明(ming)清時期(qi)由于商(shang)(shang)(shang)品經濟的(de)發展,商(shang)(shang)(shang)品流(liu)通領域擴大,商(shang)(shang)(shang)人十分活(huo)躍,逐漸形成(cheng)了商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。著名的(de)有徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)、江右幫(bang)、洞庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)、山東商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)、秦商(shang)(shang)(shang)、潮商(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)、龍游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)、寧波商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)等十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。
當(dang)徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)在商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)場爭(zheng)雄之時,冷不(bu)防在浙(zhe)江(jiang)中西南部(bu)崛起一個(ge)頗(po)有(you)影響的(de)龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)歷史上有(you)一個(ge)當(dang)年堪稱(cheng)國家級的(de)大“幫(bang)(bang)派”,當(dang)然,這個(ge)大“幫(bang)(bang)派”系(xi)明清時列全國十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)之一的(de)龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)雖以龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)命(ming)名,但并(bing)非單指龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)一縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren),而是實指浙(zhe)江(jiang)衢(qu)州府所屬龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)、常山縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、西安(今衢(qu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian))、開化和江(jiang)山五縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren),其中以龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)人(ren)數最多,經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)手段最為(wei)高(gao)明,故冠以龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)之名,簡稱(cheng)“龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)幫(bang)(bang)”。
商幫的(de)出現,是我國商品經(jing)濟發展的(de)重要標志。
在明中葉(xie)嘉靖(jing)、萬歷年間(1522-1620),十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫中最活(huo)躍的是洞庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),當(dang)時社(she)會上(shang)流傳著兩句(ju)諺語:“鉆(zhan)天洞庭(ting)遍(bian)(bian)地(di)徽”、“遍(bian)(bian)地(di)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)”。這反映洞庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、徽州商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)遍(bian)(bian)布全國并雄踞商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)界的事實。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)歷史上(shang)為(wei)姑(gu)篾文化發祥地(di),更是“入(ru)閩(min)要(yao)道(dao)”、“金衢(qu)處徽之(zhi)(zhi)沖”,為(wei)古代(dai)重要(yao)鹽(yan)道(dao)餉道(dao),“通(tong)浙孔道(dao),饋餉之(zhi)(zhi)所必系”之(zhi)(zhi)地(di),又(you)是浙皖閩(min)贛4省交通(tong)樞(shu)紐。明人(ren)(ren)(ren)徐復初說:“邑(龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you))當(dang)孔道(dao),舟(zhou)車所至,商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)貨(huo)所通(tong),紛總填(tian)溢。”龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)農耕之(zhi)(zhi)外,借交通(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)便,經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)乃(nai)成謀(mou)生重要(yao)手段,加之(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)社(she)會上(shang)素(su)不賤(jian)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),頭腦活(huo)絡之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)多選經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)路。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)有豐(feng)富的資源,這也(ye)為(wei)他們經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提供(gong)了物(wu)質條件。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)多山林竹(zhu)木和茶漆糧油等,這些(xie)土特產品成為(wei)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最重要(yao)的外貿商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品。
當時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫,以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體,涵(han)蓋了周圍衢(qu)州諸縣的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)家。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)形成有一(yi)個(ge)漫(man)長(chang)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。它發軔于(yu)南(nan)宋,活躍于(yu)明(ming)中(zhong)葉(xie),至(zhi)清乾隆(long)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)鼎盛(sheng)。宋室南(nan)遷后,建都杭州,為(wei)(wei)了方便同長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)沿岸(an)抗金(jin)前(qian)線的(de)(de)聯系,官府(fu)修建了東(dong)起(qi)京城杭州,西(xi)接(jie)湘贛的(de)(de)官道。這條官道在龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和壽昌(chang)交界(jie)的(de)(de)梅嶺關入龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)境,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)視此為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)好商(shang)(shang)機,就把木材(cai)運到杭州銷售。也(ye)有大(da)(da)(da)(da)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)到浙江(jiang)(jiang)外地(di)(di)經商(shang)(shang)致(zhi)富,如龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)韋塘(tang)人(ren)朱世榮(rong),“流(liu)寓常(chang)州致(zhi)巨(ju)(ju)富,置(zhi)產亙常(chang)州三(san)縣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban),后歸(gui)衢(qu)江(jiang)(jiang)古碼里,復大(da)(da)(da)(da)置(zhi)產,當時(shi)(shi)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)財雄衢(qu)常(chang)二府(fu)。”到了明(ming)朝(chao),一(yi)個(ge)以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心(xin),帶(dai)動整(zheng)個(ge)衢(qu)州地(di)(di)區(qu)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)流(liu)域性商(shang)(shang)業(ye)團(tuan)體響(xiang)亮登場(chang),他(ta)們(men)在金(jin)衢(qu)盆地(di)(di)崛起(qi),逐鹿中(zhong)原,遠征邊關,漂洋出海(hai),以(yi)“遍地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)”的(de)(de)氣勢被人(ren)們(men)稱為(wei)(wei)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)幫”。據史料記載:明(ming)萬歷年(nian)(nian)間(jian),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)丘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min),往(wang)往(wang)糊口(kou)于(yu)四方,誦讀(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,農賈(jia)相半(ban)”。明(ming)天(tian)(tian)啟年(nian)(nian)間(jian),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min),多(duo)向(xiang)天(tian)(tian)涯海(hai)角,遠行(xing)商(shang)(shang)賈(jia),幾空縣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)。”如商(shang)(shang)人(ren)童巨(ju)(ju)川在嘉(jia)靖(jing)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)至(zhi)宣(xuan)府(fu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)同做邊貿生意,“一(yi)往(wang)返旬月(yue),獲利必倍,歲得數(shu)萬金(jin),自(zi)是兄(xiong)弟更相往(wang)來,垂20余年(nian)(nian),遂成大(da)(da)(da)(da)賈(jia)。”至(zhi)清乾隆(long)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)童氏家族:“多(duo)行(xing)賈(jia)四方,其居家土著者,不(bu)過(guo)十之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)四耳。”
龍(long)游(you)(you)商幫不像(xiang)晉商手握巨資,經(jing)營票號,在金(jin)融市場上(shang)顯(xian)山露(lu)(lu)水;也不像(xiang)徽商壟(long)斷鹽鹺,聲名顯(xian)赫。龍(long)游(you)(you)商幫的顯(xian)著特點(dian)是,埋頭(tou)苦(ku)干,不露(lu)(lu)聲色,卻在珠寶古(gu)董業中獨占鰲頭(tou),又在印書刻(ke)書販(fan)書業中從事于文化傳播,還在海(hai)外貿(mao)易中插上(shang)一(yi)手,成為頗具實力的一(yi)大商幫。
