明清(qing)時期由于商(shang)(shang)品經濟的(de)發展,商(shang)(shang)品流通領域(yu)擴大,商(shang)(shang)人十(shi)分活躍(yue),逐漸形成了商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。著名的(de)有徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)、晉(jin)商(shang)(shang)、江(jiang)右(you)幫(bang)、洞(dong)庭商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)、山(shan)東商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)、秦商(shang)(shang)、潮商(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)、龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)、寧(ning)波商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)等十(shi)大商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。
當(dang)徽商、晉商在商場(chang)爭雄(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),冷不防在浙江(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)南部崛起一個(ge)(ge)頗有(you)影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商幫(bang)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)歷(li)史(shi)上有(you)一個(ge)(ge)當(dang)年堪稱(cheng)國(guo)家級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)“幫(bang)派”,當(dang)然,這個(ge)(ge)大(da)“幫(bang)派”系明(ming)清時(shi)列全國(guo)十(shi)大(da)商幫(bang)之(zhi)(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商幫(bang)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商幫(bang)雖以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)命名(ming),但并非單指龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)一縣的(de)(de)(de)商人,而是實指浙江(jiang)(jiang)衢州府所屬龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)、常山縣、西(xi)安(今衢縣)、開化和江(jiang)(jiang)山五縣的(de)(de)(de)商人,其中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商人人數最多(duo),經商手段最為高明(ming),故冠以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商幫(bang)之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming),簡(jian)稱(cheng)“龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)幫(bang)”。
商幫的出現,是我國(guo)商品經濟發(fa)展的重要標志(zhi)。
在明(ming)中葉嘉(jia)靖(jing)、萬歷(li)年(nian)間(1522-1620),十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)中最活躍(yue)的是(shi)洞庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)、徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)和(he)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang),當(dang)時社(she)會上(shang)流傳著兩(liang)句諺(yan)語:“鉆天洞庭遍地徽(hui)”、“遍地龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)”。這(zhe)反映洞庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)、徽(hui)州商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)、龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)遍布全(quan)國并雄踞商(shang)(shang)(shang)界的事實。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)歷(li)史上(shang)為(wei)姑篾(mie)文化發祥(xiang)地,更是(shi)“入閩(min)要(yao)道(dao)(dao)”、“金衢處(chu)徽(hui)之(zhi)沖”,為(wei)古代(dai)重(zhong)要(yao)鹽道(dao)(dao)餉(xiang)道(dao)(dao),“通浙(zhe)(zhe)孔道(dao)(dao),饋餉(xiang)之(zhi)所必系(xi)”之(zhi)地,又(you)是(shi)浙(zhe)(zhe)皖閩(min)贛4省交通樞紐。明(ming)人(ren)(ren)徐復(fu)初說(shuo):“邑(龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you))當(dang)孔道(dao)(dao),舟(zhou)車所至,商(shang)(shang)(shang)貨所通,紛總(zong)填溢(yi)。”龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)農耕之(zhi)外(wai),借交通之(zhi)便,經商(shang)(shang)(shang)乃(nai)成謀生重(zhong)要(yao)手段,加之(zhi)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)社(she)會上(shang)素(su)不賤(jian)商(shang)(shang)(shang),頭(tou)腦活絡之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)多選經商(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)路。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)有豐富的資(zi)源,這(zhe)也為(wei)他(ta)們經商(shang)(shang)(shang)提(ti)供了物質條(tiao)件。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多山林竹木(mu)和(he)茶(cha)漆糧(liang)油等(deng),這(zhe)些(xie)土(tu)特產品成為(wei)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)最重(zhong)要(yao)的外(wai)貿商(shang)(shang)(shang)品。
當(dang)時(shi)的龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫,以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)主體,涵蓋了周圍衢(qu)州(zhou)(zhou)諸縣的商(shang)(shang)家(jia)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫的形成有一(yi)個(ge)(ge)漫長的過程(cheng)。它發軔于南宋,活躍于明中(zhong)(zhong)葉,至(zhi)(zhi)清乾隆(long)年(nian)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)鼎盛。宋室南遷后,建都杭(hang)州(zhou)(zhou),為(wei)(wei)了方(fang)便同長江沿岸抗(kang)金(jin)前(qian)線的聯(lian)系,官府修建了東起京城(cheng)杭(hang)州(zhou)(zhou),西接湘贛的官道。這條官道在龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)和壽昌交界的梅嶺關(guan)入龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)境,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)視此為(wei)(wei)大好(hao)商(shang)(shang)機,就把木材運到杭(hang)州(zhou)(zhou)銷(xiao)售(shou)。也(ye)有大商(shang)(shang)人(ren)到浙江外地經商(shang)(shang)致(zhi)富(fu),如龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)韋塘人(ren)朱世榮,“流(liu)寓常州(zhou)(zhou)致(zhi)巨富(fu),置產亙常州(zhou)(zhou)三縣之(zhi)(zhi)半(ban),后歸(gui)衢(qu)江古碼里,復大置產,當(dang)時(shi)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)財雄衢(qu)常二府。”到了明朝,一(yi)個(ge)(ge)以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心,帶動整個(ge)(ge)衢(qu)州(zhou)(zhou)地區商(shang)(shang)人(ren)們的流(liu)域性商(shang)(shang)業團體響(xiang)亮登場,他們在金(jin)衢(qu)盆地崛起,逐鹿中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan),遠征邊關(guan),漂洋出海,以(yi)“遍地龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)”的氣勢被(bei)人(ren)們稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)幫”。據史料記(ji)載(zai):明萬歷年(nian)間(jian),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)丘(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)民,往(wang)往(wang)糊口于四方(fang),誦讀之(zhi)(zhi)外,農賈(jia)相(xiang)半(ban)”。明天啟年(nian)間(jian),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)民,多(duo)向天涯海角,遠行商(shang)(shang)賈(jia),幾(ji)空縣之(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)。”如商(shang)(shang)人(ren)童(tong)(tong)巨川在嘉(jia)靖年(nian)間(jian)至(zhi)(zhi)宣府大同做邊貿生(sheng)意,“一(yi)往(wang)返旬(xun)月,獲利必倍,歲得數萬金(jin),自(zi)是(shi)兄弟更相(xiang)往(wang)來,垂20余年(nian),遂成大賈(jia)。”至(zhi)(zhi)清乾隆(long)年(nian)間(jian)童(tong)(tong)氏家(jia)族:“多(duo)行賈(jia)四方(fang),其居家(jia)土著者(zhe),不過十之(zhi)(zhi)三四耳。”
龍(long)游商幫不像(xiang)晉商手握巨資,經(jing)營票號,在(zai)金融(rong)市(shi)場上顯山露(lu)水;也不像(xiang)徽商壟斷鹽鹺,聲(sheng)名顯赫。龍(long)游商幫的(de)顯著特點是,埋頭(tou)苦(ku)干,不露(lu)聲(sheng)色(se),卻在(zai)珠寶古(gu)董業中獨(du)占(zhan)鰲頭(tou),又在(zai)印書刻(ke)書販書業中從事于文(wen)化傳播,還(huan)在(zai)海外貿易中插上一手,成為頗具(ju)實力的(de)一大商幫。
龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)雖(sui)地(di)處偏僻(pi),卻(que)有(you)著(zhu)開(kai)放的(de)心態,在觀念上也比較新(xin)潮。主要表現(xian)在兩(liang)個(ge)方面上,即(ji)投(tou)資(zi)上的(de)"敢為(wei)天下先"精神和“海(hai)納百(bai)川”的(de)肚量。明清(qing)時期,許(xu)多商(shang)(shang)人將經營(ying)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)所賺得的(de)資(zi)金(jin)用來購買土地(di)或者經營(ying)典當(dang)、借貸(dai)業(ye),以求(qiu)有(you)穩定的(de)收(shou)入(ru)。而龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)敏銳地(di)意識到(dao),要獲得更的(de)利(li)潤,必須(xu)轉(zhuan)向手工業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)和工礦(kuang)產(chan)業(ye)上。他們(men)果斷(duan)地(di)投(tou)入(ru)于(yu)紙業(ye)、礦(kuang)業(ye)的(de)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan),或者直接參與商(shang)(shang)品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan),使商(shang)(shang)業(ye)資(zi)本轉(zhuan)化為(wei)產(chan)業(ye)資(zi)本,給當(dang)時封建社會(hui)注入(ru)了帶有(you)雇傭關(guan)系的(de)新(xin)生(sheng)產(chan)關(guan)系。龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)人還不排斥外地(di)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)對本鄉的(de)滲(shen)透,并且(qie)相處友善,吸(xi)收(shou)外地(di)商(shang)(shang)人于(yu)己幫(bang)(bang)(bang),推進了龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)的(de)發(fa)展。
