明清時期由于商(shang)品經濟的發展,商(shang)品流通領域擴大,商(shang)人十分活躍(yue),逐漸形成了商(shang)幫。著名(ming)的有徽商(shang)、晉商(shang)、江右幫、洞庭商(shang)幫、山東商(shang)幫、秦商(shang)、潮(chao)商(shang)、閩商(shang)、龍游商(shang)幫、寧波商(shang)幫等十大商(shang)幫。
當徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)在商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)場爭雄之時,冷不防在浙江中(zhong)西(xi)南部(bu)崛起(qi)一(yi)(yi)個頗(po)有影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)歷(li)史上(shang)有一(yi)(yi)個當年(nian)堪稱國家級的(de)(de)(de)大(da)“幫(bang)派”,當然,這個大(da)“幫(bang)派”系明清時列全國十大(da)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)之一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)雖以龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)命名(ming),但并非單指(zhi)龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)縣的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren),而是實指(zhi)浙江衢州府所屬(shu)龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)、常山(shan)縣、西(xi)安(今衢縣)、開化和江山(shan)五縣的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren),其中(zhong)以龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)數最多,經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)手段最為高明,故冠以龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)之名(ming),簡(jian)稱“龍游(you)(you)(you)(you)幫(bang)”。
商(shang)幫的出現,是我國(guo)商(shang)品經濟發展的重要標志。
在明(ming)中(zhong)葉嘉靖、萬歷年間(1522-1620),十大(da)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫中(zhong)最活躍(yue)的(de)(de)是(shi)洞庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和(he)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),當(dang)時社會(hui)(hui)上(shang)流傳著兩(liang)句(ju)諺語:“鉆天洞庭(ting)遍(bian)地(di)徽”、“遍(bian)地(di)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)”。這(zhe)反(fan)映洞庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)、徽州商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)、龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)遍(bian)布全國并(bing)雄(xiong)踞商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)界(jie)的(de)(de)事(shi)實。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)歷史(shi)上(shang)為姑篾文(wen)化發(fa)祥地(di),更是(shi)“入閩要(yao)道”、“金衢處徽之(zhi)沖”,為古代重要(yao)鹽道餉(xiang)道,“通(tong)(tong)浙(zhe)孔道,饋餉(xiang)之(zhi)所(suo)必系”之(zhi)地(di),又(you)是(shi)浙(zhe)皖閩贛(gan)4省交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)樞(shu)紐。明(ming)人(ren)徐復初說:“邑(龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you))當(dang)孔道,舟車(che)所(suo)至,商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)貨所(suo)通(tong)(tong),紛總填溢。”龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)人(ren)農耕之(zhi)外(wai),借交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)之(zhi)便(bian),經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)乃成(cheng)謀生重要(yao)手段,加(jia)之(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)社會(hui)(hui)上(shang)素(su)不賤商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),頭腦活絡之(zhi)人(ren)多選(xuan)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)路。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)有豐(feng)富的(de)(de)資源,這(zhe)也為他們(men)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提供(gong)了物質條件。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)多山林(lin)竹(zhu)木和(he)茶漆(qi)糧(liang)油(you)等,這(zhe)些土(tu)特產品(pin)成(cheng)為龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最重要(yao)的(de)(de)外(wai)貿商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)。
當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang),以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)主體(ti),涵蓋了(le)周圍衢(qu)州諸縣(xian)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)家(jia)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)有一個(ge)漫長的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。它發(fa)軔于(yu)南(nan)(nan)宋,活躍于(yu)明(ming)中葉,至清(qing)乾隆年(nian)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)鼎(ding)盛。宋室(shi)南(nan)(nan)遷后,建都(dou)杭州,為(wei)(wei)了(le)方(fang)便(bian)同長江沿岸(an)抗金前線的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系,官府(fu)修建了(le)東起(qi)京城杭州,西(xi)接湘贛的(de)(de)(de)官道。這條(tiao)官道在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)和壽(shou)昌交界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)梅(mei)嶺(ling)關(guan)入(ru)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)境,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)視(shi)此為(wei)(wei)大(da)好商(shang)(shang)(shang)機,就把木材運到(dao)杭州銷售(shou)。也有大(da)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)到(dao)浙江外(wai)地(di)經商(shang)(shang)(shang)致富(fu),如龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)韋塘人(ren)(ren)(ren)朱世榮,“流寓常(chang)(chang)州致巨富(fu),置(zhi)產亙常(chang)(chang)州三(san)縣(xian)之半(ban),后歸衢(qu)江古碼(ma)里,復大(da)置(zhi)產,當(dang)時(shi)(shi)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)財雄(xiong)衢(qu)常(chang)(chang)二府(fu)。”到(dao)了(le)明(ming)朝,一個(ge)以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)中心,帶動整(zheng)個(ge)衢(qu)州地(di)區商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)流域性商(shang)(shang)(shang)業團(tuan)體(ti)響亮登場,他們在(zai)(zai)金衢(qu)盆地(di)崛起(qi),逐鹿中原,遠征邊關(guan),漂洋出海(hai),以(yi)“遍地(di)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)”的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)勢被人(ren)(ren)(ren)們稱為(wei)(wei)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)幫(bang)”。據史(shi)料(liao)記載(zai):明(ming)萬歷年(nian)間(jian),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)丘之民,往往糊口于(yu)四(si)(si)方(fang),誦讀之外(wai),農賈(jia)相(xiang)半(ban)”。明(ming)天(tian)啟(qi)年(nian)間(jian),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)之民,多(duo)向(xiang)天(tian)涯海(hai)角,遠行(xing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)賈(jia),幾空縣(xian)之半(ban)。”如商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)童巨川(chuan)在(zai)(zai)嘉靖年(nian)間(jian)至宣府(fu)大(da)同做邊貿生意,“一往返旬月(yue),獲利必倍,歲得數(shu)萬金,自是(shi)兄弟(di)更相(xiang)往來,垂20余年(nian),遂成(cheng)大(da)賈(jia)。”至清(qing)乾隆年(nian)間(jian)童氏(shi)家(jia)族:“多(duo)行(xing)賈(jia)四(si)(si)方(fang),其居家(jia)土(tu)著者,不過(guo)十之三(san)四(si)(si)耳(er)。”
龍游商(shang)幫不(bu)像晉(jin)商(shang)手握巨資,經營票號,在(zai)(zai)金融(rong)市場上(shang)顯山露水;也不(bu)像徽(hui)商(shang)壟斷鹽鹺,聲(sheng)名顯赫(he)。龍游商(shang)幫的顯著特(te)點是,埋頭(tou)(tou)苦干,不(bu)露聲(sheng)色(se),卻(que)在(zai)(zai)珠寶古董業中(zhong)獨占鰲頭(tou)(tou),又在(zai)(zai)印書刻書販書業中(zhong)從(cong)事于文化傳(chuan)播(bo),還在(zai)(zai)海外貿易中(zhong)插上(shang)一手,成(cheng)為頗具實力的一大商(shang)幫。
龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)雖(sui)地(di)(di)處(chu)偏僻,卻有著(zhu)開放的(de)心態(tai),在觀念上也比較新潮。主要表現(xian)在兩個(ge)方面(mian)上,即(ji)投資(zi)上的(de)"敢為天下先"精神(shen)和“海(hai)納百川”的(de)肚量。明清(qing)時(shi)期,許多商(shang)(shang)人將(jiang)經營商(shang)(shang)業(ye)所(suo)賺(zhuan)得的(de)資(zi)金用(yong)來購買(mai)土地(di)(di)或(huo)者經營典(dian)當(dang)、借貸業(ye),以求(qiu)有穩定的(de)收入(ru)。而龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)敏銳(rui)地(di)(di)意識到,要獲得更的(de)利潤(run),必(bi)須轉向(xiang)手工(gong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)和工(gong)礦產(chan)(chan)業(ye)上。他們果斷地(di)(di)投入(ru)于紙業(ye)、礦業(ye)的(de)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan),或(huo)者直接參與(yu)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan),使(shi)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)資(zi)本轉化為產(chan)(chan)業(ye)資(zi)本,給當(dang)時(shi)封建社會注入(ru)了帶有雇傭關系的(de)新生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)關系。龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)人還不(bu)排(pai)斥外(wai)地(di)(di)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)對本鄉的(de)滲透,并且(qie)相(xiang)處(chu)友(you)善,吸收外(wai)地(di)(di)商(shang)(shang)人于己幫(bang)(bang),推進了龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)發展。
