石(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen),先秦(qin)刻(ke)石(shi)文(wen)(wen)字(zi),因(yin)其刻(ke)石(shi)外形似鼓而得名。發現(xian)于(yu)唐初,共計十枚,高約三尺,徑約二尺,分別刻(ke)有大篆四(si)(si)言(yan)詩一首,共十首,計七百(bai)一十八字(zi)。內容最早被認為(wei)(wei)是記(ji)敘秦(qin)王(wang)出獵(lie)的場面,故又稱(cheng)“獵(lie)碣(jie)”。宋代鄭樵《石(shi)鼓音序》之后“石(shi)鼓秦(qin)物(wu)(wu)論”開(kai)始(shi)盛行,清末震鈞斷(duan)(duan)石(shi)鼓為(wei)(wei)秦(qin)文(wen)(wen)公時(shi)物(wu)(wu),民國馬衡斷(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)秦(qin)穆公時(shi)物(wu)(wu),郭沫若斷(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)秦(qin)襄公時(shi)物(wu)(wu),今人劉星、劉牧則考證石(shi)鼓為(wei)(wei)秦(qin)始(shi)皇時(shi)代作(zuo)品。石(shi)鼓刻(ke)石(shi)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)多殘,北宋歐陽修錄時(shi)存四(si)(si)百(bai)六(liu)十五字(zi),明代范氏天一閣藏(zang)本僅四(si)(si)百(bai)六(liu)十二字(zi),今之“馬薦”鼓已一字(zi)無存。原石(shi)現(xian)藏(zang)于(yu)故宮博物(wu)(wu)院(yuan)石(shi)鼓館。
石鼓文(wen)(wen) 即刻有(you)籀文(wen)(wen)的(de)鼓形石,石鼓文(wen)(wen)為(wei)四言詩(shi),為(wei)我國(guo)最古老的(de)石刻文(wen)(wen)字。因(yin)記(ji)述秦(qin)皇游獵(lie)之事(shi),也稱(cheng)“獵(lie)碣”。
字體在古(gu)文與(yu)秦篆之間,一(yi)般(ban)稱為(wei)“大(da)篆”,石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)刻(ke)于(yu)秦前(qian)還是(shi)秦后(hou),考古(gu)界無定論。郭沫若鑒定認為(wei)應(ying)是(shi)秦襄公(gong)(公(gong)元前(qian)777-766)時期的(de)作品(pin)。劉(liu)星、劉(liu)牧《石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)詩文復原譯釋》 研究認為(wei)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文產生(sheng)于(yu)始皇(huang)二十(shi)八年(公(gong)元前(qian)219年)與(yu)“魯諸儒生(sheng)議刻(ke)石(shi)頌(song)秦德(de)”至始皇(huang)三(san)十(shi)四(si)年(公(gong)元前(qian)213年)焚書(shu)令下三(san)十(shi)日之內一(yi)段(duan)時間的(de)可能性(xing)較大(da) 。石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文是(shi)學(xue)習(xi)篆法的(de)珍貴資(zi)料,近代書(shu)家吳昌(chang)碩臨寫(xie)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)造(zao)詣極深,有普及(ji)印本出版,可作臨習(xi)時的(de)借(jie)鑒。----《古(gu)代碑帖鑒賞(shang)》費(fei)聲(sheng)騫
2013年1月(yue)1日《國家人文歷史》雜志(zhi)推出“秦石鼓文”是(shi)中國九(jiu)大鎮(zhen)國之(zhi)寶。
“主(zhu)周(zhou)說”起始于唐(tang)初,含西周(zhou)文王(wang)(wang)說、成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)說、宣王(wang)(wang)說等多種不(bu)同(tong)的看法。
1.西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)說(shuo) 北宋歐陽(yang)修(xiu)《集古錄跋尾》:“韋應物以(yi)為周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu),宣(xuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)刻詩”,葛立方《韻語陽(yang)秋》引韋應物《石鼓(gu)歌(ge)》:“周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)大(da)獵(lie)兮岐(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)陽(yang)”等,認為石鼓(gu)為西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)時之(zhi)(zhi)遺物。但韋詩原句(ju)為“周(zhou)(zhou)宣(xuan)大(da)獵(lie)兮岐(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)陽(yang)”,故“文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)說(shuo)”的出現應與上述二人(ren)誤將韋詩中(zhong)(zhong)“周(zhou)(zhou)宣(xuan)”引為“周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)”有(you)(you)關。盡管“文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)說(shuo)”立論依據并不充(chong)分,但仍(reng)有(you)(you)一定市(shi)場,明代朱(zhu)國祚《石鼓(gu)歌(ge)》中(zhong)(zhong)仍(reng)有(you)(you)“疑義莫(mo)定文(wen)(wen)(wen)成宣(xuan)”這(zhe)樣的看(kan)法。
2.西周成(cheng)王(wang)說(shuo) 持此論者(zhe)有董逌《廣川書跋(ba)》、程大(da)(da)昌《雍錄》、沈梧《石鼓文定本》等。主(zhu)要因《左傳·昭(zhao)公四年(nian)》記載:“椒舉言于(yu)(yu)楚子曰‘成(cheng)有岐陽(yang)之(zhi)搜(sou)’”,杜預注曰:“成(cheng)王(wang)歸自奄,大(da)(da)狩(shou)于(yu)(yu)岐山之(zhi)陽(yang)”,且石鼓出土于(yu)(yu)陳倉并又有與(yu)畋獵有關的詩(shi)句(ju),于(yu)(yu)是便以為石鼓記載的畋獵之(zhi)事與(yu)成(cheng)王(wang)大(da)(da)狩(shou)之(zhi)事相合,從而得(de)此看法(fa)。
3.西周宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)說(shuo) 此(ci)說(shuo)產生于(yu)唐(tang)(tang)初,最早是(shi)貞觀(guan)時書(shu)法(fa)家吏部尚書(shu)蘇勖于(yu)《記敍》卷首提出:“世咸言筆跡存者,李(li)斯最古(gu),不知(zhi)史籀(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)跡,近在(zai)(zai)關中(zhong)”。李(li)嗣(si)真于(yu)《書(shu)后(hou)品》中(zhong)贊同(tong)。后(hou)經(jing)張懷(huai)瓘(guan)在(zai)(zai)《書(shu)斷》中(zhong)推理,從(cong)而得(de)出“石(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)”為“蓋諷(feng)宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)畋(tian)(tian)獵(lie)(lie)(lie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所作也(ye)(ye)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論斷。由于(yu)籀(zhou)文(wen)已于(yu)始(shi)皇(huang)時焚(fen)毀殆盡(jin),秦漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)很少存留(liu)此(ci)類(lei)文(wen)字(zi),加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)很多石(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)字(zi)未(wei)收入后(hou)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)字(zi)書(shu),辨認(ren)無據(ju),于(yu)是(shi)“史籀(zhou)說(shuo)”便成(cheng)了定論。韋(wei)應物因以(yi)“諷(feng)”而刻(ke)(ke)詩(shi)(shi)不好解釋,故(gu)在(zai)(zai)《石(shi)鼓(gu)歌》中(zhong)將張懷(huai)瓘(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“蓋諷(feng)宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)畋(tian)(tian)獵(lie)(lie)(lie)”,改為了“大(da)獵(lie)(lie)(lie)刻(ke)(ke)石(shi)表功(gong)”。“宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)說(shuo)”另(ling)一(yi)立論依據(ju)是(shi)因石(shi)鼓(gu)詩(shi)(shi)文(wen)類(lei)《詩(shi)(shi)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《車(che)攻(gong)》、《吉日》等詩(shi)(shi)篇,而《車(che)攻(gong)》、《吉日》乃(nai)是(shi)贊美宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)的畋(tian)(tian)獵(lie)(lie)(lie)詩(shi)(shi),于(yu)是(shi)認(ren)為石(shi)鼓(gu)詩(shi)(shi)文(wen)也(ye)(ye)應出于(yu)此(ci)時。這種看(kan)法(fa)與“史籀(zhou)說(shuo)”相呼應,造成(cheng)了巨大(da)聲勢。“宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)說(shuo)”影響(xiang)很廣,唐(tang)(tang)宋學者也(ye)(ye)多認(ren)從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)后(hou)又得(de)清康熙與乾隆皇(huang)帝的認(ren)同(tong)。直至清末民(min)國初,隨著“主秦說(shuo)”逐漸(jian)占據(ju)上風,“宣(xuan)(xuan)王(wang)說(shuo)”方漸(jian)漸(jian)淡出,但仍未(wei)見尾(wei),至今還有部分支持者。
“主秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)說(shuo)”大概有(you)十幾種不同的意見(jian)和(he)看(kan)法,主要有(you)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)襄(xiang)公、秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)文公、秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)德公、秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)穆公、秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)獻公、秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)惠文王(wang)等說(shuo)。
1.秦襄公(gong)說 楊慎、全祖望等主之(zhi)。1955年,郭沫若在《石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文研究》中(zhong)對“襄公(gong)說”進(jin)行了(le)進(jin)一步(bu)論證,并提出了(le)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)“建(jian)(jian)畤(zhi)(zhi)說”的(de)看法(fa)。其(qi)據《元和(he)郡(jun)縣志(zhi)》記載(zai),認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)出土三畤(zhi)(zhi)原,故必與(yu)三畤(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)一的(de)建(jian)(jian)立(li)有關;又(you)據《汧(qian)(qian)殹(yi)(yi)》鼓(gu)“汧(qian)(qian)殹(yi)(yi)沔沔”與(yu)《霝雨(yu)》鼓(gu)“汧(qian)(qian)殹(yi)(yi)洎洎”等與(yu)汧(qian)(qian)水有關的(de)詩(shi)句(ju),以及(ji)《而師》鼓(gu)“天子(zi)□來,嗣(si)王始□”詩(shi)句(ju)中(zhong)出現的(de)“天子(zi)”與(yu)“嗣(si)王”稱(cheng)謂等,認(ren)為(wei)“石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文”內(nei)容與(yu)襄公(gong)八年護送平王東(dong)遷和(he)建(jian)(jian)畤(zhi)(zhi)的(de)史實相合(he),石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)應是襄公(gong)時代之(zhi)遺物。之(zhi)后,張光遠在《先秦石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)存詩(shi)考簡(jian)說》等文中(zhong),進(jin)一步(bu)認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)產生于襄公(gong)十年,詩(shi)歌作者是太史由(you)。
2.秦文(wen)公(gong)(gong)說 清末震鈞《石鼓(gu)文(wen)集注》和《天(tian)(tian)咫偶聞》中認(ren)為(wei)石鼓(gu)詩文(wen)內容與(yu)《史記(ji)·秦本紀》所(suo)記(ji)載的“文(wen)公(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian),以兵七(qi)百人東獵(lie)。四年(nian)(nian),至(zhi)汧(qian)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)會”等史實(shi)相符,而提出此(ci)說。其認(ren)為(wei):“考《史記(ji)·秦記(ji)》,文(wen)公(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)以兵七(qi)百人東獵(lie),四年(nian)(nian)至(zhi)汧(qian)渭之(zhi)(zhi)會,此(ci)即(ji)所(suo)云‘汧(qian)殹(yi)沔沔’是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。又曰昔周邑(yi)我(wo)先秦贏于此(ci),后卒獲為(wei)諸(zhu)侯,乃卜居之(zhi)(zhi),占曰吉,即(ji)營(ying)邑(yi)之(zhi)(zhi),此(ci)即(ji)所(suo)云‘吾道既平,嘉樹則(ze)里’,皆(jie)言營(ying)邑(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)也(ye)(ye)。‘日(ri)唯丙(bing)申’者所(suo)卜得之(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)也(ye)(ye)。第一鼓(gu)(吾車)皆(jie)言獵(lie)事(shi),則(ze)七(qi)百人東獵(lie)事(shi)有據矣。而且一鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)中天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)與(yu)公(gong)(gong)雜見,豈有宣王獵(lie)碣(jie)既稱(cheng)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)復稱(cheng)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)理(li)?則(ze)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)(zi)周王也(ye)(ye),公(gong)(gong)秦文(wen)也(ye)(ye)”。羅振玉、馬(ma)敘倫、許莊叔、宋鴻文(wen)、楊(yang)壽祺、尹博(bo)靈、李鐵華等皆(jie)支持此(ci)說,只是(shi)各自立論的依(yi)據并不完(wan)全相同,石鼓(gu)產生(sheng)的具體(ti)時間也(ye)(ye)不太一致,刻制的原因也(ye)(ye)各自有別。
3.秦德公說 王國維《觀堂集(ji)林·別集(ji)》等(deng)文(wen)中認(ren)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)字與(yu)秦公簋(gui)、虢季子白盤銘文(wen),體(ti)勢與(yu)血脈相承,蓋一時(shi)所鑄。其從文(wen)字字體(ti)等(deng)角度對石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)字進行了分析,認(ren)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)應作于(yu)德公遷(qian)雍(yong)(yong)(yong)之后(hou)(hou)。段揚在《論石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)乃(nai)秦德公時(shi)遺物及其他——讀郭沫若同志<石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)研(yan)究>后(hou)(hou)》一文(wen)中認(ren)為(wei)(wei)《作原》鼓(gu)內容與(yu)德公遷(qian)都于(yu)雍(yong)(yong)(yong),整(zheng)飭三畤(zhi)原有關,《而師》鼓(gu)“天(tian)子”與(yu)“嗣王”應是指(zhi)周惠王。戴君仁在《重論石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)的時(shi)代》等(deng)文(wen)中支持“德公說”,認(ren)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)為(wei)(wei)雍(yong)(yong)(yong)城初建時(shi)所刻。
