蘇兆征(1885—1929),原名蘇吉,廣(guang)東香山縣淇(qi)澳(ao)島(dao)淇(qi)澳(ao)村人(ren)(今(jin)珠(zhu)海市淇(qi)澳(ao)島(dao)人(ren))。他是中(zhong)國工(gong)人(ren)運(yun)動(dong)的(de)先驅和著名領(ling)袖,中(zhong)華全國總工(gong)會(hui)的(de)主要創建(jian)人(ren)和領(ling)導人(ren),國際工(gong)人(ren)運(yun)動(dong)活動(dong)家,中(zhong)國共(gong)產(chan)黨早期重要領(ling)導人(ren)之(zhi)一。
1908年(nian)加(jia)入孫中(zhong)(zhong)山先生(sheng)領導的(de)同盟會,積極參(can)加(jia)推翻清政(zheng)(zheng)府的(de)革(ge)命活動。1921年(nian)與林(lin)偉民等在香港(gang)建立(li)中(zhong)(zhong)華海員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)業(ye)聯合(he)總(zong)會。1925年(nian)春加(jia)入中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共產黨(dang)。參(can)與領導震驚中(zhong)(zhong)外的(de)香港(gang)海員(yuan)(yuan)大罷(ba)工(gong)和省港(gang)大罷(ba)工(gong)。此后蘇兆征歷任中(zhong)(zhong)華全國(guo)總(zong)工(gong)會委(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)長,中(zhong)(zhong)央政(zheng)(zheng)治局(ju)候(hou)補委(wei)員(yuan)(yuan),中(zhong)(zhong)央臨時政(zheng)(zheng)治局(ju)常(chang)務(wu)委(wei)員(yuan)(yuan),中(zhong)(zhong)央政(zheng)(zheng)治局(ju)常(chang)務(wu)委(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)。1927年(nian)推舉為(wei)廣(guang)州蘇維(wei)埃(ai)政(zheng)(zheng)府主(zhu)席。1928年(nian)當選為(wei)執行委(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)。1929年(nian)2月在上海病逝(shi)。
2009年,蘇兆(zhao)征被中(zhong)央宣傳部、中(zhong)央組織部等(deng)11個部門評為“100位為新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)成立作出(chu)突出(chu)貢獻的英雄模范(fan)人物”。
蘇兆征(zheng),原(yuan)名蘇吉。廣東香山(shan)縣淇澳鄉人(ren)(今(jin)屬珠海市),幼(you)時因為家境困窘,只讀過(guo)3年(nian)私塾,后輟學(xue)務(wu)農。光(guang)緒二十九年(nian)(1903年(nian))被迫(po)離鄉到香港,先后達20多(duo)年(nian),在故艘外國遠(yuan)洋輪船上(shang)當海員工人(ren)。
1908年參加同盟(meng)會,蘇(su)兆(zhao)征積極參與反對清朝(chao)統(tong)治(zhi)的活動。
1921年(nian)3月(yue),蘇兆征與林偉民(min)等組建中(zhong)華海員工(gong)會聯合總會。
1922年1月,蘇(su)兆(zhao)征參與領導香(xiang)港海(hai)員大罷工(gong),任罷工(gong)總辦事處(chu)總務部(bu)主任、海(hai)員工(gong)會(hui)(hui)代理會(hui)(hui)長等職。
1925年春,蘇兆征加入中(zhong)國共產黨。同年5月(yue),蘇兆征在第二次(ci)全國勞動大會上當選為中(zhong)華全國總(zong)工會執行委(wei)員(yuan)會委(wei)員(yuan)。五卅慘(can)案發生后,為支援上海人(ren)民反對帝國主(zhu)義的斗爭(zheng),蘇兆征與鄧中(zhong)夏、李啟漢等(deng)領導(dao)香(xiang)港和廣州沙面(mian)工人(ren)舉行省(sheng)港大罷工,被推為罷工委(wei)員(yuan)會委(wei)員(yuan)長,領導(dao)工人(ren)堅持罷工斗爭(zheng)16個月(yue)。
1927年春(chun),蘇(su)(su)(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)(zheng)到(dao)達武漢(han),代(dai)(dai)表(biao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)產黨參(can)加(jia)武漢(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)民政(zheng)府(fu),任國(guo)(guo)(guo)民政(zheng)府(fu)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)兼勞(lao)(lao)(lao)工(gong)(gong)部(bu)部(bu)長。