龍游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫雖地(di)(di)處(chu)偏僻,卻有著(zhu)開(kai)放的(de)心態,在(zai)觀念上(shang)也比較新潮。主要表(biao)現(xian)在(zai)兩個方(fang)面上(shang),即投資上(shang)的(de)"敢為(wei)天(tian)下先"精神和(he)“海(hai)納百(bai)川”的(de)肚量。明清時期(qi),許多商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人將經(jing)營商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)所賺得(de)的(de)資金用來購買(mai)土地(di)(di)或(huo)者(zhe)經(jing)營典當、借貸業(ye),以求有穩(wen)定的(de)收入(ru)(ru)。而龍游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)敏銳地(di)(di)意識到,要獲得(de)更的(de)利潤(run),必(bi)須轉向(xiang)手工(gong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)和(he)工(gong)礦產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)上(shang)。他們果斷地(di)(di)投入(ru)(ru)于(yu)紙業(ye)、礦業(ye)的(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan),或(huo)者(zhe)直接參(can)與商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan),使商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)資本(ben)轉化(hua)為(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)資本(ben),給(gei)當時封建社會注入(ru)(ru)了帶有雇傭關系的(de)新生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)關系。龍游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人還不排斥外地(di)(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫對本(ben)鄉的(de)滲透(tou),并且相處(chu)友善,吸(xi)收外地(di)(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人于(yu)己(ji)幫,推進了龍游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)發展。
明清時期龍(long)游商(shang)幫是當時活躍于(yu)商(shang)壇(tan)的中(zhong)國(guo)十(shi)大商(shang)幫之一,它之所以能在與實力雄厚的徽商(shang)、晉商(shang)等(deng)競爭中(zhong)獨樹一幟,在珠寶業(ye)、墾拓業(ye)、造紙業(ye)和印書業(ye)中(zhong)立于(yu)不(bu)敗之地,除了(le)它有(you)(you)開拓進取(qu)、不(bu)怕(pa)艱苦的精神和善于(yu)經(jing)營管理之外,恐怕(pa)與它具有(you)(you)較高文化(hua)素(su)養和誠實守信職業(ye)道德(de)有(you)(you)著(zhu)密切的關聯。
龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人在營商(shang)(shang)活(huo)動中,歷來看重“財自道生,利緣義(yi)取”“以儒(ru)(ru)術(shu)飾賈事”。主(zhu)張誠信為(wei)本(ben),堅(jian)守以義(yi)取利,是(shi)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫一以貫之的(de)儒(ru)(ru)商(shang)(shang)品格,也使其(qi)獲(huo)得了良好的(de)市場信譽(yu)(yu)。從根本(ben)意義(yi)上說,將誠信作為(wei)經商(shang)(shang)從賈的(de)道德規范,正是(shi)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫獲(huo)得成(cheng)功的(de)要訣。龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人傅(fu)家來開(kai)設傅(fu)立(li)宗紙號,視產(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)量為(wei)企業立(li)身之本(ben),精益求精,所(suo)造之紙,質(zhi)量上乘,且比(bi)同行出產(chan)(chan)的(de)同一件紙號要重十多斤之多。他還從把握造紙生產(chan)(chan)流程每個環節入(ru)手(shou),嚴格檢(jian)驗,次品決不出售(shou)。產(chan)(chan)品享譽(yu)(yu)大江(jiang)南北,歷久不衰(shuai)。為(wei)了表示(shi)對用(yong)戶負責和維持良好的(de)信譽(yu)(yu),其(qi)產(chan)(chan)品都(dou)統一加印“西山傅(fu)立(li)宗”印記。
與龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫誠實守信的(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)道(dao)德(de)相(xiang)比,我(wo)(wo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)信用環境卻長期不(bu)容樂觀,少數企業(ye)(ye)和個人(ren)(ren)(ren)紅(hong)眼(yan)于(yu)周邊地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)發展,心(xin)態浮躁,急功近利,甚至不(bu)擇手段,前些年上街貿易大(da)樓曾一度聚集(ji)眾(zhong)多(duo)商(shang)(shang)貿私營(ying)公(gong)司,但多(duo)為(wei)“殺豬”公(gong)司,彼(bi)此間以(yi)(yi)騙取外(wai)地(di)客(ke)商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)物為(wei)能事(shi);外(wai)地(di)車(che)子被我(wo)(wo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)運配載(zai)信息中心(xin)所騙的(de)(de)(de)投訴也(ye)(ye)不(bu)絕于(yu)耳;我(wo)(wo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)銀行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)良資(zi)產(chan)中,因企業(ye)(ye)“失(shi)信”而造成的(de)(de)(de)約(yue)占45%;有關調查也(ye)(ye)表明(ming),連(lian)衢州(zhou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對本地(di)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)信用評(ping)價都(dou)已信心(xin)不(bu)足,普遍認為(wei)本省企業(ye)(ye)好于(yu)國外(wai)企業(ye)(ye),省內其(qi)他市(shi)(shi)(shi)企業(ye)(ye)好于(yu)本市(shi)(shi)(shi)企業(ye)(ye)。在這樣的(de)(de)(de)背景下,龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)誠信精神,在我(wo)(wo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)尤其(qi)值得弘揚。信用衢州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)建設,除了(le)要(yao)(yao)繼續加(jia)大(da)治理力度之外(wai),內在的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)教育也(ye)(ye)是極為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)。儒家(jia)(jia)教化學(xue)說的(de)(de)(de)一個最為(wei)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)特點,就在于(yu)在實施教化過(guo)程中,把社會的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)規(gui)范內化為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)覺行(xing)動。在這方(fang)面(mian)(mian),龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫自(zi)覺地(di)以(yi)(yi)儒家(jia)(jia)道(dao)德(de)觀念規(gui)范自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)行(xing)動,把信、誠作(zuo)為(wei)待人(ren)(ren)(ren)接物的(de)(de)(de)基本原則,無疑為(wei)我(wo)(wo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)經濟主體樹(shu)立了(le)極好的(de)(de)(de)榜樣。
馳(chi)騁于商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)界的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang),其經營區域甚廣,足(zu)跡遍(bian)及全國各地(di)。史書記載:龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)“挾資以(yi)出守為恒(heng)業,即(ji)秦、晉、滇、蜀,萬(wan)里視若比舍,俗有(you)(you)遍(bian)地(di)龍(long)(long)游之(zhi)諺”。明萬(wan)歷(li)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)流傳的(de)(de)“遍(bian)地(di)龍(long)(long)游”之(zhi)民諺,有(you)(you)力地(di)說(shuo)明了龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)與享有(you)(you)“鉆天洞(dong)(dong)庭(ting)”、“無徽不成(cheng)鎮(zhen)”等美譽的(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)與徽州商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)一(yi)樣(yang),都是(shi)明清時期稱雄(xiong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)界的(de)(de)頗(po)有(you)(you)影響(xiang)的(de)(de)地(di)域商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)。龍(long)(long)游幫(bang)(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)大多從事長途(tu)販銷(xiao)活動,“龍(long)(long)游之(zhi)民多向天涯海(hai)角(jiao),遠行商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)賈”,不僅活躍在江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)、北(bei)京、湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)、湖北(bei)和閩粵諸(zhu)地(di),而且還一(yi)直深入到西(xi)北(bei)、西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)等偏遠省份。如(ru)據有(you)(you)關文獻記載:明成(cheng)化年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian),僅云南(nan)(nan)(nan)姚(yao)安(an)府(fu)(即(ji)今云南(nan)(nan)(nan)楚雄(xiong)彝族自(zi)治州西(xi)部(bu))就聚集了浙江(jiang)龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)和江(jiang)西(xi)安(an)福(fu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)三五萬(wan)人(ren)。
龍游商(shang)(shang)幫這種開拓進取(qu)、不畏艱辛、不戀家土的(de)(de)敬業(ye)精(jing)(jing)神(shen),和(he)當代溫臺地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)企業(ye)家精(jing)(jing)神(shen)本質上是一(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de),溫臺地(di)區(qu)農(nong)民(min)(農(nong)村(cun)剩余(yu)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)力)為尋(xun)求生路,寧(ning)愿背井離鄉,在外(wai)面(mian)開闊(kuo)了(le)眼(yan)界和(he)有了(le)微薄(bo)的(de)(de)積累之后(hou),他們便把自(zi)己的(de)(de)信息、知(zhi)識(shi)、經驗及外(wai)界人緣(yuan)等(deng)資源向(xiang)親朋好(hao)友擴散。溫臺經濟(ji)發展(zhan)最初的(de)(de)沖動(dong)(dong)來(lai)自(zi)于(yu)民(min)間(jian),由卑微又見多識(shi)廣(guang)的(de)(de)民(min)間(jian)能(neng)人推(tui)動(dong)(dong)、發動(dong)(dong)。遺憾的(de)(de)是龍游商(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)創業(ye)沖動(dong)(dong)卻未能(neng)上升(sheng)為浙西(xi)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)區(qu)域人文(wen)精(jing)(jing)神(shen),其可貴的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)精(jing)(jing)神(shen)最終仍淹沒(mei)于(yu)強(qiang)勢農(nong)耕(geng)文(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)。到(dao)(dao)民(min)國(guo)時(shi)期(qi),連龍游本地(di)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)也(ye)(ye)幾乎(hu)全(quan)落(luo)入(ru)(ru)外(wai)地(di)商(shang)(shang)人手中(zhong),“遍(bian)地(di)龍游之說”也(ye)(ye)漸(jian)成絕唱。當前,我市要(yao)(yao)大(da)力弘揚“龍游商(shang)(shang)幫”的(de)(de)走出(chu)去(qu)精(jing)(jing)神(shen),一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)要(yao)(yao)繼(ji)續堅定不移(yi)(yi)地(di)開展(zhan)勞(lao)務輸出(chu),讓廣(guang)大(da)農(nong)村(cun)剩余(yu)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)力在走出(chu)去(qu)中(zhong)接受(shou)市場的(de)(de)洗禮,涌現(xian)出(chu)越來(lai)越多的(de)(de)民(min)間(jian)創業(ye)者(zhe)。另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)在接受(shou)產業(ye)梯度(du)轉移(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)同時(shi),還(huan)要(yao)(yao)大(da)力推(tui)動(dong)(dong)和(he)支持(chi)市內有比較優勢、市外(wai)有市場的(de)(de)企業(ye)有計(ji)劃(hua)、有步(bu)驟地(di)到(dao)(dao)外(wai)地(di)辦廠,從(cong)而推(tui)動(dong)(dong)從(cong)產品到(dao)(dao)要(yao)(yao)素(su)、從(cong)資本到(dao)(dao)技術全(quan)面(mian)主動(dong)(dong)地(di)進入(ru)(ru)國(guo)內外(wai)市場,爭取(qu)更(geng)大(da)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)空間(jian)。