4.秦(qin)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)說 主張者有(you)李(li)仲操(cao)《石鼓(gu)(gu)最初所(suo)在地(di)及其刻(ke)石年(nian)代》、胡建人(ren)《石鼓(gu)(gu)和石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)考略——兼論(lun)郭(guo)沫若的(de)襄公(gong)(gong)八年(nian)說》等。李(li)仲操(cao)認為(wei)(wei)“密畤作(zuo)(zuo)于秦(qin)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)四年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元前672年(nian)),則(ze)石鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)刻(ke)石年(nian)代應(ying)在這年(nian)”,《而師》鼓(gu)(gu)“天(tian)子”當指周惠王(wang),“嗣(si)王(wang)”當指王(wang)子頹(tui)。其說因認為(wei)(wei)石鼓(gu)(gu)出(chu)土(tu)地(di)點與宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)密畤地(di)點一致,以(yi)及“石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)”所(suo)載的(de)周天(tian)子平息內(nei)亂的(de)時間與秦(qin)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)四年(nian)一致而立(li)論(lun)。張啟成在《論(lun)石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)作(zuo)(zuo)年(nian)及其與詩經(jing)之比較(jiao)》文(wen)中對李(li)仲操(cao)“宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)說”進行了補充。胡建人(ren)也同樣(yang)認為(wei)(wei)石鼓(gu)(gu)為(wei)(wei)秦(qin)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong)陳倉作(zuo)(zuo)密畤時所(suo)刻(ke)。
5.秦穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)說 此說為原(yuan)故宮博物院院長馬衡(heng)在《石(shi)鼓為秦刻(ke)石(shi)考(kao)》等(deng)文中(zhong)主(zhu)張(zhang),他認為石(shi)鼓乃穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)稱霸西戎(rong),周(zhou)天子(zi)使(shi)召(zhao)公(gong)(gong)致賀時所刻(ke)。其文列舉(ju)了(le)秦十二(er)器文字與(yu)石(shi)鼓文字相對照,再以(yi)“殹(yi)”字用法(fa)為例(li)證,在鄭樵基礎上進一(yi)步(bu)論證了(le)“石(shi)鼓文”乃為秦文。日本赤冢忠《石(shi)鼓文の新研究(jiu)》從此說。
6.秦景公(gong)(gong)說 主(zhu)張者(zhe)有王(wang)輝《<石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)·吳人>集釋(shi)——兼再論(lun)石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)的(de)時(shi)代》、徐(xu)寶貴《石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)年代考辨》等。王(wang)輝以鳳翔秦公(gong)(gong)大(da)墓考古發現為(wei)(wei)依據,認為(wei)(wei)石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)與秦公(gong)(gong)大(da)墓石磬文(wen)字風格極(ji)相似,應為(wei)(wei)同一時(shi)期所(suo)作(zuo),而認為(wei)(wei)石鼓(gu)(gu)產(chan)生(sheng)于“景公(gong)(gong)時(shi)的(de)可(ke)能性極(ji)大(da),厲共公(gong)(gong)時(shi)的(de)可(ke)能性極(ji)小”。徐(xu)寶貴則從“石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)”字形以及與《詩(shi)經》關系、所(suo)反映(ying)的(de)史(shi)實等出發,認為(wei)(wei)“石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)的(de)詩(shi)”為(wei)(wei)襄公(gong)(gong)時(shi)所(suo)作(zuo),內(nei)容描寫的(de)是(shi)(shi)“秦襄公(gong)(gong)的(de)一次規模盛大(da)的(de)田(tian)獵活(huo)動”,而文(wen)字則是(shi)(shi)秦景公(gong)(gong)時(shi)所(suo)寫所(suo)刻,石鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)“絕對(dui)時(shi)代當在春秋(qiu)中晚期之際——秦景公(gong)(gong)時(shi)期”。
7.秦(qin)哀公(gong)說 香港易越石(shi)在(zai)《石(shi)鼓文書法與(yu)研(yan)究(jiu)》等文中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)為(wei)“得(de)新證于石(shi)鼓本身《吳(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)》石(shi)”,認為(wei)石(shi)鼓詩歌內容記載和反映了(le)(le)秦(qin)人(ren)(ren)救楚、秦(qin)吳(wu)(wu)大戰(zhan)的史實,《虞人(ren)(ren)》鼓“吳(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)”即是春(chun)秋時(shi)“吳(wu)(wu)國人(ren)(ren)”,而得(de)出(chu)了(le)(le)石(shi)鼓為(wei)哀公(gong)三十二年“秦(qin)師勝吳(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)凱旋后之刻石(shi)”這一看法。徐暢在(zai)《石(shi)鼓文刻年新考》文中(zhong)(zhong)支持此“凱旋說”。
8.秦(qin)(qin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)說 最(zui)先(xian)主張此(ci)說的(de)為(wei)原(yuan)故宮(gong)博(bo)物院副院長唐(tang)蘭。其(qi)(qi)在《石(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen)(wen)刻于靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)三年(nian)(nian)考》等(deng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)中,依據《史記·秦(qin)(qin)本紀(ji)(ji)》記載(zai)(zai)的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)十三年(nian)(nian)“初有(you)史以紀(ji)(ji)事”,再因《呂氏春秋·音初》認(ren)為(wei)的(de)秦(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)時(shi)才有(you)詩(shi)歌,于是(shi)認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)鼓年(nian)(nian)代不(bu)可能早(zao)于秦(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)時(shi)代。其(qi)(qi)又通過“朕(zhen)”與“吾”等(deng)人(ren)稱代詞使用的(de)關系(xi),認(ren)為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)景公(gong)(gong)時(shi)代的(de)銅器(qi)還(huan)都用“朕(zhen)”,秦(qin)(qin)惠(hui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)王時(shi)的(de)《詛楚文(wen)(wen)(wen)》卻用“吾”,而石(shi)鼓用“吾”、“余”、“我”而不(bu)用“朕(zhen)”,進一步推斷石(shi)鼓產生年(nian)(nian)代應(ying)在景公(gong)(gong)之后,跟詛楚文(wen)(wen)(wen)時(shi)代接(jie)近。同時(shi)又據文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻記載(zai)(zai)的(de)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)吳陽上下(xia)畤(zhi)以祭黃帝(di)、炎帝(di),于是(shi)斷定“石(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen)(wen)”作(zuo)(zuo)于秦(qin)(qin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)時(shi)代。蘇瑩(ying)輝、那志良等(deng)從(cong)之。后唐(tang)蘭改變了看法,更(geng)改為(wei)“獻公(gong)(gong)說”。
9.秦獻公說 唐蘭1958年(nian)發表(biao)《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)年(nian)代考》時提出(chu)此(ci)說。他從(cong)銘刻(ke)、文(wen)學史、新語匯、字形(xing)、書(shu)法、發現地、石(shi)(shi)次內容、地望等八個方面,詳細地論證(zheng)了(le)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)只能產(chan)生(sheng)于戰(zhan)國時期(qi),并(bing)結(jie)合文(wen)獻記載,進一步(bu)認為石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)產(chan)生(sheng)于獻公十(shi)一年(nian)。
10.秦惠(hui)文王至始皇帝(di)之前說(shuo) 鄭樵《石(shi)鼓(gu)音序》、羅(luo)(luo)君(jun)惕(ti)《秦刻(ke)十碣考釋》、程質清《石(shi)鼓(gu)文試(shi)讀(du)》等支持此(ci)說(shuo)。鄭樵以“殹、?”二字(zi)見于秦斤、秦權,并通(tong)過文字(zi)比較和(he)對“天子”、“嗣王”的(de)分(fen)析,認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)鼓(gu)為(wei)秦物,認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)鼓(gu)產生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)秦惠(hui)文王之后(hou)始皇帝(di)之前。羅(luo)(luo)君(jun)惕(ti)等亦通(tong)過文字(zi)等比較分(fen)析,對始皇“書(shu)同(tong)文”前后(hou)文字(zi)進行了比較與量的(de)統計,其認(ren)為(wei)時代越(yue)接近,文字(zi)相同(tong)者(zhe)越(yue)多,故判斷石(shi)鼓(gu)產生(sheng)(sheng)年(nian)代在(zai)秦惠(hui)文王至始皇帝(di)之間。
11.其它還有李學勤《東周與秦(qin)代文(wen)明》認為石(shi)鼓產生(sheng)于春(chun)秋中晚(wan)期;裘錫圭《文(wen)字學概要》,黃奇逸《石(shi)鼓文(wen)年代及相關諸(zhu)問題(ti)》,陳昭容(rong)《秦(qin)公(gong)簋的時代問題(ti):兼論石(shi)鼓文(wen)的相對(dui)年代》等認為石(shi)鼓產生(sheng)于春(chun)秋戰(zhan)國之(zhi)間,等等。
1.“漢(han)說(shuo)”始于清(qing)代武億(yi)《金(jin)石(shi)跋》。其因《鑾(luan)車(che)》鼓“趍趍?馬(ma)(ma)”句(ju)《古文苑》釋為“紇紇六馬(ma)(ma)”,而漢(han)代天子有駕六馬(ma)(ma)之制,于是推斷石(shi)鼓產(chan)生于漢(han)代。
2.“晉說”源于(yu)清(qing)末(mo)王闿(kai)運,其在(zai)《湘(xiang)綺樓文(wen)集》中認(ren)(ren)為石(shi)鼓(gu)是晉代所刻(ke);“北魏說”源于(yu)清(qing)人俞正(zheng)燮,其在(zai)《答成君瓘書(shu)》認(ren)(ren)為石(shi)鼓(gu)產生于(yu)北魏,姚大榮《石(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)足(zu)證記》從之;“宇文(wen)周說”源于(yu)《金(jin)(jin)史·馬(ma)定國傳》,其文(wen)稱金(jin)(jin)人馬(ma)定國認(ren)(ren)定石(shi)鼓(gu)為南北朝宇文(wen)周所刻(ke),明代顧(gu)炎武于(yu)《金(jin)(jin)石(shi)文(wen)字記》也(ye)支持(chi)這種說法。
石(shi)鼓文的(de)(de)字(zi)(zi)體,上承西(xi)周金文,下啟(qi)秦代(dai)小篆,從(cong)書(shu)法上看,石(shi)鼓文上承《秦公簋》(春秋中期(qi)的(de)(de)青銅器,銘文蓋十行,器五行,計121字(zi)(zi)。其(qi)書(shu)為(wei)石(shi)鼓、秦篆的(de)(de)先聲,字(zi)(zi)行方(fang)(fang)(fang)正(zheng)、大方(fang)(fang)(fang)。橫豎折筆之(zhi)處,圓中寓方(fang)(fang)(fang),轉折處豎畫內收而(er)下行時逐步向(xiang)下舒展(zhan)。其(qi)勢(shi)風(feng)骨嶙峋又(you)楚(chu)(chu)楚(chu)(chu)風(feng)致,確有秦朝那(nei)股強悍的(de)(de)霸(ba)主(zhu)氣勢(shi)。然而(er)更趨于(yu)(yu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)正(zheng)豐厚(hou),用筆起止均為(wei)藏(zang)鋒,圓融渾勁(jing),結體促長伸短(duan),勻(yun)稱適中。古茂雄(xiong)秀,冠(guan)絕(jue)古今。石(shi)鼓文是集大篆之(zhi)成(cheng),開小篆之(zhi)先河(he),在書(shu)法史上起著(zhu)(zhu)承前(qian)啟(qi)后(hou)的(de)(de)作用。是由(you)大篆向(xiang)小篆衍變(bian)而(er)又(you)尚未定型的(de)(de)過渡(du)性字(zi)(zi)體。石(shi)鼓文被歷(li)代(dai)書(shu)家(jia)視為(wei)習篆書(shu)的(de)(de)重要(yao)范本(ben),故有“書(shu)家(jia)第一法則(ze)”之(zhi)稱譽。石(shi)鼓文對書(shu)壇(tan)的(de)(de)影(ying)響以清(qing)代(dai)最(zui)盛,如著(zhu)(zhu)名篆書(shu)家(jia)楊(yang)沂孫、吳(wu)昌碩(shuo)就(jiu)是主(zhu)要(yao)得(de)力于(yu)(yu)石(shi)鼓文而(er)形成(cheng)自家(jia)風(feng)格(ge)的(de)(de)。流傳石(shi)鼓文最(zui)著(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)(de)拓本(ben),有明代(dai)安(an)國藏(zang)的(de)(de)《先鋒》、《中權》、《后(hou)勁(jing)》等北宋拓本(ben)。
《石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓》于(yu)(yu)唐代初出土于(yu)(yu)天(tian)興(xing)三疇原(yuan)(今陜(shan)西(xi)省寶雞市(shi)鳳翔三疇原(yuan)),以后(hou)(hou)被(bei)遷(qian)入鳳翔孔廟(miao)。五代戰(zhan)亂(luan),石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓散于(yu)(yu)民間,至宋(song)(song)代幾經周折,終又(you)(you)收齊,放置于(yu)(yu)鳳翔學府(fu)。宋(song)(song)徽宗(zong)素有金石(shi)(shi)(shi)之癖,尤其(qi)(qi)喜(xi)歡《石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓》,于(yu)(yu)大(da)觀二年(公元1108年),將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)遷(qian)到忭(bian)京(jing)國(guo)(guo)學,用金符(fu)字嵌起(qi)來(lai)。后(hou)(hou)因宋(song)(song)金戰(zhan)爭,復遷(qian)《石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓》于(yu)(yu)臨(lin)安(今杭州),金兵進入汴京(jing)后(hou)(hou),見到石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓以為是“奇物”,將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)運(yun)回燕京(jing)(今北(bei)京(jing))。此(ci)后(hou)(hou),石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓又(you)(you)經歷了(le)數百年的風雨滄桑(sang)。抗日戰(zhan)爭爆發,為防(fang)止國(guo)(guo)寶被(bei)日寇掠(lve)走,由當(dang)時故宮(gong)博物院院長馬衡主持,將(jiang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓遷(qian)到江(jiang)南(nan),抗戰(zhan)勝利后(hou)(hou)又(you)(you)運(yun)回北(bei)京(jing),1956年在北(bei)京(jing)故宮(gong)展出。清(qing)乾隆五十(shi)五年(1790年),清(qing)高宗(zong)為更(geng)好地(di)保護(hu)原(yuan)鼓,曾(ceng)令人仿刻了(le)十(shi)鼓,放置于(yu)(yu)辟雍(大(da)學)。現仿鼓在北(bei)京(jing)國(guo)(guo)子(zi)監。其(qi)(qi)形狀與刻字部(bu)位(wei)和原(yuan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓有不少差別(bie)。
石鼓(gu)(gu)共(gong)十只(zhi),高二尺(chi),直徑一(yi)(yi)尺(chi)多,形象(xiang)鼓(gu)(gu)而(er)上(shang)細(xi)下粗頂微圓(實為(wei)(wei)碣狀),因銘文(wen)(wen)中多言漁獵(lie)之事(shi),故又稱它(ta)為(wei)(wei)《獵(lie)碣》。以籀文(wen)(wen)分(fen)刻十首為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)組的(de)四(si)言詩。其字已多有(you)(you)(you)磨滅,其第九鼓(gu)(gu)已無(wu)一(yi)(yi)存(cun)字。其書傳為(wei)(wei)史(shi)籀手筆,體態堂皇大度、圓活奔放,氣質雄渾,剛(gang)柔相濟,古茂遒(qiu)樸而(er)有(you)(you)(you)逸氣。橫平(ping)豎直,嚴謹而(er)工(gong)整(zheng),善用中鋒,筆劃粗細(xi)基本一(yi)(yi)致(zhi),有(you)(you)(you)的(de)結體對(dui)稱平(ping)正(zheng),有(you)(you)(you)的(de)字則參差錯落,近于小(xiao)篆(zhuan)而(er)又沒有(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)篆(zhuan)的(de)拘(ju)謹。在(zai)章法(fa)布局上(shang),雖字字獨立,但又注意(yi)到了(le)上(shang)下左右之間的(de)偃仰向背關系、其筆力(li)之強勁在(zai)石刻中極為(wei)(wei)突出,在(zai)古文(wen)(wen)字書法(fa)中,是堪稱別具奇(qi)彩和獨具風神的(de)。康有(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)稱其“如金鈿委地,芝草團云,不煩(fan)整(zheng)我,自有(you)(you)(you)奇(qi)采。”其書體為(wei)(wei)大篆(zhuan)向小(xiao)篆(zhuan)過渡時期的(de)文(wen)(wen)字,學《石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)》可(ke)上(shang)追大篆(zhuan),下學小(xiao)篆(zhuan),百(bai)無(wu)一(yi)(yi)失(shi)。后世學篆(zhuan)者(zhe)皆奉為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)宗,無(wu)不臨習。楊沂孫、吳大澄(cheng)、吳昌碩、王(wang)福庵等皆得力(li)于此(ci)。
