明清時期由于商(shang)(shang)(shang)品經濟的(de)發展,商(shang)(shang)(shang)品流通領域擴大(da),商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)十分活躍,逐漸形成了(le)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。著名的(de)有徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)、江右(you)幫(bang)(bang)、洞(dong)庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)、山東商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)、秦商(shang)(shang)(shang)、潮商(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩(min)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)、寧(ning)波商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)等十大(da)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。
當徽商(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)在(zai)(zai)商(shang)(shang)場爭(zheng)雄(xiong)之時,冷(leng)不(bu)防(fang)在(zai)(zai)浙江(jiang)中西(xi)南部崛起一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)頗有(you)影響的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)歷(li)史(shi)上有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)當年(nian)堪稱(cheng)國家(jia)級(ji)的(de)大“幫(bang)派(pai)”,當然,這個(ge)大“幫(bang)派(pai)”系明(ming)清時列(lie)全國十大商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)雖以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)命名,但(dan)并(bing)非單指(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)縣(xian)的(de)商(shang)(shang)人,而(er)是實指(zhi)浙江(jiang)衢(qu)州府(fu)所屬龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)、常山縣(xian)、西(xi)安(今衢(qu)縣(xian))、開化(hua)和江(jiang)山五縣(xian)的(de)商(shang)(shang)人,其中以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人人數最(zui)(zui)多,經商(shang)(shang)手段最(zui)(zui)為高明(ming),故冠(guan)以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)之名,簡稱(cheng)“龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)幫(bang)”。
商(shang)幫的出現,是我國商(shang)品經濟發(fa)展的重要標志。
在明中(zhong)葉(xie)嘉靖、萬歷年(nian)間(1522-1620),十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫中(zhong)最(zui)活躍的(de)是洞(dong)庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、徽(hui)(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和(he)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),當時社(she)會上(shang)流傳著兩句諺語:“鉆(zhan)天(tian)洞(dong)庭(ting)遍地徽(hui)(hui)”、“遍地龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)”。這反映洞(dong)庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)、徽(hui)(hui)州(zhou)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)、龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)遍布全國并雄踞商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)界(jie)的(de)事實。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)歷史上(shang)為(wei)姑篾文化(hua)發祥地,更(geng)是“入閩要道(dao)(dao)”、“金衢處徽(hui)(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)沖”,為(wei)古代重(zhong)要鹽道(dao)(dao)餉道(dao)(dao),“通浙孔(kong)道(dao)(dao),饋餉之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)必系”之(zhi)(zhi)地,又是浙皖閩贛4省交通樞紐。明人(ren)(ren)徐(xu)復初(chu)說:“邑(yi)(龍(long)(long)游(you)(you))當孔(kong)道(dao)(dao),舟(zhou)車所(suo)至,商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)貨(huo)所(suo)通,紛總填溢。”龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)農(nong)耕之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),借交通之(zhi)(zhi)便,經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)乃成謀生重(zhong)要手(shou)段,加之(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)社(she)會上(shang)素不(bu)賤(jian)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),頭腦活絡之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)多選經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)路。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)有(you)豐富的(de)資源,這也為(wei)他們(men)經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提供了物質條件。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)多山林竹木和(he)茶漆糧(liang)油等,這些土(tu)特產品成為(wei)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最(zui)重(zhong)要的(de)外(wai)貿(mao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品。
當時的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫,以(yi)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人(ren)為(wei)主體,涵蓋了周圍衢州(zhou)(zhou)諸(zhu)縣(xian)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)家(jia)。龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)有(you)一(yi)個(ge)漫長的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)。它發軔于南宋(song),活躍于明中(zhong)葉,至清(qing)乾隆年(nian)間為(wei)鼎盛。宋(song)室南遷后,建都杭州(zhou)(zhou),為(wei)了方(fang)便同長江沿岸抗金前線的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系,官府(fu)(fu)修建了東起京城杭州(zhou)(zhou),西接(jie)湘贛的(de)(de)(de)官道(dao)。這條(tiao)官道(dao)在龍(long)游和壽(shou)昌(chang)交界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)梅嶺關(guan)入(ru)龍(long)游境,龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)視(shi)此(ci)為(wei)大(da)(da)好商(shang)(shang)機(ji),就把木(mu)材運到杭州(zhou)(zhou)銷售。也(ye)有(you)大(da)(da)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)到浙(zhe)江外地(di)(di)經商(shang)(shang)致富(fu),如龍(long)游韋(wei)塘人(ren)朱世榮,“流寓常州(zhou)(zhou)致巨富(fu),置產亙(gen)常州(zhou)(zhou)三縣(xian)之(zhi)半,后歸(gui)衢江古碼里,復大(da)(da)置產,當時以(yi)為(wei)財雄衢常二府(fu)(fu)。”到了明朝,一(yi)個(ge)以(yi)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人(ren)為(wei)中(zhong)心,帶(dai)動(dong)整個(ge)衢州(zhou)(zhou)地(di)(di)區商(shang)(shang)人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)流域性商(shang)(shang)業團體響(xiang)亮登場(chang),他們在金衢盆地(di)(di)崛(jue)起,逐鹿中(zhong)原,遠征(zheng)邊關(guan),漂(piao)洋出海,以(yi)“遍地(di)(di)龍(long)游”的(de)(de)(de)氣勢被人(ren)們稱為(wei)“龍(long)游幫”。據史料記載:明萬歷年(nian)間,“龍(long)丘之(zhi)民(min),往(wang)往(wang)糊(hu)口(kou)于四方(fang),誦讀之(zhi)外,農賈相半”。明天啟年(nian)間,“龍(long)游之(zhi)民(min),多向天涯海角,遠行(xing)商(shang)(shang)賈,幾空(kong)縣(xian)之(zhi)半。”如商(shang)(shang)人(ren)童巨川在嘉靖年(nian)間至宣府(fu)(fu)大(da)(da)同做邊貿生意,“一(yi)往(wang)返旬月,獲利必倍(bei),歲(sui)得數(shu)萬金,自(zi)是兄弟更相往(wang)來,垂20余年(nian),遂成(cheng)大(da)(da)賈。”至清(qing)乾隆年(nian)間童氏(shi)家(jia)族:“多行(xing)賈四方(fang),其居家(jia)土著(zhu)者(zhe),不過十之(zhi)三四耳。”
龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫不像晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)手(shou)(shou)握巨(ju)資,經營票號,在(zai)(zai)金融市(shi)場(chang)上顯(xian)山露水(shui);也不像徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)壟斷鹽(yan)鹺,聲名顯(xian)赫。龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的顯(xian)著特點是,埋頭苦干(gan),不露聲色(se),卻在(zai)(zai)珠寶古(gu)董業中獨占鰲頭,又在(zai)(zai)印書刻書販(fan)書業中從事于文化傳播(bo),還在(zai)(zai)海外(wai)貿易中插上一(yi)手(shou)(shou),成為頗具實力的一(yi)大(da)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫。
龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫雖(sui)地(di)處(chu)(chu)偏僻,卻有(you)著開(kai)放的(de)(de)心態,在(zai)觀念上也比較新潮。主要表現在(zai)兩(liang)個方(fang)面上,即投資(zi)(zi)上的(de)(de)"敢為(wei)(wei)天下先(xian)"精神和“海(hai)納百川”的(de)(de)肚量。明清時期,許(xu)多商(shang)(shang)人將經營商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)所賺得的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)金用(yong)來購買土地(di)或(huo)者經營典當、借(jie)貸業(ye)(ye),以求有(you)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)收(shou)入。而(er)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)敏銳(rui)地(di)意(yi)識到,要獲得更的(de)(de)利(li)潤,必(bi)須(xu)轉向手工(gong)業(ye)(ye)生產和工(gong)礦產業(ye)(ye)上。他們果(guo)斷地(di)投入于紙業(ye)(ye)、礦業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)品生產,或(huo)者直接參與商(shang)(shang)品生產,使(shi)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)轉化(hua)為(wei)(wei)產業(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)本(ben),給(gei)當時封建社(she)會注入了(le)帶有(you)雇傭(yong)關(guan)系的(de)(de)新生產關(guan)系。龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人還不排斥外地(di)商(shang)(shang)幫對本(ben)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)滲(shen)透(tou),并且相(xiang)處(chu)(chu)友善,吸收(shou)外地(di)商(shang)(shang)人于己(ji)幫,推進了(le)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)發展。
明清(qing)時期龍游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)是當時活躍(yue)于(yu)商(shang)(shang)壇的中(zhong)國十大商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)之(zhi)一,它(ta)之(zhi)所以(yi)能在與實力雄(xiong)厚的徽商(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)等(deng)競爭中(zhong)獨樹一幟,在珠寶(bao)業、墾拓業、造(zao)紙業和(he)印書業中(zhong)立于(yu)不(bu)敗之(zhi)地,除了(le)它(ta)有開拓進取、不(bu)怕艱(jian)苦的精神和(he)善于(yu)經(jing)營管理之(zhi)外,恐怕與它(ta)具(ju)有較高文化素養和(he)誠實守信職業道德有著(zhu)密切的關(guan)聯(lian)。
龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)人在營商(shang)(shang)活動中,歷來看重“財自道(dao)生,利緣義取”“以儒術飾賈事”。主張誠信為本,堅守以義取利,是(shi)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫一(yi)以貫之的(de)儒商(shang)(shang)品(pin)格(ge),也使其獲(huo)得了良好的(de)市場信譽。從(cong)根本意(yi)義上說,將誠信作為經商(shang)(shang)從(cong)賈的(de)道(dao)德規范,正是(shi)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫獲(huo)得成(cheng)功的(de)要(yao)訣。龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)人傅(fu)家來開設傅(fu)立宗(zong)紙(zhi)號(hao),視產品(pin)質量為企業立身之本,精益求(qiu)精,所造(zao)之紙(zhi),質量上乘,且比同行出產的(de)同一(yi)件紙(zhi)號(hao)要(yao)重十多(duo)斤之多(duo)。他還(huan)從(cong)把握(wo)造(zao)紙(zhi)生產流程每個環節入手(shou),嚴格(ge)檢驗,次品(pin)決不出售。產品(pin)享(xiang)譽大(da)江南北,歷久不衰。為了表示對(dui)用戶負(fu)責和維持良好的(de)信譽,其產品(pin)都統一(yi)加印“西(xi)山傅(fu)立宗(zong)”印記。
與(yu)龍游商(shang)幫(bang)誠實守信(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)道(dao)(dao)德相(xiang)比,我(wo)市信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)環境卻長期不(bu)容樂(le)觀,少數企(qi)業(ye)(ye)和個人紅眼于周邊地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,心(xin)(xin)態浮躁,急功近利,甚(shen)至不(bu)擇手段,前些年(nian)上街貿(mao)易大(da)樓曾一度聚(ju)集眾多商(shang)貿(mao)私營公司,但多為(wei)(wei)“殺豬”公司,彼此間以騙取(qu)外(wai)(wai)地(di)客商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)物為(wei)(wei)能事;外(wai)(wai)地(di)車子被我(wo)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)運配載(zai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息中心(xin)(xin)所騙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投訴也不(bu)絕于耳;我(wo)市銀行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)良資產中,因(yin)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)“失信(xin)(xin)(xin)”而造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約占45%;有(you)關(guan)調查也表明,連衢州(zhou)人對本(ben)地(di)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)評(ping)價都已信(xin)(xin)(xin)心(xin)(xin)不(bu)足,普遍認為(wei)(wei)本(ben)省(sheng)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)好(hao)(hao)于國外(wai)(wai)企(qi)業(ye)(ye),省(sheng)內(nei)(nei)其他(ta)市企(qi)業(ye)(ye)好(hao)(hao)于本(ben)市企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。在這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背景下,龍游商(shang)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誠信(xin)(xin)(xin)精(jing)神,在我(wo)市尤其值(zhi)得弘揚。信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)衢州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設,除了(le)要(yao)繼續加大(da)治理力度之(zhi)外(wai)(wai),內(nei)(nei)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德教育(yu)也是極為(wei)(wei)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一方面。儒(ru)家教化學說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個最(zui)為(wei)(wei)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點,就在于在實施教化過程中,把社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德規范(fan)內(nei)(nei)化為(wei)(wei)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)覺行(xing)動。在這方面,龍游商(shang)幫(bang)自(zi)覺地(di)以儒(ru)家道(dao)(dao)德觀念(nian)規范(fan)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)行(xing)動,把信(xin)(xin)(xin)、誠作為(wei)(wei)待人接物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)原(yuan)則,無疑為(wei)(wei)我(wo)市經濟主體樹(shu)立了(le)極好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)榜樣。
馳騁于商(shang)(shang)(shang)界(jie)的(de)龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫,其經(jing)營區域甚廣,足跡(ji)遍(bian)及全國各地。史書記載:龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)“挾(xie)資以出守(shou)為恒(heng)業(ye),即秦、晉(jin)、滇、蜀,萬里視若(ruo)比舍,俗有遍(bian)地龍(long)(long)游(you)之諺”。明(ming)萬歷年間流傳的(de)“遍(bian)地龍(long)(long)游(you)”之民諺,有力地說明(ming)了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫與(yu)享有“鉆天(tian)洞(dong)(dong)庭”、“無徽(hui)不(bu)成鎮(zhen)”等(deng)美譽(yu)的(de)洞(dong)(dong)庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫與(yu)徽(hui)州商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫一(yi)(yi)樣(yang),都是明(ming)清(qing)時期稱雄商(shang)(shang)(shang)界(jie)的(de)頗有影響的(de)地域商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫。龍(long)(long)游(you)幫商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)大多從事(shi)長(chang)途販銷活動(dong),“龍(long)(long)游(you)之民多向(xiang)天(tian)涯海角,遠(yuan)行(xing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)賈”,不(bu)僅活躍(yue)在江(jiang)南(nan)、北(bei)京、湖南(nan)、湖北(bei)和閩(min)粵諸地,而且還一(yi)(yi)直深入(ru)到西北(bei)、西南(nan)等(deng)偏遠(yuan)省(sheng)份(fen)。如據有關(guan)文獻(xian)記載:明(ming)成化(hua)年間,僅云南(nan)姚安府(即今云南(nan)楚(chu)雄彝族自治州西部)就(jiu)聚集了(le)(le)浙江(jiang)龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)和江(jiang)西安福(fu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)三五萬人(ren)。
龍游(you)(you)商幫這種開拓進取、不(bu)畏艱辛、不(bu)戀(lian)家土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敬業(ye)(ye)精(jing)神(shen),和(he)當代(dai)溫(wen)臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)家精(jing)神(shen)本質上是(shi)一致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),溫(wen)臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)農(nong)民(農(nong)村剩余勞動力(li)(li))為尋求生路,寧愿背井離鄉(xiang),在外(wai)面開闊(kuo)了眼(yan)界(jie)和(he)有了微薄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累(lei)之(zhi)后,他們便(bian)把(ba)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)、知識、經驗及外(wai)界(jie)人(ren)緣(yuan)等(deng)資源向親朋(peng)好友擴散(san)。溫(wen)臺經濟發展(zhan)(zhan)最初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖動來自(zi)于民間,由卑微又(you)見多(duo)識廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民間能人(ren)推動、發動。遺憾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)龍游(you)(you)商幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)沖動卻未能上升為浙西地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域人(ren)文(wen)精(jing)神(shen),其(qi)可貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商業(ye)(ye)精(jing)神(shen)最終仍淹沒(mei)于強(qiang)勢農(nong)耕(geng)文(wen)化中(zhong)(zhong)。