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主要經歷

早年經歷

齊莊公五十六年(nian)（約(yue)前723年(nian)），管(guan)仲出生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，管(guan)仲的(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先是周穆王的(de)(de)(de)后代，與周王室同宗。父(fu)親管(guan)莊是齊國的(de)(de)(de)大夫(fu)，后來(lai)家道中衰，導致(zhi)管(guan)仲生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活很貧(pin)困(kun)。為(wei)了謀(mou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，聯合好友鮑(bao)叔牙合伙做生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)意失敗(bai)。管(guan)仲做過(guo)當時認為(wei)是微賤(jian)的(de)(de)(de)商人。游歷許多地方(fang)，接觸各式各樣的(de)(de)(de)人，見(jian)過(guo)許多世面(mian)，從而(er)積累(lei)了豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)社會經驗。當兵的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)，臨陣脫逃。幾(ji)次(ci)想當官，但都沒有成功。

佐公子糾

齊(qi)(qi)(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)三十三年（前698年），齊(qi)(qi)(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)駕崩，留下三個兒(er)子，太(tai)子諸(zhu)兒(er)、公(gong)(gong)子糾(jiu)和公(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)死后，太(tai)子諸(zhu)兒(er)即位，是為齊(qi)(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)。當時，管仲和鮑叔牙分別(bie)輔(fu)佐公(gong)(gong)子糾(jiu)和公(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白。不(bu)久，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)與其妹魯桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)的夫人文姜秘謀私通，醉殺了魯桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)。對此(ci)，管仲預感(gan)到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)將(jiang)會發生大亂(luan)。公(gong)(gong)子糾(jiu)的母親是魯君的女兒(er)，因(yin)此(ci)管仲和召(zhao)忽就(jiu)保(bao)護(hu)公(gong)(gong)子糾(jiu)逃到(dao)魯國(guo)去躲避。

齊襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十二年（前686年），齊國(guo)(guo)內亂，兩(liang)個逃亡在外的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)，一見(jian)(jian)時機成熟，都想急忙設法回(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)，以便奪取(qu)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)寶座。魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)知道齊國(guo)(guo)無君(jun)后(hou)，萬分焦(jiao)急，立即(ji)(ji)派兵護(hu)送(song)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾回(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)，后(hou)來(lai)發現(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)已經先(xian)出發回(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)。管(guan)仲(zhong)于(yu)是決(jue)定自請先(xian)行(xing)，親率30乘兵車(che)到(dao)莒國(guo)(guo)通(tong)往齊國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)路上(shang)(shang)(shang)去截擊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)。人馬過即(ji)(ji)墨30余里(li)(li)，正遇見(jian)(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)大隊車(che)馬。管(guan)仲(zhong)等公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)車(che)馬走近(jin)，就(jiu)(jiu)操起箭(jian)(jian)來(lai)對準射(she)去，一箭(jian)(jian)射(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)應聲倒下。管(guan)仲(zhong)見(jian)(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)已射(she)死，就(jiu)(jiu)率領(ling)人馬回(hui)(hui)去。其實公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)沒有(you)(you)死，管(guan)仲(zhong)一箭(jian)(jian)射(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)銅制(zhi)衣帶勾上(shang)(shang)(shang)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)急中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生智咬破舌尖裝(zhuang)死倒下。經此一驚，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)與鮑(bao)叔牙更加警惕(ti)，飛速(su)向齊國(guo)(guo)挺(ting)進(jin)。當(dang)他(ta)們來(lai)到(dao)臨淄(zi)時，由鮑(bao)叔牙先(xian)進(jin)城里(li)(li)勸說(shuo)，齊國(guo)(guo)正卿高氏和國(guo)(guo)氏都同意護(hu)立公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)為國(guo)(guo)君(jun)，于(yu)是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)就(jiu)(jiu)進(jin)城，順利(li)地登上(shang)(shang)(shang)君(jun)位(wei)，這就(jiu)(jiu)是歷史上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。