石(shi)鼓文其書(shu)法字(zi)體多取長方形(xing),體勢整肅,端莊凝重,筆(bi)力穩健,石(shi)與形(xing),詩與字(zi)渾然(ran)一體,充(chong)滿古樸雄渾之(zhi)美。
石(shi)鼓文(wen)比金(jin)文(wen)規(gui)范、嚴正,但仍(reng)在(zai)一(yi)定程度上保留了金(jin)文(wen)的(de)特(te)征(zheng),它是(shi)從金(jin)文(wen)向(xiang)小篆發展的(de)一(yi)種過渡性書體(ti)。傳說在(zai)石(shi)鼓文(wen)之(zhi)前(qian),周宣王(wang)太(tai)史(shi)籀(zhou)曾經對金(jin)文(wen)進行改造和整(zheng)理(li),著有大(da)篆十五篇,故大(da)篆又稱“籀(zhou)文(wen)”。石(shi)鼓文(wen)是(shi)大(da)篆留傳后世,保存比較(jiao)完整(zheng)且(qie)字數較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)書跡(ji)之(zhi)一(yi)。
石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen),亦(yi)稱獵碣或(huo)雍(yong)邑刻石(shi)(shi),是(shi)我國現存最早的石(shi)(shi)刻文(wen)字。無具體年月(yue),唐人(ren)韋應物(wu)和韓愈的《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)歌》都認(ren)為是(shi)周宣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)時期的刻石(shi)(shi)。宋人(ren)歐陽(yang)修的《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)跋(ba)尾》雖設了三個(ge)疑點(dian),但還是(shi)認(ren)為屬(shu)周宣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)時史(shi)籀所(suo)作(zuo)。宋人(ren)鄭樵(qiao)《通(tong)志(zhi)略》則認(ren)為《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)》系先秦之(zhi)物(wu),作(zuo)于(yu)惠文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)后,始皇之(zhi)前。近人(ren)羅振玉(yu)《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)考(kao)釋》和馬敘倫《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)疏記(ji)》都認(ren)為是(shi)秦文(wen)公時物(wu),與韋、韓說法出入不(bu)大,只相差十七年。據郭沫若考(kao)證,《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)》作(zuo)于(yu)秦襄公八年,距宣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)更近。所(suo)不(bu)同(tong)者,出于(yu)宣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)時史(shi)籀手(shou)筆或(huo)秦臣手(shou)筆罷了。當代學者書法家(jia)、古文(wen)字學家(jia)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)美(mei)盛《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)解(jie)讀》認(ren)為石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)作(zuo)于(yu)公元前525年,為東(dong)周王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)作(zuo)。主要(yao)根據是(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)中有(you)“吾獲允異”句,與《左(zuo)傳》記(ji)載吻合。著名歷史(shi)學家(jia)、古文(wen)字學家(jia)李學勤(qin)肯定此(ci)說。
石鼓與石鼓文之(zhi)歷史與研究概況(附石鼓歌)(之(zhi)一)
唐(tang)代石鼓研究(jiu)(附(fu)石鼓歌(ge))
石鼓,唐貞觀(guan)時期發現于寶雞陳倉。然上無年代款識,也無作者(zhe)姓名。加之詩文(wen)缺文(wen)少(shao)字(zi),以(yi)及文(wen)字(zi)古(gu)奧難識,詩意含蓄隱晦等諸多原因。人們均不知(zhi)所(suo)寫為何(he),產生于何(he)時,所(suo)作何(he)用。于是(shi),學者(zhe)紛紛發表了各自的見解(jie)。
貞(zhen)觀時之(zhi)吏部(bu)侍郎蘇(su)勖(xu)稱(cheng)贊道:“世(shi)言筆跡(ji)存者,李(li)(li)(li)斯最古(gu),不知史(shi)(shi)籀(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)跡(ji),近在(zai)關中(zhong)(zhong)”。高宗時的(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)法(fa)家李(li)(li)(li)嗣真在(zai)其(qi)《書(shu)(shu)后品》中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)說(shuo):“史(shi)(shi)籀(zhou)(zhou)堙滅(mie),陳(chen)倉藉甚(shen)”。開元(yuan)年(nian)間的(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)法(fa)家張(zhang)懷瓘在(zai)《書(shu)(shu)斷》中(zhong)(zhong)道:“按(an)籀(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)者,周太史(shi)(shi)史(shi)(shi)籀(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)作(zuo)也(ye)”,“其(qi)跡(ji)有石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)存焉(yan),蓋(gai)諷(—作(zuo)敘)宣王畋獵之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)作(zuo)。今(jin)在(zai)陳(chen)倉”。他贊美石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)書(shu)(shu)法(fa)曰(yue):“體象卓然,殊今(jin)異古(gu);落落珠玉,飄飄纓組;蒼頡之(zhi)嗣,小(xiao)篆之(zhi)祖;以(yi)名稱(cheng)書(shu)(shu),遺跡(ji)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)”。歷(li)史(shi)(shi)上,蘇(su)勖(xu)第一(yi)個認為(wei)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)是(shi)史(shi)(shi)籀(zhou)(zhou)留下的(de)(de)筆跡(ji)。這一(yi)看法(fa)得(de)到李(li)(li)(li)嗣真的(de)(de)附和(he),張(zhang)懷瓘的(de)(de)論證。于是(shi)“石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)”、“石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)”從此便(bian)(bian)得(de)了(le)名,文(wen)(wen)字(zi)被判定(ding)為(wei)史(shi)(shi)籀(zhou)(zhou)所(suo)(suo)寫(xie),石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)便(bian)(bian)被認為(wei)是(shi)諷諫周宣王畋獵而刻(ke)制的(de)(de)東西了(le)。
唐(tang)肅宗至(zhi)德時(shi)(shi)之(zhi)書法家竇臮《述書賦》上下二篇,其(qi)兄竇蒙為(wei)之(zhi)作(zuo)注(zhu)。云(yun):“史籀,周宣王時(shi)(shi)史官。著大篆,教(jiao)學童(tong)。岐州(zhou)雍城南,有周宣王獵碣十枚,并作(zuo)鼓形,上有篆文,今見打本”,“即其(qi)文也(ye)。石(shi)尋(xun)毀失,時(shi)(shi)見此本,傳諸好事者”。竇臮所記(ji)之(zhi)“雍城南”,是(shi)(shi)言石(shi)鼓發現的地(di)方。“獵碣”的稱呼,即源于此。而文中所言“打本”即是(shi)(shi)石(shi)鼓拓本,說明(ming)了至(zhi)德時(shi)(shi)已(yi)有石(shi)鼓文拓本流傳于世。
詩(shi)(shi)人杜甫《李(li)潮(chao)(chao)八(ba)分(fen)小(xiao)篆(zhuan)歌》:“蒼(cang)頡鳥跡既(ji)茫昧,字體變化如浮云。陳倉石鼓久已訛,大小(xiao)二(er)篆(zhuan)生八(ba)分(fen)。秦(qin)有李(li)斯漢蔡邕,中間(jian)作者寂(ji)不聞。嶧山(shan)之(zhi)碑野火焚,棗(zao)木(mu)傳(chuan)刻肥失(shi)真(zhen)。苦縣光和(he)尚(shang)骨立,書(shu)(shu)貴(gui)瘦硬方通神。惜哉李(li)蔡不復得(de),吾甥李(li)潮(chao)(chao)下筆親(qin)。尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)韓擇(ze)木(mu),騎曹(cao)蔡有鄰。開元已來數(shu)八(ba)分(fen),潮(chao)(chao)也奄有二(er)子成(cheng)三人。況潮(chao)(chao)小(xiao)篆(zhuan)逼(bi)秦(qin)相,快劍(jian)長戟(ji)森相向。八(ba)分(fen)一(yi)字直百金,蛟龍盤拿肉屈(qu)強。吳郡張顛夸(kua)草(cao)書(shu)(shu),草(cao)書(shu)(shu)非(fei)古空雄壯。豈如吾甥不流宕,丞相中郎丈人行。巴東逢李(li)潮(chao)(chao),逾(yu)月求我(wo)歌。我(wo)今(jin)衰(shuai)老才(cai)力薄(bo),潮(chao)(chao)乎潮(chao)(chao)乎奈汝何。”詩(shi)(shi)中有“陳倉石鼓久已訛,大小(xiao)二(er)篆(zhuan)生八(ba)分(fen)”句(ju),這(zhe)大概是石鼓發現后,文人對石鼓發現地(di)最早(zao)的看法。
此(ci)后(hou),德宗時之(zhi)(zhi)詩人(ren)韋應物專為(wei)石鼓文(wen)寫了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)首《石鼓歌(ge)(ge)》:“周宣(xuan)大獵兮(xi)岐(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)陽(yang),刻(ke)(ke)石表(biao)功兮(xi)煒煌(huang)煌(huang)。石如鼓形(xing)數止十,風雨(yu)缺訛苔(tai)蘚(xian)澀。今人(ren)濡紙脫其(qi)(qi)文(wen),既擊既掃白黑分。忽開(kai)(kai)滿卷不(bu)可(ke)識,驚潛動蟄走(zou)紜紜。喘息逶迤相糺錯,乃(nai)是(shi)宣(xuan)王之(zhi)(zhi)臣史(shi)籀(zhou)作。一(yi)(yi)書遺此(ci)天地(di)間,精意(yi)長(chang)存世冥寞。秦家祖龍還刻(ke)(ke)石,碣石之(zhi)(zhi)罘李(li)斯跡。世人(ren)好古猶法(fa)傳,持來比此(ci)殊懸隔。”詩的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)頭(tou)“周宣(xuan)大獵兮(xi)岐(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)陽(yang),刻(ke)(ke)石表(biao)功兮(xi)煒煌(huang)煌(huang)”,便提出對石鼓之(zhi)(zhi)產生年(nian)代與(yu)制作原因(yin)的(de)(de)看法(fa)。將張(zhang)懷瓘之(zhi)(zhi)“蓋諷宣(xuan)王畋獵”說,改為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)大獵“刻(ke)(ke)石表(biao)功”說。開(kai)(kai)創(chuang)了(le)(le)(le)“周宣(xuan)大獵刻(ke)(ke)石表(biao)功說”之(zhi)(zhi)觀點,也開(kai)(kai)創(chuang)了(le)(le)(le)后(hou)世以《石鼓歌(ge)(ge)》的(de)(de)形(xing)式詠頌石鼓之(zhi)(zhi)先河。自唐(tang)以后(hou)各(ge)代多(duo)受其(qi)(qi)影響,不(bu)少著名詩人(ren)和學(xue)者(zhe)均(jun)有(you)贊頌石鼓的(de)(de)“詩”或“歌(ge)(ge)”留傳于世。
受韋應物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)啟發與(yu)影響,唐代著名的古文學家(jia)韓愈也寫了一首《石鼓(gu)歌(ge)》:“張(zhang)生手持(chi)石鼓(gu)文,勸我(wo)(wo)試作石鼓(gu)歌(ge)。少陵(ling)(ling)無(wu)(wu)人(ren)謫仙(xian)死,才薄將奈石鼓(gu)何。周(zhou)綱陵(ling)(ling)遲四海沸,宣王憤起揮天(tian)戈。大開明堂受朝賀,諸侯劍(jian)佩鳴相(xiang)磨。搜于(yu)岐(qi)陽騁雄俊,萬里禽獸皆遮羅(luo)。鐫(juan)功勒成(cheng)告(gao)萬世,鑿石作鼓(gu)隳嵯峨(e)。從臣才藝(yi)咸第一,揀選(xuan)撰(zhuan)刻留(liu)(liu)山(shan)阿(a)。雨淋日灸野火燎,鬼物(wu)守護煩撝呵。公(gong)從何處得紙本,毫發盡備(bei)無(wu)(wu)差訛。辭嚴義密讀難曉(xiao),字體(ti)不(bu)(bu)類(lei)隸與(yu)科。年深(shen)豈(qi)免有(you)缺畫,快劍(jian)斫(zhuo)斷生蛟鼉(tuo)。鸞翔鳳(feng)翥(zhu)眾仙(xian)下,珊瑚碧樹(shu)交枝(zhi)柯。金繩鐵索鎖(suo)紐壯(zhuang),古鼎躍水(shui)龍騰梭。陋儒編詩不(bu)(bu)收入,二雅褊(bian)迫無(wu)(wu)委蛇。孔子西(xi)行(xing)不(bu)(bu)到(dao)秦,掎摭星宿遺(yi)羲(xi)娥。嗟予好(hao)古生苦晚,對(dui)此涕(ti)淚雙滂沱。憶昔(xi)初蒙(meng)博士征,其年始改稱元(yuan)和。故人(ren)從軍(jun)在右輔,為我(wo)(wo)度量(liang)掘臼科。濯冠(guan)沐浴(yu)告(gao)祭酒(jiu),如(ru)此至寶存豈(qi)多。氈包(bao)席裹可立致,十鼓(gu)只載數駱(luo)駝。薦(jian)諸太(tai)廟比郜鼎,光價豈(qi)止(zhi)百倍過。圣恩若許留(liu)(liu)太(tai)學,諸生講解(jie)得切磋。觀(guan)經鴻都(dou)尚(shang)填咽,坐見舉國來奔(ben)波(bo)。剜苔剔蘚露節角,安(an)(an)置(zhi)妥貼平(ping)不(bu)(bu)頗(po)。大廈(sha)深(shen)檐與(yu)蓋覆,經歷久遠期無(wu)(wu)佗。中(zhong)朝大官老(lao)于(yu)事,詎(ju)肯感激徒(tu)媕婀(e)。牧童(tong)敲火牛礪角,誰復著手為摩挲。日銷月鑠就埋沒,六(liu)年西(xi)顧(gu)空(kong)吟哦。羲(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)俗(su)書趁姿媚,數紙尚(shang)可博白鵝。繼(ji)周(zhou)八(ba)代爭(zheng)戰罷,無(wu)(wu)人(ren)收拾理則(ze)那。方(fang)今太(tai)平(ping)日無(wu)(wu)事,柄任儒術(shu)崇丘軻。安(an)(an)能以此上論(lun)列,愿借(jie)辨口如(ru)懸河。石鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge)止(zhi)于(yu)此,鳴呼吾意其蹉跎。”
詩中有幾點值得注意的地方(fang):
①詩人完全接受了(le)韋詩之觀點;
②作(zuo)者曾研(yan)讀過石鼓(gu)文(wen),但(dan)遇(yu)到篆(zhuan)文(wen)與剝蝕不清(qing)等之困(kun)難,未再對石鼓(gu)詩進行深入研(yan)究;
③安史之亂(luan)后,石鼓能(neng)再現(xian)于(yu)世,是(shi)得(de)其友人幫助尋找、挖掘后才運回鳳翔的;
④詩人曾(ceng)向朝廷舉薦過(guo)石鼓,但(dan)未受恩準(zhun);
⑤詩中(zhong)所(suo)言“臼(jiu)科”,說明發(fa)現時《作原》鼓就(jiu)已(yi)被鑿(zao)為臼(jiu);
⑥第一次向(xiang)世人強調(diao)了(le)石鼓作(zuo)為歷史(shi)文物的重要(yao)價值與(yu)意義(yi)。韓愈此詩(shi)后人選入(ru)了(le)《唐詩(shi)三百首(shou)》,具有重要(yao)的史(shi)料與(yu)文學價值。
總的來(lai)看,唐(tang)代二百(bai)七十九年間對石鼓(gu)文化(hua)的貢獻是:
一(yi)、完整地(di)發(fa)現了十只石鼓(gu),較為妥善(shan)地(di)對石鼓(gu)作了保護與安置。
二、石鼓文字受到了唐代書法家的廣泛重視,高度(du)贊揚與肯定,石鼓得以以拓本形式流(liu)傳至(zhi)今。
三、石鼓的歷史價值(zhi)、文(wen)化價值(zhi)與(yu)藝術(shu)價值(zhi),基本得到(dao)了肯定。
四、杜甫(fu)、韋應(ying)物、韓愈的(de)石鼓詩歌,對(dui)后(hou)世產(chan)生了(le)巨大(da)影響(xiang)。
宋代石鼓研究(jiu)(附石鼓歌)