明清時期龍游商幫(bang)是當時活躍于(yu)商壇的(de)中國十大商幫(bang)之(zhi)一,它(ta)之(zhi)所以能在與實(shi)力雄厚(hou)的(de)徽商、晉(jin)商等(deng)競爭中獨樹一幟,在珠(zhu)寶(bao)業(ye)、墾(ken)拓業(ye)、造紙業(ye)和(he)印書業(ye)中立于(yu)不敗之(zhi)地,除了它(ta)有(you)開(kai)拓進取、不怕艱苦的(de)精神和(he)善于(yu)經營管理之(zhi)外(wai),恐怕與它(ta)具(ju)有(you)較高文化素(su)養和(he)誠實(shi)守信職業(ye)道德有(you)著密(mi)切的(de)關聯。
龍游(you)(you)商(shang)人(ren)在營商(shang)活動中,歷(li)來(lai)看重“財自道生,利緣義(yi)(yi)取”“以(yi)儒術(shu)飾賈(jia)事”。主張誠信(xin)為(wei)本(ben),堅守以(yi)義(yi)(yi)取利,是龍游(you)(you)商(shang)幫(bang)一以(yi)貫之的(de)(de)儒商(shang)品(pin)格,也使(shi)其獲得了良好的(de)(de)市場信(xin)譽。從(cong)(cong)根本(ben)意義(yi)(yi)上(shang)說,將誠信(xin)作為(wei)經商(shang)從(cong)(cong)賈(jia)的(de)(de)道德規范,正(zheng)是龍游(you)(you)商(shang)幫(bang)獲得成功(gong)的(de)(de)要訣。龍游(you)(you)商(shang)人(ren)傅家來(lai)開設傅立宗紙(zhi)(zhi)號,視(shi)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質量為(wei)企業(ye)立身之本(ben),精(jing)益求精(jing),所造之紙(zhi)(zhi),質量上(shang)乘,且比(bi)同(tong)行出產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)同(tong)一件紙(zhi)(zhi)號要重十多斤(jin)之多。他(ta)還從(cong)(cong)把握(wo)造紙(zhi)(zhi)生產(chan)(chan)流(liu)程(cheng)每個環節入手,嚴格檢驗,次品(pin)決不出售。產(chan)(chan)品(pin)享譽大(da)江南北,歷(li)久(jiu)不衰。為(wei)了表(biao)示對(dui)用戶(hu)負責和維持(chi)良好的(de)(de)信(xin)譽,其產(chan)(chan)品(pin)都統一加印(yin)“西山傅立宗”印(yin)記。
與龍(long)游商幫誠(cheng)實守(shou)信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)業道德相(xiang)比,我市(shi)信(xin)(xin)用環境卻長(chang)期不(bu)(bu)(bu)容樂(le)觀,少數企(qi)(qi)業和(he)個(ge)人(ren)紅眼于(yu)(yu)周邊(bian)地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan),心(xin)態浮躁(zao),急(ji)功近利,甚至不(bu)(bu)(bu)擇手段,前些年上(shang)街(jie)貿易(yi)大(da)樓(lou)曾一(yi)度聚(ju)集眾多(duo)商貿私(si)營公司,但多(duo)為(wei)“殺豬”公司,彼此間以騙(pian)取外(wai)地(di)(di)客商的(de)(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)物(wu)為(wei)能事;外(wai)地(di)(di)車子被我市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)運配載(zai)信(xin)(xin)息中(zhong)心(xin)所(suo)騙(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投訴也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)絕于(yu)(yu)耳(er);我市(shi)銀行的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)良資(zi)產中(zhong),因企(qi)(qi)業“失信(xin)(xin)”而(er)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)約占(zhan)45%;有關調查也(ye)表明,連衢州人(ren)對本(ben)地(di)(di)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)用評(ping)價都(dou)已信(xin)(xin)心(xin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足,普遍認為(wei)本(ben)省企(qi)(qi)業好于(yu)(yu)國外(wai)企(qi)(qi)業,省內其(qi)他市(shi)企(qi)(qi)業好于(yu)(yu)本(ben)市(shi)企(qi)(qi)業。在(zai)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)背景下(xia),龍(long)游商人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)精(jing)神,在(zai)我市(shi)尤其(qi)值得弘揚。信(xin)(xin)用衢州的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設,除了要繼續加(jia)大(da)治(zhi)理力(li)度之外(wai),內在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德教(jiao)育(yu)也(ye)是極為(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)方面。儒(ru)家(jia)教(jiao)化學說的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)最為(wei)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點,就(jiu)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)在(zai)實施教(jiao)化過程中(zhong),把社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德規(gui)范內化為(wei)人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)自覺(jue)行動(dong)。在(zai)這方面,龍(long)游商幫自覺(jue)地(di)(di)以儒(ru)家(jia)道德觀念規(gui)范自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)商業行動(dong),把信(xin)(xin)、誠(cheng)作(zuo)為(wei)待人(ren)接(jie)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)原則,無(wu)疑為(wei)我市(shi)經(jing)濟主體樹立了極好的(de)(de)(de)(de)榜樣(yang)。
馳騁于商(shang)(shang)界的龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang),其經(jing)營(ying)區域甚廣,足跡(ji)遍(bian)及(ji)全國各地(di)(di)。史書(shu)記(ji)載(zai):龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)“挾(xie)資以出守為恒業,即(ji)秦、晉、滇、蜀,萬(wan)(wan)里視(shi)若比舍(she),俗有(you)遍(bian)地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)諺”。明(ming)萬(wan)(wan)歷(li)年(nian)間(jian)(jian)流傳(chuan)的“遍(bian)地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)”之(zhi)(zhi)民諺,有(you)力(li)地(di)(di)說明(ming)了(le)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)與(yu)享有(you)“鉆天洞庭”、“無徽(hui)不成(cheng)鎮”等美譽的洞庭商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)與(yu)徽(hui)州商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)一樣,都(dou)是明(ming)清(qing)時期稱雄商(shang)(shang)界的頗有(you)影響(xiang)的地(di)(di)域商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)幫(bang)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)大多(duo)從(cong)事長途販銷活(huo)動,“龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)民多(duo)向天涯海角,遠(yuan)(yuan)行商(shang)(shang)賈(jia)”,不僅(jin)活(huo)躍在江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)、北京、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)、湖(hu)北和閩粵(yue)諸地(di)(di),而且還一直深(shen)入(ru)到西(xi)(xi)(xi)北、西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)等偏遠(yuan)(yuan)省(sheng)份。如(ru)據(ju)有(you)關文獻記(ji)載(zai):明(ming)成(cheng)化年(nian)間(jian)(jian),僅(jin)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)姚安(an)府(即(ji)今云(yun)南(nan)(nan)楚雄彝族自(zi)治州西(xi)(xi)(xi)部)就聚集了(le)浙江(jiang)(jiang)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)和江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)安(an)福商(shang)(shang)人(ren)三五萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)。
龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)這種開拓進(jin)取(qu)、不(bu)(bu)畏艱辛、不(bu)(bu)戀家土的(de)(de)(de)敬業(ye)(ye)(ye)精神(shen),和(he)(he)當代(dai)溫(wen)臺地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)家精神(shen)本(ben)質上是一致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de),溫(wen)臺地(di)(di)(di)區農(nong)民(min)(min)(農(nong)村剩余勞動(dong)力(li))為尋求(qiu)生路,寧(ning)愿背井離鄉(xiang),在(zai)外(wai)(wai)面(mian)開闊了眼(yan)界和(he)(he)有(you)(you)了微(wei)薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)累(lei)之后,他們便把自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)信息、知識(shi)、經(jing)驗(yan)及外(wai)(wai)界人(ren)緣等資源向親朋好(hao)友擴散。溫(wen)臺經(jing)濟發展(zhan)最初的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)動(dong)來(lai)自(zi)于民(min)(min)間(jian),由(you)卑微(wei)又(you)見多識(shi)廣的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)間(jian)能人(ren)推(tui)動(dong)、發動(dong)。遺憾的(de)(de)(de)是龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)創業(ye)(ye)(ye)沖(chong)動(dong)卻未(wei)能上升為浙西(xi)地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)人(ren)文精神(shen),其可貴的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)精神(shen)最終仍淹沒于強(qiang)勢(shi)農(nong)耕(geng)文化中(zhong)。到民(min)(min)國時(shi)期,連(lian)龍(long)游本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)也幾乎(hu)全(quan)落入(ru)外(wai)(wai)地(di)(di)(di)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)手中(zhong),“遍地(di)(di)(di)龍(long)游之說”也漸成絕唱。當前(qian),我(wo)市要(yao)大力(li)弘揚“龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)”的(de)(de)(de)走出(chu)去精神(shen),一方面(mian)要(yao)繼續堅定(ding)不(bu)(bu)移地(di)(di)(di)開展(zhan)勞務輸出(chu),讓廣大農(nong)村剩余勞動(dong)力(li)在(zai)走出(chu)去中(zhong)接(jie)受(shou)市場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)洗禮,涌現出(chu)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)間(jian)創業(ye)(ye)(ye)者。另一方面(mian)在(zai)接(jie)受(shou)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)梯度轉移的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi),還要(yao)大力(li)推(tui)動(dong)和(he)(he)支持市內(nei)有(you)(you)比(bi)較優勢(shi)、市外(wai)(wai)有(you)(you)市場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)計劃、有(you)(you)步驟(zou)地(di)(di)(di)到外(wai)(wai)地(di)(di)(di)辦廠,從而(er)推(tui)動(dong)從產品(pin)到要(yao)素(su)、從資本(ben)到技(ji)術全(quan)面(mian)主(zhu)動(dong)地(di)(di)(di)進(jin)入(ru)國內(nei)外(wai)(wai)市場(chang)(chang),爭取(qu)更大的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)空間(jian)。
