大政殿
大政(zheng)殿是一(yi)座八(ba)角(jiao)重(zhong)檐亭式(shi)建筑,俗稱(cheng)八(ba)角(jiao)殿。始建于1625年,是清(qing)(qing)太(tai)祖(zu)努爾哈赤營建的重(zhong)要(yao)宮(gong)殿,是盛京皇宮(gong)內最莊嚴(yan)最神圣的地方。初稱(cheng)大衙門(men),1636定名篤恭殿,后(hou)改大政(zheng)殿。八(ba)角(jiao)重(zhong)檐攢尖式(shi),八(ba)面出廊(lang),其下為須彌座臺基。殿頂(ding)滿鋪黃琉(liu)璃瓦,鑲綠剪邊,正中(zhong)相輪火焰珠頂(ding),寶頂(ding)周(zhou)圍有八(ba)條鐵鏈(lian)各與力士相連。殿前兩明柱各有金龍(long)盤柱,殿內為梵文天花和降龍(long)藻井。殿內設(she)有寶座、屏風及熏(xun)爐、香亭、鶴式(shi)燭臺等(deng)。大政(zheng)殿用于舉行大典(dian),如皇帝即位,頒(ban)布詔書,宣布軍(jun)隊出征,迎接將士凱旋等(deng)。此殿為清(qing)(qing)太(tai)宗皇太(tai)極舉行重(zhong)大典(dian)禮及重(zhong)要(yao)政(zheng)治活(huo)動的場所。
1644年(順治(zhi)元(yuan)年)皇帝福臨(lin)在此(ci)登基繼位。
十王亭
十王亭位于大(da)政殿(dian)兩側八字形依次排列(lie),是滿族八旗制(zhi)度在宮殿(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)反映,此建(jian)筑(zhu)布局(ju)為中國古代(dai)宮廷建(jian)筑(zhu)史(shi)所(suo)僅見(jian)。
其東側(ce)五亭(ting)(ting)由北往(wang)南依次(ci)為左翼(yi)王亭(ting)(ting)、鑲(xiang)黃(huang)旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、正白旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、鑲(xiang)白旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、正藍旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting);
西(xi)側(ce)五亭依次為(wei)右翼王(wang)亭、正黃旗(qi)亭、正紅旗(qi)亭、鑲紅旗(qi)亭、鑲藍旗(qi)亭。
是清初八旗各主旗貝勒、大臣(chen)議政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)及(ji)處(chu)(chu)理政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)務之處(chu)(chu)。這種君(jun)臣(chen)合署在宮殿辦事(shi)的(de)現象,歷史(shi)上(shang)少(shao)見(jian)。從建筑上(shang)看,大政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)殿也是一個亭(ting)(ting)子,不過(guo)它的(de)體量較(jiao)(jiao)大,裝飾比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)華(hua)麗,因此稱(cheng)為宮殿。大政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)殿和成八字形排開的(de)10座亭(ting)(ting)子,其建筑格局乃脫胎(tai)于少(shao)數民(min)族(zu)的(de)帳(zhang)殿。這11座亭(ting)(ting)子,就是11座帳(zhang)篷的(de)化身。帳(zhang)篷是可以(yi)流(liu)動遷移的(de),而(er)亭(ting)(ting)子就固(gu)定起來了,顯示了滿族(zu)文化發展的(de)一個里程。
大清門
大清(qing)門(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)盛(sheng)京(jing)皇宮(今沈陽故宮博物(wu)院)的(de)(de)正門(men)(men),俗稱午門(men)(men),它是(shi)(shi)一座面(mian)闊五(wu)間(jian)的(de)(de)硬山(shan)(shan)式建(jian)筑(zhu),房頂滿鋪(pu)琉璃瓦,飾以(yi)綠剪邊,尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)大清(qing)門(men)(men)山(shan)(shan)墻的(de)(de)最(zui)上端,南北突出的(de)(de)四個墀頭,三面(mian)皆用五(wu)彩(cai)琉璃鑲嵌而成,紋(wen)飾為凸(tu)出的(de)(de)海(hai)水云龍及(ji)象征(zheng)吉祥的(de)(de)各種(zhong)動物(wu),做工精巧,栩栩如生。此門(men)(men)莊嚴富麗,與整(zheng)個宮殿建(jian)筑(zhu)混(hun)成一體,顯得十分協調。
大(da)(da)清門(men)(men)建于天(tian)聰六年(1632年)之(zhi)(zhi)前,為(wei)(wei)盛京皇宮中皇太(tai)極續(xu)修(xiu)的早期建筑之(zhi)(zhi)一。原稱(cheng)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)、正門(men)(men)。1636年定(ding)宮殿(dian)名(ming)時稱(cheng)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)清門(men)(men)。大(da)(da)清門(men)(men)的滿文(wen)譯音(yin)為(wei)(wei)“代青(qing)(qing)杜(du)卡(ka)(ka)”(代青(qing)(qing)即大(da)(da)清,杜(du)卡(ka)(ka)為(wei)(wei)門(men)(men))。
崇政殿
崇政(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)在(zai)中(zhong)路前(qian)院正(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong),俗稱“金(jin)鑾殿(dian)(dian)”,是沈陽故宮(gong)最重要(yao)的建筑。整(zheng)座大殿(dian)(dian)全是木結構,面闊五間(jian)(jian)進深三間(jian)(jian)。前(qian)后(hou)(hou)出廊(lang)硬山式,辟有隔扇門,前(qian)后(hou)(hou)出廊(lang),圍以石雕(diao)的欄桿(gan)。殿(dian)(dian)頂鋪黃(huang)琉璃瓦,鑲(xiang)綠(lv)剪邊,正(zheng)(zheng)脊飾五彩琉璃龍紋及火焰(yan)珠。殿(dian)(dian)身的廊(lang)柱(zhu)是方形的,望(wang)柱(zhu)下有吐水的螭首,頂蓋黃(huang)琉璃瓦鑲(xiang)綠(lv)剪邊;殿(dian)(dian)前(qian)月臺兩角(jiao),東(dong)立日晷(gui),西設嘉(jia)量;殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)“徹上明造”繪以彩飾。內(nei)陳寶座、屏風;兩側有熏爐、香亭(ting)、燭臺一堂;殿(dian)(dian)柱(zhu)
是圓(yuan)形的,兩柱間(jian)用一條雕刻的整龍(long)連(lian)接,龍(long)頭探出檐外(wai),龍(long)尾直入(ru)殿(dian)中,實用與(yu)裝飾(shi)完美地結(jie)合為一體(ti),增加了殿(dian)宇的帝(di)王氣魄。此殿(dian)為清(qing)太宗皇(huang)太極陛見臣下,宴請(qing)外(wai)國使臣以及處理大(da)(da)政的常朝之處。公元1636年,后金改國號為大(da)(da)清(qing)的大(da)(da)典就在此舉行。“東巡”諸帝(di)于此舉行“展謁山陵禮(li)成”等(deng)慶賀典禮(li)。
鳳凰樓
崇政殿北首的鳳凰樓(lou),建造在(zai)4米高的青磚(zhuan)臺基上(shang)(shang),有(you)三層,三滴水歇山式圍(wei)廊,頂(ding)鋪(pu)黃琉璃瓦,鑲(xiang)綠剪(jian)邊。此樓(lou)為盛京最高建筑(zhu),故(gu)有(you)《盛京八景》之(zhi)一“鳳樓(lou)曉(xiao)日”、“鳳樓(lou)觀塔”等(deng)傳(chuan)稱。鳳凰樓(lou)上(shang)(shang)藏有(you)乾隆御筆親題的“紫(zi)氣東來”匾。
清寧宮
清寧宮為五(wu)開間前后廊硬山式。是清太(tai)宗皇太(tai)極和皇后博爾濟吉特(te)氏居住的“中宮”。
室門(men)開(kai)于東次(ci)間(jian),屋內西側(ce)形(xing)成“筒子房”格局,東梢間(jian)為帝(di)后寢宮(gong)。寬大的支(zhi)摘窗式樣樸素,欞條皆以“碼三箭”式相交,宮(gong)門(men)亦不用隔扇式。正對宮(gong)門(men)豎立祭天的“索倫竿”,此(ci)均為源(yuan)自滿族(zu)民(min)間(jian)的傳統風(feng)格。殿頂鋪黃(huang)琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)鑲(xiang)緣剪(jian)邊,前后皆方形(xing)檐柱,柱頭(tou)飾獸面,檀枋(fang)施彩繪等,則是吸收漢、藏民(min)族(zu)建筑藝術。
文溯閣
文溯(su)閣建(jian)于(yu)1782年(乾隆四(si)十(shi)七(qi)年)。專(zhuan)為存放《文溯(su)閣四(si)庫全書》而建(jian),