明清(qing)時期(qi)龍游商(shang)幫是當時活躍于(yu)商(shang)壇的中國十大商(shang)幫之一,它之所以能在與實力雄厚的徽商(shang)、晉商(shang)等競爭中獨(du)樹一幟,在珠寶業、墾拓業、造紙業和(he)(he)印書業中立于(yu)不(bu)敗(bai)之地(di),除(chu)了它有(you)開拓進(jin)取、不(bu)怕(pa)艱苦(ku)的精神和(he)(he)善于(yu)經營管理之外,恐(kong)怕(pa)與它具有(you)較高文化素養和(he)(he)誠實守信職(zhi)業道(dao)德有(you)著密切的關聯。
龍游商人在營商活動(dong)中,歷來看重(zhong)“財自道生(sheng)(sheng),利緣義(yi)取”“以儒術飾賈事”。主張誠信(xin)為本,堅守以義(yi)取利,是(shi)龍游商幫一(yi)(yi)以貫(guan)之(zhi)的(de)(de)儒商品(pin)(pin)格,也使(shi)其(qi)獲(huo)得了良(liang)好的(de)(de)市場信(xin)譽。從根本意(yi)義(yi)上(shang)說(shuo),將誠信(xin)作為經商從賈的(de)(de)道德規范,正(zheng)是(shi)龍游商幫獲(huo)得成功的(de)(de)要(yao)訣。龍游商人傅家來開設(she)傅立宗紙(zhi)(zhi)號,視產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量為企業立身之(zhi)本,精益求精,所造之(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi),質(zhi)量上(shang)乘,且比同行出(chu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)同一(yi)(yi)件紙(zhi)(zhi)號要(yao)重(zhong)十(shi)多(duo)斤(jin)之(zhi)多(duo)。他還從把握造紙(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)流(liu)程每個環節入手,嚴格檢驗,次品(pin)(pin)決不(bu)出(chu)售。產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)享譽大江(jiang)南北,歷久不(bu)衰。為了表示對用戶負責和維持良(liang)好的(de)(de)信(xin)譽,其(qi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)都(dou)統一(yi)(yi)加印“西山傅立宗”印記(ji)。
與龍游商(shang)幫誠實(shi)守信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職業道(dao)德(de)相比,我市信(xin)(xin)用環境卻長期不(bu)容樂觀(guan),少(shao)數企(qi)業和個(ge)人(ren)(ren)紅(hong)眼于(yu)周邊地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,心態浮躁,急(ji)功近利,甚至(zhi)不(bu)擇手(shou)段,前(qian)些年上街貿易大樓曾一(yi)度聚集眾多商(shang)貿私營公司(si),但多為(wei)(wei)(wei)“殺豬”公司(si),彼(bi)此(ci)間以(yi)騙取外(wai)地(di)(di)客商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨物為(wei)(wei)(wei)能事(shi);外(wai)地(di)(di)車子(zi)被我市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨運配(pei)載信(xin)(xin)息(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)心所騙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投訴也不(bu)絕于(yu)耳;我市銀行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)良資產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong),因企(qi)業“失信(xin)(xin)”而造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約占(zhan)45%;有關(guan)調(diao)查也表明,連衢(qu)州人(ren)(ren)對(dui)本(ben)地(di)(di)企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)用評價都(dou)已信(xin)(xin)心不(bu)足,普遍認為(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)省企(qi)業好(hao)于(yu)國(guo)外(wai)企(qi)業,省內其(qi)他市企(qi)業好(hao)于(yu)本(ben)市企(qi)業。在(zai)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背景下,龍游商(shang)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誠信(xin)(xin)精神,在(zai)我市尤其(qi)值得弘揚。信(xin)(xin)用衢(qu)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設,除(chu)了要繼續加大治理(li)力度之外(wai),內在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)教育也是極為(wei)(wei)(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)方面。儒家(jia)教化(hua)學說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)最為(wei)(wei)(wei)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian),就在(zai)于(yu)在(zai)實(shi)施教化(hua)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong),把社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)內化(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)覺(jue)行動。在(zai)這(zhe)方面,龍游商(shang)幫自(zi)覺(jue)地(di)(di)以(yi)儒家(jia)道(dao)德(de)觀(guan)念規(gui)范(fan)(fan)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)業行動,把信(xin)(xin)、誠作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)待人(ren)(ren)接物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)原則,無疑為(wei)(wei)(wei)我市經濟(ji)主體樹立了極好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)榜樣。
馳騁于(yu)商(shang)界(jie)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)(bang),其經營區域甚廣(guang),足跡遍及全(quan)國(guo)各地。史(shi)書記(ji)(ji)載:龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)商(shang)人“挾資以(yi)出守為恒(heng)業,即(ji)秦、晉、滇、蜀(shu),萬里視若比舍,俗有遍地龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游之諺”。明(ming)(ming)萬歷年間流(liu)傳的(de)“遍地龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游”之民諺,有力地說明(ming)(ming)了龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)與(yu)享有“鉆天洞庭”、“無徽不成(cheng)(cheng)鎮”等(deng)(deng)美譽的(de)洞庭商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)與(yu)徽州商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)一(yi)(yi)樣,都是明(ming)(ming)清(qing)時(shi)期稱雄(xiong)商(shang)界(jie)的(de)頗(po)有影響的(de)地域商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游幫(bang)(bang)商(shang)人大(da)多從(cong)事長途販銷活(huo)動,“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游之民多向天涯海角,遠行商(shang)賈”,不僅(jin)活(huo)躍在江(jiang)(jiang)南、北京、湖(hu)南、湖(hu)北和閩粵諸地,而且還一(yi)(yi)直深入到(dao)西(xi)北、西(xi)南等(deng)(deng)偏遠省(sheng)份。如據有關文(wen)獻記(ji)(ji)載:明(ming)(ming)成(cheng)(cheng)化年間,僅(jin)云(yun)(yun)南姚安(an)府(即(ji)今云(yun)(yun)南楚雄(xiong)彝族(zu)自(zi)治州西(xi)部)就聚集(ji)了浙江(jiang)(jiang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游商(shang)人和江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)安(an)福商(shang)人三五萬人。
龍(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)這種(zhong)開拓進(jin)取、不畏艱辛、不戀家土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)敬業(ye)(ye)精(jing)(jing)神,和當代(dai)溫(wen)臺(tai)地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)家精(jing)(jing)神本(ben)(ben)質上是一致的(de)(de)(de),溫(wen)臺(tai)地(di)(di)區(qu)農民(min)(農村剩(sheng)余勞動(dong)(dong)力(li))為(wei)(wei)尋(xun)求生路(lu),寧(ning)愿背井離鄉,在(zai)外(wai)面開闊了眼界和有(you)了微薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)積累之后(hou),他們便把自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)、知識、經驗及(ji)外(wai)界人(ren)緣等資源向(xiang)親朋好友擴散。溫(wen)臺(tai)經濟發(fa)展最(zui)初的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)動(dong)(dong)來自(zi)于民(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian),由(you)卑(bei)微又見多(duo)識廣的(de)(de)(de)民(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)能人(ren)推動(dong)(dong)、發(fa)動(dong)(dong)。遺(yi)憾(han)的(de)(de)(de)是龍(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)創業(ye)(ye)沖(chong)動(dong)(dong)卻未能上升(sheng)為(wei)(wei)浙西地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域(yu)人(ren)文精(jing)(jing)神,其可貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)精(jing)(jing)神最(zui)終仍(reng)淹沒于強勢農耕文化(hua)中(zhong)。到(dao)民(min)國(guo)時期,連(lian)龍(long)游本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)也幾乎全落(luo)入(ru)外(wai)地(di)(di)商(shang)人(ren)手中(zhong),“遍地(di)(di)龍(long)游之說”也漸成絕(jue)唱。當前,我市(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)大力(li)弘揚“龍(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)”的(de)(de)(de)走(zou)出去(qu)精(jing)(jing)神,一方面要(yao)(yao)(yao)繼續堅(jian)定不移地(di)(di)開展勞務輸(shu)出,讓廣大農村剩(sheng)余勞動(dong)(dong)力(li)在(zai)走(zou)出去(qu)中(zhong)接受市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)洗禮,涌現出越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)創業(ye)(ye)者(zhe)。另一方面在(zai)接受產業(ye)(ye)梯(ti)度轉移的(de)(de)(de)同時,還要(yao)(yao)(yao)大力(li)推動(dong)(dong)和支(zhi)持市(shi)(shi)內(nei)有(you)比較(jiao)優(you)勢、市(shi)(shi)外(wai)有(you)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)有(you)計劃、有(you)步驟地(di)(di)到(dao)外(wai)地(di)(di)辦廠,從而推動(dong)(dong)從產品到(dao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素、從資本(ben)(ben)到(dao)技(ji)術全面主動(dong)(dong)地(di)(di)進(jin)入(ru)國(guo)內(nei)外(wai)市(shi)(shi)場(chang),爭取更大的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。