明清時期,有許多外籍(ji)(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)紛(fen)紛(fen)奔赴龍(long)游(you)經(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),有的(de)(de)還寓居于(yu)(yu)(yu)龍(long)游(you),加入龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)行列(lie),并把(ba)各(ge)自的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)經(jing)(jing)驗帶入到了(le)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫中,推進(jin)了(le)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)發(fa)展。如(ru)(ru)徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)程廷(ting)柱在(zai)康熙年間曾率眾在(zai)龍(long)游(you)經(jing)(jing)營有典業和田莊;汪文(wen)俊在(zai)龍(long)游(you)經(jing)(jing)營有鹽(yan)業。又(you)如(ru)(ru)贛商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)周學(xue)錦在(zai)康熙年間從江西撫州(zhou)趨利業商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)龍(long)游(you),并定居于(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)。還如(ru)(ru)閩(min)(min)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三元戴馮氏、黃靜齋(zhai)、池明英(ying)等都先后經(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)龍(long)游(you)。清末至民(min)國時期,龍(long)游(you)縣籍(ji)(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)漸少,客籍(ji)(ji)居多,他(ta)們大多來自浙(zhe)江的(de)(de)遂昌、蘭溪、義(yi)烏、處州(zhou)、紹興(xing)、寧波和徽州(zhou)府所(suo)屬各(ge)縣,以及江西、福建等省。由此(ci)可見,龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)群體融合了(le)徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、粵商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、蘇商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、浙(zhe)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩(min)(min)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和贛商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)等外地商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)。龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)形成基于(yu)(yu)(yu)血(xue)緣(yuan)地緣(yuan)關系,本(ben)質(zhi)上具(ju)有排他(ta)性,但他(ta)們卻能容納(na)其他(ta)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)的(de)(de)融入,足可見其胸襟的(de)(de)寬(kuan)大。
然而隨著龍(long)(long)游商(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沒落,這(zhe)方曾經(jing)(jing)如此大氣十足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土地,反而漸生(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)種(zhong)“排外(wai)”情結。很難想象,前些年在龍(long)(long)游商(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)源地會發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)因眼紅外(wai)地布(bu)商(shang)物美價(jia)廉,而引(yin)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哄搶布(bu)匹事件。去(qu)年投資(zi)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項調查也表明(ming),大多(duo)數經(jing)(jing)濟主體有看(kan)到(dao)(dao)、聽(ting)到(dao)(dao)過(guo)或有過(guo)受本(ben)(ben)地人欺騙(pian)壓制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺(jue)。證實(shi)了衢州人有較濃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排外(wai)傾向。這(zhe)些年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐證明(ming),我市要(yao)(yao)加快(kuai)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),就必須承接龍(long)(long)游商(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)放胸(xiong)襟,真正培(pei)育出兼容并蓄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城市精(jing)神。要(yao)(yao)廣為吸(xi)納來自于海(hai)內外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術、資(zi)本(ben)(ben)、管理、人才(cai)(cai)等(deng)各(ge)種(zhong)資(zi)源和生(sheng)(sheng)產要(yao)(yao)素,吸(xi)收當今最先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)理念、思想觀念,為我市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)服務,培(pei)育衢州人友(you)好(hao)親善、大度包容、海(hai)納百川的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胸(xiong)懷(huai)。在加強(qiang)本(ben)(ben)地企業(ye)(ye)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi),要(yao)(yao)引(yin)導他們向外(wai)來企業(ye)(ye)家學(xue)習,使他們開(kai)闊視野,增(zeng)長才(cai)(cai)干(gan),克服小富即安、不(bu)思進(jin)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小農(nong)意識(shi),進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)做大做強(qiang)企業(ye)(ye)。
后人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)嘆惋龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)如此(ci)行(xing)色匆匆地(di)(di)(di)(di)消(xiao)失于(yu)歷史舞臺時,多把原因(yin)歸結(jie)為(wei)當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)交通變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)及戰(zhan)亂。然而(er)(er)外在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)并非根本(ben)(ben),如二戰(zhan)過后的(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)、日(ri)兩(liang)國仍(reng)然能(neng)于(yu)滿(man)目瘡夷(yi)中(zhong)復興;溫臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統雖幾(ji)經(jing)(jing)抑制(zhi)(zhi)卻是(shi)(shi)“春風吹又生”。區(qu)域經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長遠發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)歸根到(dao)(dao)底(di)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)源遠流(liu)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統和(he)(he)(he)底(di)蘊。儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)氛圍(wei)中(zhong)崛起的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang),有著較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水準,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)當(dang)時眾(zhong)多商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大區(qu)別(bie)。明(ming)(ming)代(dai)(dai)(dai)與(yu)(yu)(yu)唐寅(伯虎)、文(wen)(wen)征明(ming)(ming)齊名的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)名士(shi)李維楨,即專為(wei)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)李汝衡立(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),題為(wei)《贈李汝衡序》;龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)童佩(pei)、胡貿也(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)名士(shi)王(wang)世(shi)貞、歸有光等(deng)(deng)成(cheng)莫逆之交。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)這(zhe)些清高(gao)自許的(de)(de)(de)(de)名士(shi)結(jie)交,若(ruo)非氣(qi)質相近是(shi)(shi)很(hen)難解釋(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)“賈而(er)(er)好儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)”之風可見一(yi)斑。然而(er)(er)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)優(you)勢能(neng)助龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)成(cheng)就(jiu)一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)奇跡,接下來,傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桎梏(gu)卻注(zhu)定龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)走不(bu)了(le)(le)(le)太遠。地(di)(di)(di)(di)處南宗儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)浙西(xi)(xi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),歷代(dai)(dai)(dai)方(fang)(fang)志在(zai)(zai)記(ji)述商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)時,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)低(di)調處理(li)。