同(tong)(tong)年4月,蘇(su)(su)(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)武漢(han)參(can)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)產黨第五次全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)大(da)會,并當(dang)選為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)政(zheng)治(zhi)局候補委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)。同(tong)(tong)年5月,赤色職工(gong)(gong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)總(zong)書(shu)(shu)記羅佐夫·斯基在(zai)武漢(han)召(zhao)開(kai)有蘇(su)(su)(su)、美、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、英、日等國(guo)(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)工(gong)(gong)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)參(can)加(jia)的太(tai)平(ping)洋(yang)第一次勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)大(da)會,成(cheng)立了(le)(le)(le)太(tai)平(ping)洋(yang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)會議秘書(shu)(shu)處(chu)。蘇(su)(su)(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)(zheng)參(can)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)這次大(da)會,并被推選為(wei)(wei)太(tai)平(ping)洋(yang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)會議秘書(shu)(shu)處(chu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)席(xi)。同(tong)(tong)年6月,蘇(su)(su)(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)(zheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)持召(zhao)開(kai)第四(si)次全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)大(da)會,并繼(ji)續當(dang)選為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)總(zong)工(gong)(gong)會執行委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)會委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)長。同(tong)(tong)年7月,在(zai)汪精衛(wei)(wei)叛(pan)變革命的前夕,根據中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)指示,蘇(su)(su)(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)(zheng)和(he)農(nong)政(zheng)部(bu)長譚平(ping)山(shan)(shan)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)合發表(biao)聲明,痛斥(chi)汪精衛(wei)(wei)集團背叛(pan)孫中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)“聯(lian)(lian)(lian)俄(e)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)共(gong)、扶助(zhu)農(nong)工(gong)(gong)”三大(da)政(zheng)策的罪行,井退出(chu)武漢(han)國(guo)(guo)(guo)民政(zheng)府(fu)。同(tong)(tong)年8月,蘇(su)(su)(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)(zheng)參(can)加(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)"八(ba)七"緊急(ji)會議,當(dang)選臨時中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)政(zheng)治(zhi)局委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)和(he)常務(wu)委(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)。