明清(qing)時期,有(you)許多外(wai)籍(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)紛(fen)紛(fen)奔赴龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)寓(yu)居(ju)(ju)于(yu)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you),加入龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)行列,并(bing)把各(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗帶入到了龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)中,推(tui)進了龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。如(ru)(ru)徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)程廷柱在康(kang)熙年間(jian)曾率眾(zhong)在龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)有(you)典(dian)業和(he)田莊(zhuang);汪(wang)文俊在龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)有(you)鹽(yan)業。又如(ru)(ru)贛商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)周學錦在康(kang)熙年間(jian)從江(jiang)(jiang)西撫州趨利(li)業商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you),并(bing)定居(ju)(ju)于(yu)此。還(huan)如(ru)(ru)閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三(san)元戴(dai)馮氏(shi)、黃靜齋、池明英(ying)等都先后經(jing)(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)。清(qing)末至(zhi)民國時期,龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)縣籍(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)漸少,客籍(ji)居(ju)(ju)多,他們大(da)多來自浙江(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)遂(sui)昌、蘭溪、義烏、處(chu)州、紹興、寧波和(he)徽州府所(suo)屬各(ge)縣,以及江(jiang)(jiang)西、福建等省。由此可(ke)見,龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)群體融合了徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、粵(yue)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、蘇商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、浙商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和(he)贛商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)等外(wai)地(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成基于(yu)血(xue)緣地(di)緣關系,本質上具有(you)排他性,但他們卻能容納其他商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)融入,足可(ke)見其胸襟的(de)(de)(de)寬大(da)。
然(ran)而(er)隨(sui)著龍游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沒(mei)落,這方曾經如此大(da)(da)氣十足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土地(di)(di)(di),反(fan)而(er)漸生(sheng)一種(zhong)“排(pai)外(wai)”情結。很難想象,前(qian)些(xie)年(nian)(nian)在(zai)龍游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)源(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)會發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)因眼紅外(wai)地(di)(di)(di)布商(shang)(shang)物美價廉,而(er)引(yin)發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哄搶(qiang)布匹(pi)事件。去年(nian)(nian)投(tou)資環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一項調查也(ye)表明(ming),大(da)(da)多數(shu)經濟(ji)主體有(you)看(kan)到、聽到過(guo)或有(you)過(guo)受本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)(di)人(ren)欺(qi)騙壓制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺(jue)。證實(shi)了(le)衢州人(ren)有(you)較(jiao)濃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)外(wai)傾向。這些(xie)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐證明(ming),我市要加快發(fa)(fa)展,就必須承接龍游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開放(fang)胸襟(jin),真正培育(yu)出兼容并(bing)蓄(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城市精神。要廣為吸(xi)(xi)納來(lai)(lai)自(zi)于海(hai)內(nei)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術、資本(ben)(ben)、管理(li)、人(ren)才等各種(zhong)資源(yuan)和生(sheng)產(chan)要素(su),吸(xi)(xi)收當今最先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展理(li)念、思(si)想觀(guan)念,為我市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展服務,培育(yu)衢州人(ren)友好親善、大(da)(da)度包容、海(hai)納百(bai)川的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胸懷(huai)。在(zai)加強(qiang)本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)(di)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,要引(yin)導他們向外(wai)來(lai)(lai)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)家學習,使他們開闊視野,增長才干,克服小富即安、不思(si)進取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小農意識,進一步做(zuo)大(da)(da)做(zuo)強(qiang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。
后人(ren)(ren)(ren)在嘆(tan)惋龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)如此(ci)行色(se)匆(cong)匆(cong)地(di)(di)消(xiao)失(shi)于(yu)歷史(shi)舞臺時,多(duo)(duo)把原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)歸結(jie)為(wei)當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交通變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)及(ji)戰亂。然(ran)而外在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)并(bing)(bing)非(fei)(fei)根本,如二戰過后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德、日兩國仍然(ran)能(neng)(neng)于(yu)滿(man)(man)目(mu)瘡夷(yi)中復興(xing);溫臺地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)傳(chuan)統(tong)雖幾(ji)經抑制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卻(que)是(shi)(shi)“春風吹又(you)生”。區(qu)域經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)遠發(fa)展歸根到(dao)底靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)源(yuan)遠流(liu)(liu)(liu)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)統(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)底蘊。儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)氛(fen)圍(wei)中崛(jue)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang),有(you)(you)著較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水準,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)當時眾多(duo)(duo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)區(qu)別。明代(dai)與(yu)(yu)唐寅(伯虎)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)征明齊名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)代(dai)名士(shi)李維楨,即專為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)李汝衡立傳(chuan),題為(wei)《贈李汝衡序》;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)童佩(pei)、胡貿也(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)一(yi)代(dai)名士(shi)王世貞、歸有(you)(you)光等(deng)(deng)成(cheng)莫逆之(zhi)交。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)這(zhe)些清高(gao)自(zi)許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名士(shi)結(jie)交,若非(fei)(fei)氣(qi)質相近(jin)是(shi)(shi)很難解釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)“賈(jia)而好儒(ru)”之(zhi)風可(ke)見(jian)一(yi)斑。然(ran)而文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)優(you)勢(shi)能(neng)(neng)助龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)成(cheng)就一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)奇跡,接(jie)下(xia)來,傳(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桎梏卻(que)注(zhu)定龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)走不了(le)(le)(le)(le)太遠。地(di)(di)處南(nan)(nan)宗儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)中心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浙西地(di)(di)區(qu),歷代(dai)方(fang)志在記(ji)述商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)時,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)低調處理。