿。八(ba)角(jiao)重(zhong)檐攢尖式(shi),八(ba)面出廊(lang),其下為須彌座臺基。殿頂(ding)滿鋪黃琉(liu)璃瓦,鑲綠剪邊,正中(zhong)相輪火焰珠頂(ding),寶頂(ding)周(zhou)圍有八(ba)條鐵鏈(lian)各與力士相連。殿前兩明柱各有金龍(long)盤柱,殿內為梵文天花和降龍(long)藻井。殿內設(she)有寶座、屏風及熏(xun)爐、香亭、鶴式(shi)燭臺等(deng)。大政(zheng)殿用于舉行大典(dian),如皇帝即位,頒(ban)布詔書,宣布軍(jun)隊出征,迎接將士凱旋等(deng)。此殿為清(qing)(qing)太(tai)宗皇太(tai)極舉行重(zhong)大典(dian)禮及重(zhong)要(yao)政(zheng)治活(huo)動的場所。

1644年(順治(zhi)元(yuan)年)皇帝福臨(lin)在此(ci)登基繼位。

十王亭

十王亭位于大(da)政殿(dian)兩側八字形依次排列(lie),是滿族八旗制(zhi)度在宮殿(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)反映,此建(jian)筑(zhu)布局(ju)為中國古代(dai)宮廷建(jian)筑(zhu)史(shi)所(suo)僅見(jian)。

其東側(ce)五亭(ting)(ting)由北往(wang)南依次(ci)為左翼(yi)王亭(ting)(ting)、鑲(xiang)黃(huang)旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、正白旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、鑲(xiang)白旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、正藍旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting);

西(xi)側(ce)五亭依次為(wei)右翼王(wang)亭、正黃旗(qi)亭、正紅旗(qi)亭、鑲紅旗(qi)亭、鑲藍旗(qi)亭。

是清初八旗各主旗貝勒、大臣(chen)議政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)及(ji)處(chu)(chu)理政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)務之處(chu)(chu)。這種君(jun)臣(chen)合署在宮殿辦事(shi)的(de)現象,歷史(shi)上(shang)少(shao)見(jian)。從建筑上(shang)看,大政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)殿也是一個亭(ting)(ting)子,不過(guo)它的(de)體量較(jiao)(jiao)大,裝飾比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)華(hua)麗,因此稱(cheng)為宮殿。大政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)殿和成八字形排開的(de)10座亭(ting)(ting)子,其建筑格局乃脫胎(tai)于少(shao)數民(min)族(zu)的(de)帳(zhang)殿。這11座亭(ting)(ting)子,就是11座帳(zhang)篷的(de)化身。帳(zhang)篷是可以(yi)流(liu)動遷移的(de),而(er)亭(ting)(ting)子就固(gu)定起來了,顯示了滿族(zu)文化發展的(de)一個里程。

大清門

大清(qing)門(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)盛(sheng)京(jing)皇宮(今沈陽故宮博物(wu)院)的(de)(de)正門(men)(men),俗稱午門(men)(men),它是(shi)(shi)一座面(mian)闊五(wu)間(jian)的(de)(de)硬山(shan)(shan)式建(jian)筑(zhu),房頂滿鋪(pu)琉璃瓦,飾以(yi)綠剪邊,尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)大清(qing)門(men)(men)山(shan)(shan)墻的(de)(de)最(zui)上端,南北突出的(de)(de)四個墀頭,三面(mian)皆用五(wu)彩(cai)琉璃鑲嵌而成,紋(wen)飾為凸(tu)出的(de)(de)海(hai)水云龍及(ji)象征(zheng)吉祥的(de)(de)各種(zhong)動物(wu),做工精巧,栩栩如生。此門(men)(men)莊嚴富麗,與整(zheng)個宮殿建(jian)筑(zhu)混(hun)成一體,顯得十分協調。

大(da)(da)清門(men)(men)建于天(tian)聰六年(1632年)之(zhi)(zhi)前,為(wei)(wei)盛京皇宮中皇太(tai)極續(xu)修(xiu)的早期建筑之(zhi)(zhi)一。原稱(cheng)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)、正門(men)(men)。1636年定(ding)宮殿(dian)名(ming)時稱(cheng)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)清門(men)(men)。大(da)(da)清門(men)(men)的滿文(wen)譯音(yin)為(wei)(wei)“代青(qing)(qing)杜(du)卡(ka)(ka)”(代青(qing)(qing)即大(da)(da)清,杜(du)卡(ka)(ka)為(wei)(wei)門(men)(men))。

崇政殿

崇政(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)在(zai)中(zhong)路前(qian)院正(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong),俗稱“金(jin)鑾殿(dian)(dian)”,是沈陽故宮(gong)最重要(yao)的建筑。整(zheng)座大殿(dian)(dian)全是木結構,面闊五間(jian)(jian)進深三間(jian)(jian)。前(qian)后(hou)(hou)出廊(lang)硬山式,辟有隔扇門,前(qian)后(hou)(hou)出廊(lang),圍以石雕(diao)的欄桿(gan)。殿(dian)(dian)頂鋪黃(huang)琉璃瓦,鑲(xiang)綠(lv)剪邊,正(zheng)(zheng)脊飾五彩琉璃龍紋及火焰(yan)珠。殿(dian)(dian)身的廊(lang)柱(zhu)是方形的,望(wang)柱(zhu)下有吐水的螭首,頂蓋黃(huang)琉璃瓦鑲(xiang)綠(lv)剪邊;殿(dian)(dian)前(qian)月臺兩角(jiao),東(dong)立日晷(gui),西設嘉(jia)量;殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)“徹上明造”繪以彩飾。內(nei)陳寶座、屏風;兩側有熏爐、香亭(ting)、燭臺一堂;殿(dian)(dian)柱(zhu)

是圓(yuan)形的,兩柱間(jian)用一條雕刻的整龍(long)連(lian)接,龍(long)頭探出檐外(wai),龍(long)尾直入(ru)殿(dian)中,實用與(yu)裝飾(shi)完美地結(jie)合為一體(ti),增加了殿(dian)宇的帝(di)王氣魄。此殿(dian)為清(qing)太宗皇(huang)太極陛見臣下,宴請(qing)外(wai)國使臣以及處理大(da)(da)政的常朝之處。公元1636年,后金改國號為大(da)(da)清(qing)的大(da)(da)典就在此舉行。“東巡”諸帝(di)于此舉行“展謁山陵禮(li)成”等(deng)慶賀典禮(li)。

鳳凰樓

崇政殿北首的鳳凰樓(lou),建造在(zai)4米高的青磚(zhuan)臺基上(shang)(shang),有(you)三層,三滴水歇山式圍(wei)廊,頂(ding)鋪(pu)黃琉璃瓦,鑲(xiang)綠剪(jian)邊。此樓(lou)為盛京最高建筑(zhu),故(gu)有(you)《盛京八景》之(zhi)一“鳳樓(lou)曉(xiao)日”、“鳳樓(lou)觀塔”等(deng)傳(chuan)稱。鳳凰樓(lou)上(shang)(shang)藏有(you)乾隆御筆親題的“紫(zi)氣東來”匾。

清寧宮

清寧宮為五(wu)開間前后廊硬山式。是清太(tai)宗皇太(tai)極和皇后博爾濟吉特(te)氏居住的“中宮”。

室門(men)開(kai)于東次(ci)間(jian),屋內西側(ce)形(xing)成“筒子房”格局,東梢間(jian)為帝(di)后寢宮(gong)。寬大的支(zhi)摘窗式樣樸素,欞條皆以“碼三箭”式相交,宮(gong)門(men)亦不用隔扇式。正對宮(gong)門(men)豎立祭天的“索倫竿”,此(ci)均為源(yuan)自滿族(zu)民(min)間(jian)的傳統風(feng)格。殿頂鋪黃(huang)琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)鑲(xiang)緣剪(jian)邊,前后皆方形(xing)檐柱,柱頭(tou)飾獸面,檀枋(fang)施彩繪等,則是吸收漢、藏民(min)族(zu)建筑藝術。