另有(you)(you)《古今圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)集成(cheng)》亦存于閣內。是(shi)沈陽故宮西路的(de)主(zhu)體建(jian)筑(zhu),建(jian)筑(zhu)形式仿照浙江寧波(bo)的(de)天一(yi)閣,面(mian)闊(kuo)六間,二樓(lou)三層重檐硬山式,前(qian)后(hou)(hou)出(chu)廊(lang),上邊蓋(gai)黑色(se)琉璃瓦加綠(lv)剪(jian)邊,前(qian)后(hou)(hou)廊(lang)檐柱都裝飾有(you)(you)綠(lv)色(se)的(de)地仗。所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)門、窗、柱都漆成(cheng)綠(lv)色(se),外(wai)檐彩畫也以(yi)藍、綠(lv)、白相間的(de)冷色(se)調為主(zhu),這與(yu)其(qi)(qi)它宮殿(dian)(dian)(dian)紅(hong)金(jin)為主(zhu)的(de)外(wai)檐彩飾迥然不同。其(qi)(qi)彩繪畫題材(cai)也不用宮殿(dian)(dian)(dian)中常見的(de)行龍(long)飛(fei)鳳,而(er)是(shi)以(yi)“白馬(ma)獻書(shu)(shu)”、“翰墨卷(juan)冊(ce)”等與(yu)藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)樓(lou)功(gong)用相諧的(de)圖(tu)案,給人以(yi)古雅清新之感。采(cai)用黑色(se)琉璃瓦為頂,主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)為了使整(zheng)座建(jian)筑(zhu)外(wai)觀風格相統一(yi)。 文溯(su)閣后(hou)(hou)面(mian),有(you)(you)抄手殿(dian)(dian)(dian)廊(lang)連接著仰(yang)熙(xi)齋(zhai),齋(zhai)后(hou)(hou)為九間房(fang),其(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)芍藥圃、梧桐院等。這是(shi)乾(qian)隆皇帝“東巡”時的(de)讀(du)書(shu)(shu)之所(suo)。
金水橋
沈陽故(gu)宮博物院(yuan)副院(yuan)長李聲能(neng)透露,沈陽故(gu)宮正(zheng)門前(qian)的(de)“金水橋”屬于違規(gui)建筑,與整(zheng)(zheng)個風貌(mao)不(bu)相符。沈陽市文(wen)物部門已經下發了整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)拆除(chu)通知限期拆除(chu)。
2014年9月25日(ri)14時30分許(xu),沈(shen)陽(yang)故(gu)宮東(dong)南(nan)側,在“金水橋”施工(gong)墻(qiang)外,有一大(da)片被(bei)圍(wei)(wei)擋(dang)圍(wei)(wei)起的施工(gong)工(gong)地。從圍(wei)(wei)擋(dang)的縫隙中(zhong)可(ke)以看到(dao),工(gong)地中(zhong)一輛作業車正在施工(gong)。
故宮四門
故宮有四個(ge)(ge)大(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men),正門(men)(men)(men)(men)名為午門(men)(men)(men)(men),其平面為凹(ao)形。午門(men)(men)(men)(men)后有五(wu)座漢白玉拱橋通(tong)往(wang)太和門(men)(men)(men)(men)。東門(men)(men)(men)(men)名東華(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men),西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)名西(xi)華(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men),北(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)名神武門(men)(men)(men)(men)。故宮的四個(ge)(ge)城角都有角樓(lou),高27.5米,十字屋脊。
午門(men)(men) 午門(men)(men)是(shi)故宮的(de)(de)正(zheng)門(men)(men)。俗(su)稱五鳳樓。東(dong)西(xi)北三面(mian)以12米(mi)高的(de)(de)城臺相連(lian),環抱一個方形廣(guang)場。有(you)1組建筑(zhu)(zhu)。正(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)重樓,是(shi)9間面(mian)寬的(de)(de)大殿(dian)(dian),重檐(yan)廡殿(dian)(dian)頂,在(zai)左右伸(shen)出(chu)兩闕城墻上,建有(you)聯檐(yan)通脊的(de)(de)樓閣四(si)座,明廊相連(lian),兩翼(yi)各有(you)13間的(de)(de)殿(dian)(dian)屋向南伸(shen)出(chu),四(si)隅各有(you)高大的(de)(de)角亭,輔(fu)翼(yi)著正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)。這組城上的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu),是(shi)故宮宮殿(dian)(dian)群中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)第一高峰。午門(men)(men)是(shi)皇(huang)帝下詔書、下令出(chu)征的(de)(de)地(di)方。它當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)正(zheng)門(men)(men)平時只有(you)皇(huang)帝才可(ke)以出(chu)入(ru);皇(huang)帝大婚時皇(huang)后進一次;殿(dian)(dian)試考中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)狀元(yuan)、榜眼、探花(hua)的(de)(de)三人可(ke)以從此(ci)門(men)(men)走出(chu)一次。文(wen)武大臣進出(chu)東(dong)側(ce)(ce)門(men)(men),宗室(shi)王公出(chu)入(ru)西(xi)側(ce)(ce)門(men)(men)。
神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men) 神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men)在明朝時為“玄武(wu)門(men)(men)”,玄武(wu)為古代四神(shen)獸(shou)之一(yi),從方位上講,左青(qing)龍(long),右(you)白虎,前(qian)朱雀(que),后玄武(wu),玄武(wu)主北(bei)方,所以(yi)帝王宮(gong)殿的(de)(de)北(bei)宮(gong)門(men)(men)多取名“玄武(wu)”。清康(kang)熙年間因(yin)避諱改(gai)稱“神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men)”。神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men)也(ye)是(shi)一(yi)座(zuo)城門(men)(men)樓形(xing)(xing)式,用的(de)(de)最高(gao)等級的(de)(de)重(zhong)檐廡(wu)殿式屋頂,但它的(de)(de)大殿只(zhi)有五(wu)開間加圍廊(lang),沒有左右(you)向前(qian)伸展的(de)(de)兩(liang)翼,所以(yi)在形(xing)(xing)制上要比(bi)午門(men)(men)低一(yi)個等級。神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men)是(shi)宮(gong)內(nei)日常出入的(de)(de)門(men)(men)禁(jin)。現神(shen)武(wu)門(men)(men)為故宮(gong)博物(wu)院正門(men)(men)。
東、西華(hua)(hua)門 東華(hua)(hua)門與(yu)西華(hua)(hua)門遙相對應,門外(wai)設有下馬(ma)碑石(shi),門內金水河(he)南(nan)北(bei)流向(xiang),上(shang)架石(shi)橋(qiao)1座(zuo),橋(qiao)北(bei)為三座(zuo)門。東華(hua)(hua)門與(yu)西華(hua)(hua)門形制相同(tong),平面矩形,紅色城臺,白(bai)玉須彌(mi)座(zuo),當中辟3座(zuo)券(quan)門,券(quan)洞外(wai)方內圓。城臺上(shang)建有城樓,黃琉(liu)璃(li)瓦重檐廡殿頂,城樓面闊(kuo)5間(jian),進深3間(jian),四周(zhou)出廊。
外廷建筑
北京故宮的(de)(de)(de)外廷以三(san)大殿(dian)為主。太和(he)殿(dian)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)殿(dian)、保(bao)和(he)殿(dian)都(dou)(dou)建在(zai)漢白(bai)玉(yu)砌成的(de)(de)(de)8米高的(de)(de)(de)工字形(xing)基(ji)臺(tai)上(shang),太和(he)殿(dian)在(zai)前(qian),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)居中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),保(bao)和(he)在(zai)后。基(ji)臺(tai)三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)重(zhong)疊(die),每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)臺(tai)上(shang)邊緣都(dou)(dou)裝(zhuang)飾有(you)(you)漢白(bai)玉(yu)雕(diao)刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)欄(lan)板(ban)、望(wang)柱和(he)龍(long)(long)頭,三(san)臺(tai)當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)石階雕(diao)有(you)(you)蟠龍(long)(long),襯(chen)托以海浪(lang)和(he)流云的(de)(de)(de)“御路”。在(zai)25000平方(fang)米的(de)(de)(de)臺(tai)面(mian)上(shang)有(you)(you)透雕(diao)欄(lan)板(ban)1415塊,雕(diao)刻(ke)云龍(long)(long)翔鳳(feng)的(de)(de)(de)望(wang)柱1460個,龍(long)(long)頭1138個。