憲宗(zong)以后(hou),唐(tang)(tang)各代之(zhi)(zhi)朝政都日趨衰(shuai)弱,遷鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)事也就擱置(zhi)一(yi)邊,無人(ren)再(zai)提(ti)。唐(tang)(tang)末,五(wu)(wu)代十(shi)國(guo)的(de)(de)戰亂中(zhong),石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)無人(ren)照管,何時被(bei)人(ren)搬走(zou),無人(ren)知曉(xiao)。戰亂持(chi)續(xu)了(le)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)多年(nian),到宋朝建立(li)后(hou)才(cai)(cai)得(de)以平息。愛好歷史(shi)文學的(de)(de)司馬(ma)池(司馬(ma)光之(zhi)(zhi)父(fu)),擔(dan)任鳳翔知府(fu)時尋(xun)回九鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),“復(fu)(fu)輦至于(yu)(yu)(yu)府(fu)學之(zhi)(zhi)門(men)廡(wu)下,而亡其一(yi)”(見王(wang)厚之(zhi)(zhi)《復(fu)(fu)齋碑緣》)。皇祐四年(nian),向(xiang)傳師在(zai)一(yi)屠戶家(jia),才(cai)(cai)將被(bei)當作(zuo)(zuo)米臼(jiu)(jiu)又被(bei)當成了(le)磨刀(dao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)《作(zuo)(zuo)原(yuan)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)找(zhao)到。自此(ci)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)遺失后(hou)約一(yi)百(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)年(nian)左(zuo)右,方才(cai)(cai)全(quan)部尋(xun)回。一(yi)百(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)年(nian),這是(shi)(shi)幾代人(ren)的(de)(de)生存時間,當不(bu)會有(you)(you)人(ren)見過石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)原(yuan)樣。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)《作(zuo)(zuo)原(yuan)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)否“完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)”,便成為(wei)(wei)(wei)劃(hua)分“唐(tang)(tang)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)”與“宋拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)”的(de)(de)唯一(yi)標(biao)準。完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)即是(shi)(shi)唐(tang)(tang)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo),不(bu)完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)即所(suo)謂為(wei)(wei)(wei)臼(jiu)(jiu)后(hou)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)被(bei)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)最早(zao)(zao)不(bu)過宋拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)。也就是(shi)(shi)說,“唐(tang)(tang)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)”與“宋拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)”的(de)(de)區(qu)別在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)《作(zuo)(zuo)原(yuan)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)否在(zai)五(wu)(wu)代十(shi)國(guo)至宋初(chu)這一(yi)段時間內被(bei)鑿制為(wei)(wei)(wei)米臼(jiu)(jiu)。然章樵所(suo)言:“孫巨源(yuan)得(de)于(yu)(yu)(yu)僧寺佛(fo)書(shu)龕中(zhong),以為(wei)(wei)(wei)唐(tang)(tang)人(ren)所(suo)錄”之(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文,其《作(zuo)(zuo)原(yuan)》文字也不(bu)全(quan),亦在(zai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)臼(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)。故有(you)(you)人(ren)疑(yi)(yi)其為(wei)(wei)(wei)偽。但在(zai)韓(han)愈詩中(zhong)有(you)(you)“掘臼(jiu)(jiu)科”之(zhi)(zhi)句,是(shi)(shi)否又證明(ming)《作(zuo)(zuo)原(yuan)》為(wei)(wei)(wei)臼(jiu)(jiu),早(zao)(zao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)唐(tang)(tang)初(chu)呢?清代乾隆皇帝對此(ci)也提(ti)出了(le)懷(huai)疑(yi)(yi)。然而,均(jun)因(yin)無更多證據以證其說,只好暫(zan)(zan)闕存疑(yi)(yi)。盡管我們比較支持(chi)《作(zuo)(zuo)原(yuan)》為(wei)(wei)(wei)臼(jiu)(jiu)早(zao)(zao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)唐(tang)(tang)初(chu)的(de)(de)觀點,但由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)這觀點尚無公認,故在(zai)本(ben)(ben)文中(zhong)仍暫(zan)(zan)用“先鋒”、“后(hou)勁”、“中(zhong)權”三本(ben)(ben)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“宋拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)”的(de)(de)一(yi)般看(kan)法。
北宋(song)仁宗時(shi)詩人梅堯(yao)臣(chen)《雷逸老訪石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文見遺(yi),因(yin)呈(cheng)祭(ji)酒吳公作(zuo)(zuo)》一(yi)詩:“石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)作(zuo)(zuo)自周宣王,宣王發憤搜(sou)岐陽。我(wo)(wo)車我(wo)(wo)馬攻既良,射(she)夫其(qi)同弓矢張(zhang)。舫舟又漁麹鱮魴(fang),何(he)以(yi)貫之(zhi)維柳楊。從(cong)官執(zhi)筆言成章,書在鼓(gu)(gu)腰鐫刻藏。歷(li)秦漢魏下(xia)及唐(tang),無人著眼來形相(xiang)。村童戲坐(zuo)老死喪,世復(fu)一(yi)世如(ru)鳥翔(xiang)。惟(wei)閱元和(he)韓侍(shi)郎(lang),始(shi)得紙本歌且詳。欲以(yi)氈衣歸(gui)上庠(xiang),天官媕(an)阿駝(tuo)肯(ken)將。傳至(zhi)我(wo)(wo)朝(chao)(chao)一(yi)鼓(gu)(gu)亡,九鼓(gu)(gu)缺剝文失行。近人偶見安碓牀,亡鼓(gu)(gu)作(zuo)(zuo)臼(jiu)刳中(zhong)央。心喜遺(yi)篆猶(you)在傍(bang),以(yi)臼(jiu)易臼(jiu)庸何(he)傷(shang)。以(yi)石(shi)補空恐舂粱,神物會合居一(yi)方。雷氏有(you)子(zi)胡而長(chang),日(ri)模月仿(fang)志暮強(qiang)。聚完辯舛經星霜,四百六(liu)十飛鳳凰。書成大(da)軸綠錦裝,偏(pian)斜曲直筋骨(gu)藏。攜(xie)之(zhi)謁我(wo)(wo)巧(qiao)趨蹌,我(wo)(wo)無別(bie)識心旁徨(huang)。雖(sui)與(yu)乃父非(fei)故鄉,少與(yu)乃父同杯觴。老向太(tai)學鬢已(yi)蒼,樂子(zi)好古親(qin)縑緗。誰能千載師(shi)史倉,勤此(ci)冷淡何(he)肝腸。而今祭(ji)酒禆圣皇,五經新(xin)石(shi)立兩廊。我(wo)(wo)欲效(xiao)韓非(fei)癡狂,載致(zhi)出關無所障。至(zhi)寶宜(yi)列孔子(zi)堂,固勝朽版堆屋墻。然(ran)須雷生往(wang)度量,登車裹護令相(xiang)當。誠非(fei)急務煩紀綱,太(tai)平(ping)得有(you)朝(chao)(chao)廷光。山水大(da)字(zi)輦已(yi)嘗,于此(ci)豈不同粃糠。海(hai)隅異獸乘舟航,連日(ri)道路(lu)費芻糧。又與(yu)茲(zi)器殊柔(rou)剛(gang),感慨作(zuo)(zuo)詩聊(liao)激昂(ang)。愿因(yin)諫疏投(tou)皂囊(nang),夜觀奎壁正吐(tu)芒。天有(you)河鼓(gu)(gu)亦焜煌,持此(ci)負鼎千成湯。”
從內容來看:
①受韋詩影響,繼承了(le)“宣王發憤搜岐陽”之(zhi)觀點(dian);
②敘述(shu)了韓(han)侍郎薦(jian)鼓(gu)之事;
③風趣(qu)地嘲諷了以鼓作臼,以臼易臼之經歷(li);
④歷史(shi)上(shang)首(shou)次言及石鼓文(wen)拓本上(shang)之字數(shu),“四百六十(shi)飛鳳(feng)凰(huang)”;
⑤抒發作者想(xiang)“效韓”時(shi)之激動心情。此詩具有一(yi)定的文學與史料(liao)價值(zhi)。
與梅堯(yao)臣生活于(yu)(yu)(yu)同(tong)一(yi)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)北宋文(wen)(wen)(wen)學家、書(shu)(shu)(shu)法家歐陽修(xiu),在(zai)他(ta)所(suo)(suo)寫(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《集古錄跋尾(wei)》中對石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)提出(chu)了一(yi)些新的(de)(de)見解(jie),在(zai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)研(yan)究中具有(you)(you)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)參考價值。“右石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)。岐陽石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)初不(bu)見稱于(yu)(yu)(yu)前(qian)世,至(zhi)唐(tang)人始(shi)盛稱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)韋應物以為(wei)周文(wen)(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),宣(xuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)刻詩。韓退之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直以為(wei)宣(xuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)。在(zai)今(jin)(jin)鳳(feng)翔孔子廟(miao)中,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)十,先時(shi)散棄(qi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)野,鄭(zheng)余(yu)慶置于(yu)(yu)(yu)廟(miao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)亡其(qi)一(yi)。皇佑四(si)年(nian),向傳師求于(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)間,得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乃足。其(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)可(ke)見者四(si)百(bai)六(liu)十五,不(bu)可(ke)識(shi)者過半。余(yu)所(suo)(suo)集錄,文(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)古者,莫(mo)先于(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)。然(ran)其(qi)可(ke)疑(yi)者三(san)四(si):今(jin)(jin)世所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)漢(han)桓、靈時(shi)碑(bei)往往尚在(zai),其(qi)距今(jin)(jin)未及(ji)千歲(sui),大書(shu)(shu)(shu)深刻,而(er)(er)(er)(er)磨滅者十猶八九。此(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)按太史公《年(nian)表》,自(zi)宣(xuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)共和元年(nian)至(zhi)今(jin)(jin)嘉礻(shi)右八年(nian),實(shi)千有(you)(you)九百(bai)一(yi)十四(si)年(nian),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)細而(er)(er)(er)(er)刻淺,理豈(qi)得存?此(ci)(ci)(ci)其(qi)可(ke)疑(yi)者一(yi)也(ye)。其(qi)字(zi)古而(er)(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)法,其(qi)言(yan)與《雅》、《頌》同(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen),而(er)(er)(er)(er)《詩》、《書(shu)(shu)(shu)》所(suo)(suo)傳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,三(san)代(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)章真跡在(zai)者,惟(wei)此(ci)(ci)(ci)而(er)(er)(er)(er)已(yi)。然(ran)自(zi)漢(han)已(yi)來(lai),博古好奇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)皆(jie)略而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)道。此(ci)(ci)(ci)其(qi)可(ke)疑(yi)者二(er)也(ye)。隋(sui)氏藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)最多,其(qi)《志》所(suo)(suo)錄,秦(qin)始(shi)皇刻石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、婆羅門外國書(shu)(shu)(shu)皆(jie)有(you)(you),而(er)(er)(er)(er)猶無石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)。遺近錄遠,不(bu)宜(yi)如此(ci)(ci)(ci)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)其(qi)可(ke)疑(yi)者三(san)也(ye)。前(qian)世傳記所(suo)(suo)載古遠奇怪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,類(lei)多虛誕而(er)(er)(er)(er)難信,況(kuang)傳記不(bu)載,不(bu)知(zhi)韋、韓二(er)君何據而(er)(er)(er)(er)知(zhi)為(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)、宣(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)。隋(sui)、唐(tang)古今(jin)(jin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)籍粗備,豈(qi)當時(shi)猶有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)見,而(er)(er)(er)(er)今(jin)(jin)不(bu)見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邪?然(ran)退之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好古不(bu)妄者,余(yu)姑取(qu)以為(wei)信爾(er)。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)字(zi)書(shu)(shu)(shu),亦非史籀不(bu)能作(zuo)也(ye)。”
歐陽修(xiu)對石鼓(gu)產生(sheng)于西(xi)周(zhou)時(shi)之觀點(dian),提出了幾點(dian)懷疑。從石鼓(gu)文流(liu)傳以來(lai)的(de)(de)歷史看,此文最先(xian)發難,對石鼓(gu)產生(sheng)于西(xi)周(zhou)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)觀點(dian)提出了疑問。懷疑之風至此起,從此不斷有新(xin)的(de)(de)見(jian)解出現。但由于均(jun)未(wei)能動搖(yao)“主(zhu)周(zhou)說”立論的(de)(de)根本(ben)。以后各代(dai),一直至清,石鼓(gu)宣(xuan)王說仍是主(zhu)流(liu)。
著名(ming)(ming)文學(xue)家(jia)(jia)、書法家(jia)(jia)蘇軾,早(zao)年曾(ceng)在鳳翔府任簽判,時常至鳳翔孔廟觀賞(shang)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)。在讀了韓(han)愈和梅(mei)堯臣(chen)之(zhi)詩(shi)后,也(ye)寫(xie)了一(yi)(yi)首《石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)歌(ge)(ge)》:“冬(dong)十二月歲(sui)辛丑,我(wo)初(chu)從(cong)政見(jian)魯(lu)叟(sou)。舊聞石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)今(jin)見(jian)之(zhi),文學(xue)郁律(lv)蛟蛇走。細觀初(chu)以指畫(hua)肚(du),欲(yu)(yu)讀嗟如箝在口。韓(han)公(gong)(gong)好古生(sheng)已遲,我(wo)今(jin)況又百(bai)年后。強尋(xun)偏旁推點(dian)畫(hua),時得一(yi)(yi)二遺八九。吾車既(ji)工馬亦同(tong),其魚維鱮貫之(zhi)柳。古器縱橫猶識鼎,眾星錯落僅名(ming)(ming)斗。模(mo)糊(hu)半已似(si)瘢(ban)胝(zhi),詰屈(qu)猶能辨跟肘。娟(juan)娟(juan)缺(que)月隱云(yun)霧,濯(zhuo)濯(zhuo)嘉禾(he)秀莨(lang)莠(you)。漂流百(bai)戰偶然(ran)存(cun),獨立千載與(yu)誰友。上追(zhui)軒頡相唯諾,下(xia)揖冰斯(si)同(tong)鷇榖。憶昔周(zhou)宣(xuan)(xuan)歌(ge)(ge)鴻雁,當(dang)時史(shi)籀變(bian)蝌蚪。厭亂人(ren)(ren)方(fang)思(si)圣賢,中興天(tian)為生(sheng)耆耇。東征徐虜闞(kan)虓虎,北伐犬戎隨指嗾。象(xiang)胥雜沓(ta)貢狼鹿,方(fang)召聯翩賜圭卣。遂因鼓(gu)(gu)鼙(pi)思(si)將帥,豈(qi)為考擊煩朦瞍。何(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)作(zuo)頌比嵩高,萬古斯(si)文齊岣嶁。勛勞至大不(bu)矜伐,文武未(wei)遠(yuan)猶忠厚(hou)。欲(yu)(yu)尋(xun)年歲(sui)無(wu)甲乙(yi),豈(qi)有(you)名(ming)(ming)字記(ji)誰某(mou)。自(zi)從(cong)周(zhou)衰更(geng)七國(guo),競使秦(qin)人(ren)(ren)有(you)九有(you)。掃除詩(shi)書誦法律(lv),投棄俎豆陳(chen)鞭杻(chou)。當(dang)年何(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)佐祖龍,上蔡公(gong)(gong)子牽黃狗。登山(shan)刻石(shi)頌功烈(lie),后者無(wu)繼前無(wu)偶。皆云(yun)皇帝(di)巡四(si)國(guo),烹滅(mie)強暴(bao)救黔(qian)首。六經既(ji)已委灰(hui)塵,此鼓(gu)(gu)亦當(dang)遭擊掊。傳聞九鼎淪泗上,欲(yu)(yu)使萬夫沉水取。暴(bao)君縱欲(yu)(yu)窮人(ren)(ren)力,神物(wu)(wu)義(yi)不(bu)污秦(qin)垢(gou)。是(shi)時石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)何(he)(he)處(chu)避,無(wu)乃天(tian)公(gong)(gong)令鬼守。興亡百(bai)變(bian)物(wu)(wu)自(zi)閑,富貴(gui)一(yi)(yi)朝名(ming)(ming)不(bu)朽(xiu)。細思(si)物(wu)(wu)理坐嘆(tan)息(xi),人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)安得如汝壽。”在詩(shi)中,詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)先(xian)述閱讀鼓(gu)(gu)文之(zhi)體會,次頌揚宣(xuan)(xuan)王中興之(zhi)壯舉,惋惜周(zhou)宣(xuan)(xuan)之(zhi)衰弱,斥責秦(qin)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)殘暴(bao),感嘆(tan)世(shi)間(jian)之(zhi)興亡百(bai)變(bian),人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)之(zhi)苦短。蘇詩(shi)詠(yong)物(wu)(wu)敘事(shi)與(yu)抒情融為一(yi)(yi)體,大氣磅(bang)礴,意境深遠(yuan)。對后世(shi)影響也(ye)很大。
