太(tai)和(he)五(wu)年(nian)(370年(nian)),前(qian)燕被(bei)(bei)前(qian)秦所滅亡后,包括慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)及其兄慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)泓在(zai)內的眾多鮮卑(bei)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)部人被(bei)(bei)遷往關(guan)中。太(tai)元九年(nian)(384年(nian)),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)之(zhi)叔慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂叛秦建立后燕,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)泓亦于關(guan)中舉(ju)兵自稱濟北王。時任平陽太(tai)守的慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)河東起兵,擁有二萬兵眾,進軍攻打(da)蒲(pu)坂,苻堅(jian)令竇(dou)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)征討(tao)他。竇(dou)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)河東攻擊慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong),大敗慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)率騎兵八(ba)千投奔(ben)其兄慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)泓軍中。
不久慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)泓進(jin)軍(jun)長(chang)安,建立西燕政權。太(tai)(tai)元九年(384年)六月(yue),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)泓的(de)謀臣高(gao)蓋(gai)、宿勤崇等(deng)認為(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)泓的(de)德望不如慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong),而且執法(fa)苛嚴,于是就(jiu)殺了慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)泓,立慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)為(wei)皇太(tai)(tai)弟,秉承(cheng)帝旨行(xing)事,自行(xing)設置任(ren)命(ming)官員。 任(ren)命(ming)高(gao)蓋(gai)為(wei)尚書令。后秦(qin)姚萇派遣(qian)兒子姚嵩到慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)處作(zuo)為(wei)人(ren)質,以請求和好(hao)。
太元九年(384年)七月(yue),苻(fu)(fu)堅聽說慕容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)(chong)離長安(an)二百余里,就(jiu)撤兵(bing)而回,令(ling)撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)苻(fu)(fu)方戍守驪山(shan),拜苻(fu)(fu)暉(hui)(hui)(hui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)使持節(jie)、散(san)騎常侍、都督中外諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)、車騎大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、司隸校尉、錄尚書,配給五萬(wan)兵(bing)力抵御慕容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)(chong),河間公(gong)苻(fu)(fu)琳(lin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),作為(wei)(wei)(wei)苻(fu)(fu)暉(hui)(hui)(hui)的后援(yuan)部隊。慕容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)(chong)就(jiu)命婦人乘牛馬充(chong)數,舉竿子為(wei)(wei)(wei)旗,揚土為(wei)(wei)(wei)灰塵(chen),督促勉勵他的軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)眾(zhong),早晨在鄭西進攻(gong)(gong)苻(fu)(fu)暉(hui)(hui)(hui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)營。苻(fu)(fu)暉(hui)(hui)(hui)出兵(bing)拒戰(zhan),慕容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)(chong)揚塵(chen)擊鼓(gu)吶喊,苻(fu)(fu)暉(hui)(hui)(hui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)戰(zhan)敗(bai)(bai)。苻(fu)(fu)堅又任尚書姜宇為(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),與苻(fu)(fu)琳(lin)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)三(san)萬(wan),到灞(ba)上(shang)攻(gong)(gong)擊慕容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)(chong),被(bei)慕容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)(chong)打敗(bai)(bai),姜宇戰(zhan)死,苻(fu)(fu)琳(lin)身(shen)中流(liu)箭,慕容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)(chong)于是占據并入(ru)住阿房(fang)城(cheng)。