鮑叔舉賢

齊(qi)桓年(nian)（前685年(nian)），齊(qi)桓公即(ji)位(wei)后(hou)，急需找到(dao)有才(cai)干的人來輔(fu)佐(zuo)，因此就準備請鮑叔牙出來任齊(qi)相。但鮑叔牙稱(cheng)自己才(cai)能(neng)不如管(guan)仲(zhong)，若要使齊(qi)國稱(cheng)霸，必要用管(guan)仲(zhong)為相。

管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)子糾一伙(huo)認為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白已死(si)，再(zai)沒有(you)人(ren)與他爭奪君(jun)位，也就不急(ji)于趕路。六天后才到齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)。一到齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)，沒想到齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)已有(you)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)，新(xin)君(jun)正是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白。魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)得知齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)已有(you)新(xin)君(jun)后氣急(ji)敗(bai)壞(huai)，當(dang)即派兵(bing)進攻(gong)(gong)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)，企圖武裝干涉來奪取君(jun)位。雙方(fang)在乾時會(hui)戰，管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)建議當(dang)趁小(xiao)白人(ren)心(xin)未定(ding)速攻(gong)(gong)，但(dan)魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)卻說：“如(ru)(ru)果一切如(ru)(ru)你所料，小(xiao)白早就被射死(si)了。”不聽管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的(de)話，結果遭遇(yu)伏擊(ji)，魯軍(jun)大敗(bai)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)子糾和管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)隨魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)敗(bai)歸魯國(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)(qi)軍(jun)乘勝追擊(ji)，進入魯國(guo)(guo)境(jing)內。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)絕后患，遣書給魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)，叫(jiao)魯國(guo)(guo)殺公(gong)(gong)(gong)子糾，交出管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)和召忽。否則齊(qi)(qi)軍(jun)將全面(mian)進攻(gong)(gong)魯國(guo)(guo)。魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)得知后與大夫施(shi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)商量，施(shi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)認為(wei)(wei)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)要(yao)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)不是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了報(bao)仇雪恨，而是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了任用他為(wei)(wei)政。因為(wei)(wei)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的(de)才干世間少有(you)，他為(wei)(wei)政的(de)國(guo)(guo)家必然會(hui)富強稱(cheng)霸(ba)。假(jia)如(ru)(ru)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)被齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)任用，將為(wei)(wei)魯國(guo)(guo)的(de)大患。因此施(shi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)主(zhu)張(zhang)殺死(si)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)，將尸首還(huan)給齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)。但(dan)鮑叔牙用計稱(cheng)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)恨管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)入骨，一定(ding)要(yao)生殺管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)。且(qie)魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)新(xin)敗(bai)，聞齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)大兵(bing)壓境(jing)，早嚇得心(xin)顫膽寒，沒有(you)聽施(shi)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)主(zhu)張(zhang)。在齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)壓力下，殺死(si)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子糾，并(bing)將管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)和召忽擒住，準備將二(er)人(ren)送還(huan)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)發落，以(yi)期退(tui)兵(bing)。

管仲清楚(chu)這是鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)的計謀，于是讓押運工人快馬加鞭趕(gan)去(qu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)，最后平安(an)到(dao)了齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)，經鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)的建議，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)同(tong)意選擇吉祥日子，以非常隆重(zhong)的禮節，親自(zi)去(qu)迎接管仲，以此來表示對(dui)管仲的重(zhong)視和信任。同(tong)時也讓天(tian)(tian)下人都知道齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)的賢(xian)達大度。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)迎接管仲后，一連聊了三(san)(san)天(tian)(tian)三(san)(san)夜，句句投機，齋戒三(san)(san)日，拜了管仲為相(xiang)，并稱管仲為“仲父”。