用這(zhe)(zhe)樣多的(de)(de)(de)漢白(bai)玉(yu)裝(zhuang)飾的(de)(de)(de)三(san)臺(tai),造型重(zhong)疊(die)起伏(fu),這(zhe)(zhe)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國古代(dai)建筑上(shang)具有(you)(you)獨特風格的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)飾藝術(shu)。而這(zhe)(zhe)種裝(zhuang)飾在(zai)結構功能上(shang),又是臺(tai)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)排水管道(dao)。在(zai)欄(lan)板(ban)地(di)栿石下,刻(ke)有(you)(you)小洞(dong)口(kou);在(zai)望(wang)柱下伸出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)頭也刻(ke)出(chu)小洞(dong)口(kou)。每(mei)到雨季,3臺(tai)雨水逐層(ceng)(ceng)由(you)各小洞(dong)口(kou)下泄(xie),水由(you)龍(long)(long)頭流出(chu)。這(zhe)(zhe)是科(ke)學而又藝術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)設計。
太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men) 太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)是紫(zi)禁城內最大(da)的(de)(de)宮(gong)門(men)(men),也(ye)是外朝宮(gong)殿的(de)(de)正門(men)(men)。建成于(yu)明永(yong)樂十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),當時稱(cheng)奉天門(men)(men)。嘉靖四十一年(nian)(nian)(1562年(nian)(nian))改(gai)稱(cheng)皇(huang)極門(men)(men),清順(shun)治二年(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian))改(gai)今名。太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)面闊(kuo)9間,進深3間,建筑面積1300平方米(mi)。上覆重(zhong)檐歇山頂,下(xia)為漢白(bai)玉(yu)基(ji)座,梁枋等構件施以和璽彩畫(hua)。門(men)(men)前列銅(tong)獅(shi)一對。太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)左右各(ge)設一門(men)(men),東(dong)為昭德門(men)(men)(明代稱(cheng)弘(hong)政(zheng)門(men)(men)),西為貞度門(men)(men)(明代稱(cheng)宣治門(men)(men))。太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)在(zai)明代是“御門(men)(men)聽(ting)政(zheng)”之處。清初的(de)(de)皇(huang)帝也(ye)曾在(zai)太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)聽(ting)政(zheng)、賜宴,后來(lai)“御門(men)(men)聽(ting)政(zheng)”改(gai)在(zai)乾(qian)清門(men)(men)。順(shun)治元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1644年(nian)(nian))九月(yue),滿族統治者(zhe)定鼎北京后的(de)(de)第一個(ge)皇(huang)帝福臨(lin)即在(zai)太(tai)(tai)和門(men)(men)頒布(bu)大(da)赦(she)令。
太和(he)(he)(he)門(men)廣場 太和(he)(he)(he)門(men)前有面(mian)積約26000平方米(mi)的(de)廣場,內金(jin)水河(he)自西(xi)向東蜿蜒(yan)流過(guo)。河(he)上橫架五座石橋(qiao),習(xi)稱(cheng)內金(jin)水橋(qiao)。廣場兩側(ce)是排(pai)列整齊的(de)廊廡(wu),習(xi)稱(cheng)東、西(xi)朝房(fang)(fang),并有協和(he)(he)(he)門(men)(明(ming)代稱(cheng)會(hui)極(ji)門(men))和(he)(he)(he)熙和(he)(he)(he)門(men)(明(ming)代稱(cheng)歸(gui)極(ji)門(men))東西(xi)對峙。東側(ce)廊廡(wu)在明(ming)代用作實錄館(guan)、玉牒館(guan)和(he)(he)(he)起(qi)居注館(guan),清代改作稽察(cha)欽奉上諭(yu)事(shi)件(jian)處和(he)(he)(he)內誥敕(chi)房(fang)(fang)。西(xi)側(ce)廊廡(wu)在明(ming)代為編修《大明(ming)會(hui)典(dian)》的(de)會(hui)典(dian)館(guan),清代改為繙書房(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)(he)起(qi)居注館(guan)。
太和殿
太和殿,俗(su)稱“金鑾殿”,明永樂十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian))建成(cheng),稱奉(feng)天(tian)(tian)殿。嘉靖四十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1562年(nian)(nian)(nian))改稱皇極(ji)(ji)殿。清順治二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian)(nian))改今名。是皇帝舉(ju)行(xing)大(da)典的地(di)方。自建成(cheng)后屢遭焚毀,又多次重建,今天(tian)(tian)所見為(wei)清代康熙三十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1695年(nian)(nian)(nian))重建后的形(xing)制。太和殿面闊11間(jian),進深5間(jian),建筑面積2377平方米,高26.92米,連同臺基通(tong)高35.05米,為(wei)紫(zi)禁城(cheng)內規模最大(da)的殿宇,檐(yan)角安放10個走獸。明清兩(liang)朝24個皇帝都在太和殿舉(ju)行(xing)盛(sheng)大(da)典禮(li),如皇帝登極(ji)(ji)即位、皇帝大(da)婚、冊(ce)立(li)皇后、命將出征(zheng),此(ci)外(wai)每年(nian)(nian)(nian)萬(wan)壽(shou)節(jie)、元旦、冬至三大(da)節(jie),皇帝在此(ci)接受文武官(guan)員的朝賀,并向王公大(da)臣賜宴。
中和殿
中和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿位(wei)于太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿后,高27米,平(ping)面呈正方形,面闊、進深各為3間,四面出廊,建筑面積580平(ping)方米。黃琉璃瓦單檐四角攢尖頂(ding),正中有鎏金寶頂(ding)。中和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿是(shi)皇帝去太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿舉行大典前(qian)稍事休息和(he)(he)(he)(he)演習禮(li)(li)儀(yi)的(de)地方。皇帝在(zai)去太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿之前(qian)先在(zai)此(ci)稍作停留,接(jie)受內閣(ge)大臣和(he)(he)(he)(he)禮(li)(li)部官員行禮(li)(li),然后進太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)殿舉行儀(yi)式。另外,皇帝祭祀天地和(he)(he)(he)(he)太(tai)廟之前(qian),也(ye)要先在(zai)這里(li)(li)審閱一下寫有祭文的(de)“祝版(ban)”;在(zai)到(dao)中南海演耕前(qian),也(ye)要在(zai)這里(li)(li)審視一下耕具(ju)。
保(bao)和(he)(he)殿 保(bao)和(he)(he)殿(謹(jin)身殿、建極殿)也是故宮三大(da)殿之(zhi)一,在(zai)中(zhong)和(he)(he)殿后(hou)。保(bao)和(he)(he)殿高29米,平(ping)面(mian)呈長方形,面(mian)闊9間,進深5間,建筑面(mian)積1240平(ping)方米。黃琉璃瓦(wa)重檐歇山式(shi)屋(wu)頂。屋(wu)頂正中(zhong)有一條正脊(ji),前后(hou)各有2條垂(chui)脊(ji),在(zai)各條垂(chui)脊(ji)下部再斜出一條岔脊(ji),連(lian)同正脊(ji)、垂(chui)脊(ji)、岔脊(ji)共9條,建筑術(shu)語上(shang)叫(jiao)歇山式(shi)。保(bao)和(he)(he)殿是每年除(chu)夕皇(huang)帝賜(si)宴外藩王(wang)公的場所。保(bao)和(he)(he)殿也是科(ke)舉考(kao)試(shi)舉行殿試(shi)的地方。