東坡(po)之(zhi)(zhi)三弟蘇轍(che),也寫有(you)(you)一首(shou)《石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)歌(ge)》:“岐山之(zhi)(zhi)陽(yang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),叩(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)鳴懸(xuan)無(wu)(wu)虡。以(yi)為(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)用(yong)百無(wu)(wu)直,以(yi)為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)用(yong)萬物祖。置(zhi)身(shen)無(wu)(wu)用(yong)有(you)(you)用(yong)間,自托周宣(xuan)誰敢(gan)侮。宣(xuan)王沒后墳壟平,秦(qin)野蒼茫不(bu)(bu)(bu)知處(chu)。周人(ren)(ren)舊物惟(wei)存(cun)此(ci),文(wen)武遺民(min)盡(jin)囚虜。鼎鐘(zhong)無(wu)(wu)在鑄戈戟,宮殿已(yi)(yi)倒(dao)生(sheng)禾黍(shu)。歷宣(xuan)子孫竄四(si)方(fang)(fang),昭穆(mu)錯亂(luan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)存(cun)譜。時(shi)有(you)(you)寓(yu)客悲先王,綢繆牖(you)戶(hu)徹桑土。思(si)宣(xuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)幸鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)存(cun),由(you)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)求宣(xuan)近為(wei)(wei)愈。彼(bi)皆有(you)(you)用(yong)世所(suo)好,天地能(neng)生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)主(zhu)。君看(kan)項籍猛如(ru)狼,身(shen)死未冷割為(wei)(wei)脯。馬童楊(yang)喜豈不(bu)(bu)(bu)仁,待汝封候非怨汝。何況外物固已(yi)(yi)輕,毛擒翡翠尾執塵。惟(wei)有(you)(you)蒼石(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)此(ci)時(shi),獨以(yi)無(wu)(wu)用(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)數。形骸偃蹇(jian)任苔蘚,文(wen)字(zi)皴剝(bo)困風雨。遭亂(luan)既以(yi)無(wu)(wu)用(yong)全,有(you)(you)用(yong)還為(wei)(wei)太(tai)平取(qu)。古人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)見(jian)遺物,如(ru)見(jian)方(fang)(fang)召與申(shen)甫。文(wen)字(zi)蝌蚪可窮詰,簡編不(bu)(bu)(bu)載無(wu)(wu)訓詁。字(zi)形漫汗隨石(shi)(shi)(shi)缺(que),蒼蛇生(sheng)角(jiao)龍折股。亦(yi)如(ru)老人(ren)(ren)遭暴橫(heng),頤下髭禿口齒齬(yu)。形雖不(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)意可知,有(you)(you)云楊(yang)柳貫(guan)魴(fang)鱮。魴(fang)鱮豈厭居溪谷,自投網(wang)罟(gu)入君俎。柳條柔(rou)弱長百戶(hu),挽之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷細如(ru)縷(lv)。以(yi)柳貫(guan)魚(yu)魚(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)傷,貫(guan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)傷魚(yu)魚(yu)樂死。登之(zhi)(zhi)廟中鬼神格,錫汝豐(feng)年多馀(yu)黍(shu)。宣(xuan)王用(yong)兵征四(si)國(guo),北摧(cui)犬戎南服楚。將帥用(yong)命(ming)士卒歡,死生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)顧闞虓虎。問之(zhi)(zhi)何術能(neng)使然,撫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)子敬(jing)如(ru)父(fu)。弱柳貫(guan)魚(yu)魚(yu)弗違,仁人(ren)(ren)在上民(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)怨。請看(kan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)非徒然,長笑泰山刻秦(qin)語。”詩(shi)中作者對(dui)關于(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)用(yong)還是(shi)無(wu)(wu)用(yong),對(dui)人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)、治世等抒(shu)發了(le)自己(ji)的(de)見(jian)解,具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)一定(ding)哲理(li)寓(yu)意。二位(wei)詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)均將石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)與泰山秦(qin)刻石(shi)(shi)(shi)作比,頌(song)揚(yang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)高古典(dian)雅。
北宋末之詩人張耒撰寫(xie)了《瓦器(qi)易石鼓(gu)文歌》:“周綱既季宣(xuan)王作,提劍揮(hui)呵天地廓(kuo)。朝來吉日差我(wo)馬(ma),夜(ye)視云漢憂民瘼。桓方召執(zhi)弓(gong)鉞(yue),蕩蕩申韓(han)賜圭爵(jue)。北驅(qu)獫狁走豺狼,南伐徐夷(yi)斬鯨鱷。明堂車(che)馬(ma)走爭(zheng)先(xian),清(qing)廟(miao)笙鏞尸載樂。岐(qi)陽(yang)大獵紀功伐,石鼓(gu)巖巖萬夫鑿。千年兵火(huo)變朝市,后世紙(zhi)筆傳冥漠。跡荒事遠(yuan)貴(gui)者寡,嘆惜風(feng)霜(shuang)日摧剝。君(jun)誠嗜古(gu)更過我(wo),易以瓦器(qi)尤奇卓。滿盤蒼玉(yu)列我(wo)前(qian),制古(gu)形奇異雕琢。羲黃己(ji)亡巧偽起,采椽土木消純(chun)樸。何為獲此上古(gu)器(qi),經歷萬古(gu)遭(zao)搜掠(lve)。寥(liao)寥(liao)墨翟骨已(yi)朽(xiu),尚有遺風(feng)傳隱約(yue)。又疑晏子矯齊(qi)俗,陶土摶泥(ni)從儉薄。或云古(gu)者宗廟(miao)器(qi),斥棄金玉(yu)先(xian)誠確。是時此物參(can)鼎俎,蕢桴(fu)土鼓(gu)誠為樂。嗚呼(hu)二物信奇絕,賴有吾(wu)徒與提握。不然(ran)烏瓦與荒碑,坐(zuo)見塵埃就零落(luo)。”張耒詩中進一步宣(xuan)揚了“宣(xuan)王說”。
宋(song)徽(hui)(hui)宗趙佶之時(shi)(shi)。徽(hui)(hui)宗愛好書畫,收集奇石(shi)(shi),對石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)早有(you)所聞。大觀二(er)年下詔鳳(feng)翔(xiang)府,御敕將(jiang)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)遷運至汴(bian)京(jing)之辟雍(yong)。相傳曾下令用金(jin)填(tian)平石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文字,以(yi)絕錘拓,保(bao)護石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)不再(zai)受損傷。使(shi)得(de)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)得(de)到了短暫(zan)安全。但好景不長。靖康時(shi)(shi),金(jin)兵入侵,攻進汴(bian)京(jing)。金(jin)兵在擄掠財物時(shi)(shi),見鼓(gu)(gu)有(you)金(jin),于(yu)是也(ye)將(jiang)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)運走。由于(yu)鼓(gu)(gu)體沉(chen)重,搬(ban)運不便,剔金(jin)后便將(jiang)石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)拋棄于(yu)荒野。石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)再(zai)一次失落(luo)民間。
石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)這一時期的(de)經歷,在南宋書(shu)法家(jia)洪適所寫的(de)《石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)詩》中,也有所記(ji)述:“天作(zuo)高山太王(wang)靠,鸑鷟一鳴周剪商。郟(jia)鄏卜年(nian)大搜備(bei),諸侯斂衽(ren)尊大王(wang)。六月中興繩祖(zu)武(wu),薄(bo)伐太原恢(hui)境(jing)土。石(shi)(shi)崖可鑿(zao)詩句(ju)鐫,千載(zai)神光薄(bo)西滸。橐駝挽 入大梁(liang)都,碧水湛湛河(he)出圖(tu)。中間兩鼓(gu)備(bei)章(zhang)句(ju),日惟丙申不模糊。左驂(can)秀弓(gong)射麋鹿,有魴(fang)有魚(yu)帛(bo) 君子漁。光和石(shi)(shi)經屹相望,詛楚(chu)登嶧非吾(wu)徒(tu)。辛壬癸甲雁(yan)分翅,橋門觀者堵墻(qiang)如。星沉(chen)東(dong)壁干戈起(qi),首下足上天倒置。景(jing)鐘糜碎九(jiu)鼎飛,王(wang)跡皇風吁(yu)掃地。誰與扛石(shi)(shi)徙幽燕,兵車亂(luan)載(zai)包無氈(zhan)。敲火礪(li)角小(xiao)小(xiao)爾,為(wei)礎(chu)為(wei)砧多歷年(nian)。宣和殿(dian)中圖(tu)復古(gu),冠以車攻次(ci)十(shi)鼓(gu)。韓詩歐(ou)跋盡兼收(shou),云章(zhang)剖(pou)判(pan)定魚(yu)魯(lu)。先君辛苦朔方歸(gui),文犀拱(gong)璧(bi)棄弗攜(xie)。一編什襲(xi)自鐍秘,更有司馬鳳(feng)翔碑(bei)。我生不辰今已老,岐陽(yang)三雍(yong)身不到。匆(cong)匆(cong)北使接浙(zhe)行,在耶(ye)亡(wang)耶(ye)問無報(bao)。整齊篆籀飾牙簽,簡(jian)撮篇詠勞(lao)窮探。致主有心歌小(xiao)雅,汗顏無術下登三。”
宋代由于距唐代較(jiao)近(jin),書法家(jia)與(yu)學者受唐石鼓文思(si)想(xiang)的(de)影響也(ye)較(jiao)深,從《石鼓詩》中(zhong)看對石鼓文的(de)觀點與(yu)唐代基本(ben)相(xiang)同。兩宋時期對石鼓文化(hua)的(de)主要(yao)貢獻是(shi):
1、將五(wu)代戰亂(luan)中丟失的十只石(shi)鼓全部尋找了(le)回來(lai);
2、為后世留下了一(yi)些優秀的石鼓(gu)文(wen)拓本;
3、梅堯臣(chen)、歐陽修、蘇(su)軾(shi)、蘇(su)轍等留下了一(yi)批珍貴(gui)的石(shi)鼓詩(shi)歌(ge)與文章(zhang),對后世(shi)具有(you)深遠影響;
4、李吉甫《元和郡縣圖(tu)志》,首次將(jiang)石鼓載入志書;
5、無名氏《古文(wen)苑》最早輯錄石鼓文(wen)。相傳為唐人(ren)舊(jiu)藏,北宋孫(sun)巨(ju)源得之于佛龕,宋韓元(yuan)吉(ji)編次,章樵(qiao)作注,后收錄于《欽定四庫全(quan)書》中,今有清刻本存世。
6、首次出現有補文(wen)和譯(yi)文(wen)的薛尚功《岐陽石鼓(gu)(gu)》,對(dui)后世影響很大,明清(qing)學者石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)譯(yi)釋多從薛氏。
7、南宋施宿于(yu)《石鼓音》中(zhong),擬定了(le)石鼓的鼓次順序,后世學者多從之。
8、繼歐(ou)陽(yang)修對石鼓產(chan)生年代產(chan)生懷(huai)疑之后(hou),兩(liang)宋學者董(dong)逌、程太昌(chang)、翟(zhai)耆年、鄭(zheng)樵等,對石鼓產(chan)生于宣王時(shi)之觀點(dian)也提出(chu)了(le)懷(huai)疑。
石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)與石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文之(zhi)歷史與研究概況(kuang)(附(fu)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)歌)(之(zhi)一)
歷(li)代吟誦(song)石鼓的詩歌,出(chu)處(chu)不(bu)同(tong)、版本不(bu)同(tong),字里行間(jian)之間(jian)也(ye)會出(chu)現很大差異。本文(wen)雖盡量(liang)擇優而敘(xu)之,但仍不(bu)免有(you)誤,故建議引用者進一步細查為是。——劉星劉牧(mu)《石鼓詩文(wen)復原譯釋(shi)》
元(yuan)代石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)研究(附石(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)歌)
南(nan)宋(song)與遼、金(jin)之間的戰(zhan)(zhan)爭,時戰(zhan)(zhan)時和,持續了一百多年。待元(yuan)朝興(xing)起,戰(zhan)(zhan)爭平息(xi)后。鳳翔(xiang)虢(guo)縣人元(yuan)宣撫使漢人王檝修(xiu)復(fu)都城廟學,將石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓列(lie)于(yu)廡下(見(jian)《二(er)十(shi)四史·元(yuan)史》)。元(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)大德時,國(guo)子監教授虞集又將石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓送交朝廷,安置于(yu)國(guo)子監大成(cheng)(cheng)殿門(men)內(nei),左右壁下各(ge)五枚,用(yong)磚(zhuan)圍壇(tan)以承之。元(yuan)時學者潘迪集宋(song)代諸家之注釋(shi),刻成(cheng)(cheng)《石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓文(wen)音(yin)訓(xun)》,附立于(yu)十(shi)鼓之旁。可惜所用(yong)拓本僅存(cun)386字。此二(er)碑今仍完好(hao)。故(gu)宮《石(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓館》,今仍按舊(jiu)式(shi),依舊(jiu)陳(chen)列(lie)于(yu)十(shi)鼓旁邊。
與(yu)虞(yu)集年代相近的詩人張養浩(hao)《石(shi)(shi)鼓詩》:“粵自(zi)鴻(hong)蒙(meng)剖元秘,天祚有熊炎(yan)帝繼。侯(hou)剛覃思(si)神與(yu)凝,摹寫三(san)千入書契。蒼姬一變史籀出,鯨攫鰲呿鳳鸞捩。嬴秦自(zi)帝不(bu)古(gu)師,遂使奸(jian)斯愚叔世。當時(shi)玉(yu)筯天下(xia)獨,爾(er)后爭(zheng)奇古(gu)文棄。末流諸(zhu)子相祖述,刓樸(pu)遺(yi)淳(chun)趁姿(zi)媚。我嘗慨此(ci)(ci)愧疏淺,一髪空危(wei)萬鈞繋。竭來(lai)庠宇覩石(shi)(shi)鼓,玉(yu)立儼然(ran)三(san)代器(qi)。細思(si)伊始將安庸,或謂(wei)宣王章獵事(shi)。且疑且信邈難詰,日月群陰欲食既。嘗為(wei)雷電下(xia)取將,僅馀(yu)二百七十(shi)二。貞(zhen)堅不(bu)墜劫(jie)火灰(hui),蒼古(gu)猶含太初氣。世間鐘鼎瓦礫如,只辭千金未(wei)為(wei)貴。昌(chang)黎作歌恨才薄,坡老(lao)來(lai)觀惜時(shi)異。區區流轉又幾朝,終(zhong)不(bu)能忘(wang)見天意。若令(ling)好事(shi)堪把(ba)玩,攘(rang)竊空應窮萬計。平生(sheng)漫有博物名,迫事(shi)不(bu)能詳一字(zi)。沉吟獨立西風前(qian),喬木荒煙日西墜。”在他(ta)所(suo)寫之《石(shi)(shi)鼓詩》中(zhong)也(ye)描(miao)述了到中(zhong)都庠宇觀賞石(shi)(shi)鼓的感受和懷疑。然(ran)此(ci)(ci)時(shi)石(shi)(shi)鼓上(shang)之存字(zi)已“僅馀(yu)二百七十(shi)二”了。
元代為石鼓作(zuo)詩的(de)還有(you)揭傒斯、宋(song)褧、吳萊、周(zhou)伯(bo)琦等。從詩的(de)內容看,也有(you)一定的(de)史料價值(zhi)。如:
1、追敘(xu)石(shi)鼓(gu)歷史的遭遇與滄桑;
2、贊揚元統治者(zhe)對石鼓之安(an)置;
3、歌頌元仁(ren)宗(zong)皇慶時舉行盛典(dian),國子生(sheng)能(neng)觀賞石鼓之幸喜等(deng)。
揭(jie)傒斯《石鼓(gu)詩》:“孔廟頹墻下,周宣石鼓(gu)眠(mian)。苔兮敲火跡,雨洗篆(zhuan)蝸(gua)涎(xian)。野老偷為臼,居人打賣錢(qian)。有形(xing)終易(yi)盡,流落(luo)漫堪憐(lian)。”
宋褧《送汪編修出知馀姚賦得(de)石鼓(gu)(gu)作》:“繄(yi)昔(xi)中(zhong)興王,振武岐陽搜。臣工作歌詩,紀績庸闡幽。琢石制為(wei)鼓(gu)(gu),深刻將垂(chui)休。澤堅不少磷,文字粲以周。古拙出史籀,蟠錯紛蛟虬。氈駝護轉徙,逮閱三(san)千秋。天(tian)朝(chao)尤寶惜,移(yi)至宮(gong)墻陬。棲息得(de)所(suo)托,珍秘(mi)價(jia)莫酬。使者瑚璉器,出守趨東甌。敦(dun)樸且貴重,華彩殆罕儔。旌(jing)麾暫補外,廊廟行見收。亦若此鼓(gu)(gu)然,置之(zhi)昆侖丘。”