助齊稱霸

齊桓公(gong)二(er)年（前684年），桓公(gong)又(you)對管(guan)仲(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)想(xiang)加強軍(jun)備。”管(guan)仲(zhong)又(you)說(shuo)(shuo)：“不(bu)行。”桓公(gong)不(bu)聽，果(guo)然修治軍(jun)備。一次，宋(song)夫人(ren)惹怒了齊桓公(gong)，桓公(gong)怒對管(guan)仲(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)想(xiang)伐(fa)宋(song)。”管(guan)仲(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)：“不(bu)可(ke)以，我(wo)認為(wei)內政不(bu)修，對外用兵(bing)不(bu)會成功。”桓公(gong)不(bu)聽，果(guo)然起兵(bing)伐(fa)宋(song)。各諸侯興兵(bing)救宋(song)，把齊軍(jun)打得大敗。

齊桓(huan)公三年（前683年），管仲建議出兵問罪不(bu)遵禮法的譚國(guo)。譚國(guo)本(ben)來很(hen)小(xiao)，力量(liang)十分微弱，結果(guo)很(hen)快就被齊國(guo)消滅。齊國(guo)沒費力氣消滅了譚國(guo)，擴大了國(guo)土。

齊(qi)桓公五年(nian)（前681年(nian)），在(zai)管(guan)仲的(de)(de)建議下，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)宋、陳、蔡、鄭(zheng)等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)齊(qi)的(de)(de)北(bei)杏（今山東(dong)(dong)聊城東(dong)(dong)）會(hui)盟(meng)(meng)，商討安定宋國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)計。遂國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)（今山東(dong)(dong)肥城南(nan)）也(ye)被(bei)(bei)邀請，但(dan)沒有參(can)加。管(guan)仲為(wei)了提高齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)威(wei)望，就出兵把遂國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)消滅。魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本來(lai)比較強大，但(dan)因接連被(bei)(bei)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)打敗，又看到諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)服從(cong)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，不服從(cong)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)遂、譚兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)又被(bei)(bei)消滅，所以也(ye)屈服了齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。不久(jiu)，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和好，在(zai)柯(ke)（今山東(dong)(dong)東(dong)(dong)阿(a)西南(nan)）會(hui)盟(meng)(meng)。就在(zai)這次會(hui)盟(meng)(meng)中，發(fa)生了著名的(de)(de)曹沫劫盟(meng)(meng)事(shi)件。曹沫迫(po)使齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歸還之(zhi)前魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所有失(shi)(shi)地，齊(qi)桓公事(shi)后(hou)想反悔，但(dan)是管(guan)仲用大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不該(gai)失(shi)(shi)信讓齊(qi)桓公歸還了失(shi)(shi)地。

齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公六年(nian)（前(qian)680年(nian)），魯、宋、陳、蔡、衛都(dou)先后屈(qu)服齊(qi)國(guo)，譚、遂兩國(guo)早已(yi)消滅，只有鄭國(guo)還在內亂。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)因此(ci)建(jian)議齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公出面調解鄭國(guo)內亂，以此(ci)來提高齊(qi)國(guo)的地位，加速實(shi)現做霸主的目(mu)的。鄭國(guo)自(zi)厲(li)公回國(guo)殺了子儀，又殺了恩人傅瑕，逼死大夫原繁，登位稱君后，為鞏固(gu)君位，就(jiu)要聯合齊(qi)國(guo)。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)抓(zhua)住這一(yi)時機，建(jian)議齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公聯合宋、衛、鄭三(san)國(guo)，又邀請周王室參(can)加，于鄄（今山東鄄城）會盟。

齊桓公(gong)七(qi)年（前679年），管仲又(you)讓(rang)齊桓公(gong)以(yi)自己名義召集宋(song)、陳、衛、鄭又(you)在鄄會盟。

