文姜(?-前673年(nian)),姜姓,名字(zi)不詳,齊(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)之女,齊(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)異母妹,魯桓公(gong)(gong)的夫人。與齊(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)亂倫被(bei)魯桓公(gong)(gong)得知,齊(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)令彭(peng)生殺魯桓公(gong)(gong)。以才華著稱于(yu)當(dang)世,所以被(bei)稱為“文”。
文姜(jiang)(jiang)與她(ta)的(de)姐姐齊(qi)宣姜(jiang)(jiang),都是當時聞名的(de)絕色(se)美人。文姜(jiang)(jiang)的(de)婚姻(yin)一波三折,她(ta)的(de)風(feng)流韻(yun)事(shi),轟動(dong)了天下(xia)各國,人們(men)一面(mian)(mian)諷刺她(ta)的(de)蕩婦淫亂行徑,一面(mian)(mian)又歌頌她(ta)的(de)絕世艷麗,《詩經(jing)》上就留下(xia)許多有關文姜(jiang)(jiang)的(de)篇章(zhang),有毀有譽。
夏商周(zhou)時期(qi),有貴族身份的男子(zi)只稱(cheng)(cheng)氏與(yu)名(ming),而不(bu)稱(cheng)(cheng)姓。只有婦人稱(cheng)(cheng)姓,周(zhou)朝(chao)諸侯國(guo)齊國(guo)為姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)姓。文(wen)是(shi)指(zhi)有才華,所謂文(wen)姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)是(shi)指(zhi)有才華的姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)姓女子(zi)。
魯桓(huan)公(gong)三年(齊僖(xi)公(gong)二十二年,前709年),魯桓(huan)公(gong)派(pai)公(gong)子(zi)揮到齊國迎娶文(wen)姜為妻(qi),并立(li)文(wen)姜為夫人。
魯桓(huan)(huan)公六年(齊僖公二十五年,前706年),文(wen)姜(jiang)為(wei)魯桓(huan)(huan)公生(sheng)下(xia)(xia)一子(zi),因與魯桓(huan)(huan)公同(tong)(tong)(tong)月(yue)生(sheng)日,所(suo)以取名為(wei)同(tong)(tong)(tong),同(tong)(tong)(tong)長大后(hou)(hou)立為(wei)太子(zi)(太子(zi)同(tong)(tong)(tong))。后(hou)(hou)來,文(wen)姜(jiang)再(zai)度(du)為(wei)魯桓(huan)(huan)公生(sheng)下(xia)(xia)兒子(zi)公子(zi)友。
文(wen)姜(jiang)出嫁前,便與(yu)其兄齊(qi)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)私通。魯(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十(shi)八年(齊(qi)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)四年,前694年)春天(tian),文(wen)姜(jiang)和(he)魯(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)來(lai)到(dao)齊(qi)國(guo),再度與(yu)齊(qi)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)私通。魯(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)得(de)(de)知此事后,怒責(ze)(ze)(ze)文(wen)姜(jiang),文(wen)姜(jiang)將(jiang)魯(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的責(ze)(ze)(ze)罵告訴齊(qi)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。同年四月初十(shi)日,齊(qi)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)宴(yan)請魯(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)飲(yin)酒,將(jiang)魯(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)灌醉后,讓公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)彭(peng)生(sheng)(sheng)將(jiang)魯(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)抱上(shang)車,并命(ming)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)彭(peng)生(sheng)(sheng)折斷魯(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的肋(lei)骨。魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)人告訴齊(qi)國(guo)說:“寡君畏懼齊(qi)君的威嚴,不敢(gan)安居,前來(lai)修友(you)好之禮(li)。禮(li)儀完成而未能回(hui)國(guo),沒有(you)地(di)方追究罪(zui)責(ze)(ze)(ze),請求得(de)(de)到(dao)彭(peng)生(sheng)(sheng),用他在諸侯中清除丑聞。”,齊(qi)襄(xiang)(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)是殺死(si)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)彭(peng)生(sheng)(sheng)來(lai)向(xiang)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)賠(pei)罪(zui)。
魯桓(huan)公(gong)死后(hou),魯國(guo)人擁立太子同繼(ji)位(wei),是為魯莊(zhuang)公(gong)。文姜于(yu)是留在(zai)(zai)齊國(guo),不敢返(fan)回魯國(guo)。文姜長期居住(zhu)在(zai)(zai)齊國(guo),后(hou)來回到魯國(guo),但仍然(ran)常(chang)常(chang)與齊襄(xiang)公(gong)相(xiang)會(hui)。齊襄(xiang)公(gong)后(hou)來被公(gong)孫無知派連稱殺(sha)死,文姜也沒有離開禚(zhuo)地(di),就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)那里遙(yao)遙(yao)地(di)指揮魯莊(zhuang)公(gong)管理政事,文姜在(zai)(zai)處理政務上展(zhan)現(xian)了本領。
春秋時代初期,齊(qi)僖(xi)公的(de)(de)兩(liang)個女(nv)兒成了當時各諸侯國(guo)君侯、世(shi)子競爭的(de)(de)對象(xiang),他(ta)們紛紛借機(ji)前(qian)往齊(qi)國(guo)都城臨淄攀扯關系(xi),討好齊(qi)僖(xi)公,以達(da)到娶(qu)齊(qi)氏(shi)女(nv)子的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。而(er)齊(qi)文姜特別欣(xin)賞鄭國(guo)世(shi)子姬忽(hu),于(yu)是齊(qi)王(wang)意欲將(jiang)文姜嫁與世(shi)子姬忽(hu)。
然而鄭國的世(shi)子姬以“齊大(da)非偶”為由,未答應(ying)其(qi)要求。這對齊文姜(jiang)來說是莫(mo)大(da)的恥辱,終于懨懨成病。
劉向《列(lie)女(nv)傳》引《詩》:“亂匪降(jiang)自(zi)天,生自(zi)婦人。’此之謂也。”
劉向(xiang)《列女(nv)傳》:“文姜淫(yin)亂(luan),配魯桓公,與(yu)俱(ju)歸齊(qi),齊(qi)襄(xiang)淫(yin)通,俾(bi)厥彭(peng)生,摧(cui)干拉胸(xiong),維女(nv)為亂(luan),卒(zu)成禍兇。”
《東(dong)周列國(guo)志》:“齊(qi)僖公二女(nv),長宣姜(jiang)(jiang),次文姜(jiang)(jiang),宣姜(jiang)(jiang)淫于舅,文姜(jiang)(jiang)淫于兄,人倫天(tian)理,至(zhi)此滅絕矣!有(you)詩嘆曰:妖艷春秋(qiu)首(shou)二姜(jiang)(jiang),致令齊(qi)衛紊綱常(chang)。天(tian)生尤物殃人國(guo),不及無鹽佐(zuo)伯(bo)王!”
《史記·卷(juan)三十二·齊太(tai)公(gong)世家(jia)第二》
《列女傳·之卷七(qi)·孽嬖(bi)傳》
父親:齊僖公
兄(xiong)弟:齊襄公(gong)(gong)諸(zhu)子(zi)、齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)小白、公(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)、公(gong)(gong)子(zi)彭生
丈夫:魯桓公
兒子:魯莊公(gong)、姬季(ji)友
姐姐:宣姜
《詩經·齊(qi)風·載驅》《詩經·齊(qi)風·敝笱》《詩經·齊(qi)風·南(nan)山(shan)》
《詩經·鄭風·有女同車》(《毛詩序》以為是刺鄭國的(de)太子(zi)忽(hu)(即后(hou)來的(de)鄭昭公)不婚(hun)于齊(qi)。現代學者(zhe)一(yi)般這是一(yi)對貴族(zu)青年(nian)男(nan)女的(de)戀歌。)
1996年電視劇(ju)《東(dong)周列國(guo)·春秋篇》:龔麗君飾演文姜。