浙西(xi)(xi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)從內(nei)心(xin)深處鄙視商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren),主要(yao)(yao)表現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面,一(yi)是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)農(nong)抑商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),二是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)仕(shi)輕商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)具(ju)有很(hen)強宗法色彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支配下,龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)大多始終未能(neng)培植出(chu)對商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)忠心(xin)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)從商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)終的(de)(de)(de)(de)極少(shao),多數(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)無論(lun)是(shi)(shi)發(fa)了(le)(le)(le)家或是(shi)(shi)賠了(le)(le)(le)本(ben)(ben),最終還是(shi)(shi)葉落歸根,返回到(dao)(dao)以農(nong)為(wei)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)老路上來。一(yi)些富有的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或把精力和(he)(he)(he)財產投入(ru)官(guan)場競逐(zhu);或如龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)葉氏家族將經(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)所(suo)得(de)巨資(zi)悉數(shu)投入(ru)葉氏建筑群(qun)(qun),而(er)(er)很(hen)少(shao)有人(ren)(ren)(ren)去投資(zi)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)擴大再生產。而(er)(er)值得(de)深思的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),同樣(yang)(yang)受(shou)南宗儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)滋(zi)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫州(zhou)、金(jin)華(hua)等(deng)(deng)浙東南地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),卻批判地(di)(di)(di)(di)繼承(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)朱(zhu)子(zi)(zi)理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue),形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)有別(bie)于(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)家文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)——“永嘉學(xue)(xue)(xue)派(pai)”和(he)(he)(he)“金(jin)華(hua)呂學(xue)(xue)(xue)”、“永康之學(xue)(xue)(xue)”等(deng)(deng)流(liu)派(pai)。文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統決定人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值選擇,“永嘉學(xue)(xue)(xue)派(pai)”“金(jin)華(hua)呂學(xue)(xue)(xue)”講(jiang)究實效、注(zhu)重(zhong)功(gong)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)思想及其(qi)價(jia)值取(qu)向和(he)(he)(he)逐(zhu)利追求,又有力地(di)(di)(di)(di)塑造和(he)(he)(he)強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)了(le)(le)(le)溫州(zhou)、金(jin)華(hua)等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民間心(xin)理(li)和(he)(he)(he)區(qu)域文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統,構成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)區(qu)域經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)不(bu)可或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)“遺(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)因(yin)子(zi)(zi)”。而(er)(er)衢(qu)州(zhou)、龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)雖有柯山(shan)、清獻(xian)、鳳梧(wu)等(deng)(deng)大書(shu)院,但這(zhe)些書(shu)院因(yin)循守舊,抱(bao)殘(can)守缺,也(ye)(ye)無一(yi)流(liu)名家學(xue)(xue)(xue)者,因(yin)此(ci)即便歷史上因(yin)緣際會(hui)(hui)(hui)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)大規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)(qun)體,也(ye)(ye)未能(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)之結(jie)合(he),產生充滿(man)活力的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),反(fan)而(er)(er)使浙西(xi)(xi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)承(cheng)受(shou)了(le)(le)(le)太多儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)家思想中(zhong)庸保守文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)沉重(zhong)負荷,使人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)思想和(he)(he)(he)行(xing)動受(shou)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)限制(zhi)(zhi),以至幾(ji)次與(yu)(yu)(yu)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)騰飛的(de)(de)(de)(de)契(qi)機(ji)錯失交臂。當(dang)前(qian),我市要(yao)(yao)從龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)衰落中(zhong)汲取(qu)經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)教訓,就(jiu)必(bi)須進一(yi)步(bu)強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氛圍(wei),以求縮小與(yu)(yu)(yu)省內(nei)發(fa)達地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)距,并爭取(qu)在(zai)(zai)同一(yi)梯度地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)中(zhong)占據優(you)勢。要(yao)(yao)堅持不(bu)懈(xie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)導入(ru)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)先進觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)和(he)(he)(he)相關知(zhi)識,在(zai)(zai)干部和(he)(he)(he)群(qun)(qun)眾(zhong)中(zhong)開展(zhan)(zhan)教育、培訓和(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播,以新觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)新知(zhi)識逐(zhu)步(bu)取(qu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)舊觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)。迫切需要(yao)(yao)強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)市場經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)識、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)全球(qiu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)識、現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)法制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)倫理(li)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)識、現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)道德(de)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)識等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),克服小農(nong)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)意(yi)識、封建主義殘(can)余意(yi)識和(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統計(ji)劃經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)意(yi)識。當(dang)全社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)真正形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)有利于(yu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)家生長的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)環(huan)境、體制(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)境、人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)環(huan)境之時,龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復興也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)為(wei)期不(bu)遠了(le)(le)(le)。
時光(guang)(guang)流(liu)逝,沖淡了(le)龍游商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)創(chuang)立的輝煌業績(ji),只(zhi)留下(xia)一個個散落在(zai)浙西大地(di)上(shang)的民居大院。難道作為后(hou)人的我(wo)們,只(zhi)能是(shi)綴串起這一個個珍珠,向(xiang)世(shi)人炫耀我(wo)們的祖上(shang)也曾(ceng)風光(guang)(guang)過就足了(le)嗎(ma)?什(shen)么時候才能重新迎來浙西新一代“商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)”的復興?這才是(shi)當前研究(jiu)龍游商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)歷(li)史的真實所(suo)在(zai)。