北戰山戎

齊(qi)桓公(gong)二十四年(nian)（前662年(nian)），山(shan)戎(rong)攻打燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)向(xiang)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)求(qiu)救(jiu)(jiu)，齊(qi)桓公(gong)認為南面(mian)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)禍害(hai)更大，不愿出兵。但管仲(zhong)認為，當時為患(huan)一(yi)方的，南有(you)(you)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)，北有(you)(you)山(shan)戎(rong)，西有(you)(you)狄，都是中原諸(zhu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的禍患(huan)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)君要(yao)想征(zheng)伐(fa)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)，必須先進攻山(shan)戎(rong)，北方安定，才(cai)能(neng)專心去征(zheng)伐(fa)南方。如(ru)今燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)被犯，又(you)求(qiu)救(jiu)(jiu)于我國(guo)(guo)(guo)，舉(ju)兵率(lv)先伐(fa)夷，必能(neng)得(de)到(dao)各國(guo)(guo)(guo)的擁戴(dai)。齊(qi)桓公(gong)深以為然(ran)，遂舉(ju)兵救(jiu)(jiu)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。管仲(zhong)隨軍(jun)討伐(fa)山(shan)戎(rong)救(jiu)(jiu)援燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，一(yi)直打到(dao)孤(gu)竹才(cai)回師(shi)。

齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二十(shi)(shi)六年（前(qian)660年），當時西(xi)北(bei)(bei)方的(de)(de)狄(di)(di)人也(ye)起兵(bing)(bing)(bing)進(jin)攻(gong)中原，先攻(gong)邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)（今河北(bei)(bei)邢(xing)(xing)臺）。作為霸主的(de)(de)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)，當然不(bu)能置(zhi)之不(bu)理。管仲(zhong)也(ye)很關(guan)心(xin)這(zhe)個問題，他(ta)向齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)說：“戎(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)性情十(shi)(shi)分殘暴，貪(tan)得無厭。諸夏各國(guo)(guo)都(dou)(dou)是親戚，彼(bi)此關(guan)心(xin)，一(yi)國(guo)(guo)有難，大(da)家都(dou)(dou)應相助(zhu)，不(bu)能袖手不(bu)理。滿(man)足現狀的(de)(de)安樂是很危險的(de)(de)，出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)救(jiu)邢(xing)(xing)才是上策。”齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)很欣賞(shang)管仲(zhong)的(de)(de)想法，就派(pai)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)救(jiu)邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)，邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)很快得救(jiu)。不(bu)久狄(di)(di)人又出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)攻(gong)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)，衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)被殺，衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)滅(mie)亡。狄(di)(di)人又追趕(gan)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)到黃河沿岸。 宋(song)國(guo)(guo)出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)救(jiu)出衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)七百(bai)三(san)十(shi)(shi)人。加上共(gong)、滕(teng)兩邑的(de)(de)居民一(yi)共(gong)五(wu)千人。就在(zai)曹邑（今河南滑(hua)縣）立衛(wei)戴公(gong)(gong)(gong)為國(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)。剛(gang)剛(gang)恢(hui)復(fu)的(de)(de)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)，處境十(shi)(shi)分困難。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、管仲(zhong)派(pai)了(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子無虧帶著五(wu)百(bai)乘車(che)馬和(he)三(san)千名(ming)甲士來(lai)武裝衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)，戎(rong)(rong)守曹邑。又給(gei)衛(wei)君(jun)(jun)帶來(lai)乘馬祭服，還給(gei)衛(wei)君(jun)(jun)夫人帶來(lai)乘車(che)和(he)錦(jin)帛。此外還有牛(niu)羊豬狗雞等三(san)百(bai)余(yu)只。又幫助(zhu)修(xiu)建宮殿。 邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)還未恢(hui)復(fu)，狄(di)(di)人又來(lai)第(di)二次洗劫。

齊(qi)桓公二十七(qi)年(nian)（前659年(nian)），狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)攻(gong)邢，形勢十分嚴重。齊(qi)桓公和(he)管(guan)(guan)仲立即聯合宋(song)、曹救邢。當齊(qi)、宋(song)、曹軍隊到(dao)(dao)(dao)達時，邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)如見親人(ren)(ren)(ren)，紛紛投(tou)奔，狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)被打退。邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)又被狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)洗劫一空。于是齊(qi)桓公和(he)管(guan)(guan)仲同宋(song)、曹兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)，幫助邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)把都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)遷到(dao)(dao)(dao)夷儀（今(jin)聊城(cheng)西南），這里靠近(jin)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，較為安全(quan)。使破(po)亂的(de)(de)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)得(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)安定(ding)。 邢、衛(wei)兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)(dou)遭狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)洗劫，在齊(qi)桓公、管(guan)(guan)仲的(de)(de)主持下，得(de)以復(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。當時人(ren)(ren)(ren)們都(dou)(dou)贊賞地說(shuo)：邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)遷進新都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)，好像回到(dao)(dao)(dao)了老家；恢復(fu)后的(de)(de)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)們心(xin)情高興，也(ye)忘(wang)記了亡國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)悲痛。