浙西人(ren)(ren)(ren)從(cong)內(nei)心(xin)深(shen)處鄙視(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren),主(zhu)要(yao)表現在兩個(ge)方(fang)面(mian),一(yi)是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)農抑商(shang)(shang)(shang),二是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)仕輕商(shang)(shang)(shang)。在這(zhe)樣具有(you)(you)很強宗法色(se)彩(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)配下(xia),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)始終未(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)培植出對商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)忠心(xin)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)中從(cong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)而終的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極少,多(duo)(duo)數人(ren)(ren)(ren)無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)發(fa)了(le)(le)(le)(le)家(jia)或(huo)是(shi)(shi)賠了(le)(le)(le)(le)本,最(zui)終還是(shi)(shi)葉(xie)落歸根,返回到(dao)以農為(wei)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老路上(shang)來。一(yi)些富有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)把精力和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)財產(chan)投入(ru)官(guan)場競逐(zhu);或(huo)如龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)葉(xie)氏(shi)家(jia)族(zu)將經商(shang)(shang)(shang)所得巨資悉數投入(ru)葉(xie)氏(shi)建筑群(qun),而很少有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)去(qu)投資產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)擴(kuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)再生產(chan)。而值(zhi)(zhi)得深(shen)思(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),同樣受南(nan)(nan)宗儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)滋養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫州(zhou)(zhou)、金(jin)華等(deng)(deng)浙東南(nan)(nan)地(di)(di)區(qu),卻(que)批判地(di)(di)繼承了(le)(le)(le)(le)朱子(zi)理學(xue)(xue),形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)有(you)(you)別于(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)儒(ru)家(jia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)——“永(yong)嘉學(xue)(xue)派”和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)“金(jin)華呂學(xue)(xue)”、“永(yong)康之(zhi)學(xue)(xue)”等(deng)(deng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)派。文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)統(tong)決(jue)定人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)(zhi)選擇(ze),“永(yong)嘉學(xue)(xue)派”“金(jin)華呂學(xue)(xue)”講究實(shi)效、注(zhu)重(zhong)功利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想及(ji)其價值(zhi)(zhi)取(qu)向(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)逐(zhu)利追(zhui)求,又(you)有(you)(you)力地(di)(di)塑造(zao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)了(le)(le)(le)(le)溫州(zhou)(zhou)、金(jin)華等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民間心(xin)理和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)區(qu)域文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)統(tong),構成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)區(qu)域經濟(ji)發(fa)展中不可(ke)或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“遺(yi)傳(chuan)因(yin)(yin)子(zi)”。而衢州(zhou)(zhou)、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)雖有(you)(you)柯山、清獻、鳳梧等(deng)(deng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)書院,但這(zhe)些書院因(yin)(yin)循守(shou)舊,抱殘(can)守(shou)缺,也(ye)(ye)無(wu)一(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)名家(jia)學(xue)(xue)者,因(yin)(yin)此(ci)即便(bian)歷史(shi)上(shang)因(yin)(yin)緣際會(hui)(hui)出現了(le)(le)(le)(le)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)這(zhe)樣大(da)(da)(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)體,也(ye)(ye)未(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)結(jie)合,產(chan)生充滿(man)(man)活力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),反而使(shi)浙西地(di)(di)區(qu)承受了(le)(le)(le)(le)太多(duo)(duo)儒(ru)家(jia)思(si)想中庸保守(shou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉(chen)重(zhong)負荷(he),使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)行動(dong)受到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以至幾(ji)次與(yu)(yu)經濟(ji)騰飛(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)契(qi)機錯失(shi)交臂。當前(qian),我市要(yao)從(cong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰落中汲(ji)取(qu)經驗教(jiao)訓,就必須進(jin)一(yi)步強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現代(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氛(fen)圍(wei),以求縮小(xiao)與(yu)(yu)省內(nei)發(fa)達(da)地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)距,并(bing)(bing)爭取(qu)在同一(yi)梯(ti)度地(di)(di)區(qu)中占據優(you)勢(shi)。要(yao)堅持不懈地(di)(di)導入(ru)現代(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)相關知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi),在干(gan)部和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)群(qun)眾中開展教(jiao)育、培訓和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)播,以新觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)新知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)逐(zhu)步取(qu)代(dai)舊觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)。迫切(qie)需要(yao)強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現代(dai)市場經濟(ji)觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)、經濟(ji)全(quan)球化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)、現代(dai)社(she)會(hui)(hui)法制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)經濟(ji)倫理觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)、現代(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)道德觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),克服小(xiao)農經濟(ji)意(yi)(yi)識(shi)、封建主(zhu)義殘(can)余意(yi)(yi)識(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)統(tong)計劃經濟(ji)意(yi)(yi)識(shi)。當全(quan)社(she)會(hui)(hui)真正形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)有(you)(you)利于(yu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)家(jia)生長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)、體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)之(zhi)時,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復興(xing)也(ye)(ye)就為(wei)期(qi)不遠了(le)(le)(le)(le)。
時光流(liu)逝(shi),沖淡了(le)龍(long)游商(shang)幫創(chuang)立的(de)(de)輝煌(huang)業績,只(zhi)留(liu)下一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)(ge)散落在浙西大地上的(de)(de)民居大院。難(nan)道作為(wei)后人的(de)(de)我們,只(zhi)能是綴串起這一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)(ge)珍珠(zhu),向世人炫耀(yao)我們的(de)(de)祖(zu)上也曾風光過就足了(le)嗎?什么時候才能重新迎(ying)來浙西新一(yi)代“商(shang)幫”的(de)(de)復興?這才是當前研究龍(long)游商(shang)幫歷史(shi)的(de)(de)真(zhen)實所在。
僻居于浙西山區的(de)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫在歷(li)(li)史(shi)上曾經(jing)輝煌(huang)一時(shi)(shi),在明(ming)萬歷(li)(li)時(shi)(shi)已有“遍(bian)地(di)龍(long)游(you)”之(zhi)諺(參見萬歷(li)(li)《龍(long)游(you)縣志》),與當時(shi)(shi)馳(chi)名的(de)“無(wu)徽不(bu)成鎮(zhen)”、“鉆天洞(dong)庭”的(de)徽商(shang)(shang)蘇商(shang)(shang)等并駕齊(qi)驅。其所(suo)以(yi)(yi)能(neng)(neng)在市場(chang)競爭中嶄露(lu)頭角,是與它有著良(liang)好的(de)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)道德很(hen)有關系,聲譽良(liang)好,贏(ying)得了(le)人(ren)們(men)的(de)信(xin)(xin)任。反之(zhi),也有些商(shang)(shang)人(ren)欺詐造假,只能(neng)(neng)蒙騙(pian)一時(shi)(shi),不(bu)能(neng)(neng)長久立足于商(shang)(shang)壇(tan)(tan)。明(ming)代浙江人(ren)張應俞編著了(le)《杜騙(pian)新書(shu)(shu)》,列舉24類84則騙(pian)術,這就是明(ming)代中葉以(yi)(yi)來商(shang)(shang)壇(tan)(tan)上不(bu)誠信(xin)(xin)的(de)劣跡(詳見拙著《明(ming)清時(shi)(shi)期(qi)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)及商(shang)(shang)人(ren)書(shu)(shu)之(zhi)研究》下篇第6章。該書(shu)(shu)為《國學精(jing)粹(cui)叢書(shu)(shu)》的(de)一種,臺灣洪葉文(wen)化事業(ye)有限公司,1997年出(chu)版)。