僻居于浙(zhe)西山(shan)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫在歷(li)史上曾經輝煌一時(shi),在明萬(wan)歷(li)時(shi)已(yi)有(you)(you)“遍地龍(long)游”之諺(參(can)見萬(wan)歷(li)《龍(long)游縣志》),與當時(shi)馳名的(de)(de)(de)“無(wu)徽不(bu)成鎮”、“鉆天(tian)洞庭”的(de)(de)(de)徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)蘇(su)商(shang)(shang)(shang)等(deng)并(bing)駕齊驅。其(qi)所以能在市(shi)場競爭中嶄(zhan)露頭角,是與它(ta)有(you)(you)著(zhu)良好的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業道德很有(you)(you)關(guan)系,聲譽良好,贏得了人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)信任。反之,也有(you)(you)些商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)欺詐(zha)造假,只能蒙(meng)騙一時(shi),不(bu)能長(chang)久立足(zu)于商(shang)(shang)(shang)壇。明代浙(zhe)江(jiang)人(ren)張應(ying)俞(yu)編著(zhu)了《杜騙新(xin)書(shu)》,列舉24類84則騙術,這就是明代中葉(xie)以來(lai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)壇上不(bu)誠信的(de)(de)(de)劣跡(詳見拙著(zhu)《明清時(shi)期商(shang)(shang)(shang)業及商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)書(shu)之研究(jiu)》下篇第6章。該書(shu)為《國學(xue)精粹叢書(shu)》的(de)(de)(de)一種,臺灣洪葉(xie)文化事業有(you)(you)限公司(si),1997年(nian)出版(ban))。
相比之下(xia),龍游商幫的誠實守信(xin)就(jiu)顯得非(fei)常(chang)可貴。龍游商人傅家來開設傅立宗紙號,非(fei)常(chang)注(zhu)重(zhong)產品(pin)的質(zhi)(zhi)量,精益求精,所造之紙,堅韌白凈,均(jun)勻(yun)齊整(zheng),比其他家的紙在同一件紙號中重(zhong)十(shi)多斤。造紙是多工序的生產流(liu)程(cheng),他為(wei)了保證質(zhi)(zhi)量,層(ceng)層(ceng)把關,嚴(yan)格檢驗,次品(pin)決不出售(shou)。產品(pin)暢銷大江南北,經(jing)久不衰。為(wei)了表示對用戶負責和維(wei)持良好的信(xin)譽,他的產品(pin)都統一加(jia)印
“西(xi)山傅立宗(zong)”印記。
姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大棉(mian)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)店(dian)以(yi)信譽(yu)(yu)著稱,冠為(wei)金(華)衢(州)嚴(州)三府第一(yi)家。自從胡筱漁接管以(yi)來,非(fei)常重(zhong)視(shi)信譽(yu)(yu),以(yi)誠(cheng)實守信教育每一(yi)位職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),多次提出(chu)要(yao)薄(bo)利(li)多銷,童叟無(wu)欺,決不二(er)價。為(wei)了(le)防止流(liu)通(tong)中有(you)(you)銀(yin)元(yuan)摻假(jia)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)顧客利(li)益(yi)(yi),特聘(pin)請(qing)了(le)三位有(you)(you)經驗的(de)驗銀(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong),嚴格檢驗,凡(fan)經過(guo)他(ta)(ta)店(dian)的(de)銀(yin)幣加(jia)以(yi)“姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大”印記,讓顧客放心(xin)。在(zai)經營中目光遠(yuan)大,不以(yi)短期行為(wei)來賺(zhuan)錢(qian),為(wei)了(le)信譽(yu)(yu),寧(ning)愿承擔暫時的(de)損(sun)(sun)失。有(you)(you)一(yi)次,他(ta)(ta)在(zai)海寧(ning)訂購了(le)7500匹(pi)石門布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),價值6萬銀(yin)元(yuan),在(zai)運輸(shu)過(guo)程中遭劫,這(zhe)(zhe)本不關姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大店(dian)的(de)事(shi),海寧(ning)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)商亦立即派人來龍(long)游處(chu)理此事(shi),主(zhu)動承擔損(sun)(sun)失,胡筱漁重(zhong)義疏(shu)財,當場償付了(le)對方6萬元(yuan)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)款,還再(zai)訂購了(le)7500匹(pi)棉(mian)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),并(bing)熱情款待(dai)海寧(ning)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)商。由于這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)義舉,姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)店(dian)信譽(yu)(yu)大增,遐邇聞名(ming),在(zai)以(yi)后(hou)的(de)經商活動中,凡(fan)碰到貨(huo)(huo)物緊俏時,海寧(ning)等地布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)商都首先滿足他(ta)(ta)的(de)貨(huo)(huo)源需求(qiu),全力支持他(ta)(ta)渡過(guo)難關。他(ta)(ta)對職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)以(yi)禮相待(dai),以(yi)誠(cheng)相待(dai),從不刻薄(bo),職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中年(nian)長(chang)者(zhe),以(yi)叔(shu)伯相稱,同(tong)輩(bei)以(yi)兄弟、晚輩(bei)以(yi)弟侄相呼(hu),平(ping)等待(dai)人。年(nian)終還發(fa)“紅利(li)壓歲錢(qian)”,春節賞每一(yi)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)匹(pi)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)代價的(de)獎(jiang)勵(li)金。以(yi)心(xin)比心(xin),誠(cheng)摯待(dai)人,職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)受感(gan)動,工(gong)(gong)(gong)作就更負責,保(bao)證(zheng)了(le)姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大的(de)良(liang)好運作。
大(da)絲綢商李汝(ru)衡(heng),商品販銷到湖廣十五郡(jun),幾乎壟斷了楚(chu)(chu)湘的絲綢市場。他(ta)職業道德良好(hao),待人寬(kuan)厚誠信,人望甚好(hao)。明(ming)代大(da)文(wen)人李維(wei)楨著文(wen)贊揚他(ta):“李十二汝(ru)衡(heng)者,越之(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)游人也。……至汝(ru)衡(heng)而資益拓,所(suo)居積綺縠纻(zhu)罽,遍四方之(zhi)(zhi)珍異,挽舟(zhou)轉轂(gu)以百數,所(suo)冠帶衣(yi)履,遍楚(chu)(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)十五郡(jun)。而善與時低昂,人或就之(zhi)(zhi)貰貸無所(suo)靳(jin),亦不責子錢,久乃或負(fu)之(zhi)(zhi),遂不復(fu)言。……楚(chu)(chu)人慕其(qi)誼,爭交歡汝(ru)衡(heng)。”(《大(da)泌山房集》卷68,《贈李汝(ru)衡(heng)序》)
龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)本(ben)是(shi)(shi)姑篾故(gu)國(guo)舊地(di),素有重(zhong)文化的傳統,詩書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)禮樂傳家(jia)(jia),耕(geng)讀遵禮,弦歌不(bu)(bu)絕。就是(shi)(shi)出為(wei)(wei)(wei)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)也不(bu)(bu)忘讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),故(gu)首選造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)業。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)新造(zao)之紙(zhi)(zhi)在明(ming)代(dai)已(yi)具名(ming)氣。明(ming)著名(ming)刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)(jia)余(yu)象(xiang)斗文臺(tai),他(ta)刻印(yin)(yin)(yin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍(ji)尤注重(zhong)用紙(zhi)(zhi),他(ta)品評全(quan)國(guo)著名(ming)紙(zhi)(zhi)品有徽(hui)歙紙(zhi)(zhi)(青光白滑(hua)冰翼凝霜,績溪龍(long)(long)(long)須(xu),西(xi)山觀(guan)音(yin)紙(zhi)(zhi)),江西(xi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(觀(guan)音(yin)蓮七紙(zhi)(zhi)),鉛山(奏本(ben))紙(zhi)(zhi)等(deng),而認為(wei)(wei)(wei)浙江衢紙(zhi)(zhi)尤勝,“連四紙(zhi)(zhi),開(kai)化縣(xian)有連三連四紙(zhi)(zhi)亦(yi)佳,只要白厚無粉者為(wei)(wei)(wei)妙。”“常山縣(xian)有榜紙(zhi)(zhi),并中(zhong)夾(jia)紙(zhi)(zhi)奏本(ben)紙(zhi)(zhi)次于(yu)鉛山。”龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)縣(xian)溪口鎮(zhen)是(shi)(shi)龐(pang)大(da)的造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)心兼銷售市場,紙(zhi)(zhi)商麕(jun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)。乾隆間閩(min)商林瓊茂(mao)來龍(long)(long)(long)擇(ze)地(di)上(shang)塘設坊造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi),傳至其孫(sun)林巨(ju)(ju)倫,已(yi)“積(ji)貲巨(ju)(ju)萬”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)商童(tong)佩,名(ming)噪一(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi),刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)販(fan)(fan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)大(da)江南北(bei),其父(fu)彥清,“最稱儒(ru)雅,不(bu)(bu)寢然諾。”幼時(shi)從父(fu)販(fan)(fan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)吳越(yue)(yue)間,“喜讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),手(shou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)帙,坐(zuo)船間,日夜不(bu)(bu)輟(chuo),歷歲久,流(liu)覽既富,所為(wei)(wei)(wei)詩風(feng)格清越(yue)(yue),不(bu)(bu)失古(gu)音(yin)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)文亦(yi)工善,尤善考證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫金石彝(yi)敦之屬。”王(wang)世(shi)貞稱其“藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)萬卷,皆其手(shou)所自(zi)校(xiao)者”,是(shi)(shi)著名(ming)藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)(jia)刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)(jia)。所刻之書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)質(zhi)量上(shang)乘,深受學者歡迎,時(shi)之名(ming)流(liu)碩儒(ru)王(wang)世(shi)貞、王(wang)穉登、歸有光引之座客,并為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)作序作傳。他(ta)本(ben)人有《童(tong)子(zi)鳴(ming)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》、《佩萸雜錄》、《九華游(you)(you)(you)記》、《南獄(yu)東岱詩》、與余(yu)湘合(he)纂《龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)縣(xian)志》等(deng)。刻印(yin)(yin)(yin)過(guo)《徐侍郎(lang)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》、《文房四譜(pu)》、《楊(yang)盈川集(ji)(ji)(ji)》等(deng)。