編鐘(zhong)是(shi)中(zhong)國古代重要的(de)(de)打擊樂(le)器,是(shi)鐘(zhong)的(de)(de)一種。編鐘(zhong)興起于(yu)西周,盛于(yu)春秋(qiu)戰(zhan)國直至秦漢。編鐘(zhong)由若干個大小(xiao)不(bu)同的(de)(de)鐘(zhong)有次(ci)序地(di)懸掛在木架上編成一組或幾組,每個鐘(zhong)敲擊的(de)(de)音高各(ge)不(bu)相同。由于(yu)年代不(bu)同,編鐘(zhong)的(de)(de)形狀也不(bu)盡相同,但鐘(zhong)身(shen)都繪(hui)有精美的(de)(de)圖案。
編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)發(fa)聲原理大(da)(da)體是,編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體小(xiao),音調就(jiu)高,音量(liang)也(ye)小(xiao);鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體大(da)(da),音調就(jiu)低,音量(liang)也(ye)大(da)(da),所以鑄(zhu)造時的(de)尺寸(cun)和形狀對編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有重要(yao)的(de)影(ying)響。
根據文獻(xian)記載和出土文物,發現(xian)我國(guo)在(zai)(zai)西周(zhou)時(shi)期就(jiu)有了(le)編(bian)(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),那時(shi)候的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般是(shi)由大(da)小3枚(mei)組合起(qi)(qi)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。春秋末期到戰國(guo)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數目就(jiu)逐漸增多了(le),有9枚(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和13枚(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),等等。1957年(nian),在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)河(he)南(nan)信陽(yang)城陽(yang)城址出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)套編(bian)(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)13枚(mei),音樂家隨(sui)即用(yong)此演(yan)奏(zou)歌(ge)頌當代(dai)領袖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頌歌(ge)《東方紅》。1978年(nian),湖北(bei)隨(sui)州(zhou)南(nan)郊擂鼓(gu)墩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座戰國(guo)時(shi)代(dai)(約公元(yuan)前433年(nian))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曾(ceng)侯乙墓出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是(shi)至今為(wei)(wei)止所發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)套編(bian)(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中最引人注目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)套,這(zhe)套編(bian)(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之大(da),足(zu)以(yi)占滿一(yi)(yi)(yi)個現(xian)代(dai)音樂廳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整個舞臺。曾(ceng)侯乙墓編(bian)(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由19個鈕鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、45個甬(yong)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),外加(jia)楚惠王送的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件大(da)傅鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共65件組成(cheng)。這(zhe)些鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)3層(ceng)8組掛在(zai)(zai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)架上,直掛在(zai)(zai)上層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3組叫(jiao)(jiao)鈕鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),斜懸在(zai)(zai)中下(xia)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)5組叫(jiao)(jiao)甬(yong)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中最小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個鈕鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高20.4厘(li)米、質(zhi)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)2.4千(qian)(qian)克,在(zai)(zai)演(yan)奏(zou)中能(neng)起(qi)(qi)定調(diao)作用(yong),最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個低音甬(yong)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高達(da)153.4厘(li)米、質(zhi)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)203.6千(qian)(qian)克,全(quan)套編(bian)(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總質(zhi)量(liang)在(zai)(zai)2500千(qian)(qian)克以(yi)上。