體(ti)(ti)仁閣(ge) 體(ti)(ti)仁閣(ge)位于(yu)太(tai)和殿(dian)前廣場內(nei)東(dong)側,面西。始建于(yu)明(ming)永樂(le)十八年(1420年),明(ming)初(chu)(chu)稱文樓,嘉靖時改(gai)稱文昭閣(ge),清(qing)初(chu)(chu)改(gai)稱體(ti)(ti)仁閣(ge)。體(ti)(ti)仁閣(ge)高25米(mi),座(zuo)落于(yu)崇(chong)基(ji)之(zhi)上,上下(xia)兩(liang)層,黃色琉(liu)璃瓦廡殿(dian)頂(ding)。下(xia)層面闊9間,進深3間。康熙年間,曾詔內(nei)外大臣舉(ju)薦博學之(zhi)士(shi)在(zai)體(ti)(ti)仁閣(ge)試詩(shi)比賦(fu),清(qing)代各朝御容也曾收藏于(yu)此(ci)。乾(qian)隆年間重建后,此(ci)處作(zuo)為清(qing)代內(nei)務府緞庫,內(nei)設收貯緞繡木架143座(zuo)。
弘義(yi)閣 弘義(yi)閣高23.8米(mi),屬前三殿(dian)(dian)區。黃琉璃瓦,廡殿(dian)(dian)頂,面(mian)闊9間, 進深(shen)3間,上下二層(ceng),四面(mian)出廊。弘義(yi)閣侍(shi)立(li)于(yu)(yu)太(tai)和殿(dian)(dian)西南(nan)側。初建于(yu)(yu)明(ming)永(yong)樂(le)年,名為武(wu)樓(lou),明(ming)嘉靖(jing)朝(chao)改稱武(wu)成閣,清初改為今(jin)名,意為弘揚(yang)大義(yi)。清代的(de)弘義(yi)閣長期用于(yu)(yu)收儲宮廷使用的(de)金銀(yin)器具等。現辟為“皇朝(chao)禮樂(le)展(zhan)”展(zhan)廳。
內廷中路
乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men) 乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)紫禁(jin)城(cheng)內(nei)(nei)廷(ting)的(de)(de)正(zheng)宮門(men)(men)(men)(men)。建于明永樂十八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian)),清(qing)(qing)(qing)順治十二(er)年(nian)(1655年(nian))重修。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)面闊5間(jian),進深3間(jian),高約16米,單檐歇山屋頂,座(zuo)(zuo)落在高1.5米的(de)(de)漢白玉石須彌座(zuo)(zuo)上,周圍(wei)環(huan)以雕石欄桿。門(men)(men)(men)(men)前(qian)三出三階,中(zhong)為(wei)御路(lu)石,兩側列銅(tong)鎏(liu)金獅子(zi)一對,中(zhong)開三門(men)(men)(men)(men)。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)東為(wei)內(nei)(nei)左門(men)(men)(men)(men)及九(jiu)卿值房,西邊內(nei)(nei)右門(men)(men)(men)(men)及軍機處。門(men)(men)(men)(men)前(qian)廣場東西兩端(duan)為(wei)景運(yun)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、隆宗門(men)(men)(men)(men)。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)是(shi)連接內(nei)(nei)廷(ting)與(yu)外(wai)朝往來(lai)的(de)(de)重要通(tong)道(dao),在清(qing)(qing)(qing)代又兼為(wei)處理(li)政務(wu)的(de)(de)場所(suo),清(qing)(qing)(qing)代的(de)(de)“御門(men)(men)(men)(men)聽(ting)政”、齋(zhai)戒、請寶接寶等典禮儀(yi)式都在乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)舉行。
乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong) 乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)是內廷后三(san)宮(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。始建(jian)于(yu)明永(yong)樂十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian)),明清(qing)(qing)兩代曾(ceng)因數次被(bei)焚毀(hui)而重建(jian),現有建(jian)筑(zhu)為(wei)清(qing)(qing)嘉(jia)慶三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1798年(nian)(nian)(nian))所建(jian)。乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)為(wei)黃琉璃瓦(wa)重檐廡殿頂,座落在(zai)單層(ceng)漢(han)白(bai)玉石臺(tai)基之(zhi)(zhi)上,連(lian)(lian)廊面(mian)闊9間(jian),進(jin)深5間(jian),建(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)積1400平方米(mi),自臺(tai)面(mian)至正(zheng)(zheng)脊(ji)高20余米(mi) ,檐角(jiao)置(zhi)脊(ji)9個。殿前(qian)寬敞的(de)月(yue)臺(tai)上,左右分別有銅龜、銅鶴,日晷(gui)、嘉(jia)量,前(qian)設鎏(liu)金香爐4座,正(zheng)(zheng)中出丹(dan)陛(bi),接(jie)高臺(tai)甬路(lu)與乾清(qing)(qing)門相連(lian)(lian)。乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)規(gui)模為(wei)內廷之(zhi)(zhi)首,明代共有14位皇(huang)(huang)帝曾(ceng)在(zai)此居住(zhu)。明代乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)也曾(ceng)作為(wei)皇(huang)(huang)帝守喪之(zhi)(zhi)處。清(qing)(qing)順治、康(kang)熙也在(zai)此居住(zhu)。雍正(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)后,密建(jian)皇(huang)(huang)儲(chu)(chu)的(de)建(jian)儲(chu)(chu)匣存放乾清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)“正(zheng)(zheng)大光明”匾(bian)后。康(kang)熙、乾隆兩朝這(zhe)里也曾(ceng)舉(ju)行過千叟宴。現為(wei)宮(gong)廷生(sheng)活原狀陳列。
交泰殿
交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)(tai)殿(dian)(dian)為內廷后三(san)宮(gong)之(zhi)一,位于乾(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)和坤寧宮(gong)之(zhi)間,約為明嘉(jia)靖(jing)年(nian)間建(jian)。交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)(tai)殿(dian)(dian)平面(mian)為方形,深、廣各(ge)3間。明間設寶(bao)座(zuo),上(shang)懸康(kang)熙帝(di)(di)御書“無為”匾,寶(bao)座(zuo)后有板屏一面(mian),上(shang)書乾(qian)隆帝(di)(di)御制《交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)(tai)殿(dian)(dian)銘》。交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)(tai)殿(dian)(dian)為皇(huang)后千秋節受慶(qing)賀禮的地方。清(qing)代于此殿(dian)(dian)貯清(qing)二十五寶(bao)璽。每(mei)年(nian)正月,由欽天監選擇吉日吉時,設案開(kai)封陳寶(bao),皇(huang)帝(di)(di)來此拈香(xiang)行禮。清(qing)世祖所立(li)“內宮(gong)不許干預政事”的鐵(tie)牌曾立(li)于此殿(dian)(dian)。皇(huang)帝(di)(di)大(da)婚時,皇(huang)后的冊、寶(bao)安(an)設殿(dian)(dian)內左右案上(shang)。每(mei)年(nian)春季祀先(xian)蠶,皇(huang)后先(xian)一日在此查閱采(cai)桑的用具。
坤寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 坤寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)內(nei)廷(ting)后三宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之一,始建(jian)于(yu)明永樂十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian)),清(qing)沿明制于(yu)順治二(er)年(nian)(1645年(nian))重修,順治十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(1655年(nian))仿沈陽盛京清(qing)寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong)再(zai)次重修。坤寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong)座北面南,面闊連廊9間,進深(shen)3間,黃琉璃瓦重檐廡(wu)殿頂(ding)。明代是(shi)(shi)皇后的(de)寢宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。清(qing)順治十(shi)二(er)年(nian)改(gai)建(jian)后,為薩滿教(jiao)祭神的(de)主(zhu)要場所(suo)。改(gai)原(yuan)明間開(kai)(kai)門(men)為東(dong)次間開(kai)(kai)門(men),門(men)的(de)西(xi)(xi)側四間設南、北、西(xi)(xi)三面炕,作(zuo)為祭神的(de)場所(suo)。清(qing)康熙、同(tong)治、光緒(xu)皇帝在此大婚,溥(pu)儀(yi)結婚也(ye)都是(shi)(shi)在坤寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong)舉行。現為宮(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)生活原(yuan)狀(zhuang)陳列(lie)。