到(dao)民國時期,連龍游(you)(you)本地(di)(di)(di)(di)商業(ye)(ye)也幾乎全落入(ru)外(wai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)商人(ren)手中(zhong)(zhong),“遍地(di)(di)(di)(di)龍游(you)(you)之(zhi)說”也漸成絕唱。當前,我市(shi)(shi)(shi)要大力(li)(li)弘揚“龍游(you)(you)商幫”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)走出去(qu)精(jing)神(shen),一方(fang)面要繼續堅定不(bu)移(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)開展(zhan)(zhan)勞務輸(shu)出,讓(rang)廣(guang)大農(nong)村剩余勞動力(li)(li)在走出去(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)接受市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洗禮,涌現出越來越多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民間創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)者。另一方(fang)面在接受產業(ye)(ye)梯度轉移(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,還要大力(li)(li)推動和(he)支(zhi)持(chi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)內有比較優勢、市(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)有市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)有計劃、有步驟地(di)(di)(di)(di)到(dao)外(wai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)辦廠(chang),從(cong)(cong)而推動從(cong)(cong)產品到(dao)要素、從(cong)(cong)資本到(dao)技術全面主動地(di)(di)(di)(di)進入(ru)國內外(wai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang),爭(zheng)取更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)空(kong)間。
明清時期(qi),有(you)(you)(you)許多外(wai)籍商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人紛紛奔赴龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)還寓居于龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you),加(jia)入龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)列,并(bing)把各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)經(jing)驗帶入到(dao)了龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫中,推進(jin)了龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。如徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)程廷柱在(zai)康熙年間(jian)曾率眾在(zai)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)經(jing)營(ying)有(you)(you)(you)典業和(he)田莊;汪(wang)文(wen)俊在(zai)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)經(jing)營(ying)有(you)(you)(you)鹽業。又如贛商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)周學(xue)錦在(zai)康熙年間(jian)從江西(xi)撫州趨利業商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you),并(bing)定居于此。還如閩(min)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三元戴馮氏、黃靜齋、池明英等都先后(hou)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)。清末至民國時期(qi),龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)縣籍商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人漸少,客籍居多,他(ta)們大(da)多來自浙江的(de)(de)(de)(de)遂昌、蘭(lan)溪、義(yi)烏(wu)、處州、紹興、寧波和(he)徽州府(fu)所屬(shu)各縣,以及江西(xi)、福建等省。由此可(ke)見(jian)(jian),龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人群體融合了徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、粵商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、蘇商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、浙商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩(min)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和(he)贛商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)等外(wai)地(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成基于血緣地(di)緣關系(xi),本質(zhi)上具有(you)(you)(you)排他(ta)性(xing),但(dan)他(ta)們卻能(neng)容納其他(ta)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)融入,足(zu)可(ke)見(jian)(jian)其胸(xiong)襟的(de)(de)(de)(de)寬大(da)。
然(ran)而隨(sui)著龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)沒落(luo),這方曾經如此大(da)氣十足的(de)(de)土地(di),反而漸生(sheng)一(yi)種“排(pai)外”情結。很(hen)難想象,前些(xie)年(nian)在龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)源(yuan)地(di)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)因眼紅外地(di)布(bu)商(shang)(shang)物美價廉,而引(yin)發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)哄搶布(bu)匹事件。去年(nian)投資(zi)環境的(de)(de)一(yi)項調查也表明,大(da)多數經濟主體有(you)(you)看(kan)到、聽到過或有(you)(you)過受本(ben)地(di)人欺騙壓(ya)制的(de)(de)感覺。證(zheng)(zheng)實了(le)衢(qu)州人有(you)(you)較濃的(de)(de)排(pai)外傾(qing)向。這些(xie)年(nian)的(de)(de)實踐證(zheng)(zheng)明,我(wo)市(shi)要(yao)加(jia)快發(fa)(fa)展(zhan),就必(bi)須承(cheng)接龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)開(kai)放胸(xiong)襟,真正培(pei)育出兼容(rong)并蓄的(de)(de)城市(shi)精神。要(yao)廣為(wei)吸納來(lai)自(zi)于海(hai)內外的(de)(de)技術、資(zi)本(ben)、管理(li)(li)、人才(cai)等各種資(zi)源(yuan)和(he)生(sheng)產(chan)要(yao)素,吸收當今(jin)最先(xian)進的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)理(li)(li)念、思想觀念,為(wei)我(wo)市(shi)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)服務,培(pei)育衢(qu)州人友好親(qin)善(shan)、大(da)度包(bao)容(rong)、海(hai)納百川的(de)(de)胸(xiong)懷(huai)。在加(jia)強本(ben)地(di)企業家(jia)的(de)(de)建設的(de)(de)同(tong)時,要(yao)引(yin)導他(ta)們向外來(lai)企業家(jia)學(xue)習,使他(ta)們開(kai)闊視野,增長才(cai)干(gan),克(ke)服小(xiao)富即(ji)安、不思進取的(de)(de)小(xiao)農意(yi)識,進一(yi)步做大(da)做強企業。
后人(ren)(ren)(ren)在嘆惋龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)如此行(xing)(xing)色(se)匆匆地(di)(di)(di)消失于(yu)歷(li)史舞臺(tai)時(shi)(shi),多(duo)(duo)把(ba)原因(yin)歸(gui)(gui)結為當時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)及(ji)戰亂(luan)。然(ran)(ran)而(er)外(wai)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)并非根本,如二戰過后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德、日(ri)兩(liang)國仍然(ran)(ran)能(neng)于(yu)滿目瘡夷中(zhong)復興;溫臺(tai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)雖(sui)幾(ji)(ji)經(jing)(jing)抑制(zhi)(zhi)卻是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“春風吹又(you)生(sheng)”。區(qu)域(yu)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長遠(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)歸(gui)(gui)根到(dao)底靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)源(yuan)遠(yuan)流長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)底蘊。儒(ru)學(xue)氛圍中(zhong)崛起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang),有(you)(you)(you)著較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水準,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)當時(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)多(duo)(duo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)區(qu)別。明代(dai)(dai)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)唐(tang)寅(伯(bo)虎)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)征明齊名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)代(dai)(dai)名士李(li)(li)維楨,即專為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)李(li)(li)汝衡(heng)(heng)立傳(chuan),題為《贈李(li)(li)汝衡(heng)(heng)序》;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)童佩、胡(hu)貿也與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)代(dai)(dai)名士王(wang)世(shi)貞、歸(gui)(gui)有(you)(you)(you)光等(deng)成(cheng)莫逆之(zhi)交(jiao)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)清(qing)高(gao)自許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名士結交(jiao),若非氣質相(xiang)近是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)難解釋(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)“賈(jia)而(er)好(hao)儒(ru)”之(zhi)風可見一(yi)斑。