相比之(zhi)下(xia),龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫的(de)誠實守信就顯(xian)得非常(chang)可貴。龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人傅家(jia)來開設傅立宗紙(zhi)(zhi)號(hao),非常(chang)注重產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)質(zhi)量,精(jing)益(yi)求(qiu)精(jing),所造(zao)之(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi),堅韌白凈,均勻齊整,比其(qi)他(ta)家(jia)的(de)紙(zhi)(zhi)在同一(yi)件紙(zhi)(zhi)號(hao)中重十多斤。造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)是多工序(xu)的(de)生產(chan)(chan)流程,他(ta)為了保證質(zhi)量,層層把(ba)關,嚴(yan)格檢驗,次品(pin)(pin)決(jue)不(bu)出(chu)售。產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)暢銷大江南北(bei),經(jing)久不(bu)衰。為了表示對用戶負(fu)責和(he)維(wei)持良(liang)好(hao)的(de)信譽,他(ta)的(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)都(dou)統一(yi)加印
“西山(shan)傅立宗”印記(ji)。
姜(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)大(da)棉布店(dian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)信(xin)譽(yu)(yu)著稱,冠(guan)為(wei)金(華(hua))衢(qu)(州(zhou))嚴(yan)(州(zhou))三(san)府(fu)第一(yi)家。自從胡筱漁接管以(yi)(yi)(yi)來,非常重視信(xin)譽(yu)(yu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)誠(cheng)(cheng)實守(shou)信(xin)教育每一(yi)位職(zhi)工(gong),多次(ci)(ci)提出(chu)要薄利多銷(xiao),童叟無欺,決不(bu)二價。為(wei)了(le)(le)防止流通中(zhong)有(you)銀元(yuan)(yuan)摻假(jia)損(sun)害顧(gu)客(ke)利益(yi),特聘(pin)請了(le)(le)三(san)位有(you)經(jing)驗的驗銀工(gong),嚴(yan)格檢驗,凡經(jing)過他店(dian)的銀幣加以(yi)(yi)(yi)“姜(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)大(da)”印記,讓顧(gu)客(ke)放(fang)心(xin)。在經(jing)營中(zhong)目光遠大(da),不(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)短期行為(wei)來賺錢(qian),為(wei)了(le)(le)信(xin)譽(yu)(yu),寧(ning)愿承擔(dan)暫時的損(sun)失(shi)。有(you)一(yi)次(ci)(ci),他在海(hai)寧(ning)訂購了(le)(le)7500匹石門布,價值6萬(wan)銀元(yuan)(yuan),在運輸過程中(zhong)遭(zao)劫,這本不(bu)關姜(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)大(da)店(dian)的事(shi),海(hai)寧(ning)布商亦(yi)立即派(pai)人來龍游處理此事(shi),主動承擔(dan)損(sun)失(shi),胡筱漁重義(yi)疏財,當場償付(fu)了(le)(le)對方6萬(wan)元(yuan)(yuan)布款,還(huan)再(zai)訂購了(le)(le)7500匹棉布,并熱(re)情款待(dai)海(hai)寧(ning)布商。由于這一(yi)義(yi)舉,姜(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)大(da)布店(dian)信(xin)譽(yu)(yu)大(da)增,遐(xia)邇聞名,在以(yi)(yi)(yi)后的經(jing)商活動中(zhong),凡碰到貨物緊俏時,海(hai)寧(ning)等地布商都首先滿足(zu)他的貨源需求,全(quan)力支持他渡過難關。他對職(zhi)工(gong)也以(yi)(yi)(yi)禮相(xiang)待(dai),以(yi)(yi)(yi)誠(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)待(dai),從不(bu)刻薄,職(zhi)工(gong)中(zhong)年長者,以(yi)(yi)(yi)叔伯相(xiang)稱,同輩以(yi)(yi)(yi)兄(xiong)弟、晚輩以(yi)(yi)(yi)弟侄相(xiang)呼(hu),平等待(dai)人。年終還(huan)發“紅(hong)利壓歲錢(qian)”,春節賞每一(yi)職(zhi)工(gong)一(yi)匹布代價的獎勵(li)金。以(yi)(yi)(yi)心(xin)比(bi)心(xin),誠(cheng)(cheng)摯(zhi)待(dai)人,職(zhi)工(gong)受感(gan)動,工(gong)作就(jiu)更(geng)負責(ze),保證了(le)(le)姜(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)大(da)的良(liang)好運作。
大(da)絲(si)綢(chou)商李汝(ru)(ru)衡(heng),商品販(fan)銷到湖(hu)廣十(shi)五郡,幾乎壟斷(duan)了楚湘(xiang)的絲(si)綢(chou)市(shi)場。他職(zhi)業(ye)道德良好,待人(ren)寬厚誠信,人(ren)望甚(shen)好。明代大(da)文人(ren)李維楨(zhen)著文贊揚他:“李十(shi)二(er)汝(ru)(ru)衡(heng)者(zhe),越之(zhi)龍游人(ren)也。……至汝(ru)(ru)衡(heng)而資益拓,所(suo)居積綺縠纻罽,遍(bian)四方(fang)之(zhi)珍異(yi),挽(wan)舟轉(zhuan)轂以百數,所(suo)冠(guan)帶衣履(lv),遍(bian)楚之(zhi)十(shi)五郡。而善與時低昂,人(ren)或(huo)就之(zhi)貰貸無所(suo)靳,亦(yi)不責子(zi)錢,久乃或(huo)負之(zhi),遂不復言。……楚人(ren)慕其誼,爭交歡汝(ru)(ru)衡(heng)。”(《大(da)泌山房(fang)集(ji)》卷68,《贈李汝(ru)(ru)衡(heng)序(xu)》)
龍(long)游(you)本(ben)(ben)(ben)是姑(gu)篾故(gu)國舊地(di),素有(you)(you)重文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)統,詩(shi)(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)禮樂傳(chuan)家,耕(geng)讀(du)遵禮,弦歌不(bu)絕。就是出為(wei)(wei)賈也(ye)不(bu)忘讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),故(gu)首選造紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍為(wei)(wei)業。龍(long)游(you)新造之(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在明(ming)代(dai)已具名(ming)(ming)氣。明(ming)著名(ming)(ming)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家余象斗文(wen)(wen)臺,他(ta)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)印(yin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍尤注重用紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),他(ta)品評(ping)全國著名(ming)(ming)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品有(you)(you)徽歙紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(青光白(bai)滑冰翼(yi)凝(ning)霜(shuang),績溪龍(long)須,西山(shan)(shan)觀(guan)音紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)),江西紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(觀(guan)音蓮七紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)),鉛(qian)山(shan)(shan)(奏本(ben)(ben)(ben))紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng),而認為(wei)(wei)浙江衢(qu)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尤勝,“連四(si)(si)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),開(kai)化(hua)縣(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)連三連四(si)(si)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亦佳,只要白(bai)厚無(wu)(wu)粉者(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)妙(miao)。”“常山(shan)(shan)縣(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)榜紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),并中夾紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奏本(ben)(ben)(ben)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次于鉛(qian)山(shan)(shan)。”龍(long)游(you)縣(xian)(xian)溪口鎮(zhen)是龐大的(de)(de)造紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中心兼銷售市(shi)場,紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)商麕(jun)集(ji)。乾隆(long)間(jian)閩(min)商林瓊茂來(lai)龍(long)擇(ze)地(di)上塘設坊(fang)造紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),傳(chuan)至其孫林巨倫,已“積(ji)貲巨萬”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)商童佩,名(ming)(ming)噪一(yi)(yi)時,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)大江南(nan)北,其父彥清,“最(zui)稱(cheng)(cheng)儒雅,不(bu)寢然(ran)諾。”幼時從父販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)吳越間(jian),“喜(xi)讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),手(shou)一(yi)(yi)帙,坐(zuo)船間(jian),日夜(ye)不(bu)輟,歷歲久(jiu),流覽既富(fu),所(suo)為(wei)(wei)詩(shi)(shi)風格清越,不(bu)失古(gu)音。為(wei)(wei)他(ta)文(wen)(wen)亦工(gong)善,尤善考(kao)證書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫(hua)金石彝敦(dun)之(zhi)屬。”王(wang)世貞稱(cheng)(cheng)其“藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)萬卷,皆其手(shou)所(suo)自(zi)校者(zhe)(zhe)”,是著名(ming)(ming)藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家刻(ke)(ke)(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家。所(suo)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)之(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)質(zhi)量(liang)上乘,深(shen)受(shou)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)歡(huan)迎,時之(zhi)名(ming)(ming)流碩儒王(wang)世貞、王(wang)穉登(deng)、歸(gui)有(you)(you)光引之(zhi)座(zuo)客,并為(wei)(wei)他(ta)作序作傳(chuan)。