明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)(shi)期,有(you)許多外籍(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人紛(fen)紛(fen)奔(ben)赴(fu)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),有(you)的還(huan)寓居于(yu)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you),加(jia)入(ru)(ru)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的行列,并把各自的經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)經(jing)驗帶(dai)入(ru)(ru)到(dao)了龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)中,推進了龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的發展。如(ru)徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)程(cheng)廷(ting)柱(zhu)在(zai)(zai)康(kang)熙(xi)年(nian)間曾(ceng)率(lv)眾(zhong)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)經(jing)營(ying)有(you)典(dian)業和田莊(zhuang);汪文俊在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)經(jing)營(ying)有(you)鹽業。又(you)如(ru)贛(gan)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)周學(xue)錦在(zai)(zai)康(kang)熙(xi)年(nian)間從江(jiang)西(xi)撫州(zhou)趨利業商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you),并定居于(yu)此。還(huan)如(ru)閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三元戴馮(feng)氏、黃靜齋、池明(ming)英等都先后經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)。清(qing)末至民(min)國時(shi)(shi)期,龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)縣籍(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人漸(jian)少(shao),客(ke)籍(ji)居多,他(ta)們大多來(lai)自浙(zhe)江(jiang)的遂昌、蘭溪、義烏(wu)、處州(zhou)、紹興、寧波和徽州(zhou)府所屬各縣,以及江(jiang)西(xi)、福建等省(sheng)。由(you)此可見(jian),龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人群體融合了徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、粵商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、蘇(su)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、浙(zhe)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和贛(gan)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)等外地商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的形成基于(yu)血緣地緣關(guan)系(xi),本質上具有(you)排他(ta)性,但他(ta)們卻能容納其(qi)他(ta)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人的融入(ru)(ru),足可見(jian)其(qi)胸襟的寬(kuan)大。
然而隨著龍游(you)(you)商(shang)幫(bang)的沒落,這(zhe)方(fang)曾經如此大(da)氣十足的土地,反而漸生一種(zhong)“排(pai)外(wai)(wai)(wai)”情結。很難想象(xiang),前些年在龍游(you)(you)商(shang)幫(bang)的發(fa)源地會發(fa)生因眼紅外(wai)(wai)(wai)地布(bu)商(shang)物美(mei)價廉,而引發(fa)的哄(hong)搶布(bu)匹事件。去(qu)年投(tou)資環(huan)境的一項調查也表明(ming),大(da)多數(shu)經濟(ji)主體有(you)看到(dao)、聽到(dao)過或(huo)有(you)過受本地人(ren)(ren)欺(qi)騙壓制的感覺。證實了衢州(zhou)人(ren)(ren)有(you)較濃的排(pai)外(wai)(wai)(wai)傾向(xiang)。這(zhe)些年的實踐證明(ming),我(wo)市要(yao)(yao)加快發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),就必(bi)須(xu)承接(jie)龍游(you)(you)商(shang)幫(bang)的開(kai)放(fang)胸襟,真正培(pei)育(yu)出兼容并蓄(xu)的城市精神。要(yao)(yao)廣為吸納來(lai)自(zi)于海內外(wai)(wai)(wai)的技術、資本、管理、人(ren)(ren)才等各種(zhong)資源和生產(chan)要(yao)(yao)素,吸收當今最(zui)先進(jin)的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)理念(nian)、思(si)(si)想觀念(nian),為我(wo)市的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)服務(wu),培(pei)育(yu)衢州(zhou)人(ren)(ren)友好親(qin)善、大(da)度包容、海納百川的胸懷。在加強本地企業(ye)家的建設(she)的同時,要(yao)(yao)引導他們(men)向(xiang)外(wai)(wai)(wai)來(lai)企業(ye)家學(xue)習,使他們(men)開(kai)闊視野,增長才干(gan),克服小富即安、不思(si)(si)進(jin)取的小農意識(shi),進(jin)一步(bu)做(zuo)大(da)做(zuo)強企業(ye)。
后人(ren)在(zai)(zai)嘆惋(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫如此行色匆匆地(di)(di)(di)消失于歷(li)(li)(li)史舞臺(tai)時(shi)(shi)(shi),多(duo)(duo)把原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)歸(gui)結(jie)(jie)為當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)通變化(hua)(hua)及(ji)戰亂(luan)。然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)外在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)變化(hua)(hua)并非根(gen)本(ben),如二戰過后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德、日(ri)兩國仍然(ran)能于滿目瘡夷中(zhong)復興(xing);溫臺(tai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)雖幾(ji)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)抑制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卻(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“春風(feng)吹又生(sheng)”。區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長遠發展歸(gui)根(gen)到(dao)(dao)底靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)源(yuan)遠流(liu)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)底蘊。儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)氛圍中(zhong)崛(jue)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫,有著較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)水準,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)多(duo)(duo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)區(qu)(qu)(qu)別。明代與(yu)唐寅(伯虎)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)征明齊名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)代名士李(li)維(wei)楨(zhen),即專為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)李(li)汝衡(heng)立傳(chuan)(chuan),題為《贈李(li)汝衡(heng)序》;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)童佩、胡貿也與(yu)一(yi)(yi)代名士王世(shi)貞、歸(gui)有光等成(cheng)(cheng)莫逆之交(jiao)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)能與(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)清高自許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名士結(jie)(jie)交(jiao),若非氣質相近是(shi)(shi)(shi)很難解釋(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)“賈而(er)(er)(er)好儒(ru)(ru)”之風(feng)可(ke)見一(yi)(yi)斑。然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)優勢能助龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫成(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)一(yi)(yi)個個奇跡(ji),接下來(lai),傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桎梏卻(que)注(zhu)定(ding)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫走(zou)不(bu)(bu)了(le)太(tai)(tai)遠。地(di)(di)(di)處南(nan)(nan)宗儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浙(zhe)西地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu),歷(li)(li)(li)代方志在(zai)(zai)記述商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)時(shi)(shi)(shi),都是(shi)(shi)(shi)低調處理(li)(li)。