文溯閣

文溯(su)閣建(jian)于(yu)1782年(乾隆四(si)十(shi)七(qi)年)。專(zhuan)為存放《文溯(su)閣四(si)庫全書》而建(jian),

另有(you)(you)《古今圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)集成(cheng)》亦存于閣內。是(shi)沈陽故宮西路的(de)主(zhu)體建(jian)筑(zhu),建(jian)筑(zhu)形式仿照浙江寧波(bo)的(de)天一(yi)閣,面(mian)闊(kuo)六間,二樓(lou)三層重檐硬山式,前(qian)后(hou)(hou)出(chu)廊(lang),上邊蓋(gai)黑色(se)琉璃瓦加綠(lv)剪(jian)邊,前(qian)后(hou)(hou)廊(lang)檐柱都裝飾有(you)(you)綠(lv)色(se)的(de)地仗。所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)門、窗、柱都漆成(cheng)綠(lv)色(se),外(wai)檐彩畫也以(yi)藍、綠(lv)、白相間的(de)冷色(se)調為主(zhu),這與(yu)其(qi)(qi)它宮殿(dian)(dian)(dian)紅(hong)金(jin)為主(zhu)的(de)外(wai)檐彩飾迥然不同。其(qi)(qi)彩繪畫題材(cai)也不用宮殿(dian)(dian)(dian)中常見的(de)行龍(long)飛(fei)鳳,而(er)是(shi)以(yi)“白馬(ma)獻書(shu)(shu)”、“翰墨卷(juan)冊(ce)”等與(yu)藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)樓(lou)功(gong)用相諧的(de)圖(tu)案,給人以(yi)古雅清新之感。采(cai)用黑色(se)琉璃瓦為頂,主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)為了使整(zheng)座建(jian)筑(zhu)外(wai)觀風格相統一(yi)。 文溯(su)閣后(hou)(hou)面(mian),有(you)(you)抄手殿(dian)(dian)(dian)廊(lang)連接著仰(yang)熙(xi)齋(zhai),齋(zhai)后(hou)(hou)為九間房(fang),其(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)芍藥圃、梧桐院等。這是(shi)乾(qian)隆皇帝“東巡”時的(de)讀(du)書(shu)(shu)之所(suo)。

金水橋

沈陽故(gu)宮博物院(yuan)副院(yuan)長李聲能(neng)透露,沈陽故(gu)宮正(zheng)門前(qian)的(de)“金水橋”屬于違規(gui)建筑,與整(zheng)(zheng)個風貌(mao)不(bu)相符。沈陽市文(wen)物部門已經下發了整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)拆除(chu)通知限期拆除(chu)。

2014年9月25日(ri)14時30分許(xu),沈(shen)陽(yang)故(gu)宮東(dong)南(nan)側,在“金水橋”施工(gong)墻(qiang)外,有一大(da)片被(bei)圍(wei)(wei)擋(dang)圍(wei)(wei)起的施工(gong)工(gong)地。從圍(wei)(wei)擋(dang)的縫隙中(zhong)可(ke)以看到(dao),工(gong)地中(zhong)一輛作業車正在施工(gong)。

北京故宮

主要建筑

故宮四門

故宮有四個(ge)(ge)大(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men),正門(men)(men)(men)(men)名為午門(men)(men)(men)(men),其平面為凹(ao)形。午門(men)(men)(men)(men)后有五(wu)座漢白玉拱橋通(tong)往(wang)太和門(men)(men)(men)(men)。東門(men)(men)(men)(men)名東華(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men),西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)名西(xi)華(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men),北(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)名神武門(men)(men)(men)(men)。故宮的四個(ge)(ge)城角都有角樓(lou),高27.5米,十字屋脊。

午門(men)(men) 午門(men)(men)是(shi)故宮的(de)(de)正(zheng)門(men)(men)。俗(su)稱五鳳樓。東(dong)西(xi)北三面(mian)以12米(mi)高的(de)(de)城臺相連(lian),環抱一個方形廣(guang)場。有(you)1組建筑(zhu)(zhu)。正(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)重樓,是(shi)9間面(mian)寬的(de)(de)大殿(dian)(dian),重檐(yan)廡殿(dian)(dian)頂,在(zai)左右伸(shen)出(chu)兩闕城墻上,建有(you)聯檐(yan)通脊的(de)(de)樓閣四(si)座,明廊相連(lian),兩翼(yi)各有(you)13間的(de)(de)殿(dian)(dian)屋向南伸(shen)出(chu),四(si)隅各有(you)高大的(de)(de)角亭,輔(fu)翼(yi)著正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)。這組城上的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu),是(shi)故宮宮殿(dian)(dian)群中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)第一高峰。午門(men)(men)是(shi)皇(huang)帝下詔書、下令出(chu)征的(de)(de)地(di)方。它當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)正(zheng)門(men)(men)平時只有(you)皇(huang)帝才可(ke)以出(chu)入(ru);皇(huang)帝大婚時皇(huang)后進一次;殿(dian)(dian)試考中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)狀元(yuan)、榜眼、探花(hua)的(de)(de)三人可(ke)以從此(ci)門(men)(men)走出(chu)一次。文(wen)武大臣進出(chu)東(dong)側(ce)(ce)門(men)(men),宗室(shi)王公出(chu)入(ru)西(xi)側(ce)(ce)門(men)(men)。

神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men) 神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men)在明朝時為“玄武(wu)門(men)(men)”,玄武(wu)為古代四神(shen)獸(shou)之一(yi),從方位上講,左青(qing)龍(long),右(you)白虎,前(qian)朱雀(que),后玄武(wu),玄武(wu)主北(bei)方,所以(yi)帝王宮(gong)殿的(de)(de)北(bei)宮(gong)門(men)(men)多取名“玄武(wu)”。清康(kang)熙年間因(yin)避諱改(gai)稱“神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men)”。神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men)也(ye)是(shi)一(yi)座(zuo)城門(men)(men)樓形(xing)(xing)式,用的(de)(de)最高(gao)等級的(de)(de)重(zhong)檐廡(wu)殿式屋頂,但它的(de)(de)大殿只(zhi)有五(wu)開間加圍廊(lang),沒有左右(you)向前(qian)伸展的(de)(de)兩(liang)翼,所以(yi)在形(xing)(xing)制上要比(bi)午門(men)(men)低一(yi)個等級。神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men)是(shi)宮(gong)內(nei)日常出入的(de)(de)門(men)(men)禁(jin)。現神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men)為故宮(gong)博物(wu)院正門(men)(men)。

東、西華(hua)(hua)門 東華(hua)(hua)門與(yu)西華(hua)(hua)門遙相對應,門外(wai)設有下馬(ma)碑石(shi),門內金水河(he)南(nan)北(bei)流向(xiang),上(shang)架石(shi)橋(qiao)1座(zuo),橋(qiao)北(bei)為三座(zuo)門。東華(hua)(hua)門與(yu)西華(hua)(hua)門形制相同(tong),平面矩形,紅色城臺,白(bai)玉須彌(mi)座(zuo),當中辟3座(zuo)券(quan)門,券(quan)洞外(wai)方內圓。城臺上(shang)建有城樓,黃琉(liu)璃(li)瓦重檐廡殿頂,城樓面闊(kuo)5間(jian),進深3間(jian),四周(zhou)出廊。