然(ran)(ran)而(er)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)優(you)勢能(neng)助龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)成(cheng)就一(yi)個個奇(qi)跡,接(jie)下來,傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桎梏卻注定龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)走(zou)不了(le)(le)太(tai)(tai)遠(yuan)。地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)南宗儒(ru)學(xue)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浙(zhe)西地(di)(di)(di)區(qu),歷(li)代(dai)(dai)方志在記述商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)和(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)時(shi)(shi),都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)低(di)調處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)。浙(zhe)西人(ren)(ren)(ren)從內心(xin)深處(chu)(chu)鄙視(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)和(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren),主要表(biao)現(xian)(xian)在兩(liang)個方面,一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)農抑商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)仕輕商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。在這(zhe)(zhe)樣具有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)強宗法色(se)彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支配下,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)多(duo)(duo)始終未(wei)能(neng)培植出對(dui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)忠心(xin)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)從商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)而(er)終的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極少,多(duo)(duo)數(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)無(wu)論(lun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)家(jia)或(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)賠了(le)(le)本,最終還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)落歸(gui)(gui)根,返回到(dao)以(yi)農為本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老路上來。一(yi)些(xie)富有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)把(ba)精力(li)和(he)(he)財產投入(ru)官場(chang)競逐(zhu);或(huo)如龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)葉(xie)氏家(jia)族將(jiang)經(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)所(suo)得巨資悉(xi)數(shu)投入(ru)葉(xie)氏建筑群(qun),而(er)很(hen)少有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)去投資產業(ye)擴大(da)再生(sheng)產。而(er)值(zhi)得深思(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),同(tong)樣受(shou)南宗儒(ru)學(xue)滋養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫州、金(jin)(jin)華(hua)等(deng)浙(zhe)東南地(di)(di)(di)區(qu),卻批判地(di)(di)(di)繼承了(le)(le)朱(zhu)子(zi)理(li)(li)(li)學(xue),形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)有(you)(you)(you)別于(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)儒(ru)家(jia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)——“永嘉學(xue)派”和(he)(he)“金(jin)(jin)華(hua)呂學(xue)”、“永康(kang)之(zhi)學(xue)”等(deng)流派。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)決(jue)定人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值(zhi)選(xuan)擇(ze),“永嘉學(xue)派”“金(jin)(jin)華(hua)呂學(xue)”講究實效、注重(zhong)功利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)及(ji)其(qi)價(jia)值(zhi)取向和(he)(he)逐(zhu)利(li)追求,又(you)有(you)(you)(you)力(li)地(di)(di)(di)塑造和(he)(he)強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)了(le)(le)溫州、金(jin)(jin)華(hua)等(deng)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民間心(xin)理(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)區(qu)域(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong),構(gou)成(cheng)了(le)(le)區(qu)域(yu)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)不可或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“遺(yi)傳(chuan)因(yin)子(zi)”。而(er)衢州、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)雖(sui)有(you)(you)(you)柯山、清(qing)獻、鳳梧等(deng)大(da)書(shu)院(yuan),但這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)書(shu)院(yuan)因(yin)循守(shou)舊,抱殘守(shou)缺,也無(wu)一(yi)流名家(jia)學(xue)者,因(yin)此即便歷(li)史上因(yin)緣際會(hui)出現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)這(zhe)(zhe)樣大(da)規(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)體,也未(wei)能(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)結合,產生(sheng)充(chong)滿活力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),反而(er)使浙(zhe)西地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)承受(shou)了(le)(le)太(tai)(tai)多(duo)(duo)儒(ru)家(jia)思(si)想(xiang)中(zhong)庸保(bao)守(shou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉重(zhong)負荷,使人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)和(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)動(dong)受(shou)到(dao)了(le)(le)限制(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)至(zhi)幾(ji)(ji)次與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)騰飛(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)契機錯(cuo)失交(jiao)臂(bei)。當前,我市要從龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰落中(zhong)汲取經(jing)(jing)驗教(jiao)訓,就必須進一(yi)步強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氛圍,以(yi)求縮小與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)省內發(fa)(fa)(fa)達地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差距,并爭取在同(tong)一(yi)梯度地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)中(zhong)占據優(you)勢。要堅持(chi)不懈地(di)(di)(di)導入(ru)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)和(he)(he)相(xiang)關知識(shi),在干(gan)部和(he)(he)群(qun)眾(zhong)中(zhong)開展(zhan)(zhan)教(jiao)育、培訓和(he)(he)傳(chuan)播(bo),以(yi)新(xin)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)新(xin)知識(shi)逐(zhu)步取代(dai)(dai)舊觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)。迫切(qie)需要強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)知識(shi)、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)知識(shi)、現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)社會(hui)法制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)倫理(li)(li)(li)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)知識(shi)、現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)道德觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)知識(shi)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),克服小農經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)意識(shi)、封建主義殘余(yu)意識(shi)和(he)(he)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)計劃經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)意識(shi)。當全(quan)(quan)社會(hui)真正形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)企業(ye)家(jia)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)環(huan)(huan)境、體制(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)(huan)境、人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)環(huan)(huan)境之(zhi)時(shi)(shi),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復興也就為期不遠(yuan)了(le)(le)。
時光流(liu)逝,沖淡(dan)了(le)龍游商幫創立(li)的(de)(de)輝煌(huang)業績,只留(liu)下一(yi)個個散落在浙西大地上的(de)(de)民居大院。難(nan)道作為后(hou)人的(de)(de)我(wo)們,只能是(shi)綴(zhui)串(chuan)起(qi)這一(yi)個個珍珠,向世人炫耀(yao)我(wo)們的(de)(de)祖(zu)上也曾風光過(guo)就(jiu)足了(le)嗎?什么時候(hou)才能重(zhong)新迎來(lai)浙西新一(yi)代“商幫”的(de)(de)復(fu)興(xing)?這才是(shi)當(dang)前(qian)研(yan)究龍游商幫歷史的(de)(de)真實所在。