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)架是(shi)銅(tong)木(mu)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外形(xing)(xing)呈直角曲尺形(xing)(xing)(如┏),全長(chang)10米(mi)以(yi)上(shang)(shang),上(shang)(shang)下3層,高(gao)273厘米(mi),由6個佩劍的(de)(de)青銅(tong)武士(shi)和幾(ji)(ji)根圓柱承托。整(zheng)(zheng)套(tao)編(bian)鐘和梁架氣勢宏(hong)大、壯觀(guan)無比。演奏(zou)時(shi)樂(le)隊由幾(ji)(ji)個人(ren)組成,用(yong)6只(zhi)丁字形(xing)(xing)木錘敲(qiao)高(gao)、中(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)(yin)(yin),用(yong)兩根長(chang)形(xing)(xing)棒(bang)撞低音(yin)(yin)(yin)。經聲學專(zhuan)家(jia)研究(jiu),編(bian)鐘中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)每只(zhi)鐘都可以(yi)發出(chu)兩個不同(tong)的(de)(de)樂(le)音(yin)(yin)(yin),只(zhi)要準(zhun)確地(di)敲(qiao)擊鐘上(shang)(shang)標音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)位(wei)置,它就能發出(chu)合(he)乎(hu)一定頻率(lv)的(de)(de)樂(le)音(yin)(yin)(yin),整(zheng)(zheng)套(tao)編(bian)鐘能奏(zou)出(chu)現代鋼琴(qin)(qin)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)所(suo)有黑白鍵的(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)響。這(zhe)套(tao)編(bian)鐘的(de)(de)定音(yin)(yin)(yin)頻率(lv)為256.4赫,與如今鋼琴(qin)(qin)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)央“C”頻率(lv)幾(ji)(ji)乎(hu)完(wan)全相等。
曾(ceng)侯乙編鐘(zhong)用(yong)(yong)料是銅、錫(xi)、鉛(qian)合金,全套編鐘(zhong)上裝飾(shi)有人、獸、龍等花(hua)紋(wen),鑄制(zhi)精美,花(hua)紋(wen)細(xi)致清晰,并刻有錯金銘文,用(yong)(yong)以標明各(ge)鐘(zhong)的(de)(de)發(fa)音音調,它是公元(yuan)前433年(nian)的(de)(de)實物。可見,遠在2400多年(nian)以前。我國的(de)(de)音樂(le)(le)文化和鑄造技術(shu)已經發(fa)展到相(xiang)當高的(de)(de)水平(ping),它比歐洲(zhou)十二平(ping)均律的(de)(de)鍵盤樂(le)(le)器的(de)(de)出(chu)現要早將(jiang)近2000年(nian)。
早在3500年前的商代(dai),中(zhong)國就有了編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong),不過那時(shi)(shi)的編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)為三枚一套。后(hou)來隨著時(shi)(shi)代(dai)的發展(zhan),每套編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)的個數也不斷增加。古代(dai)的編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)用(yong)于宮(gong)廷的演奏(zou),在民間很少流傳,每逢征戰、朝(chao)見或祭祀等活動(dong)時(shi)(shi),都要演奏(zou)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)。
曾侯乙“編(bian)鐘(zhong)”,為戰國(guo)早期文物(wu),1978年在(zai)湖北隨縣(今隨州市)成功發掘。這套(tao)(tao)編(bian)鐘(zhong)的(de)(de)鐘(zhong)架(jia)(jia)高大(da),由(you)長(chang)短不同的(de)(de)兩堵立面垂直相(xiang)交,呈曲尺形(xing)7根彩繪木梁(liang)兩端(duan)以蟠龍紋銅套(tao)(tao)加固,由(you)6個佩劍武士形(xing)銅柱(zhu)和8根圓柱(zhu)承托,構成上(shang)、中、下(xia)三層。鐘(zhong)架(jia)(jia)及掛鉤(含(han)可(ke)以拆裝的(de)(de)構件(jian))達246個。短架(jia)(jia)(左)長(chang)335、高273、長(chang)架(jia)(jia)(中、右)長(chang)748、高265厘米編(bian)鐘(zhong)是古代(dai)打擊(ji)樂(le)器(qi),也是象征擁有者權位的(de)(de)禮器(qi)。主要流行于(yu)商(shang)周和春秋(qiu)戰國(guo)時(shi)期。