外廷建筑

北京故宮的(de)(de)(de)外廷以三(san)大殿(dian)為主。太和(he)殿(dian)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)殿(dian)、保(bao)和(he)殿(dian)都(dou)(dou)建在(zai)漢白(bai)玉(yu)砌成的(de)(de)(de)8米高的(de)(de)(de)工字形(xing)基(ji)臺(tai)上(shang),太和(he)殿(dian)在(zai)前(qian),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)居中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),保(bao)和(he)在(zai)后。基(ji)臺(tai)三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)重(zhong)疊(die),每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)臺(tai)上(shang)邊緣都(dou)(dou)裝(zhuang)飾有(you)(you)漢白(bai)玉(yu)雕(diao)刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)欄(lan)板(ban)、望(wang)柱和(he)龍(long)(long)頭,三(san)臺(tai)當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)石階雕(diao)有(you)(you)蟠龍(long)(long),襯(chen)托以海浪(lang)和(he)流云的(de)(de)(de)“御路”。在(zai)25000平方(fang)米的(de)(de)(de)臺(tai)面(mian)上(shang)有(you)(you)透雕(diao)欄(lan)板(ban)1415塊,雕(diao)刻(ke)云龍(long)(long)翔鳳(feng)的(de)(de)(de)望(wang)柱1460個,龍(long)(long)頭1138個。用這(zhe)(zhe)樣多的(de)(de)(de)漢白(bai)玉(yu)裝(zhuang)飾的(de)(de)(de)三(san)臺(tai),造型重(zhong)疊(die)起伏(fu),這(zhe)(zhe)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國古代(dai)建筑上(shang)具有(you)(you)獨特風格的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)飾藝術(shu)。而這(zhe)(zhe)種裝(zhuang)飾在(zai)結構功能上(shang),又是臺(tai)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)排水管道(dao)。在(zai)欄(lan)板(ban)地(di)栿石下,刻(ke)有(you)(you)小洞(dong)口(kou);在(zai)望(wang)柱下伸出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)頭也刻(ke)出(chu)小洞(dong)口(kou)。每(mei)到雨季,3臺(tai)雨水逐層(ceng)(ceng)由(you)各小洞(dong)口(kou)下泄(xie),水由(you)龍(long)(long)頭流出(chu)。這(zhe)(zhe)是科(ke)學而又藝術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)設計。

太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men) 太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)是紫(zi)禁城內最大(da)的(de)(de)宮(gong)門(men)(men),也(ye)是外朝宮(gong)殿的(de)(de)正門(men)(men)。建成于(yu)明永(yong)樂十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),當時稱(cheng)奉天門(men)(men)。嘉靖四十一年(nian)(nian)(1562年(nian)(nian))改(gai)稱(cheng)皇(huang)極門(men)(men),清順(shun)治二年(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian))改(gai)今名。太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)面闊(kuo)9間,進深3間,建筑面積1300平方米(mi)。上覆重(zhong)檐歇山頂,下(xia)為漢白(bai)玉(yu)基(ji)座,梁枋等構件施以和璽彩畫(hua)。門(men)(men)前列銅(tong)獅(shi)一對。太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)左右各(ge)設一門(men)(men),東(dong)為昭德門(men)(men)(明代稱(cheng)弘(hong)政(zheng)門(men)(men)),西為貞度門(men)(men)(明代稱(cheng)宣治門(men)(men))。太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)在(zai)明代是“御門(men)(men)聽(ting)政(zheng)”之處。清初的(de)(de)皇(huang)帝也(ye)曾在(zai)太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)聽(ting)政(zheng)、賜宴,后來(lai)“御門(men)(men)聽(ting)政(zheng)”改(gai)在(zai)乾(qian)清門(men)(men)。順(shun)治元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1644年(nian)(nian))九月(yue),滿族統治者(zhe)定鼎北京后的(de)(de)第一個(ge)皇(huang)帝福臨(lin)即在(zai)太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)頒布(bu)大(da)赦(she)令。

太和(he)(he)(he)門(men)廣場 太和(he)(he)(he)門(men)前有面(mian)積約26000平方米(mi)的(de)廣場,內金(jin)水河(he)自西(xi)向東蜿蜒(yan)流過(guo)。河(he)上橫架五座石橋(qiao),習(xi)稱(cheng)內金(jin)水橋(qiao)。廣場兩側(ce)是排(pai)列整齊的(de)廊廡(wu),習(xi)稱(cheng)東、西(xi)朝房(fang)(fang),并有協和(he)(he)(he)門(men)(明(ming)代稱(cheng)會(hui)極(ji)門(men))和(he)(he)(he)熙和(he)(he)(he)門(men)(明(ming)代稱(cheng)歸(gui)極(ji)門(men))東西(xi)對峙。東側(ce)廊廡(wu)在明(ming)代用作實錄館(guan)、玉牒館(guan)和(he)(he)(he)起(qi)居注館(guan),清代改作稽察(cha)欽奉上諭(yu)事(shi)件(jian)處和(he)(he)(he)內誥敕(chi)房(fang)(fang)。西(xi)側(ce)廊廡(wu)在明(ming)代為編修《大明(ming)會(hui)典(dian)》的(de)會(hui)典(dian)館(guan),清代改為繙書房(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)起(qi)居注館(guan)。

太和殿

太和殿,俗(su)稱“金鑾殿”,明永樂十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian))建成(cheng),稱奉(feng)天(tian)(tian)殿。嘉靖四十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1562年(nian)(nian)(nian))改稱皇極(ji)(ji)殿。清順治二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian)(nian))改今名。是皇帝舉(ju)行(xing)大(da)典的地(di)方。自建成(cheng)后屢遭焚毀,又多次重建,今天(tian)(tian)所見為(wei)清代康熙三十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1695年(nian)(nian)(nian))重建后的形(xing)制。太和殿面闊11間(jian),進深5間(jian),建筑面積2377平方米,高26.92米,連同臺基通(tong)高35.05米,為(wei)紫(zi)禁城(cheng)內規模最大(da)的殿宇,檐(yan)角安放10個走獸。明清兩(liang)朝24個皇帝都在太和殿舉(ju)行(xing)盛(sheng)大(da)典禮(li),如皇帝登極(ji)(ji)即位、皇帝大(da)婚、冊(ce)立(li)皇后、命將出征(zheng),此(ci)外(wai)每年(nian)(nian)(nian)萬(wan)壽(shou)節(jie)、元旦、冬至三大(da)節(jie),皇帝在此(ci)接受文武官(guan)員的朝賀,并向王公大(da)臣賜宴。

中和殿

中和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿位(wei)于太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿后,高27米,平(ping)面呈正方形,面闊、進深各為3間,四面出廊,建筑面積580平(ping)方米。黃琉璃瓦單檐四角攢尖頂(ding),正中有鎏金寶頂(ding)。中和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿是(shi)皇帝去太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿舉行大典前(qian)稍事休息和(he)(he)(he)(he)演習禮(li)(li)儀(yi)的(de)地方。皇帝在(zai)去太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿之前(qian)先在(zai)此(ci)稍作停留,接(jie)受內閣(ge)大臣和(he)(he)(he)(he)禮(li)(li)部官員行禮(li)(li),然后進太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿舉行儀(yi)式。另外,皇帝祭祀天地和(he)(he)(he)(he)太(tai)廟之前(qian),也(ye)要先在(zai)這里(li)(li)審閱一下寫有祭文的(de)“祝版(ban)”;在(zai)到(dao)中南海演耕前(qian),也(ye)要在(zai)這里(li)(li)審視一下耕具(ju)。

