王陽明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)居位(wei)于余姚城(cheng)區(qu)龍泉(quan)山(shan)北麓、陽明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)西(xi)路以北的(de)武勝(sheng)門(men)西(xi)側。即余姚壽(shou)山(shan)堂。現(xian)存(cun)王陽明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)居并非明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)代故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)居,乃(nai)是后世(shi)壽(shou)山(shan)堂(清(qing)朝(chao)中期建(jian)筑,橋(qiao)梁(liang)專家(jia)葉樊(字季衛)所建(jian))基礎(chu)上進行重修的(de)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝(chao)成化八年(公元(yuan)1472年),思想家(jia)王陽明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)就(jiu)誕生(sheng)于故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)居內的(de)瑞云樓,并在此度(du)過了童(tong)年和少年時代。故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)居規模宏大,格局完整。王陽明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)居被確定為省級文物保(bao)護單(dan)位(wei),已被國家(jia)文物局列入全國文保(bao)單(dan)位(wei)。
王陽明故(gu)居的主體(ti)建筑——瑞(rui)云樓(lou)為重檐硬山(shan)、五(wu)間二弄的二層(ceng)木結構(gou)樓(lou)房,有先人瑞(rui)云送子傳(chuan)說,故(gu)名瑞(rui)云樓(lou)。
王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)誕生(sheng)時(shi)他祖(zu)母(mu)(mu)夢見神(shen)仙瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)云(yun)送子(zi)的(de)(de)佳(jia)話,遂將此(ci)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)云(yun)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)在(zai)此(ci)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)度(du)過了(le)(le)他的(de)(de)童(tong)年時(shi)光(guang)。主(zhu)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)建(jian)筑(zhu)面積(ji)500多平方米,七樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)七底,重檐硬山,結構簡(jian)樸,氣勢較大,展現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)浙東地區明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)清樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)宅(zhai)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)基本風貌。主(zhu)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)設(she)有(you)王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)史跡陳(chen)(chen)列,展覽以翔實(shi)豐富的(de)(de)圖(tu)片資料和實(shi)物,展示了(le)(le)王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)先生(sheng)作為(wei)“明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)第一流(liu)人物”,“立功、立德、立言皆居絕頂”人物光(guang)輝(hui)燦爛的(de)(de)一生(sheng)。瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)云(yun)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)是王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)父親(qin)(qin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)華(hua)考中(zhong)狀(zhuang)元(yuan)前(qian)租自莫氏(shi)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)成(cheng)化八年,王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)誕生(sheng)時(shi),他祖(zu)母(mu)(mu)夢見神(shen)仙瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)云(yun)送子(zi)的(de)(de)佳(jia)話,遂將此(ci)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)云(yun)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)在(zai)此(ci)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)度(du)過了(le)(le)他的(de)(de)童(tong)年生(sheng)活,待王(wang)(wang)(wang)華(hua)任(ren)職京(jing)師,即(ji)擇地龍(long)山里第構筑(zhu)新居,此(ci)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)又租給錢氏(shi)。至弘治九年(1496),王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)得意門(men)生(sheng)、大儒錢德洪亦(yi)降生(sheng)于此(ci)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),實(shi)乃歷史之(zhi)巧合。待王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)貴顯,每(mei)當(dang)回姚,必指點樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)中(zhong)藏胎衣處(chu)(chu),顧(gu)念到母(mu)(mu)親(qin)(qin)和祖(zu)母(mu)(mu),因自己(ji)軍務繁忙(mang),對母(mu)(mu)、祖(zu)不(bu)得生(sheng)養(yang)死殮,每(mei)每(mei)引起長時(shi)間的(de)(de)痛苦(ku)。在(zai)火燒場(chang)遺(yi)址上借用別處(chu)(chu)拆(chai)遷的(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)材料,仍按(an)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)風格,參照故文(wen)獻《瑞(rui)(rui)(rui)云(yun)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)記》所述原(yuan)樣在(zai)原(yuan)址修建(jian)。樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)下現(xian)(xian)布置有(you)《王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)史跡陳(chen)(chen)列》,展示了(le)(le)王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)生(sheng)平所至的(de)(de)各地遺(yi)跡圖(tu)片、先生(sheng)留下的(de)(de)詩文(wen)名篇及部分(fen)實(shi)物資料,系統介紹了(le)(le)王(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)一生(sheng)的(de)(de)業績(ji)成(cheng)就。