曾(ceng)(ceng)侯乙(yi)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共65件,分(fen)為八組:上層(ceng)3組為鈕鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),19件;中層(ceng)3組為南鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),33件,分(fen)短枚(mei)、無枚(mei)、長(chang)枚(mei)三式(shi);下層(ceng)為兩(liang)組大型(xing)長(chang)枚(mei)甫鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),12件,另(ling)有搏(bo)l件。最大的1件通高152.3厘米(mi),重203.6公(gong)斤;最小(xiao)的l件通高20.2厘米(mi),重2.4公(gong)斤。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)總(zong)重2,567公(gong)斤,加上鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)架(含掛(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)鉤(gou))銅質部分(fen),合計(ji)4,421.48公(gong)斤。編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的懸掛(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)有三種(zhong)方式(shi):下層(ceng)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用環(huan)掛(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)式(shi),掛(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)鉤(gou)為爬(pa)虎套環(huan)和(he)雙桿套環(huan)兩(liang)種(zhong)中層(ceng)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用鉤(gou)掛(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)式(shi),掛(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)鉤(gou)為框(kuang)架鉤(gou)和(he)焊鉤(gou)兩(liang)種(zhong);上層(ceng)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用插掛(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)式(shi),是(shi)以(yi)插銷(xiao)入(ru)揮、串鉤(gou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鈕。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及架、鉤(gou)上共有銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)3,755字,內(nei)容為編(bian)號(hao)、記(ji)事、標(biao)音及樂(le)律理論。銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)多數錯金。全部甬鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的記(ji)事銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)均(jun)為“曾(ceng)(ceng)候乙(yi)作(zuo)持”5字,標(biao)明(ming)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的制作(zuo)和(he)享用者是(shi)曾(ceng)(ceng)侯乙(yi)。
搏鐘(zhong)的(de)銘文則(ze)記載楚王熊章為曾侯乙(yi)鑄(zhu)宗彝一事。標音(yin)(yin)明文標示(shi)了(le)鐘(zhong)的(de)懸(xuan)技(ji)位(wei)置或敲擊(ji)部(bu)位(wei)及其所發音(yin)(yin)的(de)名稱,它們構成(cheng)了(le)十(shi)二半(ban)音(yin)(yin)稱謂(wei)體系。樂律(lv)理論記述了(le)曾國與楚、晉、齊、申、周等國的(de)律(lv)名對應(ying)關系。鐘(zhong)銘所見律(lv)名28個、階(jie)名66個,絕大多數(shu)都(dou)是前所未知的(de)新材料。這(zhe)套(tao)編鐘(zhong)的(de)銘文,是一部(bu)重(zhong)要的(de)中國古(gu)代樂律(lv)理論專(zhuan)著。全(quan)套(tao)編鐘(zhong)音(yin)(yin)域寬廣(guang),音(yin)(yin)列(lie)充實,音(yin)(yin)色優(you)美。每件(jian)(jian)鐘(zhong)均有(you)(you)呈三度音(yin)(yin)程(cheng)的(de)兩個樂音(yin)(yin),可以(yi)分別擊(ji)發而互不干擾(rao),亦可同時擊(ji)發構成(cheng)悅耳的(de)和聲,證實了(le)中國古(gu)編鐘(zhong)每鐘(zhong)雙音(yin)(yin)的(de)規律(lv)。全(quan)套(tao)編鐘(zhong)具(ju)有(you)(you)深沉渾厚(hou)的(de)低音(yin)(yin)、圓潤淳樸的(de)中音(yin)(yin)和清脆(cui)明快(kuai)的(de)高音(yin)(yin)。其音(yin)(yin)域自C2至D7,中心(xin)音(yin)(yin)域內具(ju)十(shi)二半(ban)音(yin)(yin),可以(yi)旋宮(gong)轉調,演奏七聲音(yin)(yin)階(jie)的(de)多種樂曲。鐘(zhong)及鐘(zhong)架銅(tong)構件(jian)(jian)是銅(tong)、錫(xi)、鉛合金,合金比例因用(yong)途而異(yi)。用(yong)揮鑄(zhu)、分鑄(zhu)、錫(xi)焊(han)、銅(tong)焊(han)、鑄(zhu)鑲(xiang)、錯金、磨(mo)礪制作而成(cheng),工藝精湛。