他(ta)的學問深得名(ming)儒(ru)稱贊,胡應(ying)麟見(jian)其書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目曰:“所臚列經史子(zi)集(ji)(ji)(ji),皆犁然會心,令人手(shou)舞足蹈(dao)。”引為(wei)(wei)(wei)“子(zi)期”好友,王(wang)世(shi)貞更稱之為(wei)(wei)(wei)“千古(gu)是(shi)(shi)知音(yin)”。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)童(tong)氏(shi)是(shi)(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)香門第,業書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)者眾。如童(tong)富,“為(wei)(wei)(wei)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia)(jia),往來閩(min)粵吳中(zhong)貿(mao)遷,……為(wei)(wei)(wei)人坦(tan)夷樸茂(mao),樂善好施,……湖海之士,多嘖嘖稱之。”另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)位書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)胡貿(mao),承(cheng)父(fu)兄書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業,“往來賈(jia)(jia)(jia)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆及士人家(jia)(jia)”,也是(shi)(shi)有名(ming)的書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)。明(ming)代(dai)大(da)學問家(jia)(jia)唐(tang)(tang)順之荊川謙曰:“非貿(mao),則予事無與成”。與唐(tang)(tang)深交,胡死后(hou)唐(tang)(tang)曾贈棺以殮。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)望族余(yu)氏(shi)也是(shi)(shi)世(shi)代(dai)營印(yin)(yin)(yin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業,曾在江蘇太倉州婁縣(xian)開(kai)設書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆。“清初,龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)余(yu)氏(shi)開(kai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆于(yu)婁縣(xian),刊讀本(ben)四書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字畫無偽,遠近購買。”
上述(shu)僅(jin)是龍游商幫中(zhong)的幾個例子。龍游商人深(shen)受中(zhong)華傳統文(wen)化(hua)的熏(xun)陶,亦賈(jia)亦儒(ru),保持著良好(hao)的節操,以人品為重(zhong),注重(zhong)自身修養,有社(she)會責(ze)任感,誠信(xin)為本,終(zhong)于事(shi)業有成。歷(li)史的經驗值得(de)借鑒,發揚我國優秀的道德傳統,完善(shan)市場(chang)經濟條件下的職業道德,提倡人人誠信(xin),形成良好(hao)的社(she)會風氣,這(zhe)是我們(men)這(zhe)個時代的一(yi)項重(zhong)要工作。
點評:龍游商(shang)人"敢為天下先"的(de)精神和"海納百川"的(de)肚(du)量,是他們(men)良好的(de)經商(shang)心(xin)態(tai)的(de)反映。他們(men)雖然是出自一個偏僻之(zhi)地,既無官府支持,又無強(qiang)大的(de)宗(zong)族勢力作堅強(qiang)后盾(dun),但(dan)他們(men)卻能在強(qiang)手如(ru)林的(de)各(ge)大商(shang)幫中(zhong)崛起,自立于商(shang)幫之(zhi)林。
龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫是指以(yi)浙(zhe)江衢(qu)州府龍(long)游(you)縣為中(zhong)心的衢(qu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)集(ji)團,它(ta)萌發(fa)于南宋,興盛于明代(dai)中(zhong)葉,以(yi)經營珠寶業、販書業、紙張業著名(ming)。明萬歷(li)年間(1573—1602),它(ta)于徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)以(yi)及江右幫商(shang)(shang)(shang)人在(zai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)場中(zhong)角(jiao)逐(zhu),稱雄(xiong)一時,故有“遍地(di)龍(long)游(you)”之諺。它(ta)以(yi)一府一縣之地(di)為基礎,聚集(ji)了大量資金(jin),而成為中(zhong)國(guo)十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫之一,至清(qing)代(dai)逐(zhu)漸(jian)為寧紹商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫所替代(dai)。
主 要 行(xing) 業 銷(xiao) 售 范 圍 重要集鎮、代表商行(xing)或人物(wu)
1 紙 商(shang) 遠銷江蘇一帶 龍(long)游(you)溪口鎮是造紙和(he)紙張貿易中心
2 書 商 浙(zhe)江(jiang)、江(jiang)蘇(su)、河北(bei)及山東、京師 明(ming)代龍游書商、藏書家童佩
3 糧食商 毗鄰各省 龍游茶(cha)圩(wei)米市,年銷量1200萬噸
4 山貨商 全國及東南亞各國 胡(hu)同和號,年產各類油(you)10萬余(yu)斤
5 藥材商 毗鄰地區(qu) 龍游(you)縣城滋福堂藥店
6 絲綢(chou)棉(mian)布商(shang) 遠(yuan)銷湖廣一(yi)帶(dai) 龍游縣城(cheng)百年老(lao)店(dian)姜益(yi)大廣貨店(dian)
7 珠(zhu)寶商 最大市場在京師(shi) 一般單人(ren)匹(pi)馬經營
8 海外貿(mao)易商(shang) 日本、東南亞各國 海外走私貿(mao)易為主
9 邊貿商 遠銷(xiao)緬甸、印度 在云南姚安地(di)區墾(ken)荒經(jing)商
龍(long)游商幫經營行(xing)業頗(po)廣,有(you)山貨(huo)、紙、刻印販(fan)書、珠寶古(gu)董、長途販(fan)運、農業屯墾、礦冶等。
山貨(huo)業。皆為當地產品竹木茶油漆(qi)煙。清(qing)康(kang)熙年間(jian)龍游(you)縣志(zhi)記載(zai):“南(nan)鄉(xiang)稍有(you)竹木紙筍之利,可以(yi)貿易他郡……北鄉(xiang)則止有(you)桕油一項。”
造紙業(ye)。造紙多以作坊或工遺(yi)址龍(long)游北鄉古商(shang)道場(chang)形式(shi)生(sheng)產(chan),自產(chan)自銷(xiao),具有若干商(shang)業(ye)資(zi)本與產(chan)業(ye)資(zi)本相結合的生(sheng)產(chan)方式(shi)。溪口鎮是生(sheng)產(chan)和銷(xiao)售的中(zhong)心(xin)。該(gai)鎮:“其繁盛(sheng),乃倍于城(cheng)市焉。”
刻(ke)(ke)印販書(shu)(shu)業。龍游多產(chan)紙木,可刻(ke)(ke)印書(shu)(shu)籍,又有文(wen)化傳統(tong),一(yi)些文(wen)人學士(shi)放下架子,從事(shi)于刻(ke)(ke)印販書(shu)(shu)業以聚財(cai)。望族余(yu)氏,還在江蘇婁(lou)縣(xian)開設(she)書(shu)(shu)坊(fang)書(shu)(shu)肆,刊印讀本安畫,銷路很好(hao)。書(shu)(shu)販胡貿(mao)善錐(zhui)書(shu)(shu),經(jing)常和一(yi)些文(wen)人交往(wang)。明(ming)大(da)學者唐順之因愛書(shu)(shu),把(ba)胡貿(mao)引為座上客。他還說:“非(fei)貿(mao),則予(yu)事(shi)無與成。”把(ba)自己(ji)成就歸之于與胡貿(mao)的交往(wang)。
珠寶(bao)(bao)古董業。經營珠寶(bao)(bao)業一需(xu)有(you)雄厚資(zi)金,二(er)需(xu)有(you)鑒別觀賞能(neng)力(li),三(san)需(xu)有(you)進貨(huo)(huo)銷貨(huo)(huo)的渠道,四需(xu)有(you)能(neng)躲過被劫被盜的應變能(neng)力(li)。古書記(ji)載:“龍游(you)商(shang)賈,其所賈多明珠、翠羽(yu)、寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)、貓眼類較(軟(ruan))物。千金之貨(huo)(huo),只一身(shen)自赍京(jing)師、販(fan)絮(xu)、僧鞋、蒙戎、襤褸巨疽、膏藥內皆寶(bao)(bao)珠所藏,人(ren)(ren)無所知者。”可見龍游(you)商(shang)人(ren)(ren)不但有(you)雄厚的資(zi)金,還(huan)具有(you)較高文化和(he)應變能(neng)力(li),處事(shi)謹(jin)慎(shen),是不事(shi)張揚的實干商(shang)人(ren)(ren),
長途(tu)販運(yun)業(ye)。據(ju)王(wang)文祿《策樞》記載,龍(long)游(you)商人李汝(ru)衡,擁有(you)重資,常備百(bai)余輛(艘)車船運(yun)銷貨物,把絲綢(chou)遠銷到(dao)湖北一省十五(wu)郡(jun)之地(di),占領了全省銷售(shou)市場。明(ming)嘉靖年(nian)間捕獲的(de)走私貿(mao)易中(zhong),就有(you)龍(long)游(you)商人參(can)與其事。
礦冶業(ye)。據顧(gu)炎武《天下郡國利病書》中(zhong)記載(zai),有龍游人祝十(shi)八,聚礦工有數百人,在平(ping)洋銅塘、吳村一帶從事礦冶。龍游商幫肯吃苦,不畏艱辛(xin),不怕路遙道(dao)險(xian)。
他們足跡遍(bian)及全國(guo)各地,直至海外(wai)日本、呂宋(song)等地。如在明嘉靖年(nian)間,就(jiu)發現海外(wai)通商(shang)(shang)者(zhe)中有龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)。另外(wai),早于明成化元(yuan)年(nian)(1465)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)與(yu)江西(xi)安福商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)一起(qi),到(dao)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)姚(yao)安(今(jin)楚雄(xiong))從事屯(tun)墾,種植糧食(shi)和經(jing)濟作物。他們數萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)長(chang)途跋涉,克服了水土不服等困難,在云(yun)(yun)貴一帶從事經(jing)商(shang)(shang)墾荒,享有“天涯賈(jia)客”之(zhi)譽(yu),為我國(guo)西(xi)南(nan)的開(kai)發立下汗(han)馬功勞,至今(jin)云(yun)(yun)貴高原(yuan)還有許(xu)多龍(long)游人(ren)(ren)的后代。可(ke)以說(shuo)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫是中國(guo)歷史上(shang)西(xi)部(bu)開(kai)發的先(xian)驅之(zhi)一。
龍(long)(long)游商幫之所以名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)重(zhong)一(yi)時,還(huan)因(yin)為他們具有寬容、誠信等(deng)(deng)品性和良好的職業道德。如紙(zhi)商傅(fu)立(li)宗,紙(zhi)優價實,為保證質量,紙(zhi)品統加印“西山傅(fu)立(li)宗”字(zi)樣,從(cong)示信用。姜益大棉布(bu)號,特(te)聘(pin)了3名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)驗銀工(gong)(gong),凡(fan)經(jing)流通該店的通貨,皆加蓋印記,以示負(fu)責(ze)。滋福堂是著名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)藥店,以重(zhong)金(jin)延請名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)醫監(jian)制丸藥,配制成(cheng)藥準(zhun)確無誤(wu),分工(gong)(gong)細密,層層檢(jian)驗,要求藥工(gong)(gong)對顧客的健康(kang)負(fu)責(ze)。龍(long)(long)游商人從(cong)不排外,善待遷居來龍(long)(long)經(jing)商者,如經(jing)營、鹽(yan)、紙(zhi)等(deng)(deng)的徽州大商程廷柱率(lv)3個弟(di)弟(di)去龍(long)(long)游經(jing)商,很快融入龍(long)(long)游社會,所以龍(long)(long)游商幫中(zhong)就有閩、贛(gan)、徽諸商幫的成(cheng)員。
龍游商幫雖(sui)有輝煌的(de)(de)過去,但隨(sui)著交(jiao)通條件的(de)(de)變(bian)化,近代海(hai)洋文化的(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)起(qi)和海(hai)外貿易(yi)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan),它與(yu)徽(hui)商、晉商等(deng)(deng)幫一樣未能(neng)適應時代的(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan),逐漸衰落。到清道光年(nian)間,鴉片戰(zhan)爭以后(hou),寧(ning)(ning)波(bo)等(deng)(deng)地被(bei)辟為五(wu)口通商之埠,此時新興(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)上海(hai)、寧(ning)(ning)波(bo)、潮汕(shan)、廈漳等(deng)(deng)地商幫,取(qu)代了龍游等(deng)(deng)商幫。不(bu)過,龍游等(deng)(deng)商幫在(zai)歷史上的(de)(de)業(ye)績(ji)和經商道德,將永世(shi)不(bu)泯(min)!