浙(zhe)西人(ren)從(cong)內心(xin)深處鄙視商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren),主要(yao)表現在(zai)(zai)兩個方面,一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)農(nong)抑商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),二是(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)仕(shi)輕商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)樣具有很強(qiang)宗法色彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)(ru)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)觀(guan)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支配下,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)大(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)始(shi)終未(wei)能培植出對商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)忠心(xin)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)中(zhong)從(cong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)(er)終的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極少,多(duo)(duo)數人(ren)無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)(shi)發了(le)家或(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)賠了(le)本(ben),最終還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)落歸(gui)根(gen),返回到(dao)(dao)以(yi)(yi)農(nong)為本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老路上來(lai)。一(yi)(yi)些(xie)富有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)或(huo)(huo)把精力和(he)(he)財產(chan)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)(ru)官場競逐;或(huo)(huo)如龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)葉(xie)氏家族將經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)所得巨資(zi)悉數投(tou)(tou)入(ru)(ru)葉(xie)氏建筑群(qun),而(er)(er)(er)很少有人(ren)去投(tou)(tou)資(zi)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)擴大(da)(da)(da)再生(sheng)產(chan)。而(er)(er)(er)值(zhi)得深思的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),同樣受(shou)南(nan)(nan)宗儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)滋(zi)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫州(zhou)、金(jin)華(hua)(hua)等浙(zhe)東南(nan)(nan)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu),卻(que)批判(pan)地(di)(di)(di)繼(ji)承了(le)朱子理(li)(li)學(xue)(xue),形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)有別于傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)儒(ru)(ru)家文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)——“永(yong)嘉學(xue)(xue)派(pai)”和(he)(he)“金(jin)華(hua)(hua)呂(lv)學(xue)(xue)”、“永(yong)康之學(xue)(xue)”等流(liu)派(pai)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)決(jue)定(ding)人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)選擇,“永(yong)嘉學(xue)(xue)派(pai)”“金(jin)華(hua)(hua)呂(lv)學(xue)(xue)”講究實效、注(zhu)重(zhong)功利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想及(ji)其價值(zhi)取向和(he)(he)逐利追(zhui)求(qiu),又有力地(di)(di)(di)塑造和(he)(he)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)了(le)溫州(zhou)、金(jin)華(hua)(hua)等地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民間(jian)心(xin)理(li)(li)和(he)(he)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong),構成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發展中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)或(huo)(huo)缺(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“遺(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)因(yin)(yin)子”。而(er)(er)(er)衢州(zhou)、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)雖有柯山、清獻、鳳梧等大(da)(da)(da)書(shu)(shu)院,但這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)書(shu)(shu)院因(yin)(yin)循(xun)守(shou)舊,抱(bao)殘守(shou)缺(que),也無(wu)一(yi)(yi)流(liu)名家學(xue)(xue)者,因(yin)(yin)此即便歷(li)(li)(li)史上因(yin)(yin)緣際會(hui)(hui)出現了(le)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫這(zhe)(zhe)樣大(da)(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)群(qun)體,也未(wei)能與(yu)之結(jie)(jie)合,產(chan)生(sheng)充滿活力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua),反而(er)(er)(er)使(shi)浙(zhe)西地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)承受(shou)了(le)太(tai)(tai)多(duo)(duo)儒(ru)(ru)家思想中(zhong)庸保守(shou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉重(zhong)負荷,使(shi)人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想和(he)(he)行動受(shou)到(dao)(dao)了(le)限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)至幾(ji)次與(yu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)騰飛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)契機錯(cuo)失交(jiao)臂。當(dang)前,我市要(yao)從(cong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰落中(zhong)汲取經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)驗教(jiao)(jiao)訓(xun),就(jiu)必(bi)須進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)現代商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氛圍,以(yi)(yi)求(qiu)縮小與(yu)省內發達(da)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差距(ju),并爭取在(zai)(zai)同一(yi)(yi)梯度地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)中(zhong)占據優勢。要(yao)堅(jian)持不(bu)(bu)懈地(di)(di)(di)導入(ru)(ru)現代商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進觀(guan)念(nian)和(he)(he)相關知(zhi)識(shi)(shi),在(zai)(zai)干部和(he)(he)群(qun)眾(zhong)中(zhong)開展教(jiao)(jiao)育、培訓(xun)和(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)播,以(yi)(yi)新觀(guan)念(nian)新知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)逐步(bu)取代舊觀(guan)念(nian)。迫切需要(yao)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)現代市場經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)觀(guan)念(nian)與(yu)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)全球化(hua)(hua)觀(guan)念(nian)與(yu)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)、現代社會(hui)(hui)法制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)倫理(li)(li)觀(guan)念(nian)與(yu)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)、現代商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)道德觀(guan)念(nian)與(yu)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua),克服小農(nong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)意識(shi)(shi)、封(feng)建主義(yi)殘余意識(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)計劃經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)意識(shi)(shi)。當(dang)全社會(hui)(hui)真正形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)有利于企業(ye)(ye)(ye)家生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)環境(jing)(jing)、體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)(jing)、人(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)環境(jing)(jing)之時(shi)(shi)(shi),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復興(xing)也就(jiu)為期不(bu)(bu)遠了(le)。
時光流逝(shi),沖淡(dan)了龍游商幫創(chuang)立的(de)(de)輝煌業績(ji),只(zhi)留下一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)散落在(zai)浙(zhe)西大(da)地上的(de)(de)民居大(da)院。難道作為后人的(de)(de)我(wo)們(men),只(zhi)能(neng)是(shi)綴串(chuan)起(qi)這一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)珍珠,向(xiang)世人炫(xuan)耀我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)祖上也曾風光過就足(zu)了嗎?什么時候才能(neng)重(zhong)新(xin)迎來(lai)浙(zhe)西新(xin)一(yi)代“商幫”的(de)(de)復興?這才是(shi)當前研究龍游商幫歷(li)史(shi)的(de)(de)真實所在(zai)。