保(bao)和(he)(he)殿 保(bao)和(he)(he)殿(謹(jin)身殿、建極殿)也是故宮三大(da)殿之(zhi)一,在(zai)中(zhong)和(he)(he)殿后(hou)。保(bao)和(he)(he)殿高29米,平(ping)面(mian)呈長方形,面(mian)闊9間,進深5間,建筑面(mian)積1240平(ping)方米。黃琉璃瓦(wa)重檐歇山式(shi)屋(wu)頂。屋(wu)頂正中(zhong)有一條正脊(ji),前后(hou)各有2條垂(chui)脊(ji),在(zai)各條垂(chui)脊(ji)下部再斜出一條岔脊(ji),連(lian)同正脊(ji)、垂(chui)脊(ji)、岔脊(ji)共9條,建筑術(shu)語上(shang)叫(jiao)歇山式(shi)。保(bao)和(he)(he)殿是每年除(chu)夕皇(huang)帝賜(si)宴外藩王(wang)公的場所。保(bao)和(he)(he)殿也是科(ke)舉考(kao)試(shi)舉行殿試(shi)的地方。

體(ti)(ti)仁閣(ge) 體(ti)(ti)仁閣(ge)位于(yu)太(tai)和殿(dian)前廣場內(nei)東(dong)側,面西。始建于(yu)明(ming)永樂(le)十八年(1420年),明(ming)初(chu)(chu)稱文樓,嘉靖時改(gai)稱文昭閣(ge),清(qing)初(chu)(chu)改(gai)稱體(ti)(ti)仁閣(ge)。體(ti)(ti)仁閣(ge)高25米(mi),座(zuo)落于(yu)崇(chong)基(ji)之(zhi)上,上下(xia)兩(liang)層,黃色琉(liu)璃瓦廡殿(dian)頂(ding)。下(xia)層面闊9間,進深3間。康熙年間,曾詔內(nei)外大臣舉(ju)薦博學之(zhi)士(shi)在(zai)體(ti)(ti)仁閣(ge)試詩(shi)比賦(fu),清(qing)代各朝御容也曾收藏于(yu)此(ci)。乾(qian)隆年間重建后,此(ci)處作(zuo)為清(qing)代內(nei)務府緞庫,內(nei)設收貯緞繡木架143座(zuo)。

弘義(yi)閣 弘義(yi)閣高23.8米(mi),屬前三殿(dian)(dian)區。黃琉璃瓦,廡殿(dian)(dian)頂,面(mian)闊9間, 進深(shen)3間,上下二層(ceng),四面(mian)出廊。弘義(yi)閣侍(shi)立(li)于(yu)(yu)太(tai)和殿(dian)(dian)西南(nan)側。初建于(yu)(yu)明(ming)永(yong)樂(le)年,名為武(wu)樓(lou),明(ming)嘉靖(jing)朝(chao)改稱武(wu)成閣,清初改為今(jin)名,意為弘揚(yang)大義(yi)。清代的(de)弘義(yi)閣長期用于(yu)(yu)收儲宮廷使用的(de)金銀(yin)器具等。現辟為“皇朝(chao)禮樂(le)展(zhan)”展(zhan)廳。

內廷中路

乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men) 乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)紫禁(jin)城(cheng)內(nei)(nei)廷(ting)的(de)(de)正(zheng)宮門(men)(men)(men)(men)。建于明永樂十八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian)),清(qing)(qing)(qing)順治十二(er)年(nian)(1655年(nian))重修。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)面闊5間(jian),進深3間(jian),高約16米,單檐歇山屋頂,座(zuo)(zuo)落在高1.5米的(de)(de)漢白玉石須彌座(zuo)(zuo)上,周圍(wei)環(huan)以雕石欄桿。門(men)(men)(men)(men)前(qian)三出三階,中(zhong)為(wei)御路(lu)石,兩側列銅(tong)鎏(liu)金獅子(zi)一對,中(zhong)開三門(men)(men)(men)(men)。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)東為(wei)內(nei)(nei)左門(men)(men)(men)(men)及九(jiu)卿值房,西邊內(nei)(nei)右門(men)(men)(men)(men)及軍機處。門(men)(men)(men)(men)前(qian)廣場東西兩端(duan)為(wei)景運(yun)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、隆宗門(men)(men)(men)(men)。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)是(shi)連接內(nei)(nei)廷(ting)與(yu)外(wai)朝往來(lai)的(de)(de)重要通(tong)道(dao),在清(qing)(qing)(qing)代又兼為(wei)處理(li)政務(wu)的(de)(de)場所(suo),清(qing)(qing)(qing)代的(de)(de)“御門(men)(men)(men)(men)聽(ting)政”、齋(zhai)戒、請寶接寶等典禮儀(yi)式都在乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)舉行。

乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong) 乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)是內廷后三(san)宮(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。始建(jian)于(yu)明永(yong)樂十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian)),明清(qing)(qing)兩代曾(ceng)因數次被(bei)焚毀(hui)而重建(jian),現有建(jian)筑(zhu)為(wei)清(qing)(qing)嘉(jia)慶三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1798年(nian)(nian)(nian))所建(jian)。乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)為(wei)黃琉璃瓦(wa)重檐廡殿頂,座落在(zai)單層(ceng)漢(han)白(bai)玉石臺(tai)基之(zhi)(zhi)上,連(lian)(lian)廊面(mian)闊9間(jian),進(jin)深5間(jian),建(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)積1400平方米(mi),自臺(tai)面(mian)至正(zheng)(zheng)脊(ji)高20余米(mi) ,檐角(jiao)置(zhi)脊(ji)9個。殿前(qian)寬敞的(de)月(yue)臺(tai)上,左右分別有銅龜、銅鶴,日晷(gui)、嘉(jia)量,前(qian)設鎏(liu)金香爐4座,正(zheng)(zheng)中出丹(dan)陛(bi),接(jie)高臺(tai)甬路(lu)與乾清(qing)(qing)門相連(lian)(lian)。乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)規(gui)模為(wei)內廷之(zhi)(zhi)首,明代共有14位皇(huang)(huang)帝曾(ceng)在(zai)此居住(zhu)。明代乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)也曾(ceng)作為(wei)皇(huang)(huang)帝守喪之(zhi)(zhi)處。清(qing)(qing)順治、康(kang)熙也在(zai)此居住(zhu)。雍正(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)后,密建(jian)皇(huang)(huang)儲(chu)(chu)的(de)建(jian)儲(chu)(chu)匣存放乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)“正(zheng)(zheng)大光明”匾(bian)后。康(kang)熙、乾隆兩朝這(zhe)里也曾(ceng)舉(ju)行過千叟宴。現為(wei)宮(gong)廷生(sheng)活原狀陳列。

交泰殿

交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)(tai)殿(dian)(dian)為內廷后三(san)宮(gong)之(zhi)一,位于乾(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)和坤寧宮(gong)之(zhi)間,約為明嘉(jia)靖(jing)年(nian)間建(jian)。交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)(tai)殿(dian)(dian)平面(mian)為方形,深、廣各(ge)3間。明間設寶(bao)座(zuo),上(shang)懸康(kang)熙帝(di)(di)御書“無為”匾,寶(bao)座(zuo)后有板屏一面(mian),上(shang)書乾(qian)隆帝(di)(di)御制《交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)(tai)殿(dian)(dian)銘》。交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)(tai)殿(dian)(dian)為皇(huang)后千秋節受慶(qing)賀禮的地方。清(qing)代于此殿(dian)(dian)貯清(qing)二十五寶(bao)璽。每(mei)年(nian)正月,由欽天監選擇吉日吉時,設案開(kai)封陳寶(bao),皇(huang)帝(di)(di)來此拈香(xiang)行禮。清(qing)世祖所立(li)“內宮(gong)不許干預政事”的鐵(tie)牌曾立(li)于此殿(dian)(dian)。皇(huang)帝(di)(di)大(da)婚時,皇(huang)后的冊、寶(bao)安(an)設殿(dian)(dian)內左右案上(shang)。每(mei)年(nian)春季祀先(xian)蠶,皇(huang)后先(xian)一日在此查閱采(cai)桑的用具。