僻(pi)居于(yu)(yu)浙西山區的(de)龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫在歷(li)史(shi)上曾經(jing)輝煌一(yi)(yi)時(shi),在明萬歷(li)時(shi)已有(you)“遍(bian)地龍游(you)”之(zhi)諺(參見萬歷(li)《龍游(you)縣(xian)志》),與(yu)當時(shi)馳名的(de)“無徽不(bu)成鎮”、“鉆天洞庭”的(de)徽商(shang)(shang)蘇(su)商(shang)(shang)等并駕齊驅(qu)。其所以(yi)能在市場(chang)競(jing)爭(zheng)中嶄(zhan)露頭角,是與(yu)它有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)道德很有(you)關系,聲譽良(liang)好(hao),贏得了(le)人們的(de)信任。反之(zhi),也有(you)些商(shang)(shang)人欺詐造假,只能蒙騙(pian)(pian)一(yi)(yi)時(shi),不(bu)能長久立足于(yu)(yu)商(shang)(shang)壇(tan)(tan)。明代(dai)浙江人張應俞(yu)編著(zhu)(zhu)了(le)《杜騙(pian)(pian)新(xin)書(shu)》,列舉24類84則騙(pian)(pian)術,這就是明代(dai)中葉以(yi)來(lai)商(shang)(shang)壇(tan)(tan)上不(bu)誠信的(de)劣跡(詳見拙(zhuo)著(zhu)(zhu)《明清時(shi)期商(shang)(shang)業(ye)及商(shang)(shang)人書(shu)之(zhi)研究》下篇第6章。該書(shu)為(wei)《國學(xue)精粹(cui)叢書(shu)》的(de)一(yi)(yi)種,臺灣洪葉文(wen)化事業(ye)有(you)限公司(si),1997年出版)。
相比之(zhi)下,龍(long)游(you)商幫(bang)的(de)(de)誠(cheng)實守信就顯得非常(chang)可貴。龍(long)游(you)商人傅家來開設(she)傅立宗(zong)紙(zhi)(zhi)號(hao),非常(chang)注重產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)質量,精益求精,所造(zao)之(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi),堅韌白凈(jing),均勻齊整,比其他(ta)(ta)家的(de)(de)紙(zhi)(zhi)在同一件紙(zhi)(zhi)號(hao)中重十多斤。造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)是多工序的(de)(de)生產(chan)流程(cheng),他(ta)(ta)為(wei)了保證質量,層(ceng)層(ceng)把關,嚴格檢(jian)驗,次品(pin)(pin)決(jue)不(bu)出(chu)售。產(chan)品(pin)(pin)暢銷(xiao)大江南北,經久(jiu)不(bu)衰。為(wei)了表示對用戶負責和維持良好(hao)的(de)(de)信譽(yu),他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)都統一加印
“西山傅立宗”印記。
姜(jiang)(jiang)益大(da)棉布(bu)(bu)店(dian)以(yi)信(xin)譽著稱(cheng),冠為(wei)金(jin)(華)衢(qu)(州)嚴(州)三府(fu)第一(yi)家(jia)。自從胡筱漁接(jie)管以(yi)來,非常重視信(xin)譽,以(yi)誠實守信(xin)教育每一(yi)位職工,多(duo)次提(ti)出要薄利多(duo)銷,童叟無欺,決不(bu)二(er)價(jia)。為(wei)了(le)(le)防止(zhi)流通中(zhong)有銀(yin)元(yuan)摻假損害顧(gu)客利益,特聘請了(le)(le)三位有經驗(yan)的(de)驗(yan)銀(yin)工,嚴格檢驗(yan),凡經過(guo)他(ta)店(dian)的(de)銀(yin)幣(bi)加以(yi)“姜(jiang)(jiang)益大(da)”印記(ji),讓顧(gu)客放心。在(zai)經營中(zhong)目(mu)光遠大(da),不(bu)以(yi)短期(qi)行為(wei)來賺錢,為(wei)了(le)(le)信(xin)譽,寧(ning)愿承(cheng)(cheng)擔暫時(shi)的(de)損失(shi)。有一(yi)次,他(ta)在(zai)海(hai)(hai)寧(ning)訂購了(le)(le)7500匹(pi)(pi)石門布(bu)(bu),價(jia)值6萬(wan)銀(yin)元(yuan),在(zai)運(yun)輸過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)遭劫,這(zhe)本不(bu)關姜(jiang)(jiang)益大(da)店(dian)的(de)事,海(hai)(hai)寧(ning)布(bu)(bu)商亦立即(ji)派人(ren)來龍游處理此事,主(zhu)動承(cheng)(cheng)擔損失(shi),胡筱漁重義(yi)疏財(cai),當場(chang)償付了(le)(le)對方6萬(wan)元(yuan)布(bu)(bu)款,還再訂購了(le)(le)7500匹(pi)(pi)棉布(bu)(bu),并熱情款待(dai)(dai)海(hai)(hai)寧(ning)布(bu)(bu)商。由(you)于這(zhe)一(yi)義(yi)舉,姜(jiang)(jiang)益大(da)布(bu)(bu)店(dian)信(xin)譽大(da)增,遐(xia)邇聞(wen)名,在(zai)以(yi)后的(de)經商活動中(zhong),凡碰到貨(huo)物緊(jin)俏時(shi),海(hai)(hai)寧(ning)等地(di)布(bu)(bu)商都首先(xian)滿足他(ta)的(de)貨(huo)源需(xu)求,全(quan)力(li)支持他(ta)渡(du)過(guo)難(nan)關。他(ta)對職工也(ye)以(yi)禮(li)相待(dai)(dai),以(yi)誠相待(dai)(dai),從不(bu)刻薄,職工中(zhong)年長者,以(yi)叔伯相稱(cheng),同輩以(yi)兄弟、晚輩以(yi)弟侄相呼,平等待(dai)(dai)人(ren)。年終還發“紅利壓歲錢”,春節(jie)賞每一(yi)職工一(yi)匹(pi)(pi)布(bu)(bu)代價(jia)的(de)獎勵金(jin)。以(yi)心比心,誠摯待(dai)(dai)人(ren),職工受感動,工作(zuo)就更負責(ze),保證了(le)(le)姜(jiang)(jiang)益大(da)的(de)良好運(yun)作(zuo)。
大絲綢商(shang)李(li)(li)汝(ru)衡(heng),商(shang)品販銷到湖廣(guang)十(shi)(shi)五郡,幾乎壟斷了楚湘(xiang)的絲綢市場。他職(zhi)業道德良好(hao),待人寬厚誠信,人望甚(shen)好(hao)。明代大文人李(li)(li)維(wei)楨著文贊(zan)揚他:“李(li)(li)十(shi)(shi)二汝(ru)衡(heng)者,越之(zhi)(zhi)龍游人也(ye)。……至(zhi)汝(ru)衡(heng)而(er)資(zi)益(yi)拓,所居(ju)積綺縠纻罽(ji),遍四方之(zhi)(zhi)珍異,挽舟轉轂以(yi)百數,所冠帶(dai)衣(yi)履(lv),遍楚之(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)(shi)五郡。而(er)善與時低昂(ang),人或(huo)就之(zhi)(zhi)貰貸無所靳,亦不責子錢,久乃或(huo)負之(zhi)(zhi),遂(sui)不復言。……楚人慕其誼(yi),爭交(jiao)歡汝(ru)衡(heng)。”(《大泌山房集(ji)》卷(juan)68,《贈(zeng)李(li)(li)汝(ru)衡(heng)序》)
龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)本(ben)(ben)是姑篾故(gu)國舊地(di),素(su)有重文(wen)化的傳(chuan)統,詩(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)禮(li)樂傳(chuan)家,耕讀遵禮(li),弦(xian)歌(ge)不絕。就是出(chu)為(wei)(wei)賈也不忘讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),故(gu)首(shou)選造紙(zhi)刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍為(wei)(wei)業。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)新造之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)紙(zhi)在明代(dai)已具名(ming)(ming)氣。明著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家余(yu)(yu)(yu)象(xiang)斗文(wen)臺,他(ta)刻印書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍尤(you)(you)注重用紙(zhi),他(ta)品(pin)評全國著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)紙(zhi)品(pin)有徽歙(she)紙(zhi)(青光(guang)白滑冰翼凝霜,績(ji)溪(xi)龍(long)(long)(long)須,西山觀(guan)音紙(zhi)),江西紙(zhi)(觀(guan)音蓮七紙(zhi)),鉛(qian)山(奏本(ben)(ben))紙(zhi)等(deng),而認為(wei)(wei)浙(zhe)江衢紙(zhi)尤(you)(you)勝,“連(lian)四紙(zhi),開(kai)(kai)化縣(xian)有連(lian)三連(lian)四紙(zhi)亦佳,只要白厚無(wu)粉者為(wei)(wei)妙(miao)。”“常山縣(xian)有榜紙(zhi),并中(zhong)夾紙(zhi)奏本(ben)(ben)紙(zhi)次于鉛(qian)山。”龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)縣(xian)溪(xi)口鎮是龐大的造紙(zhi)中(zhong)心兼銷售(shou)市場,紙(zhi)商麕集(ji)(ji)。乾隆(long)間(jian)閩商林(lin)瓊茂來(lai)(lai)龍(long)(long)(long)擇(ze)地(di)上(shang)塘設(she)坊造紙(zhi),傳(chuan)至其(qi)孫林(lin)巨倫,已“積(ji)貲巨萬”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)商童佩(pei),名(ming)(ming)噪一時(shi)(shi),刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)大江南北,其(qi)父彥(yan)清,“最(zui)稱(cheng)(cheng)儒(ru)雅,不寢(qin)然(ran)諾。”幼時(shi)(shi)從父販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)吳越間(jian),“喜讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),手(shou)一帙,坐(zuo)船間(jian),日夜不輟,歷歲久,流(liu)覽既富(fu),所(suo)為(wei)(wei)詩(shi)風(feng)格清越,不失古音。為(wei)(wei)他(ta)文(wen)亦工(gong)善(shan)(shan),尤(you)(you)善(shan)(shan)考證書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫(hua)金石彝敦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬。”王(wang)世(shi)(shi)貞稱(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)“藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)萬卷(juan),皆其(qi)手(shou)所(suo)自(zi)校者”,是著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家。所(suo)刻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)質量上(shang)乘,深受學(xue)者歡(huan)迎,時(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)流(liu)碩儒(ru)王(wang)世(shi)(shi)貞、王(wang)穉登、歸(gui)有光(guang)引(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座客,并為(wei)(wei)他(ta)作序作傳(chuan)。他(ta)本(ben)(ben)人(ren)有《童子(zi)鳴集(ji)(ji)》、《佩(pei)萸(yu)雜錄》、《九華游(you)記(ji)》、《南獄(yu)東岱詩(shi)》、與余(yu)(yu)(yu)湘(xiang)合纂《龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)縣(xian)志》等(deng)。刻印過《徐侍(shi)郎集(ji)(ji)》、《文(wen)房四譜》、《楊盈川(chuan)集(ji)(ji)》等(deng)。他(ta)的學(xue)問(wen)深得(de)名(ming)(ming)儒(ru)稱(cheng)(cheng)贊(zan),胡(hu)應麟見其(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目曰:“所(suo)臚列經史子(zi)集(ji)(ji),皆犁然(ran)會心,令(ling)人(ren)手(shou)舞足蹈。”引(yin)為(wei)(wei)“子(zi)期”好(hao)友,王(wang)世(shi)(shi)貞更稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“千(qian)古是知音”。