僻居于(yu)浙西山(shan)區的(de)(de)龍游商(shang)(shang)幫在歷(li)史上曾經輝煌(huang)一(yi)時,在明萬歷(li)時已有(you)(you)“遍地龍游”之諺(參見萬歷(li)《龍游縣志》),與當時馳名的(de)(de)“無徽(hui)不(bu)成(cheng)鎮”、“鉆天洞庭”的(de)(de)徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)蘇商(shang)(shang)等(deng)并駕齊驅。其(qi)所(suo)以能在市場競爭(zheng)中嶄露頭角,是與它(ta)有(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)良好(hao)的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)業道德很有(you)(you)關系,聲譽(yu)良好(hao),贏得了人們的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)任(ren)。反(fan)之,也有(you)(you)些商(shang)(shang)人欺詐造假,只能蒙騙一(yi)時,不(bu)能長久(jiu)立足于(yu)商(shang)(shang)壇(tan)。明代浙江人張應俞編著(zhu)(zhu)了《杜騙新書(shu)》,列舉24類(lei)84則騙術,這就是明代中葉以來商(shang)(shang)壇(tan)上不(bu)誠信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)劣跡(詳(xiang)見拙著(zhu)(zhu)《明清時期商(shang)(shang)業及商(shang)(shang)人書(shu)之研究(jiu)》下篇(pian)第(di)6章。該(gai)書(shu)為《國學精粹叢(cong)書(shu)》的(de)(de)一(yi)種,臺灣洪葉文化事(shi)業有(you)(you)限公司,1997年出版)。
相比之下,龍游商幫的(de)(de)誠實守信(xin)就顯得非常(chang)可貴。龍游商人(ren)傅(fu)家來(lai)開設傅(fu)立宗紙號,非常(chang)注重(zhong)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)質量,精(jing)益求精(jing),所(suo)造(zao)之紙,堅韌(ren)白凈,均勻齊整,比其他家的(de)(de)紙在同一(yi)件紙號中重(zhong)十多(duo)斤。造(zao)紙是多(duo)工序(xu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)流(liu)程,他為(wei)了保證質量,層層把(ba)關,嚴格檢驗(yan),次品(pin)決不出售。產(chan)品(pin)暢銷大江南北,經久不衰。為(wei)了表示對(dui)用(yong)戶負(fu)責和維持(chi)良好的(de)(de)信(xin)譽(yu),他的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)都(dou)統一(yi)加印
“西山(shan)傅立宗(zong)”印記。
姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大棉(mian)布(bu)店(dian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)信(xin)譽著(zhu)稱(cheng)(cheng),冠(guan)為金(華)衢(州(zhou))嚴(yan)(州(zhou))三府第一(yi)(yi)家。自從(cong)胡筱漁接管以(yi)(yi)(yi)來,非常(chang)重視信(xin)譽,以(yi)(yi)(yi)誠實守信(xin)教育每(mei)一(yi)(yi)位職工(gong),多次提出(chu)要薄利(li)(li)多銷,童叟無(wu)欺,決不(bu)(bu)(bu)二價。為了(le)防止流通中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)銀(yin)元摻假損(sun)害顧客利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi),特(te)聘(pin)請了(le)三位有(you)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)銀(yin)工(gong),嚴(yan)格(ge)檢驗(yan)(yan),凡經(jing)過(guo)他(ta)(ta)店(dian)的(de)(de)銀(yin)幣(bi)加以(yi)(yi)(yi)“姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大”印記(ji),讓顧客放心。在經(jing)營(ying)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)目光遠(yuan)大,不(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)短期行為來賺錢,為了(le)信(xin)譽,寧(ning)愿承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)暫時(shi)的(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)。有(you)一(yi)(yi)次,他(ta)(ta)在海(hai)寧(ning)訂購了(le)7500匹石門(men)布(bu),價值6萬銀(yin)元,在運(yun)輸過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)遭劫,這本(ben)不(bu)(bu)(bu)關姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大店(dian)的(de)(de)事,海(hai)寧(ning)布(bu)商(shang)亦立即派人(ren)來龍游處理此事,主動承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)損(sun)失(shi)(shi),胡筱漁重義疏(shu)財,當(dang)場(chang)償付了(le)對(dui)方(fang)6萬元布(bu)款,還再訂購了(le)7500匹棉(mian)布(bu),并(bing)熱情款待海(hai)寧(ning)布(bu)商(shang)。由于這一(yi)(yi)義舉(ju),姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大布(bu)店(dian)信(xin)譽大增,遐(xia)邇(er)聞名,在以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)的(de)(de)經(jing)商(shang)活動中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),凡碰(peng)到貨物緊俏時(shi),海(hai)寧(ning)等地布(bu)商(shang)都首先滿足他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)貨源需求,全力支持他(ta)(ta)渡(du)過(guo)難(nan)關。他(ta)(ta)對(dui)職工(gong)也以(yi)(yi)(yi)禮相待,以(yi)(yi)(yi)誠相待,從(cong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)刻薄,職工(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)年(nian)(nian)長者,以(yi)(yi)(yi)叔伯相稱(cheng)(cheng),同輩以(yi)(yi)(yi)兄(xiong)弟、晚輩以(yi)(yi)(yi)弟侄(zhi)相呼,平(ping)等待人(ren)。年(nian)(nian)終還發“紅利(li)(li)壓(ya)歲錢”,春節賞每(mei)一(yi)(yi)職工(gong)一(yi)(yi)匹布(bu)代價的(de)(de)獎(jiang)勵(li)金。以(yi)(yi)(yi)心比心,誠摯(zhi)待人(ren),職工(gong)受感動,工(gong)作就(jiu)更負責,保證了(le)姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大的(de)(de)良好運(yun)作。
大(da)絲綢商(shang)李(li)(li)汝(ru)衡(heng),商(shang)品販銷到湖廣(guang)十五(wu)(wu)郡,幾(ji)乎壟斷了楚湘的絲綢市場。他(ta)職業道德良好(hao),待人寬厚誠信,人望甚好(hao)。明代大(da)文人李(li)(li)維楨著文贊揚他(ta):“李(li)(li)十二汝(ru)衡(heng)者(zhe),越之(zhi)龍(long)游人也。……至汝(ru)衡(heng)而資益(yi)拓,所居(ju)積綺(qi)縠纻罽,遍四(si)方(fang)之(zhi)珍異,挽舟轉轂以百數,所冠帶衣履,遍楚之(zhi)十五(wu)(wu)郡。而善與時低(di)昂,人或就之(zhi)貰貸無所靳,亦不責子(zi)錢,久乃或負之(zhi),遂不復言。……楚人慕(mu)其誼,爭交歡汝(ru)衡(heng)。”(《大(da)泌(mi)山房集》卷68,《贈李(li)(li)汝(ru)衡(heng)序》)
龍(long)游(you)(you)本是(shi)姑篾故國舊地,素有(you)重文(wen)化(hua)的(de)傳(chuan)統(tong),詩書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)禮(li)樂傳(chuan)家(jia),耕(geng)讀(du)(du)(du)遵禮(li),弦歌不絕。就(jiu)是(shi)出為(wei)(wei)(wei)賈(jia)也(ye)不忘讀(du)(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),故首(shou)選造(zao)(zao)紙(zhi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)業。龍(long)游(you)(you)新(xin)造(zao)(zao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)紙(zhi)在明代已具名(ming)(ming)氣。明著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)余象斗文(wen)臺,他(ta)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)印書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍(ji)尤注重用紙(zhi),他(ta)品評全國著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)紙(zhi)品有(you)徽歙紙(zhi)(青光(guang)白(bai)滑冰翼凝霜,績溪(xi)龍(long)須(xu),西(xi)山觀(guan)音(yin)紙(zhi)),江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)紙(zhi)(觀(guan)音(yin)蓮七紙(zhi)),鉛山(奏本)紙(zhi)等,而(er)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)浙江(jiang)(jiang)衢紙(zhi)尤勝,“連四(si)(si)紙(zhi),開化(hua)縣(xian)有(you)連三連四(si)(si)紙(zhi)亦佳(jia),只要白(bai)厚無粉(fen)者為(wei)(wei)(wei)妙(miao)。”“常(chang)山縣(xian)有(you)榜紙(zhi),并中夾紙(zhi)奏本紙(zhi)次于鉛山。”龍(long)游(you)(you)縣(xian)溪(xi)口鎮是(shi)龐大的(de)造(zao)(zao)紙(zhi)中心兼銷售市場,紙(zhi)商麕(jun)集(ji)。乾(qian)隆間閩商林瓊茂來(lai)龍(long)擇地上(shang)塘設(she)坊造(zao)(zao)紙(zhi),傳(chuan)至其(qi)孫林巨(ju)倫(lun),已“積貲巨(ju)萬(wan)”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)商童佩,名(ming)(ming)噪一(yi)時,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)大江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)北,其(qi)父(fu)(fu)彥(yan)清(qing),“最稱(cheng)儒雅,不寢然諾。”幼時從父(fu)(fu)販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)吳越間,“喜讀(du)(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),手一(yi)帙,坐船間,日夜不輟,歷歲久,流覽既富(fu)(fu),所為(wei)(wei)(wei)詩風格清(qing)越,不失古(gu)音(yin)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)文(wen)亦工善,尤善考證書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫金石(shi)彝敦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬。”王世貞(zhen)稱(cheng)其(qi)“藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)萬(wan)卷,皆其(qi)手所自(zi)校者”,是(shi)著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)。所刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)質量(liang)上(shang)乘,深受學(xue)者歡迎,時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)流碩(shuo)儒王世貞(zhen)、王穉(zhi)登、歸有(you)光(guang)引(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座客,并為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)作(zuo)(zuo)序作(zuo)(zuo)傳(chuan)。他(ta)本人(ren)有(you)《童子鳴集(ji)》、《佩萸雜(za)錄(lu)》、《九(jiu)華(hua)游(you)(you)記》、《南(nan)獄東岱(dai)詩》、與余湘合纂《龍(long)游(you)(you)縣(xian)志》等。刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)印過《徐侍郎集(ji)》、《文(wen)房(fang)四(si)(si)譜(pu)》、《楊(yang)盈川集(ji)》等。他(ta)的(de)學(xue)問(wen)深得(de)名(ming)(ming)儒稱(cheng)贊,胡應(ying)麟見其(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目曰:“所臚列經史子集(ji),皆犁(li)然會(hui)心,令人(ren)手舞足蹈。”引(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“子期”好友,王世貞(zhen)更稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“千(qian)古(gu)是(shi)知音(yin)”。