坤寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 坤寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)內(nei)廷(ting)后三宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之一,始建(jian)于(yu)明永樂十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian)),清(qing)沿明制于(yu)順治二(er)年(nian)(1645年(nian))重修,順治十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(1655年(nian))仿沈陽盛京清(qing)寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong)再(zai)次重修。坤寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong)座北面南,面闊連廊9間,進深(shen)3間,黃琉璃瓦重檐廡(wu)殿頂(ding)。明代是(shi)(shi)皇后的(de)寢宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。清(qing)順治十(shi)二(er)年(nian)改(gai)建(jian)后,為薩滿教(jiao)祭神的(de)主(zhu)要場所(suo)。改(gai)原(yuan)明間開(kai)(kai)門(men)為東(dong)次間開(kai)(kai)門(men),門(men)的(de)西(xi)(xi)側四間設南、北、西(xi)(xi)三面炕,作(zuo)為祭神的(de)場所(suo)。清(qing)康熙、同(tong)治、光緒(xu)皇帝在此大婚,溥(pu)儀(yi)結婚也(ye)都是(shi)(shi)在坤寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong)舉行。現為宮(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)生活原(yuan)狀(zhuang)陳列(lie)。

御花(hua)園 御花(hua)園位于(yu)紫禁城中軸線(xian)上(shang),坤寧(ning)宮(gong)后(hou)方,明代稱為“宮(gong)后(hou)苑(yuan)”,清(qing)代稱御花(hua)園。始(shi)建于(yu)明永(yong)樂十八年(1420年),以后(hou)曾有增(zeng)修,現仍保留初(chu)建時的(de)基本格局(ju)。全園南(nan)北縱(zong)80米,東西寬140米,占(zhan)地面(mian)積12000㎡。園內主體建筑(zhu)欽(qin)安殿為重檐盝頂式,座落于(yu)紫禁城的(de)南(nan)北中軸線(xian)上(shang),以其為中心,向前方及兩(liang)側鋪展(zhan)亭臺樓閣(ge)。園內的(de)松、柏、竹與山石,形成四(si)季長青的(de)園林景觀。

御(yu)景(jing)亭 御(yu)景(jing)亭位于(yu)御(yu)花(hua)園內東(dong)側的(de)假(jia)山頂(ding)上。原(yuan)是(shi)明代觀花(hua)殿的(de)舊址,萬歷間改堆假(jia)山。山的(de)東(dong)西山石間各有登(deng)道,拾級而上可達山頂(ding)御(yu)景(jing)亭。亭子平(ping)面(mian)方(fang)形,四(si)柱,一斗(dou)二升交蔴葉斗(dou)栱,攢尖頂(ding),上覆翠綠琉(liu)璃瓦(wa),黃(huang)色琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)剪邊,鎏金寶頂(ding),四(si)面(mian)設隔扇門。四(si)周圍(wei)繞著(zhu)漢(han)白玉(yu)石欄(lan)板。亭內天花(hua)藻井(jing),面(mian)南設寶座。御(yu)景(jing)亭是(shi)皇帝、皇后(hou)在農歷九月初九重(zhong)陽(yang)節(jie)登(deng)高的(de)地方(fang)。自亭上可俯瞰宮苑(yuan),遠(yuan)眺紫禁城、景(jing)山、西苑(yuan)。

摛(chi)藻(zao)堂 摛(chi)藻(zao)堂位于御花園內堆秀山(shan)(shan)東(dong)側(ce),依(yi)墻面(mian)南(nan),面(mian)闊(kuo)5間(jian),黃琉璃瓦硬山(shan)(shan)式(shi)頂(ding),堂西(xi)(xi)墻辟有一(yi)小(xiao)門,可通西(xi)(xi)耳房。堂前出廊,明間(jian)開門,次梢間(jian)為檻窗。室內放置書架,為宮中藏(zang)書之所。乾隆四十(shi)四年(nian)(1779年(nian))后,《四庫全書薈要(yao)》曾貯藏(zang)于此。

內廷西路

養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian) 養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)位于(yu)內(nei)廷后三宮(gong)(gong)的(de)西側,西六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)的(de)南面。初建于(yu)明嘉靖(jing)年間(16世紀中(zhong)),一直做為(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)的(de)便(bian)(bian)殿(dian)(dian)。自從清雍正(zheng)朝開始(shi),這里做為(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)的(de)主要居(ju)所(suo)和日常理政之處(chu),遂(sui)成清代皇(huang)帝(di)實際上的(de)正(zheng)寢。“養(yang)心”意為(wei)涵養(yang)心性。養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)在宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)位置比(bi)較便(bian)(bian)利,殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)空間布(bu)局豐富而(er)功能(neng)集中(zhong),廳堂、書(shu)房、寢室以(yi)及分別用來批閱奏(zou)折、密談、休(xiu)憩、禮佛的(de)小(xiao)室等一應俱全,比(bi)大殿(dian)(dian)宇更宜于(yu)宵衣旰食的(de)君主周旋(xuan)其間,是清代高度集權(quan)的(de)政治體制(zhi)下更適宜皇(huang)帝(di)起居(ju)活動的(de)場所(suo)。養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)中(zhong)最著名的(de)是雍正(zheng)皇(huang)帝(di)的(de)“勤政親賢”室、乾隆皇(huang)帝(di)的(de)三希堂以(yi)及東(dong)暖閣的(de)晚清垂簾(lian)聽政處(chu)。

長(chang)(chang)春宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 長(chang)(chang)春宮(gong)(gong)(gong),內廷西六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之一,明(ming)永樂十八(ba)年(1420年)建(jian)成,清康熙(xi)二十二年(1683年)重(zhong)修(xiu),后(hou)又(you)多次修(xiu)整(zheng)。咸(xian)(xian)豐九年(1859年)拆除(chu)長(chang)(chang)春宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)門長(chang)(chang)春門,并將啟(qi)祥(xiang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)殿改為穿堂殿,咸(xian)(xian)豐帝題額曰“體(ti)元(yuan)殿”。長(chang)(chang)春宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、啟(qi)祥(xiang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)兩宮(gong)(gong)(gong)院由此(ci)連通。長(chang)(chang)春宮(gong)(gong)(gong)面(mian)闊5間(jian),黃琉璃瓦歇(xie)山式頂。殿前左右設銅(tong)龜、銅(tong)鶴各1對。東配殿曰綏(sui)壽殿,西配殿曰承禧殿,各3間(jian),前出(chu)廊,與轉角(jiao)廊相連,可通各殿。

翊(yi)坤(kun)宮 翊(yi)坤(kun)宮,內廷西六宮之一(yi),明(ming)(ming)清(qing)時為(wei)妃嬪居所。建(jian)于明(ming)(ming)永樂十八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian))。原為(wei)二(er)進(jin)院,清(qing)晚期將翊(yi)坤(kun)宮后(hou)殿(dian)改成穿堂殿(dian)曰體和殿(dian),東西耳房各改一(yi)間為(wei)通道,使翊(yi)坤(kun)宮與(yu)儲秀宮相連(lian),形成四進(jin)院的格(ge)局。正殿(dian)面闊5間,黃琉璃(li)瓦歇山(shan)頂,前后(hou)出廊(lang)。檐(yan)下施斗(dou)拱,梁(liang)枋飾以蘇式彩畫(hua)。殿(dian)前設“光明(ming)(ming)盛昌”屏門,臺基下陳(chen)設銅(tong)鳳、銅(tong)鶴、銅(tong)爐各一(yi)對。東西有配殿(dian)曰延洪殿(dian)、元和殿(dian),均為(wei)3間黃琉璃(li)瓦硬山(shan)頂建(jian)筑。