他(ta)本(ben)(ben)(ben)人有(you)(you)《童子鳴集(ji)》、《佩萸雜錄》、《九華(hua)游(you)記(ji)》、《南(nan)獄東(dong)岱詩(shi)(shi)》、與余湘合纂《龍(long)游(you)縣(xian)(xian)志》等(deng)(deng)。刻(ke)(ke)(ke)印(yin)過《徐侍郎集(ji)》、《文(wen)(wen)房四(si)(si)譜(pu)》、《楊盈川集(ji)》等(deng)(deng)。他(ta)的(de)(de)學(xue)問(wen)深(shen)得(de)名(ming)(ming)儒稱(cheng)(cheng)贊,胡(hu)應麟(lin)見(jian)其書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目曰:“所(suo)臚(lu)列經(jing)史子集(ji),皆犁然(ran)會心,令人手(shou)舞足蹈。”引為(wei)(wei)“子期”好友(you),王(wang)世貞更稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“千古(gu)是知音”。龍(long)游(you)童氏是書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)香門第,業書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈者(zhe)(zhe)眾。如(ru)童富(fu),“為(wei)(wei)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈,往(wang)來(lai)閩(min)粵吳中貿遷,……為(wei)(wei)人坦夷樸茂,樂善好施,……湖海之(zhi)士,多嘖嘖稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)。”另一(yi)(yi)位書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈胡(hu)貿,承父兄書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業,“往(wang)來(lai)賈書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆及士人家”,也(ye)是有(you)(you)名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈。明(ming)代(dai)大學(xue)問(wen)家唐(tang)順之(zhi)荊(jing)川謙(qian)曰:“非貿,則予事無(wu)(wu)與成”。與唐(tang)深(shen)交,胡(hu)死后唐(tang)曾贈棺以殮。龍(long)游(you)望(wang)族余氏也(ye)是世代(dai)營印(yin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業,曾在江蘇太倉(cang)州婁(lou)縣(xian)(xian)開(kai)設書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆。“清初(chu),龍(long)游(you)余氏開(kai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆于婁(lou)縣(xian)(xian),刊讀(du)本(ben)(ben)(ben)四(si)(si)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字畫(hua)無(wu)(wu)偽,遠近購(gou)買(mai)。”
上(shang)述僅是(shi)(shi)龍游商幫中的(de)(de)幾個例子。龍游商人(ren)(ren)(ren)深(shen)受(shou)中華傳統文化的(de)(de)熏陶,亦賈亦儒,保持著(zhu)良(liang)好的(de)(de)節操,以人(ren)(ren)(ren)品為重,注重自身修(xiu)養(yang),有社(she)會(hui)責任感(gan),誠信為本,終于事(shi)業有成(cheng)。歷(li)史的(de)(de)經驗值得借鑒,發揚我(wo)國優秀(xiu)的(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)傳統,完善市場經濟條件下的(de)(de)職業道(dao)德(de),提倡(chang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)誠信,形(xing)成(cheng)良(liang)好的(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)風氣,這是(shi)(shi)我(wo)們這個時(shi)代的(de)(de)一項重要(yao)工作(zuo)。
點評:龍游商人"敢(gan)為天下先"的精神和"海納百(bai)川"的肚量,是他們良好的經商心態(tai)的反映。他們雖然是出自一個偏僻(pi)之地(di),既(ji)無官府支持,又無強大的宗(zong)族(zu)勢力作(zuo)堅(jian)強后(hou)盾,但他們卻能在強手如林(lin)的各大商幫(bang)中崛起(qi),自立于商幫(bang)之林(lin)。
龍游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫是指以(yi)(yi)浙(zhe)江衢州府(fu)龍游縣(xian)為(wei)中(zhong)心的衢商(shang)(shang)(shang)集團,它萌發于(yu)南(nan)宋,興盛于(yu)明(ming)代(dai)中(zhong)葉,以(yi)(yi)經營珠寶業(ye)(ye)、販書(shu)業(ye)(ye)、紙張業(ye)(ye)著名。明(ming)萬歷年間(1573—1602),它于(yu)徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉(jin)商(shang)(shang)(shang)以(yi)(yi)及江右(you)幫商(shang)(shang)(shang)人在商(shang)(shang)(shang)場中(zhong)角逐,稱雄一時,故(gu)有(you)“遍地龍游”之諺。它以(yi)(yi)一府(fu)一縣(xian)之地為(wei)基礎,聚(ju)集了大(da)量資金,而成為(wei)中(zhong)國十大(da)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫之一,至清代(dai)逐漸(jian)為(wei)寧紹商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫所替(ti)代(dai)。
主 要 行(xing) 業 銷 售 范(fan) 圍(wei) 重要集鎮、代(dai)表商(shang)行(xing)或人物
1 紙 商 遠(yuan)銷江蘇一帶 龍游溪口鎮是造紙和紙張貿易中(zhong)心
2 書 商 浙江、江蘇(su)、河北及山東、京(jing)師 明代(dai)龍游(you)書商、藏書家童(tong)佩
3 糧食商 毗鄰各省(sheng) 龍游茶圩米市(shi),年銷量1200萬噸(dun)
4 山(shan)貨商 全國(guo)(guo)及(ji)東南(nan)亞各(ge)國(guo)(guo) 胡同和(he)號,年產各(ge)類油10萬余斤
5 藥(yao)材商 毗(pi)鄰地(di)區(qu) 龍游縣城滋福堂藥(yao)店
6 絲綢棉布商(shang) 遠銷湖廣一帶 龍游縣(xian)城百年老(lao)店姜益大(da)廣貨(huo)店
7 珠寶商(shang) 最大市場在京師 一般(ban)單人匹(pi)馬經營
8 海外貿易(yi)商 日本、東南(nan)亞各國 海外走私貿易(yi)為主
9 邊貿(mao)商 遠(yuan)銷緬甸、印(yin)度 在云南姚(yao)安地區(qu)墾(ken)荒經商
龍(long)游商幫經(jing)營行業頗廣,有山(shan)貨、紙、刻印販(fan)書、珠寶古董(dong)、長(chang)途販(fan)運、農業屯墾、礦冶(ye)等。
山(shan)貨業。皆為(wei)當(dang)地(di)產品竹木(mu)茶油漆煙。清(qing)康熙(xi)年間(jian)龍游縣志記載:“南鄉(xiang)稍有竹木(mu)紙筍之利,可以貿易他郡……北鄉(xiang)則止有桕油一項。”
造紙業。造紙多以作坊或工遺址龍游北鄉(xiang)古商(shang)道場形(xing)式生產(chan),自產(chan)自銷,具有若干商(shang)業資本與產(chan)業資本相(xiang)結合的(de)生產(chan)方式。溪口鎮是生產(chan)和銷售的(de)中心。該鎮:“其繁盛,乃倍(bei)于城市焉。”
刻印(yin)販(fan)書業。龍游(you)多產(chan)紙木,可刻印(yin)書籍,又有文化傳統,一些(xie)文人(ren)學士放下架子,從事于刻印(yin)販(fan)書業以聚(ju)財(cai)。望族余氏(shi),還在江蘇婁縣開設書坊書肆,刊印(yin)讀本安畫(hua),銷(xiao)路(lu)很好。書販(fan)胡(hu)貿(mao)善錐書,經(jing)常和一些(xie)文人(ren)交往(wang)。明大學者唐順之因(yin)愛書,把胡(hu)貿(mao)引為座上客(ke)。他還說:“非貿(mao),則予事無與成。”把自(zi)己成就歸之于與胡(hu)貿(mao)的交往(wang)。
珠(zhu)寶(bao)(bao)古董業(ye)。經營(ying)珠(zhu)寶(bao)(bao)業(ye)一需(xu)有(you)(you)(you)雄(xiong)厚資(zi)金,二(er)需(xu)有(you)(you)(you)鑒(jian)別觀(guan)賞能(neng)力(li),三需(xu)有(you)(you)(you)進貨銷貨的渠道,四需(xu)有(you)(you)(you)能(neng)躲過被劫被盜的應(ying)變能(neng)力(li)。古書記載(zai):“龍游(you)商(shang)賈(jia),其所(suo)賈(jia)多明珠(zhu)、翠羽、寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)、貓眼類較(jiao)(軟)物。千金之貨,只一身(shen)自赍京師、販(fan)絮、僧鞋、蒙戎、襤褸巨疽、膏藥內皆寶(bao)(bao)珠(zhu)所(suo)藏,人(ren)無所(suo)知者。”可見龍游(you)商(shang)人(ren)不(bu)但(dan)有(you)(you)(you)雄(xiong)厚的資(zi)金,還具有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)高(gao)文化和(he)應(ying)變能(neng)力(li),處事謹慎,是不(bu)事張揚的實(shi)干商(shang)人(ren),
長途販運(yun)業。據王(wang)文祿《策樞》記(ji)載,龍游商人(ren)李(li)汝衡,擁(yong)有重資(zi),常備百余輛(艘)車船運(yun)銷貨物,把(ba)絲綢(chou)遠銷到湖北一省十五郡之地,占(zhan)領(ling)了全(quan)省銷售市場(chang)。明(ming)嘉靖年(nian)間捕獲(huo)的走私(si)貿易中,就有龍游商人(ren)參與其事。
礦(kuang)(kuang)冶業。據(ju)顧炎武《天下郡國利病書(shu)》中記載(zai),有龍(long)游人祝(zhu)十八(ba),聚礦(kuang)(kuang)工有數(shu)百(bai)人,在平洋銅塘、吳村一帶從(cong)事礦(kuang)(kuang)冶。龍(long)游商幫肯吃苦,不畏艱辛,不怕路遙道(dao)險。
他們足(zu)跡遍及(ji)全國各地,直至海(hai)外日本(ben)、呂宋(song)等(deng)地。如在明(ming)嘉靖年間(jian),就發現海(hai)外通商者中有(you)龍(long)(long)游商人。另外,早于明(ming)成化(hua)元年(1465)龍(long)(long)游商人就與江西安福商人一(yi)起,到云(yun)南(nan)姚安(今(jin)楚(chu)雄)從事屯墾,種(zhong)植糧食和(he)經(jing)濟(ji)作物。他們數萬人長途跋涉,克服(fu)了水土不服(fu)等(deng)困難,在云(yun)貴(gui)一(yi)帶從事經(jing)商墾荒,享(xiang)有(you)“天涯賈客”之(zhi)譽,為我國西南(nan)的開(kai)發立下汗馬功(gong)勞,至今(jin)云(yun)貴(gui)高原還有(you)許多龍(long)(long)游人的后代(dai)。可以(yi)說龍(long)(long)游商幫是中國歷(li)史上西部開(kai)發的先驅之(zhi)一(yi)。
龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫之所以(yi)名重一時,還因為(wei)他們具有(you)寬容(rong)、誠信等品(pin)性(xing)和良好的(de)職業道(dao)德。如(ru)紙商(shang)傅立(li)宗(zong)(zong),紙優(you)價實(shi),為(wei)保證質(zhi)量(liang),紙品(pin)統加印(yin)“西(xi)山(shan)傅立(li)宗(zong)(zong)”字樣,從示信用(yong)。姜(jiang)益大棉布號,特(te)聘了(le)3名驗(yan)銀工,凡經流通該店的(de)通貨,皆(jie)加蓋印(yin)記(ji),以(yi)示負責。滋福堂是著(zhu)名中藥(yao)(yao)店,以(yi)重金延請(qing)名醫監(jian)制丸藥(yao)(yao),配(pei)制成藥(yao)(yao)準確無誤,分工細密(mi),層層檢驗(yan),要求(qiu)藥(yao)(yao)工對(dui)顧客的(de)健康(kang)負責。龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人(ren)從不排(pai)外,善待遷居來龍(long)經商(shang)者,如(ru)經營、鹽、紙等的(de)徽州大商(shang)程廷柱率3個弟弟去(qu)龍(long)游(you)經商(shang),很快(kuai)融入龍(long)游(you)社會,所以(yi)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫中就有(you)閩、贛、徽諸商(shang)幫的(de)成員。
龍(long)游商幫雖有輝煌的(de)(de)(de)過去,但隨著(zhu)交通條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)變化,近代(dai)海洋(yang)文化的(de)(de)(de)興起和海外貿易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)發展,它與徽(hui)商、晉(jin)商等幫一樣未(wei)能適(shi)應(ying)時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)發展,逐(zhu)漸衰(shuai)落。到清(qing)道光年(nian)間(jian),鴉片戰爭以后,寧(ning)波等地被辟為五口(kou)通商之埠,此時新興的(de)(de)(de)上海、寧(ning)波、潮汕、廈漳等地商幫,取代(dai)了龍(long)游等商幫。不過,龍(long)游等商幫在歷史上的(de)(de)(de)業績和經(jing)商道德(de),將永世不泯!