龍(long)游(you)(you)童氏是(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)香門(men)第(di),業書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)者眾。如童富(fu)(fu),“為(wei)(wei)(wei)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia),往來(lai)閩粵吳中貿(mao)遷,……為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)坦夷(yi)樸(pu)茂,樂善好施,……湖海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士,多(duo)嘖嘖稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”另(ling)一(yi)位書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)胡貿(mao),承父(fu)(fu)兄書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業,“往來(lai)賈(jia)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆及士人(ren)家(jia)”,也(ye)是(shi)有(you)名(ming)(ming)的(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)。明代大學(xue)問(wen)家(jia)唐(tang)順(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荊(jing)川謙曰:“非貿(mao),則予事無與成(cheng)”。與唐(tang)深交,胡死(si)后唐(tang)曾贈棺以殮。龍(long)游(you)(you)望族(zu)余氏也(ye)是(shi)世代營(ying)印書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業,曾在江(jiang)(jiang)蘇太倉州婁(lou)(lou)縣(xian)開設(she)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆。“清(qing)初,龍(long)游(you)(you)余氏開書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆于婁(lou)(lou)縣(xian),刊讀(du)(du)(du)本四(si)(si)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字畫無偽,遠近購買。”
上述僅是龍游商幫中(zhong)的幾個(ge)例子。龍游商人(ren)深受中(zhong)華傳統文化的熏(xun)陶,亦(yi)賈亦(yi)儒,保持著良好(hao)的節操,以(yi)人(ren)品為重(zhong),注重(zhong)自身修養,有(you)社會(hui)責任(ren)感(gan),誠信為本,終于事業(ye)有(you)成。歷史(shi)的經(jing)驗值得借鑒(jian),發揚我國優秀的道(dao)(dao)德(de)傳統,完善(shan)市(shi)場經(jing)濟(ji)條件下的職業(ye)道(dao)(dao)德(de),提倡人(ren)人(ren)誠信,形(xing)成良好(hao)的社會(hui)風氣(qi),這是我們這個(ge)時代(dai)的一項重(zhong)要工作(zuo)。
點評:龍游商(shang)人"敢為(wei)天下先(xian)"的精(jing)神(shen)和(he)"海納(na)百(bai)川"的肚(du)量,是(shi)他們良(liang)好的經(jing)商(shang)心態的反映。他們雖然是(shi)出自一個偏僻(pi)之(zhi)地(di),既(ji)無官府支(zhi)持(chi),又無強(qiang)大的宗族(zu)勢力作堅強(qiang)后盾,但他們卻能在強(qiang)手如林的各大商(shang)幫中崛起,自立于商(shang)幫之(zhi)林。
龍(long)游商幫(bang)是指(zhi)以浙江衢(qu)州府龍(long)游縣為中(zhong)心的衢(qu)商集(ji)團,它(ta)萌發于(yu)南宋,興盛于(yu)明(ming)代中(zhong)葉,以經營珠寶業(ye)、販(fan)書業(ye)、紙張業(ye)著名。明(ming)萬歷年間(1573—1602),它(ta)于(yu)徽商、晉商以及(ji)江右幫(bang)商人在商場中(zhong)角(jiao)逐(zhu),稱(cheng)雄一時,故有“遍地龍(long)游”之(zhi)(zhi)諺。它(ta)以一府一縣之(zhi)(zhi)地為基礎,聚集(ji)了大量資金,而成(cheng)為中(zhong)國十大商幫(bang)之(zhi)(zhi)一,至清(qing)代逐(zhu)漸為寧紹商幫(bang)所替(ti)代。
主 要 行 業 銷 售 范(fan) 圍 重要集鎮(zhen)、代表商行或(huo)人物
1 紙 商 遠(yuan)銷江蘇一帶 龍游(you)溪口鎮是造紙和紙張貿易(yi)中心
2 書 商 浙(zhe)江(jiang)、江(jiang)蘇、河北及山東、京師 明代龍游書商、藏書家童佩
3 糧(liang)食(shi)商 毗鄰(lin)各省 龍(long)游茶圩(wei)米(mi)市,年銷量1200萬(wan)噸
4 山(shan)貨(huo)商 全(quan)國及(ji)東南亞各(ge)國 胡同和(he)號(hao),年(nian)產各(ge)類油10萬余斤(jin)
5 藥(yao)材商(shang) 毗鄰地區 龍游縣城滋福(fu)堂藥(yao)店
6 絲綢棉布商(shang) 遠銷湖廣(guang)一帶 龍游(you)縣城(cheng)百年(nian)老(lao)店姜益大廣(guang)貨(huo)店
7 珠寶商(shang) 最大市場在京(jing)師(shi) 一般(ban)單(dan)人匹(pi)馬(ma)經營
8 海(hai)外貿易商(shang) 日本(ben)、東南(nan)亞各國 海(hai)外走私貿易為主
9 邊貿商(shang) 遠銷(xiao)緬甸、印度(du) 在(zai)云南姚安地(di)區墾荒經商(shang)
龍游商幫(bang)經營行業頗廣,有山(shan)貨、紙(zhi)、刻印販書(shu)、珠寶古(gu)董、長途(tu)販運、農業屯墾(ken)、礦冶(ye)等。
山貨業(ye)。皆為(wei)當地產品竹(zhu)木(mu)茶油漆煙。清康(kang)熙年間龍游縣志(zhi)記載(zai):“南鄉(xiang)(xiang)稍(shao)有(you)竹(zhu)木(mu)紙筍之利,可以貿易他(ta)郡……北鄉(xiang)(xiang)則(ze)止有(you)桕(jiu)油一(yi)項(xiang)。”
造(zao)紙業(ye)(ye)。造(zao)紙多(duo)以(yi)作坊或工遺址龍游北鄉古商道場形式生產,自產自銷,具有若干商業(ye)(ye)資本(ben)與(yu)產業(ye)(ye)資本(ben)相結合的生產方式。溪口(kou)鎮(zhen)是生產和(he)銷售的中心(xin)。該鎮(zhen):“其繁盛,乃倍于城市焉。”
刻(ke)印(yin)(yin)販(fan)書(shu)(shu)業。龍游多(duo)產紙(zhi)木(mu),可(ke)刻(ke)印(yin)(yin)書(shu)(shu)籍(ji),又有文(wen)化傳統,一些(xie)文(wen)人(ren)(ren)學(xue)士(shi)放(fang)下架子,從事于(yu)刻(ke)印(yin)(yin)販(fan)書(shu)(shu)業以聚財。望(wang)族余氏,還(huan)在(zai)江蘇(su)婁縣開設書(shu)(shu)坊書(shu)(shu)肆,刊印(yin)(yin)讀(du)本(ben)安畫(hua),銷路(lu)很好。書(shu)(shu)販(fan)胡(hu)貿善錐書(shu)(shu),經常和一些(xie)文(wen)人(ren)(ren)交往。明大學(xue)者唐順之因愛(ai)書(shu)(shu),把胡(hu)貿引(yin)為座上客(ke)。他還(huan)說:“非(fei)貿,則予事無(wu)與(yu)成。”把自己(ji)成就歸之于(yu)與(yu)胡(hu)貿的交往。
珠寶(bao)(bao)古(gu)董(dong)業。經(jing)營珠寶(bao)(bao)業一(yi)需(xu)有雄厚資(zi)金(jin),二需(xu)有鑒別觀賞能(neng)力(li),三需(xu)有進(jin)貨(huo)(huo)銷貨(huo)(huo)的(de)渠道,四需(xu)有能(neng)躲過被(bei)劫被(bei)盜的(de)應變能(neng)力(li)。古(gu)書記載:“龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)賈,其所(suo)賈多明珠、翠(cui)羽、寶(bao)(bao)石、貓眼(yan)類較(軟)物。千(qian)金(jin)之貨(huo)(huo),只一(yi)身自赍京師、販絮、僧鞋、蒙戎、襤(lan)褸巨疽(ju)、膏藥內皆(jie)寶(bao)(bao)珠所(suo)藏,人無所(suo)知者。”可見龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)人不但(dan)有雄厚的(de)資(zi)金(jin),還具有較高文化和應變能(neng)力(li),處事謹慎,是不事張揚的(de)實(shi)干商(shang)(shang)人,
長途販運(yun)業(ye)。據王文祿《策樞》記(ji)載,龍(long)游商人(ren)李汝(ru)衡,擁有重資,常備百(bai)余輛(liang)(艘)車船運(yun)銷貨物,把(ba)絲綢遠銷到(dao)湖(hu)北一省十五郡之(zhi)地(di),占(zhan)領了(le)全省銷售(shou)市(shi)場。明嘉靖年間捕獲的走私貿易中,就有龍(long)游商人(ren)參與其事。
礦(kuang)冶業。據顧炎武《天下(xia)郡國(guo)利病書》中記載,有龍游(you)人祝十八,聚(ju)礦(kuang)工有數百(bai)人,在平洋銅塘、吳村一帶從事礦(kuang)冶。龍游(you)商幫肯吃苦(ku),不畏艱辛,不怕(pa)路遙道險。
他們足跡(ji)遍及全(quan)國(guo)各地,直至海外日本、呂宋等(deng)地。如在(zai)明(ming)嘉(jia)靖年間(jian),就(jiu)(jiu)發現海外通商(shang)者中有龍游商(shang)人(ren)(ren)。另外,早(zao)于明(ming)成化元年(1465)龍游商(shang)人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)與江西安福商(shang)人(ren)(ren)一起(qi),到云南姚安(今楚雄)從事屯墾,種植(zhi)糧食和(he)經濟作物。他們數萬人(ren)(ren)長途(tu)跋(ba)涉,克(ke)服了(le)水(shui)土不服等(deng)困(kun)難,在(zai)云貴(gui)一帶從事經商(shang)墾荒,享有“天涯賈客”之譽,為我(wo)國(guo)西南的(de)開發立下汗馬功(gong)勞(lao),至今云貴(gui)高原(yuan)還有許多龍游人(ren)(ren)的(de)后代。可以說(shuo)龍游商(shang)幫(bang)是中國(guo)歷史上西部開發的(de)先驅之一。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫之所(suo)以名(ming)重(zhong)一時,還因為他們具有(you)寬容、誠(cheng)信等(deng)品性和良好的職(zhi)業道德。如紙商(shang)(shang)傅(fu)立宗(zong),紙優(you)價實,為保證質量,紙品統加印(yin)“西山傅(fu)立宗(zong)”字樣,從示信用。姜(jiang)益大棉布(bu)號,特聘了(le)3名(ming)驗銀工,凡經(jing)(jing)流通該店的通貨,皆加蓋(gai)印(yin)記(ji),以示負(fu)責。滋福(fu)堂是著(zhu)名(ming)中藥店,以重(zhong)金延請名(ming)醫監制(zhi)丸(wan)藥,配制(zhi)成(cheng)藥準確無誤,分工細(xi)密,層層檢(jian)驗,要求(qiu)藥工對顧(gu)客的健(jian)康(kang)負(fu)責。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)人從不排外,善(shan)待遷(qian)居來龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)經(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)者(zhe),如經(jing)(jing)營、鹽、紙等(deng)的徽州大商(shang)(shang)程廷柱率3個(ge)弟弟去龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游經(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang),很(hen)快融(rong)入龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游社會,所(suo)以龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫中就有(you)閩、贛、徽諸(zhu)商(shang)(shang)幫的成(cheng)員。
龍游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)雖有輝煌的過(guo)去,但隨著交通(tong)條件(jian)的變化(hua),近代海洋文化(hua)的興(xing)起和(he)海外貿易(yi)的發展(zhan),它與徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)等(deng)(deng)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)一樣未能(neng)適應時代的發展(zhan),逐漸衰落(luo)。到清道光年間,鴉片戰爭以后(hou),寧(ning)波等(deng)(deng)地(di)被辟為五(wu)口通(tong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)之埠,此時新(xin)興(xing)的上(shang)海、寧(ning)波、潮汕、廈漳等(deng)(deng)地(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang),取代了(le)龍游等(deng)(deng)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)。不過(guo),龍游等(deng)(deng)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)在歷史上(shang)的業(ye)績和(he)經商(shang)(shang)(shang)道德,將永世不泯(min)!