儲秀宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 儲秀宮(gong)(gong)(gong),內廷西六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之一,明清時為(wei)(wei)(wei)妃嬪所(suo)居(ju)。始建于明永樂十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(1420年),光緒十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(1884年)為(wei)(wei)(wei)慶祝(zhu)慈禧五十(shi)(shi)(shi)壽辰,耗費(fei)白(bai)銀63萬兩(liang)進(jin)行(xing)大(da)規模整修(xiu),現存建筑為(wei)(wei)(wei)光緒十(shi)(shi)(shi)年重修(xiu)后(hou)的(de)形(xing)制。儲秀宮(gong)(gong)(gong)原為(wei)(wei)(wei)二進(jin)院,清晚(wan)期拆除了儲秀門及圍墻,并將翊坤宮(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)殿改為(wei)(wei)(wei)穿堂殿,稱(cheng)體和殿,連(lian)通儲秀宮(gong)(gong)(gong)與翊坤宮(gong)(gong)(gong),形(xing)成相通的(de)四進(jin)院落。

太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian) 太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian),內廷西六宮(gong)之一,建于明永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))。原(yuan)名未央宮(gong),因嘉靖皇帝的(de)生父興獻王朱祐杬(yuan)生于此,故于嘉靖十四年(nian)(1535年(nian))更名啟(qi)祥宮(gong),清(qing)代晚期(qi)改稱(cheng)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)。清(qing)代曾多次(ci)修葺(qi)。太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)原(yuan)為二進院,清(qing)后期(qi)改修長春(chun)宮(gong)時(shi),將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)后殿(dian)辟為穿堂殿(dian),后檐接(jie)出抱廈(sha),并與(yu)長春(chun)宮(gong)及(ji)其東西配(pei)殿(dian)以轉角游廊相連(lian),形成回廊,東西耳房(fang)各開一間為通道,使太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)與(yu)長春(chun)宮(gong)連(lian)接(jie)成相互貫(guan)通的(de)四進院。

永(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)宮(gong) 永(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)宮(gong)為(wei)內廷西六宮(gong)之一(yi)。建于明永(yong)(yong)樂十八年(1420年),初名長樂宮(gong)。永(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)宮(gong)為(wei)兩進(jin)院(yuan),前院(yuan)正殿永(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)宮(gong)面闊5間,黃(huang)琉璃瓦歇山頂。殿內高(gao)懸(xuan)乾(qian)隆皇(huang)帝御筆匾額“令(ling)(ling)德(de)淑儀(yi)”,東(dong)(dong)壁懸(xuan)乾(qian)隆《圣制班姬辭(ci)(ci)輦贊》,西壁懸(xuan)《班姬辭(ci)(ci)輦圖》。乾(qian)隆六年(1741年),乾(qian)隆皇(huang)帝下令(ling)(ling),內廷東(dong)(dong)西十一(yi)宮(gong)的匾額“俱照(zhao)永(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)宮(gong)式(shi)樣制造(zao)”,自(zi)掛起之后(hou),不許擅動或更換。

重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong)(gong) 重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong)(gong)位(wei)于內廷西(xi)路西(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)以北,原為(wei)明代乾西(xi)五所(suo)之二(er)(er)所(suo)。雍正十(shi)一年(1733年),弘歷(li)被封為(wei)“和(he)碩寶親(qin)王”,住地賜名(ming)“樂(le)善(shan)堂(tang)”。弘歷(li)登(deng)極后(hou),名(ming)重(zhong)(zhong)華。重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong)(gong)沿(yan)用乾西(xi)二(er)(er)所(suo)的(de)三進院落格局。前(qian)院正殿(dian)為(wei)崇敬殿(dian)。殿(dian)內正中懸弘歷(li)為(wei)和(he)碩寶親(qin)王時(shi)親(qin)筆書匾額“樂(le)善(shan)堂(tang)”。此后(hou)嘉慶皇帝(di)將(jiang)重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong)(gong)茶宴聯句作為(wei)家法,于每年的(de)正月初(chu)二(er)(er)至初(chu)十(shi)期(qi)間舉(ju)行(xing)。道光年間仍(reng)時(shi)有舉(ju)行(xing),咸豐以后(hou)終止(zhi)。

咸(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)宮(gong) 咸(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)宮(gong)為(wei)(wei)內(nei)廷(ting)西(xi)(xi)六(liu)(liu)宮(gong)之一。為(wei)(wei)兩進(jin)院(yuan),正(zheng)門(men)(men)咸(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)門(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)琉璃(li)門(men)(men),面闊(kuo)3間(jian),黃琉璃(li)瓦廡(wu)殿(dian)頂,形制(zhi)高于西(xi)(xi)六(liu)(liu)宮(gong)中其它五宮(gong),與東六(liu)(liu)宮(gong)相(xiang)對稱位置的(de)景陽宮(gong)形制(zhi)相(xiang)同。后院(yuan)正(zheng)殿(dian)名“同道堂”,室內(nei)設落地罩(zhao)隔斷,頂棚為(wei)(wei)海墁(man)天(tian)花(hua)。咸(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)宮(gong)為(wei)(wei)后妃(fei)(fei)所(suo)居,前殿(dian)為(wei)(wei)行禮(li)升(sheng)座之處,后殿(dian)為(wei)(wei)寢宮(gong)。道光帝(di)琳(lin)貴人(莊順皇貴妃(fei)(fei))、成貴妃(fei)(fei)、彤貴妃(fei)(fei)、常(chang)妃(fei)(fei)等都曾在此居住(zhu)。

漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai) 漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai)原為(wei)(wei)乾(qian)西五所(suo)之頭所(suo)。清乾(qian)隆(long)皇帝即位后(hou),改(gai)乾(qian)西二所(suo)為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong),遂將頭所(suo)改(gai)為(wei)(wei)漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai),并建(jian)戲臺,作為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong)宴集演(yan)戲之所(suo)。漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai)為(wei)(wei)工字形殿(dian)(dian),前殿(dian)(dian)與南房、東西配殿(dian)(dian)圍(wei)成獨(du)立的小(xiao)院,其間(jian)(jian)有游廊相連。乾(qian)隆(long)年間(jian)(jian),逢萬壽節(jie)、圣壽節(jie)、中(zhong)元節(jie)、除夕等(deng)重(zhong)(zhong)要節(jie)日(ri)(ri),常侍奉皇太后(hou)在后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)進膳、看戲,并賜(si)宴于王公大臣(chen)。宣統皇帝遜位后(hou),同治帝瑜(yu)妃、瑨妃曾(ceng)居漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai)芝蘭室,遇太妃誕辰日(ri)(ri),仍于此處傳戲,直(zhi)至溥(pu)儀(yi)被(bei)迫“即日(ri)(ri)出宮(gong)”。