太元九年(384年)九月,慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)進逼長安(an),苻堅登上城頭(tou)觀望,嘆(tan)息道(dao):“這(zhe)些虜賊從哪(na)里出(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)?這(zhe)么(me)強盛!”大(da)聲(sheng)斥責慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)說(shuo):“你們這(zhe)些群奴正(zheng)好放牧牛羊,為什么(me)來(lai)送死(si)!”慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)說(shuo):“奴就(jiu)奴罷,已經厭(yan)倦了(le)為奴之苦(ku),又要把(ba)(ba)你取(qu)而代之。”苻堅派使者(zhe)送一(yi)(yi)領錦袍給慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong),稱(cheng)詔旨說(shuo):“古(gu)人交(jiao)戰,使者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)間往來(lai)。卿遠(yuan)來(lai)諸(zhu)事(shi)草創,能(neng)不(bu)勞苦(ku)嗎?現(xian)贈送一(yi)(yi)領錦袍,以(yi)(yi)表(biao)明本(ben)心。朕對卿的(de)(de)(de)恩分怎么(me)樣(yang)(yang)(yang),而一(yi)(yi)夜之間出(chu)現(xian)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)故!”慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)命詹事(shi)回(hui)答,亦(yi)稱(cheng)“皇太弟有(you)令”:“孤現(xian)在(zai)(zai)心在(zai)(zai)天下,豈能(neng)顧念一(yi)(yi)領錦袍的(de)(de)(de)小恩惠。如果(guo)能(neng)知道(dao)天命,就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)君臣束(shu)手(shou),停止交(jiao)戰,早點(dian)把(ba)(ba)皇帝送出(chu)來(lai),自然會寬赦苻氏(shi),以(yi)(yi)酬(chou)報舊好,終(zhong)將不(bu)讓以(yi)(yi)往所做的(de)(de)(de)善(shan)事(shi)成為沒(mei)有(you)可(ke)相提并論的(de)(de)(de)獨美”。苻堅大(da)怒說(shuo):“我不(bu)聽從王猛(meng)、陽平(ping)公之言,使得白虜敢到這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)地步。”
太元十年(nian)(385年(nian))正月,慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)阿房(fang)城(cheng)稱(cheng)帝,改(gai)年(nian)號為更始。苻堅與慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)交(jiao)戰,各(ge)有勝(sheng)負(fu)。苻堅曾(ceng)被(bei)慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)包圍,前秦殿中(zhong)上(shang)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)鄧邁、左(zuo)中(zhong)郎將鄧綏、尚書郎鄧瓊相(xiang)互(hu)說(shuo):“我們(men)家(jia)世代蒙(meng)受(shou)榮(rong)耀(yao)寵貴,先君(jun)為國家(jia)建立了大(da)功,不(bu)能不(bu)盡(jin)忠效節,以繼承先君(jun)之(zhi)志。再(zai)說(shuo)不(bu)能為君(jun)主之(zhi)難獻身(shen)者,不(bu)是大(da)丈夫(fu)。”于是與毛(mao)長樂等蒙(meng)上(shang)獸皮,揚(yang)戈奮勇攻(gong)擊慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)潰敗(bai)(bai)。慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)又(you)派(pai)他的尚書令高(gao)蓋率軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)夜襲長安,攻(gong)陷南門,進入(ru)南城(cheng)。前秦左(zuo)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)竇沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、前禁(jin)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)李辯等擊敗(bai)(bai)高(gao)蓋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),高(gao)蓋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)眾(zhong)被(bei)斬首一千八(ba)百人,并(bing)被(bei)前秦軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)分尸而吃。接著(zhu)苻堅又(you)在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)西打敗(bai)(bai)慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),追擊慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的敗(bai)(bai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)到阿房(fang)城(cheng)。前秦眾(zhong)將請求乘勝(sheng)入(ru)城(cheng),苻堅擔心被(bei)慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)俘(fu)獲,就嗚鑼(luo)罷兵。