編鐘(zhong)的裝配、布局,從力學(xue)、美學(xue)、實際(ji)操作(zuo)上,都顯得十分(fen)合(he)理(li)。全套(tao)鐘(zhong)的裝飾,有(you)人(ren)、獸(shou)、龍、花和(he)(he)幾何形紋(wen),采用了(le)圓(yuan)雕(diao)、浮雕(diao)、陰刻、彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)等(deng)多種(zhong)技法(fa),以赤、黑、黃色與青銅本(ben)色相映襯,顯得莊重肅穆,精(jing)美壯觀(guan)。有(you)6個丁字形彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)木(mu)極和(he)(he)2根彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)撞(zhuang)鐘(zhong)木(mu)棒與鐘(zhong)同出(chu)。據此并經實驗判定,這套(tao)鐘(zhong)的使用共需5人(ren):3人(ren)雙手執小模,掌(zhang)奏中、上層鐘(zhong);2人(ren)各持撞(zhuang)鐘(zhong)木(mu)棒,掌(zhang)奏下層鐘(zhong)。(木(mu)架和(he)(he)部分(fen)掛鉤系復制,其余均為原件)。1978年(nian)出(chu)土于湖北省(sheng)隨(sui)縣(今隨(sui)州(zhou)市)擂鼓墩曾(ceng)侯乙(yi)墓。
在中國古代(dai),編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)上層(ceng)社會專用(yong)的樂(le)器(qi),是(shi)等級(ji)和(he)權力的象(xiang)征。曾侯乙編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)上還標有和(he)樂(le)律(lv)(lv)有關(guan)的銘文(wen)2800多(duo)字,記(ji)錄了許多(duo)音樂(le)術(shu)語(yu),顯(xian)示(shi)了中國古代(dai)音樂(le)文(wen)化的先(xian)進水平。編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)音樂(le)清脆明亮,悠(you)揚(yang)動聽,能奏出歌唱一樣(yang)的旋律(lv)(lv),又有歌鐘(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)稱。
編(bian)鐘雖作為一(yi)種(zhong)較為古(gu)老的打(da)(da)(da)(da)擊樂器,但其(qi)音質(zhi)、音準、音色(se)等方面,絕(jue)不(bu)遜(xun)色(se)于(yu):排(pai)鼓(gu)(gu)、大(da)(da)(da)鼓(gu)(gu),大(da)(da)(da)鑼、小鑼、大(da)(da)(da)镲、小镲、缽等民(min)族打(da)(da)(da)(da)擊樂器,也不(bu)遜(xun)色(se)于(yu):定音鼓(gu)(gu)、馬林(lin)巴、鋁板琴、大(da)(da)(da)軍鼓(gu)(gu)、小軍鼓(gu)(gu)等西洋(yang)打(da)(da)(da)(da)擊樂器,更(geng)不(bu)遜(xun)色(se)于(yu)架子鼓(gu)(gu)等爵士打(da)(da)(da)(da)擊樂器。其(qi)地位已在世界(jie)打(da)(da)(da)(da)擊樂界(jie)中根深蒂固。
葉家山(shan)墓地(di)將編鐘(zhong)歷史(shi)前(qian)推500年,改寫(xie)世(shi)界音樂史(shi)。
曾(ceng)侯乙編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)曾(ceng)被譽為(wei)“世界第八大奇跡(ji)”,而在(zai)隨州(zhou)葉家山墓地考古(gu)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)中,考古(gu)人(ren)員發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)比曾(ceng)侯乙早500多年(nian)的(de)編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong),或將改(gai)變對(dui)鐘(zhong)的(de)起源的(de)認(ren)識。考古(gu)人(ren)員在(zai)編(bian)(bian)號墓墓壁二層臺發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)1個镈鐘(zhong)和(he)4個編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong),5件為(wei)1套(tao)。國家夏商(shang)周斷代(dai)工程首(shou)席(xi)科學家、北京大學古(gu)代(dai)文明(ming)研(yan)究中心(xin)主(zhu)任李(li)伯(bo)謙教授認(ren)為(wei),這(zhe)是中國目前(qian)所知最早的(de)編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong),此次(ci)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)屬于西(xi)周早期,預計有5至6個編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong),其數量和(he)規模超(chao)過同時期已(yi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong),在(zai)當(dang)時屬于較高等級,是西(xi)周考古(gu)的(de)重大發(fa)(fa)現(xian)。
湖(hu)北隨州(zhou)再次發現(xian)編鐘 比曾侯乙編鐘早500年
曾(ceng)侯乙(yi)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)曾(ceng)被譽為“世界第八大奇跡”,在(zai)3日(ri)的(de)湖(hu)北隨州(zhou)葉家山墓(mu)地考古(gu)發(fa)掘中,發(fa)現了比曾(ceng)侯乙(yi)早(zao)500多年的(de)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong),或將(jiang)改變對鐘(zhong)(zhong)的(de)起源的(de)認識。