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)童氏是書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)香門第(di),業書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈者眾。如童富(fu),“為(wei)(wei)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈,往來(lai)(lai)閩粵吳中(zhong)貿遷,……為(wei)(wei)人(ren)坦夷樸茂,樂善(shan)(shan)好(hao)施,……湖海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士,多嘖(ze)嘖(ze)稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”另一位書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈胡(hu)貿,承父兄(xiong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業,“往來(lai)(lai)賈書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)及士人(ren)家”,也是有名(ming)(ming)的書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈。明代(dai)大學(xue)問(wen)家唐(tang)順之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荊川(chuan)謙曰:“非貿,則予事無(wu)與成”。與唐(tang)深交,胡(hu)死后唐(tang)曾(ceng)贈棺(guan)以殮。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)望族余(yu)(yu)(yu)氏也是世(shi)(shi)代(dai)營印書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業,曾(ceng)在江蘇太倉州婁縣(xian)開(kai)(kai)設(she)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)。“清初,龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)余(yu)(yu)(yu)氏開(kai)(kai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)于婁縣(xian),刊讀本(ben)(ben)四書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字畫(hua)無(wu)偽,遠近購買(mai)。”
上述僅(jin)是(shi)龍游(you)商幫(bang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)幾個例子。龍游(you)商人深受中(zhong)華傳統文化的(de)(de)熏陶,亦賈(jia)亦儒,保持著(zhu)良好的(de)(de)節操,以(yi)人品為重,注(zhu)重自身修養,有社(she)會責任(ren)感,誠信為本,終(zhong)于(yu)事業(ye)有成。歷史的(de)(de)經(jing)驗值得借鑒(jian),發(fa)揚我(wo)國優秀的(de)(de)道德(de)傳統,完善(shan)市(shi)場經(jing)濟(ji)條(tiao)件下(xia)的(de)(de)職(zhi)業(ye)道德(de),提倡人人誠信,形成良好的(de)(de)社(she)會風氣,這是(shi)我(wo)們(men)這個時代的(de)(de)一項重要(yao)工作。
點(dian)評(ping):龍游商(shang)人"敢為(wei)天下(xia)先"的(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)和"海納百川"的(de)(de)(de)肚量,是(shi)他們良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)經商(shang)心態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)反映。他們雖然是(shi)出自一個偏僻之地,既無官府(fu)支持(chi),又無強(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)宗族勢力作堅(jian)強(qiang)后盾,但他們卻(que)能(neng)在強(qiang)手如林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)大商(shang)幫(bang)中崛起,自立于商(shang)幫(bang)之林(lin)(lin)。
龍游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)是指以(yi)浙江衢州府(fu)龍游(you)縣為中(zhong)心的(de)衢商(shang)集(ji)團,它(ta)(ta)萌發于南宋,興盛于明代(dai)中(zhong)葉(xie),以(yi)經營珠(zhu)寶業、販(fan)書(shu)業、紙張業著名(ming)。明萬歷年間(1573—1602),它(ta)(ta)于徽(hui)商(shang)、晉商(shang)以(yi)及江右幫(bang)商(shang)人在商(shang)場中(zhong)角逐,稱(cheng)雄一(yi)時,故有“遍地(di)龍游(you)”之(zhi)諺。它(ta)(ta)以(yi)一(yi)府(fu)一(yi)縣之(zhi)地(di)為基(ji)礎,聚集(ji)了大量資(zi)金,而成為中(zhong)國十(shi)大商(shang)幫(bang)之(zhi)一(yi),至清代(dai)逐漸為寧紹商(shang)幫(bang)所替代(dai)。
主(zhu) 要(yao) 行(xing) 業 銷(xiao) 售 范 圍(wei) 重要(yao)集鎮、代表商(shang)行(xing)或人(ren)物
1 紙(zhi) 商 遠銷江蘇一帶 龍游溪口鎮是造(zao)紙(zhi)和紙(zhi)張貿(mao)易(yi)中心
2 書 商 浙江、江蘇(su)、河(he)北及山(shan)東、京師 明代龍游書商、藏書家童佩
3 糧食商 毗鄰各(ge)省 龍游茶圩米市,年銷量(liang)1200萬噸(dun)
4 山貨商 全國(guo)及東南亞(ya)各國(guo) 胡同(tong)和號(hao),年產各類油10萬余斤
5 藥(yao)(yao)材商 毗(pi)鄰地區 龍游縣城滋福堂藥(yao)(yao)店
6 絲綢棉布商 遠(yuan)銷湖廣(guang)一帶 龍游縣城百年老(lao)店姜益大廣(guang)貨店
7 珠(zhu)寶商 最大市場在京師 一(yi)般(ban)單人匹馬經營
8 海外貿易(yi)商(shang) 日本(ben)、東南亞各國 海外走私貿易(yi)為(wei)主
9 邊貿商 遠銷緬甸、印度 在云南姚安地(di)區(qu)墾荒經(jing)商
龍游商幫經(jing)營行業頗廣,有山貨、紙(zhi)、刻印(yin)販書、珠寶古董、長途販運、農業屯墾、礦冶等。
山貨(huo)業(ye)。皆為當地產品竹木茶油漆煙。清康(kang)熙年間(jian)龍游縣志記載:“南鄉(xiang)稍有竹木紙筍之利(li),可以貿易(yi)他郡……北鄉(xiang)則止有桕油一(yi)項。”
造紙業(ye)。造紙多以作坊或工遺(yi)址龍(long)游(you)北鄉古商(shang)道(dao)場(chang)形式生產(chan),自產(chan)自銷,具有若干商(shang)業(ye)資本(ben)(ben)與產(chan)業(ye)資本(ben)(ben)相(xiang)結合(he)的(de)生產(chan)方(fang)式。溪(xi)口鎮(zhen)是(shi)生產(chan)和銷售的(de)中心。該鎮(zhen):“其(qi)繁盛(sheng),乃倍于城市(shi)焉。”
刻(ke)印(yin)販書(shu)(shu)(shu)業。龍(long)游多(duo)產紙(zhi)木,可(ke)刻(ke)印(yin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)籍,又(you)有文(wen)(wen)化傳(chuan)統,一些文(wen)(wen)人學士放下架子,從(cong)事于(yu)刻(ke)印(yin)販書(shu)(shu)(shu)業以聚(ju)財(cai)。望族余氏,還在江(jiang)蘇婁縣開設書(shu)(shu)(shu)坊書(shu)(shu)(shu)肆,刊印(yin)讀(du)本安畫,銷(xiao)路(lu)很好。書(shu)(shu)(shu)販胡貿善(shan)錐書(shu)(shu)(shu),經常和(he)一些文(wen)(wen)人交往(wang)(wang)。明(ming)大(da)學者唐順之因愛書(shu)(shu)(shu),把胡貿引為座上客。他(ta)還說:“非貿,則予事無與成。”把自己成就(jiu)歸(gui)之于(yu)與胡貿的交往(wang)(wang)。
珠寶(bao)(bao)古(gu)董業。經營珠寶(bao)(bao)業一需(xu)有雄厚資(zi)金,二(er)需(xu)有鑒(jian)別觀(guan)賞能力(li),三需(xu)有進貨銷貨的渠道,四(si)需(xu)有能躲過被(bei)劫被(bei)盜的應(ying)(ying)變(bian)能力(li)。古(gu)書記載(zai):“龍游(you)商(shang)賈(jia)(jia),其所賈(jia)(jia)多明珠、翠(cui)羽、寶(bao)(bao)石、貓眼(yan)類較(軟)物(wu)。千金之貨,只(zhi)一身自(zi)赍(ji)京(jing)師、販絮、僧鞋、蒙戎、襤褸巨疽、膏(gao)藥內皆寶(bao)(bao)珠所藏,人無所知者。”可見龍游(you)商(shang)人不(bu)但(dan)有雄厚的資(zi)金,還具有較高文(wen)化和應(ying)(ying)變(bian)能力(li),處(chu)事謹慎,是不(bu)事張揚(yang)的實干商(shang)人,
長途販運(yun)業。據(ju)王文祿《策樞》記(ji)載,龍游(you)商(shang)人(ren)(ren)李汝衡,擁有重資,常(chang)備百(bai)余輛(艘)車船(chuan)運(yun)銷貨物,把絲(si)綢遠銷到湖(hu)北(bei)一省十五(wu)郡之(zhi)地(di),占(zhan)領了全省銷售市場。明嘉靖年間(jian)捕獲的(de)走(zou)私貿易(yi)中,就有龍游(you)商(shang)人(ren)(ren)參與其(qi)事(shi)。
礦冶業。據顧炎(yan)武(wu)《天下郡(jun)國利病書(shu)》中記載,有龍(long)游(you)人祝十(shi)八,聚礦工(gong)有數百(bai)人,在平洋銅塘、吳村一(yi)帶(dai)從事礦冶。龍(long)游(you)商幫肯(ken)吃苦,不畏(wei)艱(jian)辛,不怕路遙道險。
他(ta)們足跡遍及(ji)全國(guo)各(ge)地(di),直至(zhi)海(hai)外(wai)(wai)日本、呂(lv)宋等(deng)地(di)。如在(zai)(zai)明嘉靖年間,就發現海(hai)外(wai)(wai)通商(shang)者(zhe)中有(you)(you)龍(long)游商(shang)人(ren)。另外(wai)(wai),早于明成(cheng)化元(yuan)年(1465)龍(long)游商(shang)人(ren)就與江西安(an)福商(shang)人(ren)一起,到云(yun)南姚安(an)(今楚(chu)雄)從(cong)事屯墾,種(zhong)植糧食(shi)和經(jing)濟作物。他(ta)們數萬人(ren)長途(tu)跋涉,克服了水土不服等(deng)困(kun)難,在(zai)(zai)云(yun)貴一帶從(cong)事經(jing)商(shang)墾荒(huang),享有(you)(you)“天(tian)涯(ya)賈(jia)客”之(zhi)譽(yu),為我國(guo)西南的開發立下汗馬功勞,至(zhi)今云(yun)貴高原還有(you)(you)許多(duo)龍(long)游人(ren)的后代。可以說(shuo)龍(long)游商(shang)幫是中國(guo)歷(li)史上西部開發的先驅之(zhi)一。
龍(long)游商幫(bang)之(zhi)所(suo)以名(ming)重(zhong)一時(shi),還因為他們具(ju)有寬容、誠(cheng)信(xin)等品(pin)性和良好的(de)(de)(de)職業道(dao)德(de)。如(ru)紙商傅立宗,紙優價實,為保證(zheng)質量,紙品(pin)統加(jia)印“西山傅立宗”字樣(yang),從示信(xin)用。姜益大棉布(bu)號,特(te)聘了3名(ming)驗銀工,凡經(jing)(jing)(jing)流通該店(dian)的(de)(de)(de)通貨,皆(jie)加(jia)蓋印記,以示負(fu)責(ze)。滋福堂是(shi)著名(ming)中藥店(dian),以重(zhong)金延請名(ming)醫監制丸藥,配制成(cheng)藥準確無(wu)誤,分工細密,層層檢(jian)驗,要求藥工對顧客的(de)(de)(de)健康負(fu)責(ze)。龍(long)游商人從不排(pai)外,善待(dai)遷居來龍(long)經(jing)(jing)(jing)商者(zhe),如(ru)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營、鹽、紙等的(de)(de)(de)徽(hui)州大商程廷(ting)柱(zhu)率3個(ge)弟弟去龍(long)游經(jing)(jing)(jing)商,很快融入龍(long)游社(she)會,所(suo)以龍(long)游商幫(bang)中就(jiu)有閩、贛、徽(hui)諸(zhu)商幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)員。
龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫雖有(you)輝煌的(de)(de)過去,但(dan)隨(sui)著交通條件的(de)(de)變化(hua),近代海洋文化(hua)的(de)(de)興起和海外貿易(yi)的(de)(de)發展(zhan),它與徽(hui)商(shang)、晉商(shang)等幫一(yi)樣未能適(shi)應時(shi)代的(de)(de)發展(zhan),逐漸衰落(luo)。到清道(dao)光年間,鴉片(pian)戰爭以后,寧(ning)波等地被辟為五口通商(shang)之埠,此時(shi)新興的(de)(de)上(shang)海、寧(ning)波、潮汕、廈漳等地商(shang)幫,取代了龍(long)游(you)等商(shang)幫。不過,龍(long)游(you)等商(shang)幫在歷(li)史上(shang)的(de)(de)業績和經(jing)商(shang)道(dao)德(de),將永(yong)世不泯(min)!