龍(long)(long)(long)游商人初(chu)露頭角于南宋,迨至明代已蔚(yu)為大(da)(da)觀,萬歷(li)時已是(shi)“遍地龍(long)(long)(long)游”的局面,分(fen)布(bu)于全國各(ge)大(da)(da)市場上。隆(long)萬間(jian)(jian)任職知縣的萬廷(ting)謙就說“龍(long)(long)(long)丘之民(min),往(wang)往(wang)湖口于四方,誦讀之外,農賈(jia)相半(ban)”。晚明時龍(long)(long)(long)游商人更是(shi)活(huo)躍,趨商者(zhe)更眾。天啟(qi)時,“龍(long)(long)(long)游之民(min),多向天涯海角,遠行(xing)商賈(jia),幾空縣之半(ban),而居家耕種者(zhe),僅當(dang)縣之半(ban)。”至康(kang)乾間(jian)(jian),“其(qi)居家土著者(zhe),不(bu)過十之三四耳。”這(zhe)當(dang)然是(shi)估計(ji)數,不(bu)能作(zuo)準確的計(ji)量分(fen)析,但總的趨勢是(shi)從嘉隆(long)萬間(jian)(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)游商賈(jia)已遍布(bu)四方,至康(kang)雍(yong)乾間(jian)(jian)有(you)增無減(jian)。
由于(yu)經(jing)商(shang)的(de)成(cheng)功(gong),龍游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)遂把財富(fu)返回家鄉,并將(jiang)外地的(de)風尚也(ye)(ye)帶回龍游(you),社會(hui)富(fu)庶,消費需求(qiu)增長,人皆曰俗(su)之侈(chi)靡已(yi)不可(ke)挽回。隆萬(wan)(wan)時陸瓚就說:“習尚昔固號儉嗇也(ye)(ye),今(jin)則日事(shi)于(yu)侈(chi)靡。”涂杰(jie)亦云:“服飾多用紗絹,器(qi)皿多用金(jin)銀,侈(chi)靡相高,已(yi)非一日。”“邑中室(shi)廬往稱樸素,萬(wan)(wan)歷中葉漸(jian)以(yi)雕琢相高。”社會(hui)心理(li)是(shi)羨慕(mu)奢華(hua),愿向生活水平高的(de)地方看(kan)齊(qi),競相仿(fang)效(xiao)。萬(wan)(wan)歷間已(yi)呈“俗(su)侈(chi)靡,尤效(xiao)慕(mu)三吳之豪”趨勢。生活穩(wen)定了(le),才有可(ke)能(neng)向蘇杭(hang)侈(chi)靡的(de)風尚仿(fang)效(xiao)。從這一側面也(ye)(ye)折射(she)出龍游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)給龍游(you)帶來(lai)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)富(fu)庶和社會(hui)生活的(de)安定。風尚趨于(yu)侈(chi)靡是(shi)當時經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)社會(hui)進步的(de)表征。
龍(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)與同(tong)時代其他商(shang)幫(bang)相比,它(ta)最(zui)大(da)特色和優點(dian)乃是(shi)富(fu)于開拓(tuo)精神,不畏艱(jian)險,勇敢地(di)邁出(chu)家門,走(zou)出(chu)山區,投向廣闊(kuo)的天地(di),在闖蕩市場中,逐(zhu)漸地(di)揚棄了“安土重遷”、“骨肉相附”的情結。它(ta)是(shi)明清時代最(zui)早走(zou)向西(xi)部開發的商(shang)壇勁旅。大(da)批(pi)離開土地(di)的農(nong)民加入商(shang)賈(jia)行(xing)列,也有(you)大(da)批(pi)舍儒從商(shang)之(zhi)徒,他們(men)“挾資以出(chu),守(shou)為恒業,即秦晉蜀(shu)滇萬里(li),視若比舍,俗有(you)遍地(di)龍(long)游之(zhi)諺(yan)。”
明(ming)清(qing)時期(qi)經(jing)濟最發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da)地區(qu)(qu)是長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)(jiao)洲(zhou)(江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南)和珠江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)(jiao)洲(zhou)一(yi)帶(dai)(dai),秦(qin)晉滇(dian)蜀西(xi)部(bu)地區(qu)(qu)相對(dui)來說較為后進,而(er)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)不(bu)嫌西(xi)部(bu)經(jing)濟不(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da),生(sheng)活艱(jian)苦,路(lu)途遙(yao)遠(yuan),行程險(xian)阻,以(yi)豪邁氣(qi)概視天涯海(hai)角(jiao)(jiao)若比鄰,無(wu)遠(yuan)而(er)不(bu)屆,誠為天涯賈客。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)李(li)汝衡,攜絲綢(chou)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)于(yu)蜀楚。李(li)維楨記:“李(li)十(shi)二汝衡者(zhe),越之龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也。自其(qi)父(fu)鶴(he)汀賈江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)陵,迄今人(ren)(ren)(ren)與年蓋兩世矣(yi)。父(fu)子(zi)饒心計,趨時不(bu)失累。至(zhi)汝衡而(er)資益(yi)拓(tuo),所(suo)居(ju)積綺縠(hu)纻罽,窮(qiong)四方(fang)之珍異,車免舟轉轂以(yi)百數(shu)(shu),所(suo)冠帶(dai)(dai)衣履,遍楚之十(shi)五郡。而(er)善與時低昂,人(ren)(ren)(ren)或就(jiu)之貰貸無(wu)所(suo)靳。……”童巨川偕其(qi)弟(di)盛川于(yu)嘉靖間,在(zai)“宣府大同貿易邊庭,……厥(jue)后子(zi)若侄嗣其(qi)業,資利益(yi)饒。”童氏數(shu)(shu)代(dai)(dai)在(zai)宣大做邊界貿易致巨富。最可(ke)值(zhi)得大書特書的是龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群體挺進大西(xi)南滇(dian)省姚安(an)等地區(qu)(qu)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)。在(zai)明(ming)清(qing)時代(dai)(dai)交通條(tiao)件下(xia),攜妻(qi)帶(dai)(dai)子(zi)千萬(wan)里跋涉至(zhi)西(xi)南決(jue)非易事,非得有(you)數(shu)(shu)月(yue)始可(ke)抵達(da)。驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)他們(men)(men)長(chang)途跋涉行動(dong)(dong)并非胸懷開發(fa)(fa)(fa)西(xi)部(bu)的公益(yi)心,而(er)利益(yi)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)倒是其(qi)原(yuan)動(dong)(dong)力。因為在(zai)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南華(hua)南中(zhong)原(yuan)等地商(shang)(shang)業中(zhong)競(jing)爭已不(bu)容易,施(shi)展才(cai)能的空間畢(bi)竟有(you)限,他們(men)(men)獲悉(xi)滇(dian)省尚(shang)有(you)大發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的前景,所(suo)以(yi)才(cai)毅然前往,足見龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)對(dui)商(shang)(shang)業信息還是靈通的。
明(ming)代成化元(yuan)年就有大批(pi)龍游(you)商(shang)人偕同(tong)江右商(shang)人(江西安福)在(zai)云南邊(bian)陲姚安等府經商(shang),姚安即今楚雄彝族自治州(zhou)一帶。語言不(bu)通,生活(huo)習俗不(bu)同(tong),自然還會(hui)有水土(tu)不(bu)服(fu)的(de)困難,但是(shi)他們能(neng)克(ke)服(fu)種種困難,準(zhun)備長(chang)期生存下去,求得發展(zhan)。他們不(bu)是(shi)流民,而是(shi)有眼光有氣魄的(de)商(shang)賈,據官方史籍記(ji)載:
“成化元(yuan)年(1465)十一月初七日(ri)禮部等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙門(men)題為(wei)建言民情等(deng)(deng)(deng)事,該湖廣布政(zheng)司等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙門(men)右參議等(deng)(deng)(deng)官人等(deng)(deng)(deng)鄭序等(deng)(deng)(deng)建言:……姚安軍(jun)民府(fu)(fu)陰(yin)陽學正木甘理(li)言一件,禁約游(you)食(shi),初見云南遠在(zai)(zai)萬(wan)里(li),各邊衛指府(fu)(fu)軍(jun)民相參,山多田少,不(bu)(bu)通(tong)舟車,近年雨水不(bu)(bu)調,五(wu)谷少收,米(mi)糧涌貴,過活艱(jian)難。有浙江(jiang)江(jiang)西等(deng)(deng)(deng)布政(zheng)司安福龍游(you)等(deng)(deng)(deng)縣客商(shang)人等(deng)(deng)(deng)不(bu)(bu)下三五(wu)萬(wan)人在(zai)(zai)衛府(fu)(fu)坐(生(sheng))理(li),偏處城市(shi)鄉(xiang)村屯堡(bao)安歇,生(sheng)放錢(qian)債(zhai),利(li)上生(sheng)利(li),收債(zhai)米(mi)谷,賤買貴賣,娶妻生(sheng)子,置買奴仆,游(you)食(shi)無度(du),二三十年不(bu)(bu)回原籍(ji)。……行云南按察(cha)司著落各衛府(fu)(fu)查(cha)(cha)勘所屬鄉(xiang)村屯堡(bao)城郭去處,但有江(jiang)西等(deng)(deng)(deng)處客民,不(bu)(bu)問從(cong)引新舊,盡數拿(na)解原籍(ji)當差,不(bu)(bu)許托故(gu)稽遲及窩藏隱蔽,連歇家(jia)人等(deng)(deng)(deng)一律治(zhi)罪(zui),庶使邊食(shi)稍寬,奸(jian)弊斯革矣。前件云南按察(cha)司查(cha)(cha)究。”
這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)節史(shi)(shi)(shi)料充分反映了龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數萬人成群結隊來(lai)到(dao)了黔(qian)滇邊(bian)陲少(shao)數民族聚居地(di)(di)從事于(yu)屯(tun)(tun)墾(ken)(ken)事業(ye)(ye),把(ba)(ba)先(xian)(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)帶(dai)到(dao)西(xi)(xi)南,他(ta)們來(lai)到(dao)遠離城市(shi)“鄉村屯(tun)(tun)堡安歇。”干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)放錢(qian)債,利(li)上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li);收(shou)債米谷,賤(jian)買貴賣”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事業(ye)(ye)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一方(fang)面是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高利(li)貸收(shou)錢(qian)收(shou)谷,即放青苗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法,利(li)用(yong)手頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雄(xiong)厚資(zi)金進行糧(liang)食(shi)買賣;另一方(fang)面值得(de)注意(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“置買奴仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu),游(you)(you)食(shi)無(wu)度”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一句話。可能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)流(liu)動(dong)(dong)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屯(tun)(tun)墾(ken)(ken),即一地(di)(di)一地(di)(di)輪(lun)流(liu)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)墾(ken)(ken)拓(tuo),利(li)用(yong)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)制(zhi)吸收(shou)當(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)閑散的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)力,以(yi)(yi)奴仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)形式(shi)招募(mu)勞(lao)工進行大規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)屯(tun)(tun)墾(ken)(ken),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很有(you)意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),值得(de)深入研究(jiu)。