內廷東路

奉(feng)(feng)先(xian)殿(dian) 奉(feng)(feng)先(xian)殿(dian),位于紫禁城內廷(ting)東側,為明清(qing)皇室祭祀祖先(xian)的家(jia)(jia)廟,始建(jian)于明初。清(qing)沿明制,于清(qing)順治十四年(nian)(1657年(nian))重建(jian),后又多次(ci)修繕。奉(feng)(feng)先(xian)殿(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)面積1225.00㎡。黃色琉璃瓦重檐(yan)廡殿(dian)頂(ding),檐(yan)下彩(cai)繪金(jin)線大點金(jin)旋子彩(cai)畫(hua)。按清(qing)制,凡(fan)(fan)遇(yu)朔望、萬壽圣(sheng)節(jie)、元旦及(ji)(ji)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)大慶(qing)等(deng),大祭于前殿(dian);遇(yu)列(lie)圣(sheng)列(lie)后圣(sheng)誕(dan)、忌辰及(ji)(ji)元宵、清(qing)明、中(zhong)元、霜降(jiang)、歲除等(deng)日,于后殿(dian)上(shang)香行(xing)禮;凡(fan)(fan)上(shang)徽號、冊(ce)(ce)立、冊(ce)(ce)封(feng)、御經筵、耕耤、謁陵、巡狩、回(hui)鑾(luan)及(ji)(ji)諸慶(qing)典,均(jun)祗告于后殿(dian)。

承乾宮,內(nei)廷東六宮之一(yi)。明永樂十八年(1420年)建成,初曰永寧(ning)宮。宮為兩進(jin)院,后(hou)院正殿5間(jian),明間(jian)開門。此(ci)宮在明代為貴(gui)妃(fei)(fei)所(suo)居(ju)。清(qing)代為后(hou)妃(fei)(fei)所(suo)居(ju),清(qing)順治帝(di)皇(huang)貴(gui)妃(fei)(fei)董鄂(e)氏,道(dao)光帝(di)孝全成皇(huang)后(hou)等都曾在此(ci)居(ju)住。

景仁宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 景仁宮(gong)(gong)(gong),內廷東六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一。明(ming)永樂(le)十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成,初曰長(chang)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為二(er)進(jin)院(yuan),正(zheng)(zheng)門南向,門內有石影壁一座,傳為元代(dai)(dai)遺物。后(hou)院(yuan)正(zheng)(zheng)殿5間(jian),明(ming)間(jian)開門。景仁宮(gong)(gong)(gong)明(ming)代(dai)(dai)為嬪妃(fei)居所。清(qing)順治十一年(nian)(1654年(nian))三月(yue),康熙帝(di)生(sheng)于此宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。乾隆(long)帝(di)生(sheng)母孝(xiao)圣憲(xian)皇(huang)后(hou)、咸(xian)豐帝(di)婉貴妃(fei)、光(guang)緒帝(di)珍妃(fei)均(jun)曾在(zai)此居住(zhu)。

延禧宮(gong) 延禧宮(gong)為(wei)內廷東六宮(gong)之(zhi)一(yi),建(jian)(jian)于明永樂十八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian)),初名長壽宮(gong)。殿(dian)(dian)前有東西配殿(dian)(dian)各3間(jian)。后(hou)院正殿(dian)(dian)5間(jian),亦有東西配殿(dian)(dian)各3間(jian),均(jun)為(wei)黃琉璃瓦硬山頂。宣(xuan)統元年(nian)(1909年(nian))在延禧宮(gong)原址興(xing)工(gong)修建(jian)(jian)一(yi)座3層(ceng)(ceng)西洋式建(jian)(jian)筑--水殿(dian)(dian)。水殿(dian)(dian)四(si)周浚池(chi),引玉泉山水環繞。主樓每層(ceng)(ceng)9間(jian),底(di)層(ceng)(ceng)四(si)面(mian)當中各開一(yi)門,四(si)周環以圍廊。隆裕太后(hou)題(ti)匾額(e)曰“靈沼軒”,俗稱“水晶宮(gong)”。1917年(nian)張勛復辟時(shi),延禧宮(gong)北部被直系部隊飛(fei)機投彈炸毀(hui)。

景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong) 景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong),為(wei)(wei)內廷東六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一,位于(yu)鐘(zhong)粹宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東、永和(he)宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北。明永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成,初名長陽宮(gong)(gong),嘉靖十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(1535年(nian))更名景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong)。明代為(wei)(wei)嬪妃所居。清代改作收貯圖(tu)書(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地。宮(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)二進院,正(zheng)門(men)南(nan)向,名景(jing)陽門(men),前院正(zheng)殿即景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong),面(mian)闊3間,黃琉璃瓦(wa)廡(wu)殿頂(ding),與東六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)中其(qi)它(ta)五宮(gong)(gong)的屋頂(ding)形式不同。后院正(zheng)殿為(wei)(wei)御(yu)書(shu)房(fang),面(mian)闊5間,明間開門(men),黃琉璃瓦(wa)歇(xie)山(shan)式頂(ding)。次、梢間為(wei)(wei)檻墻、檻窗,檐(yan)下施以斗栱(gong),飾龍和(he)璽彩(cai)畫。東西六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)年(nian)節張掛的《宮(gong)(gong)訓圖(tu)》原收藏于(yu)此。

永和(he)宮(gong)(gong) 永和(he)宮(gong)(gong),內廷東(dong)六宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一,位于承乾宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)東(dong)、景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)南(nan)。明代為(wei)妃(fei)嬪所居(ju),清(qing)代為(wei)后(hou)妃(fei)所居(ju)。清(qing)康熙(xi)帝孝恭仁皇(huang)后(hou)久居(ju)此宮(gong)(gong)。其(qi)后(hou),道光帝靜貴妃(fei),咸豐帝麗貴人等(deng)先后(hou)在此居(ju)住。宮(gong)(gong)為(wei)二進院,正門(men)南(nan)向,名永和(he)門(men),前(qian)院正殿即永和(he)宮(gong)(gong),面闊5間。明間開(kai)門(men),次、梢間皆為(wei)檻墻,上安支(zhi)窗。正間室(shi)內懸乾隆御題“儀(yi)昭淑慎(shen)”匾,吊白(bai)樘箅子(zi)頂棚,方磚墁地。東(dong)西(xi)有配(pei)殿各3間,明間開(kai)門(men),黃琉璃瓦硬山式頂,檐下飾旋子(zi)彩畫。東(dong)西(xi)配(pei)殿的北側皆為(wei)耳房,各3間。

毓(yu)(yu)慶宮(gong) 毓(yu)(yu)慶宮(gong)位于(yu)內廷東(dong)路奉先殿(dian)(dian)與齋(zhai)宮(gong)之(zhi)間(jian),系清康熙(xi)十八(ba)年(nian)(1679年(nian))在明(ming)代奉慈殿(dian)(dian)基址上修(xiu)建(jian)而成(cheng)。是由長方(fang)形院落(luo)組(zu)成(cheng)的建(jian)筑群,前后共四進。正(zheng)(zheng)門前星(xing)門,門內為(wei)(wei)第一進院落(luo),有值房3座,西墻開陽曜門與齋(zhai)宮(gong)相通。過院北(bei)祥(xiang)旭(xu)門為(wei)(wei)第二進院落(luo),正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)惇本殿(dian)(dian),東(dong)西配殿(dian)(dian)各3間(jian)。第三進院東(dong)西兩(liang)側(ce)各有圍房20間(jian),直抵第四進院,正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)即毓(yu)(yu)慶宮(gong),建(jian)筑為(wei)(wei)工字殿(dian)(dian)。毓(yu)(yu)慶宮(gong)是康熙(xi)年(nian)間(jian)特為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)太子(zi)允礽所建(jian),后作為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)子(zi)居所。同(tong)治、光緒兩(liang)朝,此(ci)宮(gong)均作為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)讀書處(chu),光緒皇(huang)帝(di)曾在此(ci)居住。

齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong) 齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)位于(yu)紫禁城(cheng)東六宮(gong)(gong)之南,毓慶宮(gong)(gong)西(xi),為(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)行祭(ji)天(tian)祀(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)地(di)典禮(li)前(qian)的齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒之所。明代和(he)清前(qian)期,祭(ji)天(tian)祀(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)地(di)前(qian)的齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒均在宮(gong)(gong)外進行。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)系前(qian)朝后寢兩進的長方(fang)形(xing)院落。前(qian)殿齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong),面闊(kuo)5間,黃琉(liu)璃瓦歇山(shan)頂,前(qian)出抱(bao)廈(sha)3間,明間、兩次間開隔扇門,兩梢間為(wei)檻(jian)窗。凡(fan)祭(ji)天(tian)祀(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)地(di)及祈谷、常雩大(da)(da)祀(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)前(qian),皇(huang)帝(di)致(zhi)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)于(yu)此。遇(yu)皇(huang)帝(di)宿齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong),恭設齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒牌(pai)、銅(tong)人于(yu)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)丹陛左(zuo)側。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒日,皇(huang)帝(di)與陪祀(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)大(da)(da)臣佩戴齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒牌(pai),各宮(gong)(gong)懸齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒木牌(pai)于(yu)簾額。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒期間,不作樂,不飲酒,忌辛辣。

其他建筑

武(wu)(wu)英(ying)(ying)殿(dian) 武(wu)(wu)英(ying)(ying)殿(dian)始建于明初(chu),位于外(wai)朝熙和門以(yi)西。正殿(dian)武(wu)(wu)英(ying)(ying)殿(dian)南向,面闊5間(jian),進深3間(jian),黃琉璃瓦歇(xie)山頂。東西配殿(dian)分別是(shi)凝道殿(dian)、煥章殿(dian),左右(you)共有廊房(fang)63間(jian)。院落東北有恒壽齋(zhai),西北為浴德堂。明初(chu)帝王齋(zhai)居、召見大臣(chen)皆于武(wu)(wu)英(ying)(ying)殿(dian),后移至文華殿(dian)。清兵入(ru)關之初(chu),攝政王多爾(er)袞先行抵京,以(yi)武(wu)(wu)英(ying)(ying)殿(dian)作為理事之所(suo)。

皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian) 皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)為寧壽宮區的主體建筑,始(shi)建于清(qing)康熙二十八年(1689年),初名寧壽宮。皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)位于寧壽宮區中軸線前(qian)部,與后殿(dian)寧壽宮前(qian)后排列于單層石臺基之上(shang)。殿(dian)座(zuo)北(bei)朝南,面闊9間,進深(shen)5間,取(qu)帝(di)尊九五之制。皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)丹陛左右分置(zhi)日晷、嘉量,是(shi)體現(xian)皇(huang)權的重要(yao)陳設。御道兩側各(ge)有六(liu)方(fang)須彌座(zuo)一個,座(zuo)上(shang)置(zhi)重檐六(liu)角亭,亭身每面鐫篆體壽字各(ge)三。

慈(ci)寧宮(gong) 慈(ci)寧宮(gong)位于內廷外西(xi)路隆宗(zong)門西(xi)側。始建于明嘉靖十五年(nian)(nian)(1536年(nian)(nian))。乾(qian)隆三十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1769年(nian)(nian))興工將(jiang)慈(ci)寧宮(gong)正(zheng)殿(dian)由(you)單檐(yan)改(gai)為重檐(yan),并將(jiang)后(hou)寢(qin)殿(dian)后(hou)移,始定今之形制(zhi)。正(zheng)殿(dian)慈(ci)寧宮(gong)居中,前后(hou)出廊,黃(huang)琉璃瓦重檐(yan)歇山頂。面闊7間,當中5間各開4扇(shan)(shan)(shan)雙交四(si)椀(wan)菱(ling)花槅(ge)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)門。兩梢(shao)間為磚砌坎墻(qiang),各開4扇(shan)(shan)(shan)雙交四(si)椀(wan)菱(ling)花槅(ge)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)窗。殿(dian)前出月臺(tai),正(zheng)面出三階,左右各出一階,臺(tai)上陳鎏金銅香爐4座。東西(xi)兩山設卡墻(qiang),各開垂花門,可(ke)通(tong)后(hou)院(yuan)。

文淵(yuan)閣 文淵(yuan)閣是文華殿(dian)后(hou)的(de)藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)樓,乾(qian)隆(long)四十一年(1776年)仿(fang)浙江藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)名樓“天一閣”建造。閣分上下兩層,黑色(se)琉(liu)璃瓦覆(fu)頂,綠(lv)色(se)琉(liu)璃瓦剪邊,色(se)調深(shen)沉雅致,又寓含(han)五行中黑色(se)主水(shui),以水(shui)克火的(de)用意(yi)。閣內(nei)藏(zang)(zang)《四庫全書(shu)(shu)(shu)》與《欽定古今圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)集成》,清代(dai)乾(qian)隆(long)朝以后(hou),除了(le)皇帝來這里讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)外,也允許臣工和(he)學士們來此查閱圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)。

暢音閣(ge) 暢音閣(ge)通高(gao)20.71米,在寧壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)區的(de)(de)中部,是紫禁城中最(zui)大的(de)(de)戲(xi)樓。清乾隆四十一(yi)年(nian)(1776年(nian))建(jian)成,嘉慶年(nian)(19世紀(ji)初)又增(zeng)建(jian)扮戲(xi)樓。閣(ge)高(gao)20余(yu)米,從城墻(qiang)外也能望見樓閣(ge)的(de)(de)綠(lv)琉(liu)璃瓦頂。“暢音”即盡(jin)情賞(shang)樂音之意。高(gao)閣(ge)分(fen)(fen)上(shang)、中、下(xia)三層(ceng),分(fen)(fen)別為福、祿、壽(shou)(shou)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)。壽(shou)(shou)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)面有五口(kou)井(jing)通地下(xia)室(shi),上(shang)有三個天井(jing)通祿臺(tai)(tai)(tai)。此(ci)(ci)閣(ge)朝北,與帝(di)后等賞(shang)戲(xi)的(de)(de)閱是樓相對。每逢年(nian)節,宮(gong)中即在此(ci)(ci)開演大戲(xi),臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上(shang)、臺(tai)(tai)(tai)下(xia)都熱鬧非凡。

壽(shou)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 壽(shou)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)位于(yu)內廷(ting)外西路壽(shou)康宮(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)北,英(ying)華(hua)殿(dian)以(yi)南。始(shi)建于(yu)明代,初名咸(xian)熙(xi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),嘉靖四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1525年(nian)(nian)(nian))改稱(cheng)咸(xian)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。清初沿明制,雍(yong)正(zheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間在(zai)此(ci)興辦咸(xian)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)官(guan)學,乾隆十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1751年(nian)(nian)(nian))咸(xian)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)官(guan)學移出。同年(nian)(nian)(nian),乾隆皇(huang)帝為慶(qing)賀(he)皇(huang)太(tai)后(hou)(hou)六十(shi)壽(shou)誕(dan),將此(ci)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)修葺一(yi)新后(hou)(hou)改稱(cheng)壽(shou)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。乾隆二十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1760年(nian)(nian)(nian)),為皇(huang)太(tai)后(hou)(hou)七十(shi)圣壽(shou)慶(qing)典,在(zai)院(yuan)中添建一(yi)座3層大戲臺。嘉慶(qing)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1799年(nian)(nian)(nian))將戲臺拆除,扮戲樓改建為春禧殿(dian)后(hou)(hou)卷殿(dian)。

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