吳萊《答陳(chen)彥理遺(yi)石經(jing)寄詩索(suo)石鼓文作》:“橫山先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)多(duo)古玩(wan),太學石經(jing)分(fen)我半。魏公世藏資州本,金石錄中(zhong)(zhong)還散(san)亂(luan)。當時愛奇巧收拾,筆畫昭回(hui)映云(yun)漢。流傳到我乃(nai)不遠(yuan),虬甲鳳毛真可惋。自(zi)從得(de)此(ci)未有報,岐右石鼓天下(xia)觀。昔則敲(qiao)火今(jin)斷臼(jiu),駱駝載歸石盡爛。倉沮以后即史籀,先(xian)(xian)代遺(yi)寶(bao)列圭瓚。中(zhong)(zhong)郎變篆生(sheng)八分(fen),二者(zhe)不敵(di)何足筭。先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)嗜書(shu)出法貼(tie),青桐(tong)堊壁(bi)手(shou)脫(tuo)掔。漆書(shu)蝌蚪不通俗,蛇(she)蚓(yin)蟠(pan)結強涂竄。先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)博學抱圣經(jing),焚膏繼晷日耽玩(wan)。韋(wei)編鐵擿只紙傳,鄒(zou)魯精髓合淹貫(guan)。國子門開塵沒城,蓬萊閣廢草堆岸。春秋徒聞璧可假,道德詎信鵝(e)能換(huan)。古今(jin)所重(zhong)在(zai)周(zhou)典(dian),周(zhou)史面(mian)目極??。圣心不死不在(zai)石,日月行天旦復旦。吾(wu)家故紙本不惜,驪頷有珠我欲鍛。向(xiang)來見辱亦云(yun)然,焦尾(wei)之(zhi)馀爭免爨。先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)安坐幸勿躁,歲晚(wan)相逢笑拍案。屏除許事不須說,好與我儒峙楨干。”
元代一百(bai)六十(shi)二年間,對石(shi)鼓(gu)文的貢獻主要是(shi):
1、尋回(hui)了(le)金人丟棄(qi)多年的十只石鼓,避免了(le)石鼓之泯滅;
2、對(dui)石鼓妥善地進行了安置;
3、視石(shi)鼓為三代重器,引起(qi)了詩(shi)人(ren)與學者的重視,創(chuang)作了一些石(shi)鼓詩(shi)歌(ge);
4、產生了(le)一些(xie)比較重要(yao)的石(shi)鼓研(yan)究之著作,如潘迪(di)之《音訓》,吳衍撰《周秦刻石(shi)釋音》等。
明代石鼓(gu)研(yan)究(附石鼓(gu)歌)
明朝取代元王朝后(hou),仍(reng)將(jiang)石(shi)鼓陳列于國子監大成門內,供文人(ren)學(xue)者(zhe)觀賞與(yu)研(yan)究(jiu)。這一時期,雖(sui)然喜歡石(shi)鼓文的(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)人(ren)、書法(fa)家(jia)與(yu)學(xue)者(zhe)很多(duo)(duo),創(chuang)作了許(xu)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)鼓詩(shi)(shi)歌(ge),甚至(zhi)形成了歷史上石(shi)鼓詩(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)作高峰。但由(you)于社(she)會相對的(de)(de)(de)較為安定,石(shi)鼓未遭(zao)受劫難(nan)與(yu)變(bian)遷。所以(yi)石(shi)鼓詩(shi)(shi)歌(ge)內容偏窄,多(duo)(duo)為贊美、想像(xiang)與(yu)抒情,文學(xue)色(se)彩較濃(nong)。明代作有石(shi)鼓詩(shi)(shi)歌(ge)的(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)人(ren)有唐之淳、盧(lu)原質、程敏(min)政、李東陽、何景(jing)明、王家(jia)屏、朱國祚、顧文昭、董(dong)其昌(chang)、黃輝、焦竑等(deng)等(deng)。
盧原質《石鼓詩(shi)》:“ 羲皇妙心畫(hua),人(ren)文(wen)始(shi)昭宣(xuan)。后(hou)圣(sheng)更(geng)有作,載籍日粲然(ran)。成(cheng)周逮中葉,宣(xuan)王振其顛。宏綱用勿墜,厥德未為愆。偉哉岐陽獵,伐石工磨鐫。方前(qian)固云(yun)邁(mai),揆(kui)后(hou)信(xin)猶賢。嬴秦一何愚(yu),盡滅古簡編。翻刻李斯文(wen),乃欲(yu)垂萬年(nian)。豈謂不旋(xuan)踵,掃跡如云(yun)煙。孔壁遂(sui)啟藏,此石亦偶全。于(yu)今二千載,墨(mo)本盛流(liu)傳。要知(zhi)文(wen)字行,白日麗(li)中天。縱今蕩無存,人(ren)心復開先。賢圣(sheng)去我(wo)遠,魯(lu)魚失其筌。安得周召徒,為倡(chang)麟趾(zhi)篇。”
程敏政《石(shi)鼓詩》:“岐陽埋(mai)沒草離離,汴省燕都(dou)石(shi)屢移。三代文章存鳥跡,百年風雨(yu)蝕(shi)晁皮。摩挲尚識宗(zong)周器(qi),題跋誰鐫蒙古辭。卻愛勝游(you)黃叔(shu)度,孔(kong)庭懷古立多時。”
王家屏《石(shi)鼓歌》:“我(wo)聞(wen)周宣狩岐陽,其(qi)時中興王業昌。作詩刻字傳永久(jiu),辭高(gao)二雅文三倉。遺碣累(lei)(lei)累(lei)(lei)至(zhi)今(jin)在,鬼護神呵(he)更顯晦。自岐徙汴復入燕(yan),幸遭珍重休(xiu)明(ming)代。鴻都石(shi)經久(jiu)已訛,此鼓完好曾不(bu)頗。文廟之中戟門畔(pan),幾回(hui)剔蘚為摩挲(suo)。固知至(zhi)寶非(fei)容易,合令安頓(dun)森(sen)嚴地。今(jin)皇文治邁成(cheng)周,講求自是(shi)詞臣事。誰(shui)人得比韓(han)孟才(cai),斡旋(xuan)風云天漢(han)來。惟有(you)岣嶁一(yi)片石(shi),千(qian)秋萬古共(gong)崔嵬。”
朱國祚《石鼓(gu)歌》:“橋門(men)左右獵碣(jie)十(shi),形如鼓(gu)礎(chu)相排(pai)連。洼中或與(yu)齏臼似,抱質(zhi)可敵瑤琨(kun)堅。傳聞書自(zi)太史籀,比與(yu)大篆尤(you)瑰妍。其辭(ci)典奧儷(li)二(er)(er)雅,仿佛(fo)吉日(ri)車攻篇。周京遺制(zhi)眾(zhong)所信,疑義莫(mo)定文(wen)成(cheng)宣。紛(fen)論雖滋翟鄭(zheng)議,審視終(zhong)異秦(qin)斤(jin)權。下逮(dai)宇文(wen)豈能爾,薺堂所見(jian)勿乃偏。嗚呼神物不易睹,三代(dai)舊(jiu)跡(ji)稀流(liu)傳。巫咸告辭(ci)熊相詛,裕陵寶惜今(jin)棄捐。比干銘折為州壤,穆滿(man)書徒(tu)壇山頂(ding)。會(hui)稽窆石字茫(mang)昧(mei),岣嶁秘跡(ji)文(wen)糾纏(chan)。掎(ji)摭非乏好奇士,千搜萬索無真詮。詎若十(shi)鼓(gu)離復合,陳倉入汴還(huan)留燕。氈包席裹囊駝背,塵(chen)蒙露濯爪牛涎。置諸(zhu)太學始皇慶,于今(jin)又歷二(er)(er)百年(nian)。深檐五丈密蓋護,不受長雨闌風顛。我來摩挲輒終(zhong)日(ri),證以郭(guo)薛施潘箋。凝(ning)思(si)斫(zhuo)桐來自(zi)蜀,叩之定有聲(sheng)淵(yuan)淵(yuan)。文(wen)殘非因硬(ying)黃拓,劃缺反撼(han)鉤金(jin)填。長廊無人起題(ti)壁,回視落景棠梨懸。”
顧文(wen)昭《石鼓詩(shi)》:“古文(wen)不可(ke)見,籀(zhou)也遺芬芳。去今二(er)千載(zai),字畫(hua)猶端莊。缺落雖(sui)不完(wan),間亦(yi)存(cun)數行(xing)。如(ru)逄冠劍士(shi),濟(ji)濟(ji)游嚴廊。想見當時盛(sheng),會朝坐明堂。仆隸皆證人,從知(zhi)史臣(chen)良(liang)。況在(zai)文(wen)武日,交(jiao)修(xiu)寧(ning)少忘。西(xi)旅貢厥獒,召公遠為防。周宣中興主,羽獵思外攘。惜(xi)哉詞語間,末及戒(jie)其(qi)荒(huang)。趙君博雅士(shi),好古能收藏(zang)。起我東周嘆,題詩(shi)贈慨慷。”
明(ming)代二百七十六年間對石(shi)鼓文化的貢獻主要是:
1、較好地安放與保護石鼓(gu),使之未受(shou)到明顯毀壞;
2、創作了一(yi)大批(pi)石鼓(gu)(gu)詩(shi)歌,較好地宣(xuan)傳(chuan)與擴大了石鼓(gu)(gu)文(wen)化的影(ying)響;
3、在研(yan)究石(shi)鼓方(fang)面(mian),取(qu)得(de)了一(yi)定(ding)的進(jin)步。如:楊(yang)慎所著《石(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen)音釋》;顧炎武《金石(shi)文(wen)(wen)字記(ji)》、李中馥《石(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen)考》、陶滋《石(shi)鼓文(wen)(wen)正誤》等;
4、楊慎撰刻所謂“東坡本”石鼓文(wen)(函海本),雖來(lai)自薛(xue)尚功《岐陽石鼓文(wen)》補字本,但對后世產生了正負兩方面不(bu)同的影響
以(yi)上(shang)資料源于劉星(xing)、劉牧《石(shi)鼓詩文復原譯(yi)釋》
石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)先秦(qin)刻(ke)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)字(zi)(zi) 。我國(guo)遺存(cun)至(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)的石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)。要屬《石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)》時間(jian)最早(zao)和(he)最具代(dai)(dai)(dai)表性(xing)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作鼓(gu)形,共十(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu),分別刻(ke)有(you)(you)(you)四言詩一(yi)(yi)首,高二尺,直徑一(yi)(yi)尺多(duo),內(nei)(nei)容記(ji)述(shu)秦(qin)國(guo)君游(you)獵(lie),故(gu)又稱“獵(lie)碣(jie)”。因被(bei)棄于(yu)陳倉原野,也稱“陳倉十(shi)(shi)(shi)碣(jie)”。所(suo)(suo)刻(ke)為(wei)秦(qin)始(shi)皇(huang)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)前的大(da)(da)篆,即(ji)籀文(wen)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)原在(zai)(zai)天(tian)興(今(jin)陜西(xi)寶雞(ji))三畤原,唐(tang)初被(bei)發現(xian)。自(zi)唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)杜甫、韋(wei)應物(wu)(wu)、韓愈作歌詩以(yi)后,始(shi)顯于(yu)世(shi)。一(yi)(yi)說為(wei)宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)(dai)司馬(ma)池(司馬(ma)光之父)搜得(de)其(qi)九,移置府(fu)學(xue),皇(huang)祜(hu)(1049—1053)間(jian)向傳師始(shi)得(de)其(qi)全。大(da)(da)觀(1107—1110)中(zhong)遷(qian)至(zhi)(zhi)東京(今(jin)河南(nan)洛陽(yang)(yang))辟雍,后入內(nei)(nei)府(fu)保和(he)殿稽古(gu)閣(ge)(ge)。金(jin)人(ren)破汴,輦歸(gui)燕(yan)京,置國(guo)子學(xue)大(da)(da)成門內(nei)(nei)。1937年抗戰爆發后,石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)南(nan)遷(qian)至(zhi)(zhi)蜀,戰爭結束后始(shi)運回北平(ping),現(xian)藏(zang)故(gu)宮博物(wu)(wu)院。其(qi)刻(ke)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年代(dai)(dai)(dai),唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)張懷瓘(guan)、竇皋、韓愈等(deng)以(yi)為(wei)周(zhou)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)時物(wu)(wu);韋(wei)應物(wu)(wu)等(deng)以(yi)為(wei)周(zhou)宣王(wang)(wang)時物(wu)(wu);宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)(dai)董逋、程大(da)(da)昌等(deng)以(yi)為(wei)周(zhou)成王(wang)(wang)時物(wu)(wu);金(jin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)馬(ma)定國(guo)以(yi)為(wei)西(xi)魏大(da)(da)統(tong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(545)刻(ke);清代(dai)(dai)(dai)俞正燮以(yi)為(wei)北魏太平(ping)真君七(qi)年(446)刻(ke);以(yi)為(wei)秦(qin)物(wu)(wu)者,始(shi)自(zi)宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)(dai)鄭(zheng)樵(qiao),清代(dai)(dai)(dai)震鈞(jun)以(yi)為(wei)秦(qin)文(wen)公時物(wu)(wu);今(jin)人(ren)馬(ma)衡以(yi)為(wei)秦(qin)穆公時物(wu)(wu),郭沫若(ruo)以(yi)為(wei)秦(qin)襄公時物(wu)(wu),唐(tang)蘭(lan)則考為(wei)秦(qin)獻公葉十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(前374)刻(ke),詳見(jian)《石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)年代(dai)(dai)(dai)考》。刻(ke)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)多(duo)殘(can)損,北宋(song)(song)(song)歐(ou)陽(yang)(yang)修(xiu)所(suo)(suo)錄已僅(jin)存(cun)四百六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五字(zi)(zi),明代(dai)(dai)(dai)范氏(shi)《天(tian)一(yi)(yi)閣(ge)(ge)》藏(zang)宋(song)(song)(song)拓本(ben)僅(jin)四百六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二字(zi)(zi),今(jin)其(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)鼓(gu)已一(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)無存(cun)唐(tang)初“虞、褚、歐(ou)陽(yang)(yang)共稱古(gu)妙(miao)”(引自(zi)《元(yuan)(yuan)和(he)郡(jun)縣圖志(zhi)》)。張懷瓘(guan)《書斷》云(yun):“《石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)文(wen)》開(kai)闔(he)古(gu)文(wen),暢其(qi)戚(qi)銳,但(dan)折直勁迅,有(you)(you)(you)如鐵針而端委旁(pang)逸又婉潤(run)焉。”近人(ren)康有(you)(you)(you)為(wei)《廣藝舟雙楫》謂:“《石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)》如金(jin)鈿委地,芝草團云(yun)不煩整裁自(zi)有(you)(you)(you)奇(qi)采。”傳世(shi)墨拓善(shan)本(ben)有(you)(you)(you)元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)趙孟頫藏(zang)本(ben)(即(ji)范氏(shi)《天(tian)—閣(ge)(ge)》藏(zang)本(ben))、明代(dai)(dai)(dai)安國(guo)藏(zang)中(zhong)權本(ben)、先鋒本(ben)(亦(yi)稱“前茅本(ben)”)、后勁本(ben),皆宋(song)(song)(song)拓本(ben)。《天(tian)一(yi)(yi)閣(ge)(ge)》本(ben)已毀于(yu)火,后三種俱在(zai)(zai)日本(ben)。有(you)(you)(you)影(ying)印本(ben)行世(shi)。原石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)藏(zang)故(gu)宮博物(wu)(wu)院。
文獻記載:《史記·秦始皇本(ben)紀》記載:“二十(shi)八年,始皇東巡郡縣(xian)。上(shang)鄒嶧(yi)山,立石。與魯諸(zhu)儒(ru)生,議(yi)刻石頌秦德,議(yi)封禪(chan)望祭山川之事(shi)。乃遂上(shang)泰山,立石。封,祠祀(si)”。
石鼓(gu)(gu)詩(shi)歌(ge)通過從秦之建立(li)(li)、立(li)(li)國、發展(zhan)、創立(li)(li)帝業這一(yi)(yi)發展(zhan)順序,對秦人(ren)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)發展(zhan)進程有重大貢獻的(de)(de)先祖烈(lie)公及始皇帝的(de)(de)重大歷(li)史(shi)(shi)事(shi)跡進行(xing)了歌(ge)頌。既(ji)歌(ge)古也頌今,用(yong)詩(shi)歌(ge)描繪出(chu)一(yi)(yi)幅幅形象生(sheng)動的(de)(de)秦人(ren)創業發展(zhan)的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)畫卷。因此,在弄清各鼓(gu)(gu)詩(shi)篇的(de)(de)內容(rong)和(he)中(zhong)心思想之后,按事(shi)件(jian)早晚發生(sheng)的(de)(de)時(shi)間順序排列(lie)出(chu)石鼓(gu)(gu)詩(shi)歌(ge)所記載(zai)和(he)歌(ge)頌的(de)(de)秦人(ren)起(qi)源(yuan)、創業和(he)發展(zhan)過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)各個(ge)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)大事(shi),而(er)鼓(gu)(gu)次(ci)順序也就自(zi)然排列(lie)出(chu)來了。
1、《馬薦(jian)》詩篇歌(ge)頌(song)的(de)是秦(qin)祖非子牧馬建(jian)秦(qin)、復續(xu)嬴氏祀之事,關鍵時間點為(wei)公元前(qian)897年非子復續(xu)嬴氏祀之時;
2、《汧殹》詩篇歌頌的(de)是秦襄公(gong)封侯(hou)始國之事,關鍵時間(jian)點(dian)為公(gong)元前770年襄公(gong)始國之時;
3、《霝(ling)雨》詩篇(pian)歌頌的是秦文(wen)(wen)公伐戎遷(qian)汧(qian)建都之事,關鍵時(shi)間(jian)點為文(wen)(wen)公三年東獵遷(qian)汧(qian)之時(shi),即公元(yuan)前763年;
4、《虞人》詩篇(pian)歌(ge)頌的是秦穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)用賢乃(nai)至(zhi)稱霸西(xi)戎之事,關鍵時間點(dian)為穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)五年(nian)用虞人大夫百(bai)里奚之時,即公(gong)(gong)元前655年(nian);
5、《作原》詩篇歌頌的是秦孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)變法(fa)和遷都咸(xian)陽(yang)之事,關鍵時(shi)間點為孝(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)十二年遷都咸(xian)陽(yang)之時(shi),即公(gong)(gong)(gong)元前350年;
6、《鑾車》詩(shi)篇歌頌“天子致伯”秦孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)事,關鍵(jian)時(shi)間點為孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)十九年(nian)天子致伯孝(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)時(shi),即公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)343年(nian);