龍(long)游商(shang)人初(chu)露(lu)頭角(jiao)于南宋,迨至(zhi)明代已(yi)蔚(yu)為大觀(guan),萬(wan)歷時已(yi)是(shi)“遍地龍(long)游”的(de)局面,分(fen)布于全國各大市場上。隆萬(wan)間任職知(zhi)縣的(de)萬(wan)廷謙就說“龍(long)丘之民,往往湖口于四方(fang),誦讀之外,農(nong)賈相半(ban)”。晚明時龍(long)游商(shang)人更(geng)是(shi)活躍,趨商(shang)者更(geng)眾。天(tian)啟時,“龍(long)游之民,多(duo)向天(tian)涯海角(jiao),遠行(xing)商(shang)賈,幾空縣之半(ban),而(er)居家(jia)耕種者,僅當縣之半(ban)。”至(zhi)康乾間,“其居家(jia)土著者,不(bu)過(guo)十(shi)之三四耳。”這當然是(shi)估計數,不(bu)能(neng)作準確(que)的(de)計量分(fen)析,但總的(de)趨勢是(shi)從嘉隆萬(wan)間龍(long)游商(shang)賈已(yi)遍布四方(fang),至(zhi)康雍乾間有增無減。
由于(yu)(yu)經(jing)商(shang)的(de)(de)成功,龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)遂(sui)把財富(fu)返回(hui)家(jia)鄉(xiang),并將(jiang)外地的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)尚也帶回(hui)龍(long)游(you),社會富(fu)庶,消費需求增長,人(ren)皆曰(yue)俗(su)之(zhi)侈(chi)靡(mi)已不可挽回(hui)。隆萬(wan)時(shi)陸瓚就說:“習(xi)尚昔固號儉嗇(se)也,今則(ze)日(ri)事于(yu)(yu)侈(chi)靡(mi)。”涂杰(jie)亦云:“服飾多(duo)用紗(sha)絹,器皿多(duo)用金銀,侈(chi)靡(mi)相高,已非一日(ri)。”“邑中(zhong)室廬(lu)往稱樸素(su),萬(wan)歷(li)中(zhong)葉漸(jian)以雕琢相高。”社會心理是(shi)羨(xian)慕奢華(hua),愿(yuan)向(xiang)生活(huo)水平高的(de)(de)地方看齊,競相仿(fang)效。萬(wan)歷(li)間已呈(cheng)“俗(su)侈(chi)靡(mi),尤效慕三吳之(zhi)豪”趨(qu)勢。生活(huo)穩定(ding)了,才有可能向(xiang)蘇杭侈(chi)靡(mi)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)尚仿(fang)效。從這一側面也折射(she)出龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)給龍(long)游(you)帶來經(jing)濟的(de)(de)富(fu)庶和社會生活(huo)的(de)(de)安定(ding)。風(feng)(feng)尚趨(qu)于(yu)(yu)侈(chi)靡(mi)是(shi)當時(shi)經(jing)濟社會進步的(de)(de)表(biao)征。
龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫與同時代其他(ta)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫相比,它最(zui)大特色(se)和優點乃是(shi)富于(yu)開拓精神,不畏(wei)艱險(xian),勇敢地邁出(chu)(chu)家門,走(zou)出(chu)(chu)山(shan)區,投向(xiang)廣闊的(de)(de)(de)天地,在闖蕩(dang)市場中,逐漸地揚(yang)棄了“安土重(zhong)遷”、“骨肉(rou)相附”的(de)(de)(de)情結(jie)。它是(shi)明清時代最(zui)早走(zou)向(xiang)西(xi)部開發的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)壇勁旅。大批離(li)開土地的(de)(de)(de)農民加入商(shang)(shang)(shang)賈行列,也有大批舍儒從商(shang)(shang)(shang)之徒,他(ta)們(men)“挾資以出(chu)(chu),守(shou)為恒業,即秦晉蜀滇萬里,視若比舍,俗有遍地龍(long)游(you)之諺。”
明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期經(jing)濟最發(fa)達(da)地(di)區(qu)是長(chang)江(jiang)三(san)角洲(zhou)(江(jiang)南)和(he)珠江(jiang)三(san)角洲(zhou)一帶,秦晉滇蜀(shu)西部地(di)區(qu)相對(dui)來說較(jiao)為后(hou)進,而(er)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫不(bu)嫌西部經(jing)濟不(bu)發(fa)達(da),生活艱苦,路途(tu)(tu)遙遠,行程險阻,以豪邁氣概視天涯海(hai)角若比(bi)鄰,無(wu)(wu)遠而(er)不(bu)屆,誠(cheng)為天涯賈客。龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)人李汝(ru)衡(heng),攜絲(si)綢經(jing)商(shang)(shang)于(yu)蜀(shu)楚(chu)。李維(wei)楨(zhen)記(ji):“李十二汝(ru)衡(heng)者,越之龍(long)游(you)人也(ye)。自其父鶴汀(ting)賈江(jiang)陵,迄(qi)今人與年蓋兩世矣。父子(zi)(zi)饒心計,趨時(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)失(shi)累。至汝(ru)衡(heng)而(er)資益拓,所居積綺縠(hu)纻(zhu)罽,窮四(si)方之珍異,車免舟(zhou)轉轂以百數(shu),所冠帶衣履,遍楚(chu)之十五(wu)郡。而(er)善與時(shi)(shi)(shi)低昂,人或(huo)就(jiu)之貰貸(dai)無(wu)(wu)所靳。……”童(tong)巨川偕其弟盛(sheng)川于(yu)嘉靖間,在(zai)(zai)(zai)“宣府大(da)同貿(mao)易(yi)邊庭,……厥后(hou)子(zi)(zi)若侄嗣其業(ye),資利(li)益饒。”童(tong)氏數(shu)代在(zai)(zai)(zai)宣大(da)做邊界貿(mao)易(yi)致(zhi)巨富。最可值得(de)大(da)書(shu)特書(shu)的(de)(de)是龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)人群體挺進大(da)西南滇省姚安等(deng)地(di)區(qu)開發(fa)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代交(jiao)通條件(jian)下,攜妻帶子(zi)(zi)千(qian)萬(wan)里跋涉至西南決非易(yi)事,非得(de)有(you)(you)數(shu)月始可抵達(da)。驅(qu)動(dong)他們長(chang)途(tu)(tu)跋涉行動(dong)并非胸懷開發(fa)西部的(de)(de)公益心,而(er)利(li)益驅(qu)動(dong)倒是其原動(dong)力(li)。因(yin)為在(zai)(zai)(zai)江(jiang)南華南中(zhong)(zhong)原等(deng)地(di)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)競爭已不(bu)容易(yi),施展(zhan)才(cai)能的(de)(de)空間畢(bi)竟(jing)有(you)(you)限(xian),他們獲悉滇省尚有(you)(you)大(da)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)前景,所以才(cai)毅然前往,足見龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫對(dui)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)信息還是靈通的(de)(de)。
明代成化(hua)元年就有大(da)批龍游商(shang)人(ren)偕同江(jiang)右商(shang)人(ren)(江(jiang)西安福)在(zai)云南邊陲姚安等府(fu)經(jing)商(shang),姚安即今楚雄彝族(zu)自治州一帶。語言不(bu)通(tong),生活習(xi)俗不(bu)同,自然還會(hui)有水土不(bu)服的困難,但是他們(men)能(neng)克服種種困難,準備長期生存下去,求得發展。他們(men)不(bu)是流民,而是有眼光有氣(qi)魄(po)的商(shang)賈,據官方史籍記(ji)載:
“成化元年(nian)(1465)十一(yi)月(yue)初七(qi)日禮部等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙(ya)(ya)門題為建言(yan)民(min)情(qing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)事,該(gai)湖廣布政(zheng)司等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙(ya)(ya)門右參議等(deng)(deng)(deng)官(guan)人等(deng)(deng)(deng)鄭序等(deng)(deng)(deng)建言(yan):……姚安(an)軍(jun)(jun)民(min)府(fu)(fu)陰陽(yang)學(xue)正木甘(gan)理言(yan)一(yi)件,禁約游(you)食,初見云(yun)南遠在(zai)(zai)萬里,各邊衛(wei)指府(fu)(fu)軍(jun)(jun)民(min)相參,山多(duo)田(tian)少,不(bu)通(tong)舟(zhou)車,近年(nian)雨水不(bu)調,五谷(gu)少收,米糧涌(yong)貴,過活艱難。有浙江江西(xi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)布政(zheng)司安(an)福龍游(you)等(deng)(deng)(deng)縣客商人等(deng)(deng)(deng)不(bu)下三(san)五萬人在(zai)(zai)衛(wei)府(fu)(fu)坐(生(sheng))理,偏處(chu)城市鄉(xiang)村(cun)屯(tun)堡安(an)歇(xie)(xie),生(sheng)放錢債(zhai),利上生(sheng)利,收債(zhai)米谷(gu),賤買貴賣,娶妻生(sheng)子,置買奴仆,游(you)食無度,二三(san)十年(nian)不(bu)回原(yuan)籍。……行(xing)云(yun)南按察司著落各衛(wei)府(fu)(fu)查(cha)勘所屬鄉(xiang)村(cun)屯(tun)堡城郭去處(chu),但有江西(xi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)處(chu)客民(min),不(bu)問(wen)從引新舊,盡數拿解(jie)原(yuan)籍當差,不(bu)許(xu)托故稽遲及窩藏隱蔽,連歇(xie)(xie)家人等(deng)(deng)(deng)一(yi)律治(zhi)罪,庶(shu)使(shi)邊食稍寬,奸弊斯革矣。前(qian)件云(yun)南按察司查(cha)究。”
這(zhe)節史(shi)料(liao)(liao)充分反映(ying)了龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)數萬人成群結隊來(lai)(lai)到(dao)了黔(qian)滇邊陲少數民族聚居(ju)地(di)(di)(di)從(cong)事(shi)于(yu)屯(tun)墾(ken)(ken)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),把(ba)(ba)(ba)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術帶到(dao)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan),他們(men)來(lai)(lai)到(dao)遠(yuan)離城(cheng)市“鄉村屯(tun)堡(bao)安(an)歇。”干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)(sheng)放(fang)(fang)錢(qian)債(zhai)(zhai),利(li)上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)利(li);收(shou)(shou)債(zhai)(zhai)米谷(gu),賤買貴賣”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。這(zhe)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)高利(li)貸收(shou)(shou)錢(qian)收(shou)(shou)谷(gu),即(ji)放(fang)(fang)青苗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa),利(li)用(yong)手(shou)頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雄厚(hou)資金進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行糧食買賣;另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)值(zhi)得(de)注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“置買奴(nu)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu),游(you)(you)食無度”這(zhe)一(yi)句(ju)話。可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屯(tun)墾(ken)(ken),即(ji)一(yi)地(di)(di)(di)一(yi)地(di)(di)(di)輪流(liu)(liu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)墾(ken)(ken)拓(tuo),利(li)用(yong)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)制(zhi)(zhi)吸收(shou)(shou)當地(di)(di)(di)閑散的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)力(li),以奴(nu)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)形(xing)式(shi)招募勞(lao)工(gong)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行大規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)屯(tun)墾(ken)(ken),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很有(you)(you)意(yi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),值(zhi)得(de)深入研究(jiu)。