御花(hua)園 御花(hua)園位于(yu)紫禁城中軸線(xian)上(shang),坤寧(ning)宮(gong)后(hou)方,明代稱為“宮(gong)后(hou)苑(yuan)”,清(qing)代稱御花(hua)園。始(shi)建于(yu)明永(yong)樂十八年(1420年),以后(hou)曾有增(zeng)修,現仍保留初(chu)建時的(de)基本格局(ju)。全園南(nan)北縱(zong)80米,東西寬140米,占(zhan)地面(mian)積12000㎡。園內主體建筑(zhu)欽(qin)安殿為重檐盝頂式,座落于(yu)紫禁城的(de)南(nan)北中軸線(xian)上(shang),以其為中心,向前方及兩(liang)側鋪展(zhan)亭臺樓閣(ge)。園內的(de)松、柏、竹與山石,形成四(si)季長青的(de)園林景觀。
御(yu)景(jing)亭 御(yu)景(jing)亭位于(yu)御(yu)花(hua)園內東(dong)側的(de)假(jia)山頂(ding)上。原(yuan)是(shi)明代觀花(hua)殿的(de)舊址,萬歷間改堆假(jia)山。山的(de)東(dong)西山石間各有登(deng)道,拾級而上可達山頂(ding)御(yu)景(jing)亭。亭子平(ping)面(mian)方(fang)形,四(si)柱,一斗(dou)二升交蔴葉斗(dou)栱,攢尖頂(ding),上覆翠綠琉(liu)璃瓦(wa),黃(huang)色琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)剪邊,鎏金寶頂(ding),四(si)面(mian)設隔扇門。四(si)周圍(wei)繞著(zhu)漢(han)白玉(yu)石欄(lan)板。亭內天花(hua)藻井(jing),面(mian)南設寶座。御(yu)景(jing)亭是(shi)皇帝、皇后(hou)在農歷九月初九重(zhong)陽(yang)節(jie)登(deng)高的(de)地方(fang)。自亭上可俯瞰宮苑(yuan),遠(yuan)眺紫禁城、景(jing)山、西苑(yuan)。
摛(chi)藻(zao)堂 摛(chi)藻(zao)堂位于御花園內堆秀山(shan)(shan)東(dong)側(ce),依(yi)墻面(mian)南(nan),面(mian)闊(kuo)5間(jian),黃琉璃瓦硬山(shan)(shan)式(shi)頂(ding),堂西(xi)(xi)墻辟有一(yi)小(xiao)門,可通西(xi)(xi)耳房。堂前出廊,明間(jian)開門,次梢間(jian)為檻窗。室內放置書架,為宮中藏(zang)書之所。乾隆四十(shi)四年(nian)(1779年(nian))后,《四庫全書薈要(yao)》曾貯藏(zang)于此。
內廷西路
養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian) 養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)位于(yu)內(nei)廷后三宮(gong)(gong)的(de)西側,西六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)的(de)南面。初建于(yu)明嘉靖(jing)年間(16世紀中(zhong)),一直做為(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)的(de)便(bian)(bian)殿(dian)(dian)。自從清雍正(zheng)朝開始(shi),這里做為(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)的(de)主要居(ju)所(suo)和日常理政之處(chu),遂(sui)成清代皇(huang)帝(di)實際上的(de)正(zheng)寢。“養(yang)心”意為(wei)涵養(yang)心性。養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)在宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)位置比(bi)較便(bian)(bian)利,殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)空間布(bu)局豐富而(er)功能(neng)集中(zhong),廳堂、書(shu)房、寢室以(yi)及分別用來批閱奏(zou)折、密談、休(xiu)憩、禮佛的(de)小(xiao)室等一應俱全,比(bi)大殿(dian)(dian)宇更宜于(yu)宵衣旰食的(de)君主周旋(xuan)其間,是清代高度集權(quan)的(de)政治體制(zhi)下更適宜皇(huang)帝(di)起居(ju)活動的(de)場所(suo)。養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)中(zhong)最著名的(de)是雍正(zheng)皇(huang)帝(di)的(de)“勤政親賢”室、乾隆皇(huang)帝(di)的(de)三希堂以(yi)及東(dong)暖閣的(de)晚清垂簾(lian)聽政處(chu)。
長(chang)(chang)春宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 長(chang)(chang)春宮(gong)(gong)(gong),內廷西六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之一,明(ming)永樂十八(ba)年(1420年)建(jian)成,清康熙(xi)二十二年(1683年)重(zhong)修(xiu),后(hou)又(you)多次修(xiu)整(zheng)。咸(xian)(xian)豐九年(1859年)拆除(chu)長(chang)(chang)春宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)門長(chang)(chang)春門,并將啟(qi)祥(xiang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)殿改為穿堂殿,咸(xian)(xian)豐帝題額曰“體(ti)元(yuan)殿”。長(chang)(chang)春宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、啟(qi)祥(xiang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)兩宮(gong)(gong)(gong)院由此(ci)連通。長(chang)(chang)春宮(gong)(gong)(gong)面(mian)闊5間(jian),黃琉璃瓦歇(xie)山式頂。殿前左右設銅(tong)龜、銅(tong)鶴各1對。東配殿曰綏(sui)壽殿,西配殿曰承禧殿,各3間(jian),前出(chu)廊,與轉角(jiao)廊相連,可通各殿。
翊(yi)坤(kun)宮 翊(yi)坤(kun)宮,內廷西六宮之一(yi),明(ming)(ming)清(qing)時為(wei)妃嬪居所。建(jian)于明(ming)(ming)永樂十八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian))。原為(wei)二(er)進(jin)院,清(qing)晚期將翊(yi)坤(kun)宮后(hou)殿(dian)改成穿堂殿(dian)曰體和殿(dian),東西耳房各改一(yi)間為(wei)通道,使翊(yi)坤(kun)宮與(yu)儲秀宮相連(lian),形成四進(jin)院的格(ge)局。正殿(dian)面闊5間,黃琉璃(li)瓦歇山(shan)頂,前后(hou)出廊(lang)。檐(yan)下施斗(dou)拱,梁(liang)枋飾以蘇式彩畫(hua)。殿(dian)前設“光明(ming)(ming)盛昌”屏門,臺基下陳(chen)設銅(tong)鳳、銅(tong)鶴、銅(tong)爐各一(yi)對。東西有配殿(dian)曰延洪殿(dian)、元和殿(dian),均為(wei)3間黃琉璃(li)瓦硬山(shan)頂建(jian)筑。
儲秀宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 儲秀宮(gong)(gong)(gong),內廷西六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之一,明清時為(wei)(wei)(wei)妃嬪所(suo)居(ju)。始建于明永樂十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(1420年),光緒十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(1884年)為(wei)(wei)(wei)慶祝(zhu)慈禧五十(shi)(shi)(shi)壽辰,耗費(fei)白(bai)銀63萬兩(liang)進(jin)行(xing)大(da)規模整修(xiu),現存建筑為(wei)(wei)(wei)光緒十(shi)(shi)(shi)年重修(xiu)后(hou)的(de)形(xing)制。儲秀宮(gong)(gong)(gong)原為(wei)(wei)(wei)二進(jin)院,清晚(wan)期拆除了儲秀門及圍墻,并將翊坤宮(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)殿改為(wei)(wei)(wei)穿堂殿,稱(cheng)體和殿,連(lian)通儲秀宮(gong)(gong)(gong)與翊坤宮(gong)(gong)(gong),形(xing)成相通的(de)四進(jin)院落。