龍(long)游(you)商人初露頭(tou)角(jiao)于(yu)(yu)南宋,迨至明(ming)代(dai)已(yi)(yi)蔚為大觀,萬(wan)歷時(shi)已(yi)(yi)是“遍地龍(long)游(you)”的局面(mian),分布于(yu)(yu)全(quan)國各大市場(chang)上。隆萬(wan)間任職知縣的萬(wan)廷謙就說“龍(long)丘之(zhi)(zhi)民,往(wang)往(wang)湖口于(yu)(yu)四方,誦讀之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),農賈(jia)相半(ban)”。晚明(ming)時(shi)龍(long)游(you)商人更(geng)是活躍,趨商者(zhe)更(geng)眾(zhong)。天(tian)啟時(shi),“龍(long)游(you)之(zhi)(zhi)民,多向天(tian)涯海角(jiao),遠(yuan)行商賈(jia),幾空縣之(zhi)(zhi)半(ban),而居家耕種者(zhe),僅當縣之(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)。”至康乾(qian)間,“其居家土著(zhu)者(zhe),不過(guo)十之(zhi)(zhi)三四耳(er)。”這當然是估計(ji)數,不能作(zuo)準(zhun)確的計(ji)量(liang)分析,但總的趨勢是從(cong)嘉隆萬(wan)間龍(long)游(you)商賈(jia)已(yi)(yi)遍布四方,至康雍乾(qian)間有增無減(jian)。
由于經商(shang)的(de)(de)成功,龍游(you)(you)商(shang)幫遂把財富(fu)返回家鄉,并(bing)將(jiang)外地的(de)(de)風(feng)尚(shang)也(ye)(ye)帶(dai)回龍游(you)(you),社(she)會(hui)富(fu)庶,消費需(xu)求增長(chang),人皆曰俗之侈(chi)(chi)(chi)靡(mi)已不可挽回。隆萬時陸瓚就說:“習尚(shang)昔固號儉嗇(se)也(ye)(ye),今(jin)則日事于侈(chi)(chi)(chi)靡(mi)。”涂杰亦云:“服飾(shi)多(duo)用紗絹,器皿多(duo)用金銀,侈(chi)(chi)(chi)靡(mi)相(xiang)(xiang)高(gao),已非一日。”“邑中(zhong)室(shi)廬往(wang)稱樸素,萬歷中(zhong)葉漸以雕琢(zhuo)相(xiang)(xiang)高(gao)。”社(she)會(hui)心理是羨慕奢(she)華,愿向生(sheng)活水(shui)平高(gao)的(de)(de)地方(fang)看(kan)齊,競相(xiang)(xiang)仿效。萬歷間已呈“俗侈(chi)(chi)(chi)靡(mi),尤效慕三吳之豪(hao)”趨勢。生(sheng)活穩定了,才有可能向蘇杭侈(chi)(chi)(chi)靡(mi)的(de)(de)風(feng)尚(shang)仿效。從這一側面也(ye)(ye)折(zhe)射出龍游(you)(you)商(shang)幫給龍游(you)(you)帶(dai)來經濟的(de)(de)富(fu)庶和(he)社(she)會(hui)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)安定。風(feng)尚(shang)趨于侈(chi)(chi)(chi)靡(mi)是當時經濟社(she)會(hui)進步的(de)(de)表(biao)征。
龍(long)游商幫(bang)與同(tong)時(shi)代(dai)其他(ta)商幫(bang)相比,它(ta)(ta)最(zui)大特色和優(you)點(dian)乃是(shi)富于開拓精神(shen),不畏艱(jian)險(xian),勇敢地(di)(di)(di)邁出(chu)家門,走出(chu)山區,投向廣闊的天地(di)(di)(di),在闖蕩市場中(zhong),逐漸地(di)(di)(di)揚棄了“安土重遷(qian)”、“骨肉相附”的情結。它(ta)(ta)是(shi)明(ming)清時(shi)代(dai)最(zui)早走向西部開發的商壇勁旅。大批離開土地(di)(di)(di)的農民(min)加入(ru)商賈行(xing)列(lie),也有(you)大批舍儒(ru)從商之徒,他(ta)們(men)“挾資以出(chu),守為恒業,即秦晉蜀滇萬里,視若(ruo)比舍,俗(su)有(you)遍地(di)(di)(di)龍(long)游之諺(yan)。”
明清時(shi)期經濟最發(fa)(fa)達(da)(da)地區(qu)是(shi)(shi)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)洲(江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan))和珠江(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)洲一帶,秦(qin)晉滇蜀西(xi)(xi)部地區(qu)相對(dui)來說較為后進(jin),而(er)(er)龍(long)游商幫(bang)不(bu)嫌西(xi)(xi)部經濟不(bu)發(fa)(fa)達(da)(da),生(sheng)活艱苦,路途遙(yao)遠,行程險(xian)阻,以豪邁氣概視天涯(ya)海角(jiao)若比鄰(lin),無(wu)遠而(er)(er)不(bu)屆(jie),誠為天涯(ya)賈客。龍(long)游商人(ren)李(li)汝(ru)衡(heng)(heng),攜絲綢經商于蜀楚。李(li)維楨記:“李(li)十二汝(ru)衡(heng)(heng)者,越之(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)游人(ren)也(ye)。自其(qi)父(fu)鶴汀賈江(jiang)(jiang)陵(ling),迄今人(ren)與(yu)年蓋兩世矣。父(fu)子(zi)饒(rao)心計,趨時(shi)不(bu)失累。至(zhi)汝(ru)衡(heng)(heng)而(er)(er)資益拓,所(suo)(suo)居(ju)積綺縠(hu)纻(zhu)罽,窮四(si)方之(zhi)(zhi)珍異,車免舟轉轂以百數,所(suo)(suo)冠帶衣(yi)履,遍楚之(zhi)(zhi)十五(wu)郡。而(er)(er)善與(yu)時(shi)低(di)昂,人(ren)或(huo)就之(zhi)(zhi)貰貸(dai)無(wu)所(suo)(suo)靳。……”童(tong)巨(ju)川偕其(qi)弟盛川于嘉靖間,在“宣府(fu)大同貿(mao)易(yi)(yi)邊庭,……厥后子(zi)若侄嗣其(qi)業(ye)(ye),資利益饒(rao)。”童(tong)氏數代在宣大做邊界貿(mao)易(yi)(yi)致巨(ju)富。最可(ke)值(zhi)得大書特書的(de)是(shi)(shi)龍(long)游商人(ren)群(qun)體挺進(jin)大西(xi)(xi)南(nan)滇省(sheng)姚安(an)等地區(qu)開發(fa)(fa)。在明清時(shi)代交(jiao)通(tong)條件下,攜妻(qi)帶子(zi)千萬里跋涉至(zhi)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)決非易(yi)(yi)事,非得有數月始可(ke)抵達(da)(da)。驅動他(ta)們(men)長(chang)途跋涉行動并非胸懷開發(fa)(fa)西(xi)(xi)部的(de)公益心,而(er)(er)利益驅動倒(dao)是(shi)(shi)其(qi)原(yuan)動力。因為在江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)華南(nan)中原(yuan)等地商業(ye)(ye)中競爭已(yi)不(bu)容(rong)易(yi)(yi),施展才能的(de)空間畢竟有限,他(ta)們(men)獲(huo)悉(xi)滇省(sheng)尚有大發(fa)(fa)展的(de)前景,所(suo)(suo)以才毅然前往,足(zu)見龍(long)游商幫(bang)對(dui)商業(ye)(ye)信息(xi)還是(shi)(shi)靈(ling)通(tong)的(de)。
明代成(cheng)化(hua)元年就有(you)大(da)批(pi)龍游商(shang)人偕同(tong)江右(you)商(shang)人(江西安福(fu))在云南(nan)邊陲姚安等府經商(shang),姚安即今楚雄彝族自治州一帶。語言不通,生活(huo)習俗不同(tong),自然(ran)還會有(you)水土不服的(de)困難,但是(shi)他們(men)能(neng)克服種(zhong)種(zhong)困難,準備長期生存下去,求得發展(zhan)。他們(men)不是(shi)流民,而是(shi)有(you)眼光(guang)有(you)氣魄的(de)商(shang)賈(jia),據官方史(shi)籍記(ji)載(zai):
“成(cheng)化元年(1465)十(shi)一月初七(qi)日(ri)禮部等(deng)(deng)衙(ya)門題為建言(yan)(yan)民(min)(min)情等(deng)(deng)事,該(gai)湖廣(guang)布(bu)政司(si)(si)等(deng)(deng)衙(ya)門右參議等(deng)(deng)官人(ren)(ren)等(deng)(deng)鄭序等(deng)(deng)建言(yan)(yan):……姚安軍民(min)(min)府(fu)(fu)陰陽學(xue)正木甘理(li)言(yan)(yan)一件(jian),禁約游(you)食(shi)(shi),初見云(yun)南(nan)遠在(zai)萬(wan)(wan)里,各(ge)邊衛(wei)(wei)指府(fu)(fu)軍民(min)(min)相參,山多(duo)田少(shao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)通舟(zhou)車,近年雨水不(bu)(bu)(bu)調,五谷少(shao)收(shou),米糧涌貴(gui),過活艱難。有浙江江西等(deng)(deng)布(bu)政司(si)(si)安福(fu)龍游(you)等(deng)(deng)縣客商人(ren)(ren)等(deng)(deng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)下三(san)(san)五萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)衛(wei)(wei)府(fu)(fu)坐(生)理(li),偏處城市鄉村(cun)屯堡安歇(xie),生放錢(qian)債(zhai)(zhai),利上生利,收(shou)債(zhai)(zhai)米谷,賤買(mai)(mai)貴(gui)賣,娶(qu)妻生子,置買(mai)(mai)奴仆,游(you)食(shi)(shi)無度,二(er)三(san)(san)十(shi)年不(bu)(bu)(bu)回原(yuan)籍。……行云(yun)南(nan)按察司(si)(si)著落(luo)各(ge)衛(wei)(wei)府(fu)(fu)查勘所屬鄉村(cun)屯堡城郭去(qu)處,但有江西等(deng)(deng)處客民(min)(min),不(bu)(bu)(bu)問(wen)從(cong)引(yin)新(xin)舊(jiu),盡數拿解(jie)原(yuan)籍當差(cha),不(bu)(bu)(bu)許托故稽(ji)遲及窩藏隱蔽,連歇(xie)家人(ren)(ren)等(deng)(deng)一律治(zhi)罪,庶使邊食(shi)(shi)稍寬,奸(jian)弊斯革矣。前件(jian)云(yun)南(nan)按察司(si)(si)查究。”
這(zhe)(zhe)節史(shi)(shi)料充分反(fan)映(ying)了龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫是(shi)(shi)(shi)數萬人(ren)(ren)成群結隊來(lai)(lai)到了黔滇(dian)邊陲(chui)少數民族(zu)(zu)聚居地(di)(di)(di)從(cong)(cong)事于(yu)(yu)屯(tun)墾(ken)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),把先(xian)(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)技術帶(dai)(dai)到西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan),他們(men)來(lai)(lai)到遠(yuan)離城(cheng)市“鄉村屯(tun)堡安歇。”干的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“生放(fang)錢債,利上(shang)生利;收(shou)債米谷,賤買(mai)貴賣”的(de)(de)(de)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面是(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)利貸收(shou)錢收(shou)谷,即放(fang)青苗(miao)的(de)(de)(de)辦法,利用(yong)手頭的(de)(de)(de)雄厚資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金進(jin)行糧食(shi)買(mai)賣;另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面值(zhi)得注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“置(zhi)買(mai)奴仆,游(you)(you)食(shi)無度”這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)句話。可能是(shi)(shi)(shi)流(liu)動(dong)性的(de)(de)(de)屯(tun)墾(ken),即一(yi)地(di)(di)(di)一(yi)地(di)(di)(di)輪(lun)流(liu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)墾(ken)拓(tuo),利用(yong)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)制吸收(shou)當地(di)(di)(di)閑散(san)的(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)力,以(yi)奴仆形式(shi)(shi)招募勞(lao)(lao)(lao)工(gong)進(jin)行大規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)屯(tun)墾(ken),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很有(you)(you)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de),值(zhi)得深入研究(jiu)。