太元十年(385年)三月,苻(fu)暉屢次被慕(mu)容(rong)沖擊(ji)敗(bai),苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)斥責(ze)他說(shuo):“你是我的兒(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi),擁有重兵,屢次被白虜(lu)小(xiao)兒(er)(er)摧(cui)敗(bai),還活(huo)著干什么!”苻(fu)暉憤懣惱怒(nu)而(er)自殺。關(guan)中(zhong)三千余所堡(bao)壘(lei),推舉平遠將軍(jun)馮(feng)翊、趙敖為統領(ling),相互結盟,派兵送糧援助苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)。前秦左(zuo)將軍(jun)茍(gou)池(chi)、右(you)將軍(jun)俱(ju)石(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)率(lv)騎兵五(wu)千,與(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)沖搶(qiang)麥子(zi)(zi)(zi),在驪山(shan)交戰(zhan),被慕(mu)容(rong)沖擊(ji)敗(bai),茍(gou)池(chi)戰(zhan)死,俱(ju)石(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)逃奔鄴城。苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)大(da)怒(nu),又派領(ling)軍(jun)將軍(jun)楊定(ding)率(lv)身(shen)邊的精銳騎兵二千五(wu)百人攻擊(ji)慕(mu)容(rong)沖,大(da)敗(bai)慕(mu)容(rong)沖,俘(fu)獲擄掠鮮(xian)卑人一萬多而(er)回。苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)發怒(nu),把這些鮮(xian)卑人全部活(huo)埋。楊定(ding)勇(yong)猛(meng)善戰(zhan),慕(mu)容(rong)沖很害怕他,就挖了(le)陷馬坑以(yi)鞏固(gu)防地。
太元(yuan)十年(nian)(385年(nian))五(wu)月(yue),慕容沖(chong)率軍登入長(chang)安城,苻堅身披鐘(zhong)甲,督戰抵御,渾身中箭(jian),血流遍體。后被慕容沖(chong)擄掠的(de)(de)三輔人(ren)(ren)士,都(dou)派使者告訴苻堅,請(qing)求(qiu)放(fang)火(huo)作為內應(ying)。苻堅派七百(bai)騎兵去接應(ying)。可是在(zai)慕容沖(chong)營中放(fang)火(huo)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)被風吹的(de)(de)火(huo)焰(yan)燒死(si)很多,只有十分之一二的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)免(mian)于(yu)死(si)難。而慕容沖(chong)在(zai)關中殘(can)暴肆虐,百(bai)姓都(dou)流亡失散,道路(lu)斷絕,方(fang)圓(yuan)千里沒(mei)有人(ren)(ren)煙。
苻(fu)堅派(pai)衛將軍楊定在城西攻擊慕容(rong)沖(chong),被慕容(rong)沖(chong)擒獲。苻(fu)堅更加恐懼(ju),把后面的事交付(fu)給苻(fu)宏,帶著中山公(gong)苻(fu)詵、張夫人(ren)率騎兵數(shu)百(bai)到五將山,遍(bian)告州郡,約定初冬救長(chang)安(an)。苻(fu)宏不久就帶著母妻(qi)宗室男女幾千騎出奔,百(bai)官(guan)逃散。慕容(rong)沖(chong)進(jin)占長(chang)安(an),縱兵大肆擄掠(lve),死者不計其(qi)數(shu)。
慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖與苻堅相互攻戰時(shi),軍(jun)勢(shi)很盛(sheng)。后秦國主姚萇想要西上,擔(dan)心慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖阻(zu)遏他(ta)(ta),就派使者與他(ta)(ta)通和(he),送兒子姚崇(chong)到慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖那里(li)做人質,進駐北地,練兵聚(ju)糧,以觀望時(shi)局的(de)變化。
太元十年(385年)十月,慕容(rong)沖派車騎(qi)大將(jiang)軍(jun)高蓋率(lv)軍(jun)五萬進攻后(hou)秦,在新平以南交戰,大敗(bai)高蓋,高蓋率(lv)部下(xia)數千人(ren)來投降了(le)后(hou)秦。
太元十一年(386年),慕容沖(chong)喜歡住在長安,而且畏懼后(hou)燕武成帝慕容垂的(de)(de)強盛,不敢(gan)東(dong)歸,便督促(cu)農耕,建(jian)筑宮室,作長久安居的(de)(de)打算。鮮卑人全(quan)都怨恨(hen)他。左將(jiang)軍(jun)韓延(yan)順應眾人心(xin)中的(de)(de)不滿,攻打慕容沖(chong),并將(jiang)慕容沖(chong)殺死,擁立慕容沖(chong)的(de)(de)將(jiang)領段隨為(wei)西燕王,改年號為(wei)昌平(ping)。
太(tai)元九年(384年),高蓋、宿(su)勤(qin)崇等殺慕容(rong)(rong)泓(hong),立慕容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)為皇太(tai)弟(di),秉承帝旨行事(shi),自行設(she)置任命(ming)(ming)官員,任命(ming)(ming)高蓋為尚書令。后秦姚萇派(pai)遣兒子姚嵩到慕容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)處(chu)作為人(ren)質,以請求(qiu)和好。
太元(yuan)(yuan)十年(nian)(385年(nian)),慕(mu)容(rong)沖稱帝(di),改(gai)元(yuan)(yuan)更始。慕(mu)容(rong)沖稱帝(di)后躊躇滿志,任(ren)意賞(shang)罰官將(jiang)。
太(tai)元十一年(386年),慕容沖喜歡居住在長安(an),而且又畏懼慕容垂的(de)強盛,不敢東(dong)歸,便督促農耕,建筑(zhu)宮室(shi),作(zuo)長久安(an)居的(de)打算,因此遭(zao)致(zhi)鮮(xian)卑人的(de)怨恨,最終(zhong)被殺。