會后,蘇(su)(su)(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)(zheng)到(dao)上海參(can)加(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)的領導工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),負(fu)責(ze)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)財務(wu)小組和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)總(zong)工(gong)(gong)會的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。蘇(su)(su)(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)上海與張太(tai)雷等制定廣(guang)州(zhou)起(qi)義的總(zong)計劃和(he)訓令(ling)。同(tong)(tong)年12月廣(guang)州(zhou)起(qi)義,蘇(su)(su)(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)(zheng)雖(sui)不在(zai)廣(guang)州(zhou),仍當(dang)選為(wei)(wei)廣(guang)州(zhou)工(gong)(gong)農(nong)民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)府(fu)的主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)席(xi)。
1928年2月,蘇(su)(su)兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)征(zheng)在(zai)上(shang)海主持召(zhao)開全國(guo)(guo)(guo)總(zong)工會(hui)(hui)(hui)執行委(wei)(wei)員會(hui)(hui)(hui)擴大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi),討論(lun)赤色(se)(se)工會(hui)(hui)(hui)擴大(da)(da)與(yu)組織問題(ti),并(bing)(bing)被(bei)推(tui)選(xuan)為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華全國(guo)(guo)(guo)總(zong)工會(hui)(hui)(hui)出(chu)席(xi)赤色(se)(se)職(zhi)工國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)第(di)四次(ci)(ci)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao);4月,他(ta)去莫斯科參(can)加了(le)這(zhe)次(ci)(ci)會(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi),并(bing)(bing)當(dang)(dang)(dang)選(xuan)為大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主席(xi)團成員和(he)赤色(se)(se)職(zhi)工國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)執行委(wei)(wei)員會(hui)(hui)(hui)委(wei)(wei)員。同年6月,蘇(su)(su)兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)征(zheng)在(zai)莫斯科參(can)加中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產(chan)(chan)黨第(di)六次(ci)(ci)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui),當(dang)(dang)(dang)選(xuan)為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)委(wei)(wei)員,繼續擔任中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華全國(guo)(guo)(guo)總(zong)工會(hui)(hui)(hui)駐赤色(se)(se)職(zhi)工國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)。8月,蘇(su)(su)兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)征(zheng)出(chu)席(xi)共產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)第(di)六次(ci)(ci)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui),當(dang)(dang)(dang)選(xuan)為大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主席(xi)團成員和(he)共產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)執行委(wei)(wei)員會(hui)(hui)(hui)委(wei)(wei)員。蘇(su)(su)兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)征(zheng)還(huan)參(can)加了(le)蘇(su)(su)聯全國(guo)(guo)(guo)總(zong)工會(hui)(hui)(hui)第(di)八次(ci)(ci)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui),并(bing)(bing)作(zuo)了(le)《關(guan)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)職(zhi)工人運動動情況》的(de)報告。此外,蘇(su)(su)兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)征(zheng)還(huan)當(dang)(dang)(dang)選(xuan)為農村工會(hui)(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)副委(wei)(wei)員長(chang)。