龍游(you)商(shang)人初露頭角于南宋,迨(dai)至明(ming)(ming)代(dai)已蔚為大觀,萬(wan)歷(li)時已是“遍(bian)地龍游(you)”的局面(mian),分布于全國(guo)各(ge)大市場(chang)上(shang)。隆萬(wan)間(jian)任職知縣(xian)(xian)的萬(wan)廷謙就說“龍丘(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民,往(wang)往(wang)湖口(kou)于四方,誦(song)讀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,農賈(jia)相半(ban)”。晚(wan)明(ming)(ming)時龍游(you)商(shang)人更是活躍,趨商(shang)者更眾。天啟時,“龍游(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民,多向天涯(ya)海角,遠行(xing)商(shang)賈(jia),幾空縣(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban),而居家(jia)耕種者,僅當(dang)縣(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)。”至康乾間(jian),“其居家(jia)土(tu)著者,不(bu)過十之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)四耳。”這當(dang)然(ran)是估計數,不(bu)能作(zuo)準確的計量分析,但總的趨勢是從嘉隆萬(wan)間(jian)龍游(you)商(shang)賈(jia)已遍(bian)布四方,至康雍(yong)乾間(jian)有增無減。
由(you)于(yu)經(jing)商的(de)(de)(de)成功,龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商幫遂把財富(fu)(fu)返回(hui)(hui)家鄉,并將外地的(de)(de)(de)風尚也(ye)帶(dai)回(hui)(hui)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you),社(she)會(hui)(hui)富(fu)(fu)庶(shu),消費需求增長,人皆曰俗(su)之侈靡已不可挽(wan)回(hui)(hui)。隆萬(wan)時(shi)陸瓚就說:“習(xi)尚昔(xi)固號儉嗇也(ye),今則日(ri)事(shi)于(yu)侈靡。”涂(tu)杰亦云:“服飾多用(yong)紗絹(juan),器皿(min)多用(yong)金(jin)銀(yin),侈靡相高,已非一日(ri)。”“邑(yi)中(zhong)室(shi)廬(lu)往稱樸(pu)素(su),萬(wan)歷中(zhong)葉漸(jian)以(yi)雕琢相高。”社(she)會(hui)(hui)心(xin)理是羨(xian)慕(mu)奢華(hua),愿向生活(huo)水平高的(de)(de)(de)地方看(kan)齊,競相仿(fang)效(xiao)。萬(wan)歷間已呈“俗(su)侈靡,尤效(xiao)慕(mu)三吳之豪(hao)”趨(qu)勢。生活(huo)穩定(ding)了,才(cai)有可能向蘇杭侈靡的(de)(de)(de)風尚仿(fang)效(xiao)。從這一側面(mian)也(ye)折射出龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商幫給(gei)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)帶(dai)來經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)富(fu)(fu)庶(shu)和社(she)會(hui)(hui)生活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)安定(ding)。風尚趨(qu)于(yu)侈靡是當時(shi)經(jing)濟社(she)會(hui)(hui)進步的(de)(de)(de)表征。
龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫與同時代其他(ta)(ta)商(shang)幫相比(bi),它最(zui)大特色和優點乃是富于開拓精(jing)神,不畏艱(jian)險,勇敢(gan)地(di)邁出家門,走出山區(qu),投向廣闊的(de)天地(di),在闖蕩市場(chang)中,逐漸地(di)揚棄(qi)了“安(an)土重遷”、“骨肉相附”的(de)情結。它是明清時代最(zui)早走向西(xi)部(bu)開發的(de)商(shang)壇(tan)勁旅。大批離開土地(di)的(de)農民(min)加入(ru)商(shang)賈行列,也(ye)有大批舍儒從(cong)商(shang)之徒,他(ta)(ta)們“挾資以出,守為恒業(ye),即(ji)秦晉蜀(shu)滇萬里,視若比(bi)舍,俗有遍地(di)龍(long)游(you)之諺。”
明清(qing)時(shi)期經濟(ji)最(zui)發(fa)達地(di)區(qu)(qu)是長江三(san)角(jiao)洲(江南(nan)(nan))和珠江三(san)角(jiao)洲一帶,秦晉(jin)滇(dian)蜀西(xi)(xi)部(bu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)相對來(lai)說較為(wei)后進(jin)(jin),而龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫不(bu)(bu)嫌西(xi)(xi)部(bu)經濟(ji)不(bu)(bu)發(fa)達,生(sheng)活艱苦,路途(tu)遙遠(yuan),行程險(xian)阻,以豪邁氣概視天涯海角(jiao)若比鄰,無(wu)遠(yuan)而不(bu)(bu)屆,誠為(wei)天涯賈(jia)客。龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人李汝(ru)(ru)衡(heng),攜(xie)絲(si)綢(chou)經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于蜀楚。李維(wei)楨記(ji):“李十(shi)二汝(ru)(ru)衡(heng)者,越之龍游(you)人也。自其(qi)(qi)父鶴汀賈(jia)江陵,迄今人與年蓋兩(liang)世矣。父子饒心(xin)計,趨時(shi)不(bu)(bu)失(shi)累。至汝(ru)(ru)衡(heng)而資(zi)(zi)益拓,所居積綺(qi)縠纻(zhu)罽,窮四方之珍異,車免舟轉轂(gu)以百數,所冠帶衣履,遍楚之十(shi)五(wu)郡。而善與時(shi)低(di)昂,人或就之貰貸無(wu)所靳。……”童巨川(chuan)偕其(qi)(qi)弟盛川(chuan)于嘉靖間,在(zai)“宣府大(da)同貿易(yi)邊(bian)庭,……厥后子若侄嗣其(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye),資(zi)(zi)利(li)益饒。”童氏數代在(zai)宣大(da)做(zuo)邊(bian)界貿易(yi)致巨富。最(zui)可值得大(da)書特書的(de)是龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人群體挺進(jin)(jin)大(da)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)滇(dian)省姚安等地(di)區(qu)(qu)開(kai)發(fa)。在(zai)明清(qing)時(shi)代交通條(tiao)件下,攜(xie)妻(qi)帶子千萬(wan)里跋涉至西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)決非易(yi)事,非得有數月始可抵達。驅(qu)動他們長途(tu)跋涉行動并(bing)非胸懷開(kai)發(fa)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)的(de)公益心(xin),而利(li)益驅(qu)動倒是其(qi)(qi)原(yuan)動力(li)。因為(wei)在(zai)江南(nan)(nan)華南(nan)(nan)中原(yuan)等地(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中競爭已不(bu)(bu)容易(yi),施展才能的(de)空(kong)間畢竟有限(xian),他們獲悉滇(dian)省尚(shang)有大(da)發(fa)展的(de)前(qian)景,所以才毅(yi)然前(qian)往,足(zu)見龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫對商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)息(xi)還是靈通的(de)。
明代成化元年就有(you)大(da)批(pi)龍游商(shang)人(ren)偕同江右(you)商(shang)人(ren)(江西安(an)福)在云南邊陲姚安(an)等府經(jing)商(shang),姚安(an)即今楚雄彝族(zu)自治州一帶(dai)。語言不(bu)通,生活(huo)習俗(su)不(bu)同,自然還(huan)會(hui)有(you)水土(tu)不(bu)服(fu)(fu)的困難(nan),但是他們能克服(fu)(fu)種種困難(nan),準備長(chang)期生存下去(qu),求得發(fa)展。他們不(bu)是流民,而是有(you)眼光(guang)有(you)氣(qi)魄的商(shang)賈,據官方史籍(ji)記載(zai):
“成化元年(1465)十一月初(chu)七日(ri)禮部等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙(ya)門題為建(jian)言民(min)情等(deng)(deng)(deng)事,該湖廣布政(zheng)司(si)等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙(ya)門右參(can)議等(deng)(deng)(deng)官人(ren)等(deng)(deng)(deng)鄭序等(deng)(deng)(deng)建(jian)言:……姚安(an)軍民(min)府陰陽學正木甘理言一件,禁(jin)約游(you)食(shi)(shi),初(chu)見云(yun)南遠在萬里,各(ge)邊(bian)衛指(zhi)府軍民(min)相參(can),山多(duo)田少,不(bu)通舟車(che),近年雨(yu)水不(bu)調(diao),五谷少收(shou),米(mi)糧(liang)涌(yong)貴,過活艱難。有浙江江西(xi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)布政(zheng)司(si)安(an)福龍游(you)等(deng)(deng)(deng)縣客(ke)商人(ren)等(deng)(deng)(deng)不(bu)下三五萬人(ren)在衛府坐(zuo)(生)理,偏(pian)處(chu)(chu)城市鄉村屯(tun)堡安(an)歇,生放錢債,利(li)上生利(li),收(shou)債米(mi)谷,賤買(mai)貴賣,娶妻生子,置(zhi)買(mai)奴仆(pu),游(you)食(shi)(shi)無度,二三十年不(bu)回原(yuan)籍(ji)。……行云(yun)南按察司(si)著(zhu)落各(ge)衛府查勘所屬鄉村屯(tun)堡城郭去處(chu)(chu),但有江西(xi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)處(chu)(chu)客(ke)民(min),不(bu)問(wen)從(cong)引新舊,盡(jin)數(shu)拿(na)解(jie)原(yuan)籍(ji)當差,不(bu)許(xu)托故稽遲及窩藏隱蔽,連歇家人(ren)等(deng)(deng)(deng)一律治罪,庶使邊(bian)食(shi)(shi)稍寬,奸弊(bi)斯革矣。前(qian)件云(yun)南按察司(si)查究。”
這(zhe)(zhe)節史(shi)(shi)料充分(fen)反映了龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)萬人(ren)(ren)成群結隊來(lai)到了黔滇邊(bian)陲少數(shu)民(min)族(zu)聚居地(di)從(cong)(cong)事于(yu)屯(tun)墾(ken)事業(ye)(ye),把先(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)技術帶(dai)到西(xi)南(nan),他(ta)們(men)(men)來(lai)到遠離城市“鄉(xiang)村屯(tun)堡安歇。”干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“生放(fang)錢債(zhai),利(li)(li)上(shang)生利(li)(li);收債(zhai)米谷,賤買(mai)(mai)貴賣(mai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事業(ye)(ye)。這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)利(li)(li)貸(dai)收錢收谷,即(ji)放(fang)青苗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa),利(li)(li)用手頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雄厚資(zi)金進(jin)(jin)行(xing)糧食(shi)買(mai)(mai)賣(mai);另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面值得注意(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“置(zhi)買(mai)(mai)奴仆(pu)(pu)(pu),游食(shi)無度”這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)句話(hua)。