王陽明故居位于:北緯(wei)30°03’10.9”,東經121°08’52.9”,海拔高度為3米。
四(si)至(zhi)GPS點為:東南角北(bei)緯(wei)30°03’08.9”,東經121°08’56.4”
西南角(jiao)北緯(wei)30°03’08.4”,東經121°08’51.6”
西北角北緯(wei)30°03’14.6”,東經121°08’50.3”
東北角(jiao)北緯(wei)30°03’14.7”,東經121°08’55.0”
王陽明(ming)故居位于(yu)余姚(yao)市(shi)城(cheng)區陽明(ming)街道武勝門路(lu)西(xi)側(ce),陽明(ming)西(xi)路(lu)北側(ce),龍(long)泉(quan)山(shan)南(nan)麓,山(shan)后新村東側(ce)。北距離蕭甬鐵(tie)路(lu)1公里,距姚(yao)江(jiang)支流侯青江(jiang)500米。
在建筑(zhu)設計(ji)和營造上(shang)反映出明(ming)(ming)代浙東官宦(huan)建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)一些典型(xing)特點,用(yong)材粗壯、氣勢恢(hui)宏(hong),各幢建筑(zhu)結構嚴謹(jin),按中軸線對(dui)稱分布,主次建筑(zhu)分布有(you)序,飾件素(su)雅。整個(ge)故居(ju)既(ji)給人(ren)以庭院深(shen)(shen)深(shen)(shen)之感,又不失(shi)端莊和典雅之氣度。故居(ju)建筑(zhu)自南至北沿(yan)中軸線分別為門(men)(men)廳(ting)、轎廳(ting)、磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕門(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)、大(da)廳(ting)及瑞(rui)云樓(lou)(lou)、后罩屋。其中,磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕門(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)系仿(fang)木結構建筑(zhu),四柱三(san)間(jian),柱為石質,所飾磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕斗拱、翹昂、面磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕刻(ke)細(xi)致(zhi),工(gong)藝(yi)精(jing)湛(zhan)細(xi)膩,體現(xian)了當時磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕技(ji)藝(yi)的(de)(de)水平。大(da)廳(ting)--“壽山堂”系三(san)開(kai)間(jian)高平房,高大(da)寬(kuan)敞(chang),結構古(gu)樸大(da)方,用(yong)材粗大(da)穩實(shi),構件裝飾嚴謹(jin)。壽山堂內明(ming)(ming)間(jian)廊下掛有(you)姜東舒所書的(de)(de)“真三(san)不朽”匾,這是歷來對(dui)王陽明(ming)(ming)一生在立德、立功、立言三(san)方面皆居(ju)絕頂的(de)(de)確切評價。
王陽(yang)(yang)(yang)明(ming)(1472--1528),生(sheng)于余姚瑞云樓(lou)。原名云,更(geng)名守仁(ren),字(zi)伯安,號陽(yang)(yang)(yang)明(ming),學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)稱陽(yang)(yang)(yang)明(ming)先生(sheng)。明(ming)代哲學(xue)(xue)家(jia)、教育家(jia)、軍事家(jia)、文學(xue)(xue)家(jia)和書法(fa)家(jia),著有(you)(you)《陽(yang)(yang)(yang)明(ming)全(quan)書》。他創立(li)“心學(xue)(xue)”,提出了“致良知”學(xue)(xue)說,在(zai)世界哲學(xue)(xue)史占有(you)(you)重(zhong)要地位(wei)。他的著作(zuo)由門(men)人輯成《王文成公全(quan)書》38卷(juan)。史稱其為“明(ming)第一(yi)流人物,立(li)德(de)、立(li)功、立(li)言(yan)皆居絕頂”。
王陽明故居(ju)于2005年(nian)3月16日由浙江(jiang)省(sheng)人(ren)民政府公布為省(sheng)級(ji)文物保護單(dan)位。余姚有(you)關部門已經(jing)制(zhi)定(ding)《王陽明故居(ju)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)方案(an)》,已動(dong)工(gong)全面(mian)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)故居(ju)建(jian)筑,恢復(fu)(fu)歷史風貌,使之得以完整展現。
出(chu)大廳過甬(yong)道便是(shi)王陽(yang)(yang)明故(gu)居的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)——瑞(rui)云(yun)(yun)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)。瑞(rui)云(yun)(yun)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)為(wei)(wei)重檐硬山、五(wu)間(jian)二(er)弄的(de)(de)(de)二(er)層木結(jie)構(gou)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)房,建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積達到532.56平(ping)方米。教,尚有(you)高(gao)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)揭瑞(rui)云(yun)(yun)。”樓(lou)(lou)(lou)下(xia)現布置有(you)《王陽(yang)(yang)明史跡(ji)陳列(lie)(lie)》展,展示了(le)(le)(le)王陽(yang)(yang)明先生生平(ping)所至的(de)(de)(de)各地遺跡(ji)圖片,先生留(liu)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)詩文名(ming)篇及(ji)(ji)部(bu)分(fen)實物(wu)資料,系統介紹了(le)(le)(le)王陽(yang)(yang)明先生一生的(de)(de)(de)業績(ji)成就,詮釋了(le)(le)(le)陽(yang)(yang)明學說對日本等海外諸國的(de)(de)(de)深遠影響。樓(lou)(lou)(lou)上辟(pi)為(wei)(wei)王陽(yang)(yang)明及(ji)(ji)其(qi)家人居室的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)原(yuan)陳列(lie)(lie)。樓(lou)(lou)(lou)前(qian)為(wei)(wei)通道,兩側(ce)為(wei)(wei)庭院,種植(zhi)了(le)(le)(le)花草樹木,東西兩側(ce)分(fen)立由日本友人捐贈而(er)(er)立的(de)(de)(de)“陽(yang)(yang)明學紀念碑(bei)(bei)”和“修復(fu)瑞(rui)云(yun)(yun)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)碑(bei)(bei)”。此樓(lou)(lou)(lou)主(zhu)體后在清乾隆(long)年間(jian)被焚毀,而(er)(er)儀門、正廳等四周建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)基本完(wan)整,火燒場遺址一直(zhi)保存至今(jin)。1996年由市政府撥(bo)款,在火燒場遺址上借用別(bie)處拆遷的(de)(de)(de)明代建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)原(yuan)材料,仍按明代風格,參照(zhao)故(gu)文獻《瑞(rui)云(yun)(yun)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)記》所述原(yuan)樣在原(yuan)址修建(jian)(jian)。
經過多(duo)年歷次的(de)不斷整治、修繕,王陽明故居的(de)整體(ti)格局得(de)到了保(bao)護。
王陽(yang)明故居(ju)于2005年3月(yue)16日由浙江(jiang)省(sheng)人民政府于公(gong)布為省(sheng)級文物(wu)保護(hu)單位(wei)。2006年月(yue)與(yu)紹興的王守仁墓被國務院合并公(gong)布為第六(liu)批全國文物(wu)保護(hu)單位(wei)。