太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian) 太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian),內廷西六宮(gong)之一,建于明永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))。原(yuan)名未央宮(gong),因嘉靖皇帝的(de)生父興獻王朱祐杬(yuan)生于此,故于嘉靖十四年(nian)(1535年(nian))更名啟(qi)祥宮(gong),清(qing)代晚期(qi)改稱(cheng)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)。清(qing)代曾多次(ci)修葺(qi)。太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)原(yuan)為二進院,清(qing)后期(qi)改修長春(chun)宮(gong)時(shi),將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)后殿(dian)辟為穿堂殿(dian),后檐接(jie)出抱廈(sha),并與(yu)長春(chun)宮(gong)及(ji)其東西配(pei)殿(dian)以轉角游廊相連(lian),形成回廊,東西耳房(fang)各開一間為通道,使太(tai)(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)與(yu)長春(chun)宮(gong)連(lian)接(jie)成相互貫(guan)通的(de)四進院。
永(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)宮(gong) 永(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)宮(gong)為(wei)內廷西六宮(gong)之一(yi)。建于明永(yong)(yong)樂十八年(1420年),初名長樂宮(gong)。永(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)宮(gong)為(wei)兩進(jin)院(yuan),前院(yuan)正殿永(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)宮(gong)面闊5間,黃(huang)琉璃瓦歇山頂。殿內高(gao)懸(xuan)乾(qian)隆皇(huang)帝御筆匾額“令(ling)(ling)德(de)淑儀(yi)”,東(dong)(dong)壁懸(xuan)乾(qian)隆《圣制班姬辭(ci)(ci)輦贊》,西壁懸(xuan)《班姬辭(ci)(ci)輦圖》。乾(qian)隆六年(1741年),乾(qian)隆皇(huang)帝下令(ling)(ling),內廷東(dong)(dong)西十一(yi)宮(gong)的匾額“俱照(zhao)永(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)宮(gong)式(shi)樣制造(zao)”,自(zi)掛起之后(hou),不許擅動或更換。
重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong)(gong) 重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong)(gong)位(wei)于內廷西(xi)路西(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)以北,原為(wei)明代乾西(xi)五所(suo)之二(er)(er)所(suo)。雍正十(shi)一年(1733年),弘歷(li)被封為(wei)“和(he)碩寶親(qin)王”,住地賜名(ming)“樂(le)善(shan)堂(tang)”。弘歷(li)登(deng)極后(hou),名(ming)重(zhong)(zhong)華。重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong)(gong)沿(yan)用乾西(xi)二(er)(er)所(suo)的(de)三進院落格局。前(qian)院正殿(dian)為(wei)崇敬殿(dian)。殿(dian)內正中懸弘歷(li)為(wei)和(he)碩寶親(qin)王時(shi)親(qin)筆書匾額“樂(le)善(shan)堂(tang)”。此后(hou)嘉慶皇帝(di)將(jiang)重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong)(gong)茶宴聯句作為(wei)家法,于每年的(de)正月初(chu)二(er)(er)至初(chu)十(shi)期(qi)間舉(ju)行(xing)。道光年間仍(reng)時(shi)有舉(ju)行(xing),咸豐以后(hou)終止(zhi)。
咸(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)宮(gong) 咸(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)宮(gong)為(wei)(wei)內(nei)廷(ting)西(xi)(xi)六(liu)(liu)宮(gong)之一。為(wei)(wei)兩進(jin)院(yuan),正(zheng)門(men)(men)咸(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)門(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)琉璃(li)門(men)(men),面闊(kuo)3間(jian),黃琉璃(li)瓦廡(wu)殿(dian)頂,形制(zhi)高于西(xi)(xi)六(liu)(liu)宮(gong)中其它五宮(gong),與東六(liu)(liu)宮(gong)相(xiang)對稱位置的(de)景陽宮(gong)形制(zhi)相(xiang)同。后院(yuan)正(zheng)殿(dian)名“同道堂”,室內(nei)設落地罩(zhao)隔斷,頂棚為(wei)(wei)海墁(man)天(tian)花(hua)。咸(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)宮(gong)為(wei)(wei)后妃(fei)(fei)所(suo)居,前殿(dian)為(wei)(wei)行禮(li)升(sheng)座之處,后殿(dian)為(wei)(wei)寢宮(gong)。道光帝(di)琳(lin)貴人(莊順皇貴妃(fei)(fei))、成貴妃(fei)(fei)、彤貴妃(fei)(fei)、常(chang)妃(fei)(fei)等都曾在此居住(zhu)。
漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai) 漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai)原為(wei)(wei)乾(qian)西五所(suo)之頭所(suo)。清乾(qian)隆(long)皇帝即位后(hou),改(gai)乾(qian)西二所(suo)為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong),遂將頭所(suo)改(gai)為(wei)(wei)漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai),并建(jian)戲臺,作為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)華宮(gong)宴集演(yan)戲之所(suo)。漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai)為(wei)(wei)工字形殿(dian)(dian),前殿(dian)(dian)與南房、東西配殿(dian)(dian)圍(wei)成獨(du)立的小(xiao)院,其間(jian)(jian)有游廊相連。乾(qian)隆(long)年間(jian)(jian),逢萬壽節(jie)、圣壽節(jie)、中(zhong)元節(jie)、除夕等(deng)重(zhong)(zhong)要節(jie)日(ri)(ri),常侍奉皇太后(hou)在后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)進膳、看戲,并賜(si)宴于王公大臣(chen)。宣統皇帝遜位后(hou),同治帝瑜(yu)妃、瑨妃曾(ceng)居漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)齋(zhai)芝蘭室,遇太妃誕辰日(ri)(ri),仍于此處傳戲,直(zhi)至溥(pu)儀(yi)被(bei)迫“即日(ri)(ri)出宮(gong)”。
內廷東路
奉(feng)(feng)先(xian)殿(dian) 奉(feng)(feng)先(xian)殿(dian),位于紫禁城內廷(ting)東側,為明清(qing)皇室祭祀祖先(xian)的家(jia)(jia)廟,始建(jian)于明初。清(qing)沿明制,于清(qing)順治十四年(nian)(1657年(nian))重建(jian),后又多次(ci)修繕。奉(feng)(feng)先(xian)殿(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)面積1225.00㎡。黃色琉璃瓦重檐(yan)廡殿(dian)頂(ding),檐(yan)下彩(cai)繪金(jin)線大點金(jin)旋子彩(cai)畫(hua)。按清(qing)制,凡(fan)(fan)遇(yu)朔望、萬壽圣(sheng)節(jie)、元旦及(ji)(ji)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)大慶(qing)等(deng),大祭于前殿(dian);遇(yu)列(lie)圣(sheng)列(lie)后圣(sheng)誕(dan)、忌辰及(ji)(ji)元宵、清(qing)明、中(zhong)元、霜降(jiang)、歲除等(deng)日,于后殿(dian)上(shang)香行(xing)禮;凡(fan)(fan)上(shang)徽號、冊(ce)(ce)立、冊(ce)(ce)封(feng)、御經筵、耕耤、謁陵、巡狩、回(hui)鑾(luan)及(ji)(ji)諸慶(qing)典,均(jun)祗告于后殿(dian)。
承乾宮,內(nei)廷東六宮之一(yi)。明永樂十八年(1420年)建成,初曰永寧(ning)宮。宮為兩進(jin)院,后(hou)院正殿5間(jian),明間(jian)開門。此(ci)宮在明代為貴(gui)妃(fei)(fei)所(suo)居(ju)。清(qing)代為后(hou)妃(fei)(fei)所(suo)居(ju),清(qing)順治帝(di)皇(huang)貴(gui)妃(fei)(fei)董鄂(e)氏,道(dao)光帝(di)孝全成皇(huang)后(hou)等都曾在此(ci)居(ju)住。