關鍵(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“奴仆”系(xi)何(he)種(zhong)身(shen)份(fen)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),估(gu)計不(bu)會(hui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)有(you)(you)很強人(ren)(ren)身(shen)隸屬關系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)奴仆,應(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)身(shen)份(fen)上(shang)自(zi)由的(de)(de)(de)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)者(zhe)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)出(chu)(chu)錢雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)他們(men),從(cong)(cong)事于(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)墾(ken)荒、耕種(zhong)等勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務。在龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)當地(di)(di)(di)就(jiu)有(you)(you)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)仆婢從(cong)(cong)事家務或商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)上(shang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)作的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形,據康熙《龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)縣志》記:“士庶之(zhi)家,不(bu)能廣置(zhi)婢仆,仆多傭(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong),婢則(ze)出(chu)(chu)市貿(mao)易,多白首(shou)不(bu)嫁以(yi)終其身(shen)。”從(cong)(cong)“仆多傭(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong),婢則(ze)出(chu)(chu)市貿(mao)易”來(lai)(lai)看,并無身(shen)份(fen)上(shang)隸屬關系(xi)。也許(xu)他們(men)把這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)關系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)也帶(dai)(dai)到云南(nan)邊陲(chui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)屯(tun)墾(ken)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中來(lai)(lai)。如(ru)果理(li)(li)(li)解不(bu)錯的(de)(de)(de)話,當是(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)已具(ju)有(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)營(ying)理(li)(li)(li)念(nian),將(jiang)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)作為生息資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)來(lai)(lai)經(jing)營(ying),以(yi)先(xian)(xian)進(jin)技術提高(gao)生產(chan)力,采取農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)制來(lai)(lai)經(jing)營(ying)經(jing)濟(ji)作物,把收(shou)成的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)作為商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)再投放(fang)市場,這(zhe)(zhe)無疑是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)(xin)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營(ying)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi),把商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)轉化為農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)大變(bian)革(ge),具(ju)有(you)(you)轉型的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)(yi),表示著(zhu)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)萌(meng)芽。過(guo)去在研討中國(guo)封建社會(hui)里資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)主義(yi)(yi)萌(meng)芽時(shi)人(ren)(ren)們(men)較普遍重視手工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),礦冶(ye)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)生產(chan)與(yu)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)制的(de)(de)(de)萌(meng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),也較多著(zhu)眼于(yu)(yu)先(xian)(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)區域如(ru)江(jiang)南(nan)以(yi)及大中城(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)革(ge),對農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、對偏遠(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)區重視不(bu)足(zu),今以(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)大西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)例(li)來(lai)(lai)看,不(bu)能不(bu)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)到他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)造。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫等開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan),對融洽民族(zu)(zu)關系(xi),開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)邊疆地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很有(you)(you)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)。在近世歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(明清(qing))上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)了起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)超前行動(dong),表現(xian)了龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)前衛意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識和對西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)貢獻,可以(yi)說它是(shi)(shi)(shi)中國(guo)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)上(shang)最早走(zou)向西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)驅(qu)者(zhe)。由于(yu)(yu)缺乏輔證史(shi)(shi)料,有(you)(you)待于(yu)(yu)再發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘新(xin)(xin)史(shi)(shi)料,現(xian)在也只能做如(ru)此的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)論(lun)。
明中央(yang)政府(fu)及當地政府(fu)官員守舊求穩,怕人口流動(dong)影響邊(bian)陲的(de)社會治安(an)和糧食供應(ying)豐足,千(qian)方百(bai)計(ji)下(xia)(xia)(xia)令強制回(hui)遷這(zhe)些(xie)在邊(bian)陲安(an)家落(luo)戶(hu)“二三十(shi)不(bu)回(hui)原籍”的(de)商民(min)(min),采用(yong)“拿解(jie)原籍當差”,這(zhe)實是(shi)很(hen)不(bu)明智的(de)短視行為。官方行文如(ru)此(ci),到(dao)底各級(ji)政府(fu)執行如(ru)何?未(wei)見下(xia)(xia)(xia)文,估計(ji)龍游安(an)福商民(min)(min)仍會“屯堡(bao)安(an)歇(xie)”、“娶妻(qi)生(sheng)子”而長期“生(sheng)理”下(xia)(xia)(xia)去,今(jin)之滇省遺民(min)(min),必有血(xue)脈(mo)繁衍的(de)安(an)福龍游商人后裔。
商品、市場、商業(ye),信息是社會經(jing)(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)杠桿之一,明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)龍游(you)商幫(bang)已初(chu)步意(yi)識(shi)到(dao)它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義。他(ta)們(men)利用(yong)自(zi)己(ji)稟(bing)賦(fu)的(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)和才能,窺測市場,注重信息,挺身(shen)遠(yuan)出,躋(ji)身(shen)于(yu)收益(yi)大的(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)寶業(ye)和海外貿易(yi)業(ye),憑借自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)優勢,利用(yong)知識(shi)經(jing)(jing)營印(yin)書業(ye)。他(ta)們(men)意(yi)識(shi)到(dao)社會資源開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)價值,不辭萬里,融(rong)洽(qia)民(min)族關系,“進軍”大西南,開發(fa)滇省(sheng)姚安地區,采用(yong)雇傭制的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式經(jing)(jing)營邊陲的(de)(de)(de)屯(tun)墾(ken)業(ye)。這是一種新的(de)(de)(de)生產方(fang)式,是一大創造,表明(ming)了(le)明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)代龍游(you)商幫(bang)具有(you)無(wu)遠(yuan)不屆、天涯賈客(ke)的(de)(de)(de)大無(wu)畏精神,也展(zhan)示(shi)了(le)他(ta)們(men)走(zou)在時(shi)代前(qian)頭,具有(you)先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)理(li)念。他(ta)們(men)對西部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)開發(fa),作出了(le)歷(li)史性的(de)(de)(de)貢(gong)獻;它是中(zhong)國(guo)歷(li)史上(shang)真(zhen)正開發(fa)西部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)先(xian)驅者。
1.為商之道,仁(ren)信為本(ben)。商戰取(qu)勝,理性致上。
2.一招鮮,吃(chi)遍天。
3.敢想敢干,敢為人先。
4.財(cai)散(san)人(ren)聚,財(cai)聚人(ren)散(san);取之有道(dao),用之歡(huan)樂。
5.多看則(ze)(ze)清(qing),多聽則(ze)(ze)明,多思(si)則(ze)(ze)準,多干則(ze)(ze)成。
6.思路決定財(cai)路,一切都(dou)是人為。
7.裁(cai)衣先(xian)量(liang)體,經商先(xian)摸底(di)。
8.不摸行情休開(kai)店(dian)。
9.常去同(tong)行看看,生意不會清淡。
10.貴中(zhong)看賤,賤中(zhong)看貴。
11.先賣(mai)出手(shou),后買入手(shou)。
12.豐(feng)年(nian)紙馬鋪,歉(qian)年(nian)糧食行(xing)。
13.兵以(yi)(yi)快勝(sheng),商(shang)以(yi)(yi)奇贏。
14.逆境看順境,順境看逆境。順逆都來看,經商風(feng)險小。
15.貧(pin)賤莫尋親(qin),富貴莫露財。
16.道(dao)由天定,事(shi)在人為。