蘇(su)兆(zhao)征因積(ji)勞成疾,病(bing)(bing)倒在蘇(su)聯。1929年1月蘇(su)兆(zhao)征抱病(bing)(bing)回國。2月,蘇(su)兆(zhao)征因為手術過程中發生細菌感染,病(bing)(bing)逝于上海(hai)。
1929年2月(yue)26日,中共中央(yang)政治局向全黨發出(chu)了悼(dao)念蘇(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)不幸逝世的(de)第(di)32號通(tong)告。通(tong)告指出(chu):“蘇(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)同志在工作(zuo)中,充分表(biao)現了無產(chan)階級的(de)艱苦卓絕(jue)精神(shen)和(he)堅(jian)決(jue)的(de)政治意識,他的(de)革命精神(shen),是(shi)全黨的(de)模(mo)范。”
在(zai)鄧中夏1929年(nian)著的(de)《蘇兆征同志傳》評(ping)價中:蘇兆征是(shi)香港與廣東勞動群眾(zhong)的(de)領(ling)袖,他是(shi)全(quan)中國(guo)工人階級(ji)的(de)領(ling)袖,他是(shi)太平洋沿岸職工運(yun)動的(de)領(ling)袖之(zhi)一,他是(shi)中國(guo)共產(chan)黨的(de)最(zui)好(hao)領(ling)袖之(zhi)一,他是(shi)赤色(se)職工國(guo)際(ji)和共產(chan)國(guo)際(ji)的(de)領(ling)袖之(zhi)一。
2009年,蘇(su)兆征被中央(yang)宣(xuan)傳(chuan)部(bu)、中央(yang)組織部(bu)等(deng)11個部(bu)門評(ping)為(wei)“100位為(wei)新(xin)中國成(cheng)立作出(chu)突出(chu)貢獻的英雄(xiong)模范人(ren)物”。
蘇兆征(zheng)、征(zheng)林(lin)偉民等(deng)領導了(le)香港海員大罷(ba)(ba)工(gong),此次罷(ba)(ba)工(gong)成(cheng)為中國共產黨成(cheng)立后第一(yi)次罷(ba)(ba)工(gong)高潮的新起點,也對廣州(zhou)地(di)區(qu)群眾運動的發展(zhan)也起到(dao)了(le)推動作用。
蘇兆征、楊殷等組織和發動了(le)省港大(da)罷工,此次罷工在經濟上、政治(zhi)上給英帝國(guo)主義以(yi)沉(chen)重打(da)擊,顯示了(le)中國(guo)工人階級的偉大(da)力(li)量和奮(fen)斗精神。
蘇(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)在(zai)上(shang)海與(yu)張(zhang)太雷等制(zhi)定廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)起(qi)義的總計劃(hua)和訓令,蘇(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)雖然沒有親自(zi)指(zhi)揮廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)起(qi)義,但實際上(shang)蘇(su)兆(zhao)征(zheng)是(shi)廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)公社(she)的主要指(zhi)導者之(zhi)一,是(shi)東方第一個蘇(su)維埃的創(chuang)始者之(zhi)一。
18歲那年,珠(zhu)海(hai)入蘇兆征到香港的(de)海(hai)輪中做苦工,之后他(ta)大(da)半生的(de)身份(fen)都是海(hai)員,多年的(de)船員生涯,讓(rang)他(ta)足跡走遍許多國家(jia),對各國工運耳聞目睹,更接觸了馬克(ke)思主義思潮,大(da)大(da)開(kai)闊了眼界。
當年(nian)中國海員是(shi)個工(gong)薪極低、頗受歧視(shi)的(de)職業。月(yue)薪僅20元左右,僅是(shi)外國海員的(de)五分之一甚至更少,微薄的(de)收入還要受工(gong)頭盤(pan)剝,單身者尚不能(neng)維持生活,而拖家帶(dai)口的(de)人更困苦不堪,蘇兆(zhao)征覺悟到團結工(gong)人斗爭才(cai)是(shi)出路。
在當(dang)時的(de)香港(gang),有(you)100多個工(gong)(gong)會(hui)組織,但很多是由“工(gong)(gong)賊”或黑社會(hui)頭目(mu)控制。最(zui)初,蘇(su)兆征的(de)工(gong)(gong)運宣傳(chuan)既受到(dao)尚(shang)未覺悟的(de)工(gong)(gong)人冷(leng)遇,也被(bei)工(gong)(gong)會(hui)頭目(mu)排(pai)擠,但他(ta)并不氣(qi)餒(nei),常熱心幫助下(xia)層工(gong)(gong)人排(pai)憂解困,聲望日高。