景仁宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 景仁宮(gong)(gong)(gong),內廷東六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一。明(ming)永樂(le)十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成,初曰長(chang)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為二(er)進(jin)院(yuan),正(zheng)(zheng)門南向,門內有石影壁一座,傳為元代(dai)(dai)遺物。后(hou)院(yuan)正(zheng)(zheng)殿5間(jian),明(ming)間(jian)開門。景仁宮(gong)(gong)(gong)明(ming)代(dai)(dai)為嬪妃(fei)居所。清(qing)順治十一年(nian)(1654年(nian))三月(yue),康熙帝(di)生(sheng)于此宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。乾隆(long)帝(di)生(sheng)母孝(xiao)圣憲(xian)皇(huang)后(hou)、咸(xian)豐帝(di)婉貴妃(fei)、光(guang)緒帝(di)珍妃(fei)均(jun)曾在(zai)此居住(zhu)。
延禧宮(gong) 延禧宮(gong)為(wei)內廷東六宮(gong)之(zhi)一(yi),建(jian)(jian)于明永樂十八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian)),初名長壽宮(gong)。殿(dian)(dian)前有東西配殿(dian)(dian)各3間(jian)。后(hou)院正殿(dian)(dian)5間(jian),亦有東西配殿(dian)(dian)各3間(jian),均(jun)為(wei)黃琉璃瓦硬山頂。宣(xuan)統元年(nian)(1909年(nian))在延禧宮(gong)原址興(xing)工(gong)修建(jian)(jian)一(yi)座3層(ceng)(ceng)西洋式建(jian)(jian)筑--水殿(dian)(dian)。水殿(dian)(dian)四(si)周浚池(chi),引玉泉山水環繞。主樓每層(ceng)(ceng)9間(jian),底(di)層(ceng)(ceng)四(si)面(mian)當中各開一(yi)門,四(si)周環以圍廊。隆裕太后(hou)題(ti)匾額(e)曰“靈沼軒”,俗稱“水晶宮(gong)”。1917年(nian)張勛復辟時(shi),延禧宮(gong)北部被直系部隊飛(fei)機投彈炸毀(hui)。
景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong) 景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong),為(wei)(wei)內廷東六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一,位于(yu)鐘(zhong)粹宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東、永和(he)宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北。明永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成,初名長陽宮(gong)(gong),嘉靖十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(1535年(nian))更名景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong)。明代為(wei)(wei)嬪妃所居。清代改作收貯圖(tu)書(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地。宮(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)二進院,正(zheng)門(men)南(nan)向,名景(jing)陽門(men),前院正(zheng)殿即景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong),面(mian)闊3間,黃琉璃瓦(wa)廡(wu)殿頂(ding),與東六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)中其(qi)它(ta)五宮(gong)(gong)的屋頂(ding)形式不同。后院正(zheng)殿為(wei)(wei)御(yu)書(shu)房(fang),面(mian)闊5間,明間開門(men),黃琉璃瓦(wa)歇(xie)山(shan)式頂(ding)。次、梢間為(wei)(wei)檻墻、檻窗,檐(yan)下施以斗栱(gong),飾龍和(he)璽彩(cai)畫。東西六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)年(nian)節張掛的《宮(gong)(gong)訓圖(tu)》原收藏于(yu)此。
永和(he)宮(gong)(gong) 永和(he)宮(gong)(gong),內廷東(dong)六宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一,位于承乾宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)東(dong)、景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)南(nan)。明代為(wei)妃(fei)嬪所居(ju),清(qing)代為(wei)后(hou)妃(fei)所居(ju)。清(qing)康熙(xi)帝孝恭仁皇(huang)后(hou)久居(ju)此宮(gong)(gong)。其(qi)后(hou),道光帝靜貴妃(fei),咸豐帝麗貴人等(deng)先后(hou)在此居(ju)住。宮(gong)(gong)為(wei)二進院,正門(men)南(nan)向,名永和(he)門(men),前(qian)院正殿即永和(he)宮(gong)(gong),面闊5間。明間開(kai)門(men),次、梢間皆為(wei)檻墻,上安支(zhi)窗。正間室(shi)內懸乾隆御題“儀(yi)昭淑慎(shen)”匾,吊白(bai)樘箅子(zi)頂棚,方磚墁地。東(dong)西(xi)有配(pei)殿各3間,明間開(kai)門(men),黃琉璃瓦硬山式頂,檐下飾旋子(zi)彩畫。東(dong)西(xi)配(pei)殿的北側皆為(wei)耳房,各3間。
毓(yu)(yu)慶宮(gong) 毓(yu)(yu)慶宮(gong)位于(yu)內廷東(dong)路奉先殿(dian)(dian)與齋(zhai)宮(gong)之(zhi)間(jian),系清康熙(xi)十八(ba)年(nian)(1679年(nian))在明(ming)代奉慈殿(dian)(dian)基址上修(xiu)建(jian)而成(cheng)。是由長方(fang)形院落(luo)組(zu)成(cheng)的建(jian)筑群,前后共四進。正(zheng)(zheng)門前星(xing)門,門內為(wei)(wei)第一進院落(luo),有值房3座,西墻開陽曜門與齋(zhai)宮(gong)相通。過院北(bei)祥(xiang)旭(xu)門為(wei)(wei)第二進院落(luo),正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)惇本殿(dian)(dian),東(dong)西配殿(dian)(dian)各3間(jian)。第三進院東(dong)西兩(liang)側(ce)各有圍房20間(jian),直抵第四進院,正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)即毓(yu)(yu)慶宮(gong),建(jian)筑為(wei)(wei)工字殿(dian)(dian)。毓(yu)(yu)慶宮(gong)是康熙(xi)年(nian)間(jian)特為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)太子(zi)允礽所建(jian),后作為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)子(zi)居所。同(tong)治、光緒兩(liang)朝,此(ci)宮(gong)均作為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)讀書處(chu),光緒皇(huang)帝(di)曾在此(ci)居住。
齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong) 齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)位于(yu)紫禁城(cheng)東六宮(gong)(gong)之南,毓慶宮(gong)(gong)西(xi),為(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)行祭(ji)天(tian)祀(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)地(di)典禮(li)前(qian)的齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒之所。明代和(he)清前(qian)期,祭(ji)天(tian)祀(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)地(di)前(qian)的齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒均在宮(gong)(gong)外進行。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)系前(qian)朝后寢兩進的長方(fang)形(xing)院落。前(qian)殿齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong),面闊(kuo)5間,黃琉(liu)璃瓦歇山(shan)頂,前(qian)出抱(bao)廈(sha)3間,明間、兩次間開隔扇門,兩梢間為(wei)檻(jian)窗。凡(fan)祭(ji)天(tian)祀(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)地(di)及祈谷、常雩大(da)(da)祀(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)前(qian),皇(huang)帝(di)致(zhi)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)于(yu)此。遇(yu)皇(huang)帝(di)宿齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong),恭設齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒牌(pai)、銅(tong)人于(yu)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)丹陛左(zuo)側。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒日,皇(huang)帝(di)與陪祀(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)大(da)(da)臣佩戴齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒牌(pai),各宮(gong)(gong)懸齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒木牌(pai)于(yu)簾額。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒期間,不作樂,不飲酒,忌辛辣。