關(guan)(guan)鍵是(shi)(shi)(shi)“奴(nu)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)”系(xi)(xi)(xi)何種(zhong)(zhong)身(shen)(shen)(shen)份之(zhi)人,估計不(bu)會是(shi)(shi)(shi)具有(you)(you)很強人身(shen)(shen)(shen)隸(li)屬關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴(nu)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu),應是(shi)(shi)(shi)身(shen)(shen)(shen)份上(shang)自(zi)由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)勞(lao)動(dong)者。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人出(chu)錢(qian)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)他們(men),從(cong)事(shi)于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墾(ken)(ken)荒、耕種(zhong)(zhong)等勞(lao)務。在(zai)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)當地(di)(di)(di)就有(you)(you)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)婢從(cong)事(shi)家(jia)務或商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)上(shang)勞(lao)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形(xing),據康熙《龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)縣(xian)志》記(ji):“士庶(shu)之(zhi)家(jia),不(bu)能(neng)廣置婢仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu),仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)多傭(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong),婢則出(chu)市貿(mao)易,多白首不(bu)嫁以終其身(shen)(shen)(shen)。”從(cong)“仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)多傭(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong),婢則出(chu)市貿(mao)易”來(lai)(lai)看(kan),并(bing)無身(shen)(shen)(shen)份上(shang)隸(li)屬關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。也許他們(men)把(ba)(ba)(ba)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)也帶到(dao)云南(nan)邊陲農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)屯(tun)墾(ken)(ken)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)來(lai)(lai)。如(ru)果理(li)(li)解不(bu)錯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話,當是(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人已具有(you)(you)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)營理(li)(li)念,將土地(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)息資本來(lai)(lai)經營,以先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)技(ji)術提高生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力(li),采取農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)制(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)(lai)經營經濟作(zuo)物,把(ba)(ba)(ba)收(shou)(shou)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品再投放(fang)(fang)市場,這(zhe)無疑是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)新式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經營方(fang)(fang)式(shi),把(ba)(ba)(ba)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資本轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資本。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)大變(bian)革,具有(you)(you)轉(zhuan)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi),表(biao)示著(zhu)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌(meng)芽(ya)。過去在(zai)研討中(zhong)國(guo)封建社(she)會里資本主義(yi)萌(meng)芽(ya)時人們(men)較(jiao)普遍重視手(shou)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),礦冶業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)與雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌(meng)發(fa)(fa)(fa),也較(jiao)多著(zhu)眼于(yu)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)如(ru)江南(nan)以及(ji)大中(zhong)城(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)變(bian)革,對農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、對偏遠(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)區重視不(bu)足,今以龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)大西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實例(li)來(lai)(lai)看(kan),不(bu)能(neng)不(bu)注意(yi)到(dao)他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)等開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan),對融洽民族關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi),開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)邊疆地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟是(shi)(shi)(shi)很有(you)(you)意(yi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)近世歷史(shi)(明清)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)了起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超前行動(dong),表(biao)現了龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前衛意(yi)識和對西(xi)(xi)(xi)部開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻,可(ke)以說它是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)歷史(shi)上(shang)最早走向西(xi)(xi)(xi)部開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)驅者。由于(yu)缺乏輔證史(shi)料(liao)(liao),有(you)(you)待于(yu)再發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘新史(shi)料(liao)(liao),現在(zai)也只能(neng)做如(ru)此的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推論。
明中央政府(fu)及當地政府(fu)官(guan)員守舊(jiu)求穩,怕人口流動影響邊(bian)陲的社(she)會治安(an)和(he)糧食供(gong)應豐足,千方(fang)百(bai)計(ji)下令強制(zhi)回遷(qian)這(zhe)些在邊(bian)陲安(an)家(jia)落(luo)戶“二三十不回原籍”的商(shang)民(min),采用“拿解原籍當差”,這(zhe)實是很不明智的短視行(xing)為。官(guan)方(fang)行(xing)文(wen)如此(ci),到底(di)各級政府(fu)執行(xing)如何?未見下文(wen),估計(ji)龍(long)游(you)安(an)福商(shang)民(min)仍(reng)會“屯堡安(an)歇”、“娶(qu)妻生子”而長期“生理”下去(qu),今之滇省遺(yi)民(min),必有血(xue)脈繁衍的安(an)福龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人后(hou)裔(yi)。
商(shang)品、市場、商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye),信息是(shi)社(she)會(hui)經濟發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)重要(yao)杠桿之一(yi)(yi),明清時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)已(yi)初步(bu)意識(shi)(shi)到它(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)意義。他們(men)(men)利(li)(li)用(yong)自己稟(bing)賦的(de)(de)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)和才能,窺測市場,注重信息,挺(ting)身(shen)遠出(chu),躋身(shen)于(yu)收(shou)益大(da)(da)的(de)(de)珠寶業(ye)(ye)(ye)和海(hai)外貿易(yi)業(ye)(ye)(ye),憑借(jie)自身(shen)的(de)(de)優勢(shi),利(li)(li)用(yong)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)經營印(yin)書業(ye)(ye)(ye)。他們(men)(men)意識(shi)(shi)到社(she)會(hui)資(zi)源開發(fa)的(de)(de)價值(zhi),不辭萬里(li),融洽(qia)民(min)族關系(xi),“進軍”大(da)(da)西(xi)(xi)南,開發(fa)滇省姚安地區,采用(yong)雇傭制的(de)(de)方式經營邊陲的(de)(de)屯(tun)墾(ken)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。這是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種新(xin)的(de)(de)生產(chan)方式,是(shi)一(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)創造,表明了(le)(le)明清時(shi)代(dai)龍(long)(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)具(ju)有無遠不屆、天涯賈(jia)客的(de)(de)大(da)(da)無畏精神,也展(zhan)示(shi)了(le)(le)他們(men)(men)走(zou)在時(shi)代(dai)前頭,具(ju)有先進的(de)(de)理念(nian)。他們(men)(men)對(dui)西(xi)(xi)部的(de)(de)開發(fa),作出(chu)了(le)(le)歷史性(xing)的(de)(de)貢(gong)獻;它(ta)是(shi)中國歷史上真(zhen)正(zheng)開發(fa)西(xi)(xi)部的(de)(de)先驅者。
1.為商之道,仁信為本。商戰取勝,理(li)性致上。
2.一招(zhao)鮮,吃遍(bian)天。
3.敢(gan)想敢(gan)干,敢(gan)為人先。
4.財散人(ren)聚(ju)(ju),財聚(ju)(ju)人(ren)散;取(qu)之有道,用(yong)之歡樂。
5.多(duo)看則(ze)清,多(duo)聽則(ze)明,多(duo)思則(ze)準,多(duo)干(gan)則(ze)成(cheng)。
6.思(si)路決定(ding)財路,一(yi)切都是人為。
7.裁衣先(xian)量體,經商先(xian)摸底(di)。
8.不摸行(xing)情休開店(dian)。
9.常去(qu)同(tong)行看看,生意不會清(qing)淡。
10.貴中看(kan)賤(jian),賤(jian)中看(kan)貴。
11.先賣(mai)出手(shou),后買入手(shou)。
12.豐年紙(zhi)馬鋪,歉年糧食行。
13.兵以快勝,商(shang)以奇(qi)贏。
14.逆(ni)境(jing)看順境(jing),順境(jing)看逆(ni)境(jing)。順逆(ni)都來看,經商風險(xian)小。
15.貧賤莫尋親,富貴莫露財。
16.道由(you)天定(ding),事在(zai)人為(wei)。