1921年,在(zai)蘇(su)兆征(zheng)、林偉民等(deng)的(de)努力下,中(zhong)華海(hai)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)人聯合會終(zhong)于成立了(le)。海(hai)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)會成立后,便向輪(lun)船(chuan)公司提(ti)(ti)出改良生活條件的(de)要求(qiu),一(yi)連提(ti)(ti)出三次(ci),資(zi)(zi)方均(jun)不答(da)應,海(hai)員工(gong)(gong)(gong)會在(zai)最后通(tong)牒后,24小時內凡到香港的(de)輪(lun)船(chuan)全線(xian)罷工(gong)(gong)(gong)。這就是1922年春赫赫有名的(de)香港海(hai)員大(da)罷工(gong)(gong)(gong)。蘇(su)兆征(zheng)在(zai)這次(ci)罷工(gong)(gong)(gong)運(yun)動中(zhong)領導工(gong)(gong)(gong)人拒絕了(le)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)家及港英政(zheng)府(fu)各種脅(xie)迫和(he)(he)誘惑,終(zhong)于迫使其答(da)應工(gong)(gong)(gong)人條件,罷工(gong)(gong)(gong)取(qu)得了(le)最后的(de)勝利。蘇(su)的(de)機智(zhi)和(he)(he)剛毅進一(yi)步得到工(gong)(gong)(gong)人的(de)擁(yong)戴(dai)。
蘇兆征很(hen)善于與(yu)其他工(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)首(shou)領(ling)(ling)打交道,通過成(cheng)功領(ling)(ling)導歷次工(gong)(gong)(gong)運(yun)而(er)威(wei)信(xin)越來(lai)越高,使他漸成(cheng)為廣東和香港(gang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)的中(zhong)心(xin)人(ren)物。這為后來(lai)他領(ling)(ling)導歷時(shi)20個月、震(zhen)驚世界的省港(gang)大罷工(gong)(gong)(gong)作了很(hen)好的準備(bei)。
蘇兆征一(yi)生中,有過兩個重要的職位:省港(gang)大罷工委員(yuan)會(hui)委員(yuan)長和(he)蘇維埃政府主席(xi),而兩個職位都是缺席(xi)當選的,足(zu)見他在工人(ren)和(he)革(ge)命隊伍中的聲(sheng)望。
在省港大(da)罷工(gong)期間,蘇(su)兆(zhao)征被(bei)選為罷工(gong)委員會(hui)委員長。這(zhe)個委員長,任勞(lao)任怨,克己勤勉(mian),罷工(gong)開始的(de)(de)兩三個月,從早六點到(dao)半(ban)夜十二點是(shi)無片刻閑暇,而黨團(tuan)必(bi)到(dao)十二點之后才能(neng)開會(hui),往(wang)往(wang)開到(dao)兩三點甚(shen)至到(dao)天(tian)亮(liang)。蘇(su)兆(zhao)征是(shi)每事必(bi)躬親處理,往(wang)往(wang)人都(dou)散了(le),他還在燈下辦公。同(tong)時,與(yu)政府(fu)接頭(tou),與(yu)各(ge)社會(hui)團(tuan)體接頭(tou),參加群眾大(da)會(hui)以及各(ge)種會(hui)議……這(zhe)個委員長,贏得了(le)全國工(gong)人對其的(de)(de)信任。
東(dong)方(fang)第(di)一個蘇維埃,于(yu)1927年(nian)12月11日在(zai)廣州實現(xian)。蘇兆征便是這個蘇維埃政府(fu)的主席。
蘇兆(zhao)征(zheng)故居(ju)陳列(lie)館位于(yu)廣(guang)東省(sheng)珠海市唐家(jia)灣鎮淇澳村,由故居(ju)和(he)陳列(lie)館兩部分組成。其故居(ju)為蘇兆(zhao)征(zheng)祖父所建,1885年11月11日蘇兆(zhao)征(zheng)出(chu)生于(yu)此,并渡(du)過青少年時代。故居(ju)為土木結(jie)構平(ping)房,一(yi)進三(san)間,屋(wu)前有(you)院落、矮墻(qiang)、院門,整座故居(ju)占地約100平(ping)方米。
1979年(nian)公布(bu)為(wei)廣東(dong)省文(wen)物保護單(dan)位(wei),1983年(nian)按原貌修繕(shan),1985年(nian)對外(wai)開(kai)放。2009年(nian),中共(gong)珠海市委、市人民政府決定(ding)由珠海市文(wen)體旅游局實施蘇兆征(zheng)故(gu)(gu)居文(wen)保工程(cheng),建設內(nei)容(rong)包括故(gu)(gu)居修繕(shan),征(zheng)收(shou)故(gu)(gu)居右側三(san)戶民房改(gai)建為(wei)陳列館,并與故(gu)(gu)居建筑風(feng)格保持協調性和統一(yi)性,與故(gu)(gu)居共(gong)同組成完整的故(gu)(gu)居陳列館。
1985年11月,在蘇兆征(zheng)誕辰100周年之(zhi)際,珠海(hai)(hai)人民在市(shi)區香(xiang)洲的(de)海(hai)(hai)霞廣場,豎(shu)立起蘇兆征(zheng)同志(zhi)塑像,以表達對這(zhe)位(wei)黨和(he)工人階級的(de)杰(jie)出領導人的(de)崇敬與緬懷(huai)。