其他建筑
武(wu)(wu)英(ying)(ying)殿(dian) 武(wu)(wu)英(ying)(ying)殿(dian)始建于明初(chu),位于外(wai)朝熙和門以(yi)西。正殿(dian)武(wu)(wu)英(ying)(ying)殿(dian)南向,面闊5間(jian),進深3間(jian),黃琉璃瓦歇(xie)山頂。東西配殿(dian)分別是(shi)凝道殿(dian)、煥章殿(dian),左右(you)共有廊房(fang)63間(jian)。院落東北有恒壽齋(zhai),西北為浴德堂。明初(chu)帝王齋(zhai)居、召見大臣(chen)皆于武(wu)(wu)英(ying)(ying)殿(dian),后移至文華殿(dian)。清兵入(ru)關之初(chu),攝政王多爾(er)袞先行抵京,以(yi)武(wu)(wu)英(ying)(ying)殿(dian)作為理事之所(suo)。
皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian) 皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)為寧壽宮區的主體建筑,始(shi)建于清(qing)康熙二十八年(1689年),初名寧壽宮。皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)位于寧壽宮區中軸線前(qian)部,與后殿(dian)寧壽宮前(qian)后排列于單層石臺基之上(shang)。殿(dian)座(zuo)北(bei)朝南,面闊9間,進深(shen)5間,取(qu)帝(di)尊九五之制。皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)丹陛左右分置(zhi)日晷、嘉量,是(shi)體現(xian)皇(huang)權的重要(yao)陳設。御道兩側各(ge)有六(liu)方(fang)須彌座(zuo)一個,座(zuo)上(shang)置(zhi)重檐六(liu)角亭,亭身每面鐫篆體壽字各(ge)三。
慈(ci)寧宮(gong) 慈(ci)寧宮(gong)位于內廷外西(xi)路隆宗(zong)門西(xi)側。始建于明嘉靖十五年(nian)(nian)(1536年(nian)(nian))。乾(qian)隆三十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1769年(nian)(nian))興工將(jiang)慈(ci)寧宮(gong)正(zheng)殿(dian)由(you)單檐(yan)改(gai)為重檐(yan),并將(jiang)后(hou)寢(qin)殿(dian)后(hou)移,始定今之形制(zhi)。正(zheng)殿(dian)慈(ci)寧宮(gong)居中,前后(hou)出廊,黃(huang)琉璃瓦重檐(yan)歇山頂。面闊7間,當中5間各開4扇(shan)(shan)(shan)雙交四(si)椀(wan)菱(ling)花槅(ge)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)門。兩梢(shao)間為磚砌坎墻(qiang),各開4扇(shan)(shan)(shan)雙交四(si)椀(wan)菱(ling)花槅(ge)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)窗。殿(dian)前出月臺(tai),正(zheng)面出三階,左右各出一階,臺(tai)上陳鎏金銅香爐4座。東西(xi)兩山設卡墻(qiang),各開垂花門,可(ke)通(tong)后(hou)院(yuan)。
文淵(yuan)閣 文淵(yuan)閣是文華殿(dian)后(hou)的(de)藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)樓,乾(qian)隆(long)四十一年(1776年)仿(fang)浙江藏(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)名樓“天一閣”建造。閣分上下兩層,黑色(se)琉(liu)璃瓦覆(fu)頂,綠(lv)色(se)琉(liu)璃瓦剪邊,色(se)調深(shen)沉雅致,又寓含(han)五行中黑色(se)主水(shui),以水(shui)克火的(de)用意(yi)。閣內(nei)藏(zang)(zang)《四庫全書(shu)(shu)(shu)》與《欽定古今圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)集成》,清代(dai)乾(qian)隆(long)朝以后(hou),除了(le)皇帝來這里讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)外,也允許臣工和(he)學士們來此查閱圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)。
暢音閣(ge) 暢音閣(ge)通高(gao)20.71米,在寧壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)區的(de)(de)中部,是紫禁城中最(zui)大的(de)(de)戲(xi)樓。清乾隆四十一(yi)年(nian)(1776年(nian))建(jian)成,嘉慶年(nian)(19世紀(ji)初)又增(zeng)建(jian)扮戲(xi)樓。閣(ge)高(gao)20余(yu)米,從城墻(qiang)外也能望見樓閣(ge)的(de)(de)綠(lv)琉(liu)璃瓦頂。“暢音”即盡(jin)情賞(shang)樂音之意。高(gao)閣(ge)分(fen)(fen)上(shang)、中、下(xia)三層(ceng),分(fen)(fen)別為福、祿、壽(shou)(shou)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)。壽(shou)(shou)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)面有五口(kou)井(jing)通地下(xia)室(shi),上(shang)有三個天井(jing)通祿臺(tai)(tai)(tai)。此(ci)(ci)閣(ge)朝北,與帝(di)后等賞(shang)戲(xi)的(de)(de)閱是樓相對。每逢年(nian)節,宮(gong)中即在此(ci)(ci)開演大戲(xi),臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上(shang)、臺(tai)(tai)(tai)下(xia)都熱鬧非凡。
壽(shou)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 壽(shou)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)位于(yu)內廷(ting)外西路壽(shou)康宮(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)北,英(ying)華(hua)殿(dian)以(yi)南。始(shi)建于(yu)明代,初名咸(xian)熙(xi)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),嘉靖四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1525年(nian)(nian)(nian))改稱(cheng)咸(xian)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。清初沿明制,雍(yong)正(zheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間在(zai)此(ci)興辦咸(xian)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)官(guan)學,乾隆十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1751年(nian)(nian)(nian))咸(xian)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)官(guan)學移出。同年(nian)(nian)(nian),乾隆皇(huang)帝為慶(qing)賀(he)皇(huang)太(tai)后(hou)(hou)六十(shi)壽(shou)誕(dan),將此(ci)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)修葺一(yi)新后(hou)(hou)改稱(cheng)壽(shou)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。乾隆二十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1760年(nian)(nian)(nian)),為皇(huang)太(tai)后(hou)(hou)七十(shi)圣壽(shou)慶(qing)典,在(zai)院(yuan)中添建一(yi)座3層大戲臺。嘉慶(qing)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1799年(nian)(nian)(nian))將戲臺拆除,扮戲樓改建為春禧殿(dian)后(hou)(hou)卷殿(dian)。