7、《田車》詩(shi)篇歌(ge)頌(song)秦惠文(wen)王使(shi)張儀取陜打開(kai)東(dong)擴要道之(zhi)(zhi)事,關(guan)鍵(jian)時(shi)間點為惠文(wen)君十(shi)三年使(shi)張儀取陜之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),即公元前324年;
8、《而(er)師》詩篇通(tong)過(guo)歌頌“天子致(zhi)胙”秦惠文王(wang)(wang)以及嗣(si)王(wang)(wang)武王(wang)(wang)始國(guo)之事,關鍵時間點(dian)為(wei)武王(wang)(wang)元年始國(guo)之時,即公元前(qian)310年;
9、《吾車》詩篇(pian)歌頌(song)秦昭(zhao)襄(xiang)王定(ding)蜀(shu)之事,關鍵(jian)時(shi)間(jian)點為昭(zhao)襄(xiang)王六年(nian)司馬錯定(ding)蜀(shu)之時(shi),即公元前301年(nian);
10、《吾(wu)水》詩篇歌頌始皇(huang)帝(di)統一天下(xia),“收天下(xia)之(zhi)兵,聚之(zhi)咸陽,銷(xiao)以(yi)為鍾鐻(ju),金人(ren)十二”,至天下(xia)太平之(zhi)事,時間應不早于(yu)始皇(huang)二十六年兼并六國之(zhi)時,即公元(yuan)前(qian)221年。
參(can)考(kao)羅(luo)君(jun)惕測石鼓數據,按石鼓《秦頌(song)》時間(jian)發生順序排列結(jie)果如(ru)下:
1、《馬薦》,高一尺六(liu)寸,圍六(liu)尺八(ba)寸。頌秦非子事跡鼓。實最(zui)小、最(zui)矮。
2、《汧殹》,高(gao)二尺一寸,圍六尺三(san)寸。頌秦襄公事跡鼓。
3、《霝(ling)雨(yu)》,高二尺(chi)(chi)一寸(cun),圍(wei)六尺(chi)(chi)八寸(cun)。頌秦文(wen)公(gong)事跡鼓。
4、《虞人》,高二尺一寸,圍六尺三(san)寸。頌秦穆公事跡(ji)鼓(gu)。
5、《作原》,殘高一尺五寸(cun),圍六尺八寸(cun)。頌秦(qin)孝公事跡鼓。
6、《鑾車》,高二尺,圍七尺三寸。頌秦孝(xiao)公事跡鼓(gu)。
7、《田車(che)》,高一尺八(ba)寸(cun),圍六尺四寸(cun)。頌秦(qin)惠文王事跡鼓。
8、《而師(shi)》,高二尺二寸,圍(wei)六(liu)尺七寸。頌(song)秦惠文王(wang)與武王(wang)事跡鼓。
9、《吾車》,高一尺(chi)七寸(cun)(cun),圍六(liu)尺(chi)六(liu)寸(cun)(cun)。頌秦昭(zhao)襄王事跡鼓。
10、《吾水》,高二(er)尺九(jiu)寸(cun),圍七尺八寸(cun)。頌始皇帝事(shi)跡鼓(gu)。實(shi)最大。最高。
以上資料來源(yuan)于劉星、劉牧《石鼓詩(shi)文復原譯釋》
《鑾車》鼓“□弓孔(kong)碩,彤(tong)矢(shi)□=”之“彤(tong)”字。孔(kong)傳曰(yue):“諸(zhu)侯有大功,賜(si)弓矢(shi),然后專征(zheng)
伐(fa)。彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓(gong)以(yi)(yi)講德習(xi)射,藏示(shi)(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)孫”。《史(shi)(shi)(shi)記·齊太公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)世家(jia)》記載:齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)“三十(shi)(shi)五(wu)年夏,會諸(zhu)侯(hou)于(yu)葵(kui)丘。周襄王(wang)使(shi)宰孔賜桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)武胙、彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓(gong)矢、大輅”等(deng)(deng)(deng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻資料。具是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表(biao)明(ming)“彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓(gong)、彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)矢”為(wei)天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)致(zhi)霸(ba)時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信(xin)物及憑(ping)證(zheng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)諸(zhu)侯(hou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)能得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物品(pin)。故“彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓(gong)、彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)矢”也就自然(ran)(ran)而(er)(er)(er)然(ran)(ran)地成(cheng)為(wei)解答石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)線(xian)索(suo)(suo)。由于(yu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)人(ren)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)唯一(yi)(yi)為(wei)周天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)致(zhi)霸(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)君(jun)(jun),因(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)將此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)與(yu)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)聯(lian)系上(shang)(shang)也就有(you)(you)(you)助(zhu)于(yu)獲得了(le)對《鑾車》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)以(yi)(yi)及石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)組(zu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中心思想進一(yi)(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識。而(er)(er)(er)多數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學者在(zai)(zai)(zai)遇到(dao)“彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓(gong)、彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)矢”這個問(wen)題時(shi),要么是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)“紅色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)紅色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)箭”簡單一(yi)(yi)筆(bi)帶過(guo),要么是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)略而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)談,完全忽略了(le)“彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弓(gong)、彤(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)矢”真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)涵和意義,因(yin)而(er)(er)(er)使(shi)得他(ta)們在(zai)(zai)(zai)研究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路上(shang)(shang)越(yue)走越(yue)偏(pian)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)來說,各(ge)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)皆有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)詞(ci)句提示(shi)(shi)其詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)分(fen)別(bie)與(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)跡(ji)密切相關,而(er)(er)(er)這些(xie)同(tong)樣成(cheng)為(wei)了(le)解讀各(ge)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)線(xian)索(suo)(suo)。如(ru)(ru):《馬薦》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“馬薦”等(deng)(deng)(deng)提示(shi)(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)與(yu)牧馬出身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)祖(zu)非子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)跡(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關。《汧殹》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“汧”,“君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”等(deng)(deng)(deng)提示(shi)(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)與(yu)始國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)跡(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關。《霝雨》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”、“涉(she)(she)”、“汧”、“舟”、“于(yu)水(shui)一(yi)(yi)方”等(deng)(deng)(deng)提示(shi)(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)與(yu)“以(yi)(yi)兵七百(bai)人(ren)東獵”,千里(li)跋涉(she)(she)至(zhi)汧渭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)第(di)二(er)代(dai)諸(zhu)侯(hou)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)跡(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關。《虞(yu)人(ren)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(《吳人(ren)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu))“吳人(ren)(虞(yu)人(ren))”、“勿(wu)翦(jian)勿(wu)伐(fa)”等(deng)(deng)(deng)提示(shi)(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)與(yu)用虞(yu)人(ren)大夫百(bai)里(li)奚“益國(guo)十(shi)(shi)二(er),開地千里(li),遂霸(ba)西戎”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)跡(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關。《作(zuo)原》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“猷”、“原”、“罟”、“ 二(er)日(ri)”、“五(wu)日(ri)”等(deng)(deng)(deng)提示(shi)(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)與(yu)“作(zuo)為(wei)咸陽(yang),筑冀(ji)闕(que),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)徙都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)孝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)跡(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關。...《吾水(shui)》鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“天(tian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”、“凈”、“平”、“寧”、“金(jin)”、“何不(bu)(bu)(bu)余(yu)友”等(deng)(deng)(deng)提示(shi)(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)與(yu)統一(yi)(yi)六(liu)國(guo),“收天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵,聚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)咸陽(yang),銷以(yi)(yi)為(wei)鍾鐻,金(jin)人(ren)十(shi)(shi)二(er)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始皇帝歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)跡(ji)有(you)(you)(you)關。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)外、十(shi)(shi)個石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)各(ge)自鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法(fa)(fa)筆(bi)式(shi)也有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)區(qu)別(bie),應屬(shu)于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)書(shu)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法(fa)(fa)作(zuo)品(pin),這同(tong)樣也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)解讀石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)時(shi)間、刻制(zhi)(zhi)緣由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)線(xian)索(suo)(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。但可(ke)(ke)惜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古今幾(ji)乎所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學者皆忽略了(le)這個重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)索(suo)(suo),基本(ben)上(shang)(shang)異口同(tong)聲地認(ren)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個人(ren)創(chuang)作(zuo)書(shu)法(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結果(guo),要么是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)史(shi)(shi)(shi)籀,要么是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)某一(yi)(yi)個朝代(dai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)官。即(ji)便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對于(yu)“作(zuo)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)早(zao)于(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點(dian),也大概不(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)多持“作(zuo)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”一(yi)(yi)人(ren)、“書(shu)法(fa)(fa)”一(yi)(yi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法(fa)(fa)罷(ba)了(le)。他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識如(ru)(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)頑(wan)固(gu)如(ru)(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)頗(po),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)避免地導致(zhi)其研究(jiu)步入歧途。然(ran)(ran)而(er)(er)(er)學者們在(zai)(zai)(zai)研究(jiu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頑(wan)固(gu)和偏(pian)頗(po)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅體現于(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),在(zai)(zai)(zai)對待石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)仿《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》、引《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寫作(zuo)特(te)征(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識結果(guo)上(shang)(shang)亦(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說學者們雖然(ran)(ran)認(ren)識到(dao)了(le)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)體裁、章(zhang)法(fa)(fa)、句式(shi)、風格、詞(ci)句,甚至(zhi)韻腳等(deng)(deng)(deng)方面刻意仿《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》、引《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寫作(zuo)特(te)點(dian)。