關(guan)鍵是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“奴仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)”系(xi)(xi)何種身(shen)份(fen)之人,估計(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)會是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具有(you)很強人身(shen)隸屬(shu)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu),應是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)身(shen)份(fen)上(shang)自由(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人出錢(qian)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)他(ta)們,從事于(yu)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墾(ken)(ken)荒(huang)、耕(geng)種等勞(lao)務。在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)當(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)就有(you)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)婢從事家(jia)務或商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)上(shang)勞(lao)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形,據康熙《龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)縣志(zhi)》記:“士庶之家(jia),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)廣(guang)置婢仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu),仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)多(duo)傭(yong)(yong)工,婢則出市(shi)貿(mao)易(yi),多(duo)白首不(bu)(bu)(bu)嫁以(yi)(yi)終(zhong)其身(shen)。”從“仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)多(duo)傭(yong)(yong)工,婢則出市(shi)貿(mao)易(yi)”來(lai)看,并無(wu)身(shen)份(fen)上(shang)隸屬(shu)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)。也(ye)許他(ta)們把(ba)(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)也(ye)帶(dai)到(dao)云南邊(bian)陲農(nong)業(ye)(ye)屯(tun)(tun)墾(ken)(ken)業(ye)(ye)中來(lai)。如果理解(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)錯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話,當(dang)(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人已具有(you)先(xian)(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理營理念(nian),將土(tu)地(di)(di)作為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)息(xi)資(zi)本(ben)來(lai)經(jing)營,以(yi)(yi)先(xian)(xian)進技(ji)術(shu)提高生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力,采(cai)取(qu)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)制(zhi)來(lai)經(jing)營經(jing)濟作物,把(ba)(ba)收(shou)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)作為(wei)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)再投放市(shi)場,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)無(wu)疑是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一種新式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營方(fang)式(shi),把(ba)(ba)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)本(ben)轉化為(wei)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)本(ben)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一大變革,具有(you)轉型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi),表示著新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌芽。過去(qu)在(zai)(zai)研討(tao)中國封建社會里資(zi)本(ben)主義(yi)萌芽時人們較普遍重(zhong)視手工業(ye)(ye),礦(kuang)冶(ye)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)與雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)(yong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌發(fa)(fa),也(ye)較多(duo)著眼于(yu)先(xian)(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域如江南以(yi)(yi)及大中城市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)方(fang)式(shi)變革,對(dui)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)、對(dui)偏遠地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)重(zhong)視不(bu)(bu)(bu)足,今以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)大西(xi)(xi)南的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實例來(lai)看,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)注意(yi)(yi)(yi)到(dao)他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造(zao)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)等開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)西(xi)(xi)南,對(dui)融洽民族關(guan)系(xi)(xi),開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)邊(bian)疆地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很有(you)意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)近世歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(明清)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)了起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超前行動(dong)(dong),表現了龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前衛意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)和(he)對(dui)西(xi)(xi)部開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻(xian),可以(yi)(yi)說它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中國歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)最早走向西(xi)(xi)部開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)驅(qu)者。由(you)(you)于(yu)缺乏(fa)輔證史(shi)(shi)(shi)料,有(you)待于(yu)再發(fa)(fa)掘新史(shi)(shi)(shi)料,現在(zai)(zai)也(ye)只能(neng)(neng)做如此的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推論。
明(ming)中(zhong)央政(zheng)府(fu)及當地政(zheng)府(fu)官員守(shou)舊求(qiu)穩,怕人口流動影響邊陲的(de)社會治(zhi)安和(he)糧食供應豐足,千方百計(ji)(ji)下(xia)令強制回(hui)遷這些(xie)在(zai)邊陲安家落戶“二三十不回(hui)原籍(ji)”的(de)商(shang)民,采用(yong)“拿解原籍(ji)當差”,這實(shi)是很不明(ming)智的(de)短視(shi)行為。官方行文如(ru)(ru)此,到底各級政(zheng)府(fu)執行如(ru)(ru)何?未見下(xia)文,估計(ji)(ji)龍游安福(fu)商(shang)民仍會“屯堡安歇”、“娶妻生子”而長期“生理”下(xia)去(qu),今之滇省遺民,必(bi)有血脈繁衍的(de)安福(fu)龍游商(shang)人后裔。
商(shang)品、市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、商(shang)業,信息是(shi)社(she)會經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重(zhong)要杠桿之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),明清時代(dai)(dai)的(de)龍游(you)商(shang)幫已初步意識(shi)到它們(men)的(de)意義。他們(men)利用(yong)自(zi)己稟賦的(de)知識(shi)和才(cai)能,窺測市(shi)場(chang)(chang),注重(zhong)信息,挺身遠出(chu),躋(ji)身于收(shou)益(yi)大的(de)珠寶(bao)業和海(hai)外(wai)貿易業,憑借自(zi)身的(de)優勢,利用(yong)知識(shi)經(jing)營印書業。他們(men)意識(shi)到社(she)會資源開發(fa)的(de)價(jia)值,不(bu)辭萬里,融洽民族關系,“進(jin)軍”大西(xi)(xi)南,開發(fa)滇省姚安(an)地區(qu),采用(yong)雇傭制的(de)方式(shi)經(jing)營邊陲的(de)屯墾業。這是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種新的(de)生產方式(shi),是(shi)一(yi)(yi)大創造,表明了(le)明清時代(dai)(dai)龍游(you)商(shang)幫具有無(wu)遠不(bu)屆、天(tian)涯賈客的(de)大無(wu)畏精神(shen),也(ye)展(zhan)示了(le)他們(men)走在時代(dai)(dai)前頭,具有先(xian)進(jin)的(de)理(li)念(nian)。他們(men)對(dui)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)的(de)開發(fa),作(zuo)出(chu)了(le)歷(li)史(shi)性的(de)貢(gong)獻(xian);它是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)歷(li)史(shi)上(shang)真正開發(fa)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)的(de)先(xian)驅者。
1.為(wei)商之道,仁(ren)信為(wei)本。商戰取(qu)勝,理性致上。
2.一(yi)招鮮,吃遍(bian)天。
3.敢想(xiang)敢干(gan),敢為(wei)人先。
4.財散(san)人(ren)聚,財聚人(ren)散(san);取(qu)之有道,用之歡樂(le)。
5.多看則清(qing),多聽則明,多思則準,多干(gan)則成。
6.思路決定(ding)財(cai)路,一切都(dou)是人為。
7.裁衣先量(liang)體(ti),經(jing)商先摸底。
8.不(bu)摸(mo)行情(qing)休開店(dian)。
9.常去同行看看,生(sheng)意不會(hui)清淡。
10.貴(gui)中(zhong)看賤(jian),賤(jian)中(zhong)看貴(gui)。
11.先賣出手,后(hou)買入手。
12.豐(feng)年紙(zhi)馬鋪,歉年糧食行。
13.兵以(yi)快勝,商以(yi)奇贏。
14.逆(ni)(ni)境(jing)看(kan)順境(jing),順境(jing)看(kan)逆(ni)(ni)境(jing)。順逆(ni)(ni)都來看(kan),經商風險(xian)小。
15.貧賤莫(mo)尋(xun)親(qin),富貴莫(mo)露財。
16.道由天定,事在(zai)人為。