可能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)流動(dong)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屯(tun)墾(ken),即(ji)一(yi)(yi)地(di)一(yi)(yi)地(di)輪(lun)流開(kai)發(fa)(fa)墾(ken)拓,利(li)(li)用雇(gu)(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)制吸收當(dang)地(di)閑散的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)力,以奴仆(pu)(pu)(pu)形式招募勞(lao)工(gong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)大(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)屯(tun)墾(ken),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很有(you)意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),值得深入研究。關(guan)(guan)鍵是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“奴仆(pu)(pu)(pu)”系(xi)何種(zhong)身(shen)份之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),估(gu)計不會是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)有(you)很強人(ren)(ren)身(shen)隸(li)屬(shu)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴仆(pu)(pu)(pu),應是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)身(shen)份上(shang)自由(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雇(gu)(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)勞(lao)動(dong)者。龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)出錢雇(gu)(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)他(ta)們(men)(men),從(cong)(cong)事于(yu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墾(ken)荒、耕種(zhong)等(deng)勞(lao)務。在(zai)龍(long)游當(dang)地(di)就有(you)雇(gu)(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)婢(bi)從(cong)(cong)事家(jia)務或商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)上(shang)勞(lao)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形,據(ju)康熙《龍(long)游縣(xian)志》記:“士(shi)庶之(zhi)家(jia),不能廣(guang)置(zhi)婢(bi)仆(pu)(pu)(pu),仆(pu)(pu)(pu)多傭(yong)(yong)工(gong),婢(bi)則出市貿易(yi),多白首不嫁以終其身(shen)。”從(cong)(cong)“仆(pu)(pu)(pu)多傭(yong)(yong)工(gong),婢(bi)則出市貿易(yi)”來(lai)看(kan),并(bing)無身(shen)份上(shang)隸(li)屬(shu)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)。也(ye)許他(ta)們(men)(men)把這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)雇(gu)(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式也(ye)帶(dai)到云南(nan)邊(bian)陲農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)屯(tun)墾(ken)業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)來(lai)。如(ru)果理(li)解不錯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua),當(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)已具(ju)有(you)先(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)營(ying)理(li)念,將土地(di)作(zuo)(zuo)為生息資(zi)本(ben)來(lai)經(jing)營(ying),以先(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)技術提高(gao)生產(chan)力,采取農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)雇(gu)(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)制來(lai)經(jing)營(ying)經(jing)濟作(zuo)(zuo)物,把收成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品作(zuo)(zuo)為商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品再投放(fang)市場,這(zhe)(zhe)無疑是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營(ying)方(fang)(fang)式,把商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)本(ben)轉化為農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)本(ben)。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)變革,具(ju)有(you)轉型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi),表示著新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)方(fang)(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌芽(ya)(ya)。過(guo)去在(zai)研討(tao)中(zhong)(zhong)國封建社會里資(zi)本(ben)主義(yi)萌芽(ya)(ya)時人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)較普遍重視手工(gong)業(ye)(ye),礦冶業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品生產(chan)與雇(gu)(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌發(fa)(fa),也(ye)較多著眼于(yu)先(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域如(ru)江南(nan)以及大(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)方(fang)(fang)式變革,對農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)、對偏遠地(di)區重視不足,今以龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)大(da)(da)西(xi)南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實例來(lai)看(kan),不能不注意(yi)(yi)(yi)到他(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造。龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)等(deng)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)西(xi)南(nan),對融洽民(min)族(zu)關(guan)(guan)系(xi),開(kai)發(fa)(fa)邊(bian)疆地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很有(you)意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)近世歷史(shi)(shi)(明(ming)清(qing))上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不了起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超前行(xing)動(dong),表現(xian)了龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前衛意(yi)(yi)(yi)識和對西(xi)部(bu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻,可以說(shuo)它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國歷史(shi)(shi)上(shang)最早走向西(xi)部(bu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)驅者。由(you)于(yu)缺乏(fa)輔證史(shi)(shi)料,有(you)待于(yu)再發(fa)(fa)掘新(xin)史(shi)(shi)料,現(xian)在(zai)也(ye)只能做如(ru)此的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推論。
明中(zhong)央政(zheng)府及當(dang)地(di)政(zheng)府官員守(shou)舊求穩,怕人口流(liu)動影響邊陲(chui)的(de)(de)社會治安和糧食供應(ying)豐足,千方百計(ji)下令強制(zhi)回遷這些在邊陲(chui)安家落戶(hu)“二三十不回原(yuan)籍(ji)”的(de)(de)商(shang)民,采用“拿解原(yuan)籍(ji)當(dang)差”,這實是很不明智的(de)(de)短(duan)視(shi)行(xing)為。官方行(xing)文(wen)如此,到底各級政(zheng)府執行(xing)如何(he)?未見(jian)下文(wen),估(gu)計(ji)龍游(you)安福商(shang)民仍會“屯堡(bao)安歇”、“娶妻生子”而長(chang)期“生理”下去,今之滇(dian)省遺民,必有血脈(mo)繁衍(yan)的(de)(de)安福龍游(you)商(shang)人后裔。
商(shang)品、市(shi)場、商(shang)業(ye),信息是社(she)會經(jing)濟發展的(de)重要(yao)杠(gang)桿之一,明(ming)清時代的(de)龍游商(shang)幫(bang)已(yi)初步意(yi)識到(dao)(dao)它們的(de)意(yi)義。他們利用(yong)自己稟賦的(de)知識和(he)(he)才能,窺測市(shi)場,注(zhu)重信息,挺(ting)身遠(yuan)出,躋身于收益(yi)大的(de)珠寶(bao)業(ye)和(he)(he)海(hai)外貿易業(ye),憑(ping)借自身的(de)優勢,利用(yong)知識經(jing)營(ying)印書業(ye)。他們意(yi)識到(dao)(dao)社(she)會資源開(kai)發的(de)價值(zhi),不辭萬里(li),融洽民族關系,“進(jin)軍”大西(xi)南,開(kai)發滇省姚安地區(qu),采(cai)用(yong)雇傭制(zhi)的(de)方式經(jing)營(ying)邊陲的(de)屯(tun)墾業(ye)。這(zhe)是一種新(xin)的(de)生產方式,是一大創造,表明(ming)了(le)(le)明(ming)清時代龍游商(shang)幫(bang)具有無(wu)(wu)遠(yuan)不屆(jie)、天涯賈客的(de)大無(wu)(wu)畏精神,也展示(shi)了(le)(le)他們走在(zai)時代前(qian)頭,具有先進(jin)的(de)理念。他們對西(xi)部(bu)的(de)開(kai)發,作(zuo)出了(le)(le)歷史(shi)性的(de)貢獻;它是中(zhong)國歷史(shi)上真正開(kai)發西(xi)部(bu)的(de)先驅者(zhe)。
1.為商之道,仁信為本。商戰取勝(sheng),理(li)性致上。
2.一招鮮(xian),吃遍天(tian)。
3.敢想敢干,敢為人先(xian)。
4.財(cai)散人聚,財(cai)聚人散;取之(zhi)有(you)道,用之(zhi)歡樂。
5.多看則清,多聽則明,多思則準,多干(gan)則成(cheng)。
6.思路決定財(cai)路,一切都是人為。
7.裁衣先(xian)量體(ti),經商先(xian)摸底。
8.不摸(mo)行情(qing)休開(kai)店(dian)。
9.常(chang)去同行看(kan)看(kan),生意不會(hui)清淡。
10.貴中(zhong)看賤(jian)(jian),賤(jian)(jian)中(zhong)看貴。
11.先賣出手,后買入(ru)手。
12.豐年紙(zhi)馬鋪,歉年糧食行(xing)。
13.兵以(yi)快勝,商以(yi)奇(qi)贏。
14.逆(ni)境看順(shun)境,順(shun)境看逆(ni)境。順(shun)逆(ni)都來看,經商(shang)風險(xian)小。
15.貧(pin)賤莫尋親,富貴(gui)莫露財。
16.道由天定,事在人(ren)為。