如(ru)(ru)歐(ou)陽(yang)修曰:“其文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)與(yu)《雅》、《頌》同(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”,朱國(guo)祚亦(yi)云:石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“仿佛(fo)吉日(ri)車攻篇”,全祖(zu)望云:“于(yu)水(shui)一(yi)(yi)方,本(ben)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蒹葭(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)章(zhang)。為(wei)三十(shi)(shi)里(li),見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)噫嘻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)什。剪伐(fa)勿(wu)加,則甘棠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思也”。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)仍然(ran)(ran)頑(wan)固(gu)而(er)(er)(er)又偏(pian)頗(po)地依據某一(yi)(yi)牽強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)據將石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年代(dai)劃到(dao)“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)無(wu)(wu)(wu)儒”、“昭王(wang)謂儒無(wu)(wu)(wu)益人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前。可(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》本(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)教案,儒家(jia)教科書(shu)。同(tong)時(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)既是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)物,孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)西行(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)秦(qin)(qin)(qin),荀(xun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)晚年入秦(qin)(qin)(qin)后(hou)又曰“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)無(wu)(wu)(wu)儒”。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)年代(dai)怎么會可(ke)(ke)能早(zao)于(yu)“昭王(wang)謂儒無(wu)(wu)(wu)益人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)”(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前324年~公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前251年)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年代(dai)呢(ni)?
劉星(xing)、劉牧(mu)認為“對(dui)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)產生(sheng)年代和(he)(he)鼓(gu)(gu)序排(pai)列(lie)的(de)(de)認識(shi)和(he)(he)判斷,并不是(shi)對(dui)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文字(zi)(zi)、書法做一點(dian)“咬文嚼(jiao)字(zi)(zi)”或是(shi)對(dui)十只(zhi)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)進行一下“排(pai)列(lie)組合”等簡(jian)單操(cao)作的(de)(de)結果,其實(shi)質是(shi)對(dui)一個“石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)綜合研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)”過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)歸納和(he)(he)總(zong)結。這個綜合研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)過(guo)程(cheng)不僅應(ying)包含對(dui)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)時代背(bei)景、文化背(bei)景等整體的(de)(de)分析和(he)(he)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),同時也應(ying)包含對(dui)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文字(zi)(zi)字(zi)(zi)體、字(zi)(zi)形(xing),詩歌字(zi)(zi)義、詞義等局部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)分析和(he)(he)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)。在這個過(guo)程(cheng)中,石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)整體和(he)(he)局部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)互相聯系、密(mi)不可(ke)分的(de)(de),既可(ke)以通過(guo)局部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)來(lai)提(ti)高整體的(de)(de)認識(shi),也可(ke)以根據整體的(de)(de)認識(shi)來(lai)指導局部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)。然而(er),切忌將整體和(he)(he)局部(bu)(bu)(bu)之間(jian)的(de)(de)聯系割裂開來(lai),孤立(li)、片(pian)面(mian)地依(yi)據對(dui)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)文字(zi)(zi)體、字(zi)(zi)形(xing)、詩文片(pian)段等某(mou)些局部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)認識(shi)來(lai)對(dui)石(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)產生(sheng)年代和(he)(he)鼓(gu)(gu)序排(pai)列(lie)進行判斷。否則(ze),則(ze)會因不同研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)者把握的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位不一,以及看問題(ti)的(de)(de)角度(du)不一,而(er)導致出現“盲(mang)人摸象、各說異端(duan)”的(de)(de)復(fu)雜局面(mian)。”
因此,通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)殘留之各鼓詩文(wen)內容以及文(wen)字書(shu)法等綜合的分析(xi)研(yan)究(jiu)他們最終(zhong)獲(huo)得了。
1)石鼓的產生(sheng)與《史記(ji)·秦始皇(huang)本紀》記(ji)載的二十八年始皇(huang)“與魯諸(zhu)儒生(sheng),議刻石頌秦德”之事密切相(xiang)關;
2)石鼓詩(shi)歌是《秦頌》,中心思想是“頌秦德”;
3)石鼓主(zhu)倡人是始皇帝;
4)石鼓詩歌(ge)作者是“魯諸儒生”;
5)石鼓詩(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)內(nei)容是(shi)(shi)對秦(qin)人(ren)歷史(shi)發(fa)展進程有重大貢獻和影響的“多個”秦(qin)人(ren)先祖烈公重大歷史(shi)事(shi)跡的記載(zai)和歌(ge)(ge)頌,石鼓詩(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)一組(zu)記錄秦(qin)人(ren)起源和發(fa)展過程的壯麗史(shi)詩(shi)(shi);
6)石鼓產生(sheng)在二(er)十八年始皇與魯(lu)諸儒生(sheng)“議刻石頌秦德”之后一段時間(jian)可能性極大;
7)石鼓最終被棄置荒野而其詩不見流傳后世與“焚書坑儒(ru)”案(an)有緊密關聯等認識和(he)看法。
由于(yu)篇(pian)幅所限,不能(neng)詳盡(jin)之處請參閱國家社科項目劉(liu)星、劉(liu)牧著述《石(shi)鼓詩(shi)文復原譯釋(shi)》 。
石鼓(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),唐(tang)代就(jiu)有,根(gen)據唐(tang)代詩人韋應物(wu)題(ti)贊(zan)石鼓(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)詩句“今人濡紙(zhi)脫(tuo)其文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),既(ji)擊既(ji)掃(sao)黑(hei)白分(fen)”和(he)韓愈的(de)“公(gong)從(cong)何處(chu)得(de)(de)紙(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),毫發盡(jin)備(bei)無差訛”都證實了這一(yi)(yi)(yi)點,而且拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)質量很(hen)高,但沒有流(liu)傳下來。到(dao)了宋(song)代,唐(tang)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)已經(jing)不太容易(yi)找到(dao),而且原石閱世(shi)已久,殘缺過半,造成了后世(shi)的(de)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數不一(yi)(yi)(yi)。如(ru)歐陽文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)忠(zhong)公(gong)見(jian)四(si)百六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),趙夔見(jian)四(si)百一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),胡世(shi)將見(jian)四(si)百七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),孫巨源見(jian)四(si)百九十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),吾丘衍見(jian)四(si)百三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),此(ci)后的(de)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)多為三(san)百字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。安(an)國所(suo)藏(zang)石鼓(gu)宋(song)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),在道(dao)光年(nian)間(jian),錫山安(an)國后人分(fen)產時(shi),于(yu)(yu)家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)折售的(de)藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)閣——天(tian)香閣的(de)房(fang)梁上(shang)面發現了一(yi)(yi)(yi)共石鼓(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)十(shi)(shi)(shi)冊,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)有被明代藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)家(jia)兼(jian)印刻(ke)家(jia)“桂(gui)坡老人”安(an)國稱為“神物(wu)獲得(de)(de),垂諸百世(shi)”的(de)三(san)大拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)《先鋒(feng)》本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)最古老,《后勁》是北(bei)宋(song)大觀(guan)建貢本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),時(shi)間(jian)晚(wan)于(yu)(yu)《先鋒(feng)》,而《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)》是北(bei)宋(song)政(zheng)和(he)二(er)年(nian)賜本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),時(shi)代最晚(wan)。抗戰(zhan)前,此(ci)三(san)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)被民國秦文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)錦售給(gei)日本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)東(dong)京財閥三(san)井銀行老板河井荃(quan)廬氏。此(ci)外,社會上(shang)所(suo)流(liu)傳的(de)早期拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)有北(bei)宋(song)的(de)《先鋒(feng)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)》、《后勁》三(san)種,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天(tian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)閣藏(zang)北(bei)宋(song)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)存四(si)百二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)為最。由清代乾隆年(nian)間(jian)張燕(yan)昌摹刻(ke)后,才被人熟(shu)知(zhi)。咸豐十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(公(gong)元1860年(nian))原拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)毀于(yu)(yu)兵災,失傳,現只能見(jian)到(dao)郭(guo)沫若(ruo)(ruo)30年(nian)代在日本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)收(shou)集的(de)此(ci)三(san)種拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)照片(pian)。安(an)國所(suo)藏(zang)的(de)宋(song)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)《先鋒(feng)》本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),舊商務(wu)印書(shu)(shu)館、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)出版(ban)社有影印本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),收(shou)在郭(guo)沫若(ruo)(ruo)所(suo)著《石鼓(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)研究》一(yi)(yi)(yi)書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
上(shang)海(hai)(hai)藝苑(yuan)真賞社(she)、日(ri)本鳹 堂有(you)《中權》本影印(yin)(yin)本。中華書(shu)局、日(ri)本二玄社(she)出(chu)版(ban)的《書(shu)跡名品(pin)叢刊》中,有(you)《后勁(jing)》本影印(yin)(yin)本。上(shang)海(hai)(hai)書(shu)畫出(chu)版(ban)社(she)《書(shu)法(fa)》1984年第(di)三期,也刊有(you)石鼓文的宋拓影印(yin)(yin)本。
石鼓為中國第一古物,亦(yi)為書家第一法則,具有很(hen)高(gao)的文史價值和藝術收藏價值。
石鼓(gu)文對后世的(de)(de)書法與繪畫藝(yi)術有著非常(chang)重大的(de)(de)影響,不少杰出的(de)(de)書畫家如(ru):
楊(yang)沂孫、吳大澄、吳昌碩(shuo)、朱宣咸、王(wang)福庵等都長期研(yan)究石鼓文藝術(shu),并將(jiang)其作為(wei)自己(ji)(ji)書(shu)法藝術(shu)的(de)重要養分(fen),進而融入進自己(ji)(ji)的(de)繪(hui)畫藝術(shu)之中(zhong)。
《石鼓文》是(shi)(shi)我國現存最早的石刻(ke)文字。也是(shi)(shi)古今書法家最為(wei)敬重的“圓筆書”圣(sheng)典(dian)。
古文(wen)字(zi)學者、書(shu)畫家熊國英(ying)于2009年(nian),以其寬闊的(de)(de)眼界、深厚的(de)(de)藝(yi)術修養和(he)精準地造型能力、對《石(shi)鼓文(wen)》(古帖)上(shang)殘泐不全的(de)(de)文(wen)字(zi)進行(xing)了(le)精心修補(bu)。修復殘字(zi)100余(yu)個、補(bu)齊了(le)缺失的(de)(de)空字(zi)113個、使見到的(de)(de)古拓本的(de)(de)完(wan)整字(zi)數由272字(zi)升至近(jin)500字(zi)。并用首(shou)創的(de)(de)“墨彩書(shu)”技法逐字(zi)填(tian)金、終于再現了(le)石(shi)鼓文(wen)久(jiu)違的(de)(de)皇(huang)家氣象、使讀者終能一睹《石(shi)鼓文(wen)》宋時的(de)(de)輝煌。其深遠的(de)(de)歷(li)史意(yi)義遠遠超(chao)出了(le)書(shu)法藝(yi)術的(de)(de)范疇!