齊楚結盟

齊桓公二十九(jiu)年(nian)（前657年(nian)），楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)又(you)出兵鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。齊桓公與管(guan)仲(zhong)約諸侯共同救鄭(zheng)抗(kang)楚。由于楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)不斷攻鄭(zheng)，齊桓公和管(guan)仲(zhong)約魯、宋、陳、衛、鄭(zheng)、許(xu)、曹等八國(guo)(guo)(guo)組成(cheng)聯軍南下(xia)，首(shou)先一舉消滅蔡國(guo)(guo)(guo)，直指楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)。楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)在大(da)軍壓境的形勢下(xia)，派使臣(chen)屈完(wan)出來談判。

屈完見到(dao)齊桓公就問(wen)：“你們(men)(men)住在北海(hai)，我們(men)(men)住在南海(hai)，相(xiang)隔千里，任何事情都不相(xiang)干(gan)涉(she)。這(zhe)次你們(men)(men)到(dao)我們(men)(men)這(zhe)里來，不知是為(wei)了什(shen)么？”

管仲(zhong)在(zai)齊(qi)桓公身(shen)旁，聽了之后(hou)就替齊(qi)桓公答道：“從(cong)前召康公奉(feng)了周王的(de)命令，曾對我們(men)(men)的(de)祖先(xian)太公說過，五等侯九級伯，如不(bu)守法你們(men)(men)都可以去征討(tao)。東(dong)到(dao)海，西到(dao)河，南到(dao)穆陵，北到(dao)無隸，都在(zai)你們(men)(men)征討(tao)范(fan)圍內。你們(men)(men)不(bu)向周王進貢用(yong)于(yu)祭祀的(de)濾酒(jiu)的(de)包茅，公然(ran)違反(fan)王禮(li)。還有昭(zhao)王南征，至(zhi)今(jin)未回，這(zhe)事也(ye)不(bu)是與你們(men)(men)無關。我們(men)(men)興師來(lai)到(dao)這(zhe)里(li)，正是為了問罪你們(men)(men)。”

屈(qu)完(wan)回答說(shuo)：“多年沒有進貢(gong)包茅，確實是(shi)我們(men)的過錯。至于(yu)昭王南(nan)征未回是(shi)發生(sheng)在漢(han)水(shui)，你們(men)只(zhi)好去漢(han)水(shui)邊打聽好了。”

齊桓(huan)公見(jian)楚使屈完(wan)(wan)的態度(du)不軟不硬，就命令大軍在陘（今河(he)南(nan)(nan)郾(yan)城南(nan)(nan)）駐扎下來(lai)。南(nan)(nan)北兩軍相峙，從春季到夏季，已(yi)經半年。楚國(guo)又派屈完(wan)(wan)和齊桓(huan)公、管(guan)仲(zhong)談判。齊桓(huan)公、管(guan)仲(zhong)早就無(wu)意(yi)打仗(zhang)，只是(shi)想通過這次軍事行動來(lai)顯示霸主的威(wei)風，嚇唬楚國(guo)罷了。所以(yi)他們很(hen)快就同意(yi)與(yu)屈完(wan)(wan)談判，并達成協議，將軍隊撤到召陵（今河(he)南(nan)(nan)偃縣）。

齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)為(wei)了炫耀(yao)兵力，就請屈完來到軍(jun)(jun)中與他同車(che)觀看軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)指著軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)對屈完說：“指揮(hui)這樣的軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)去打仗，什(shen)么(me)樣的敵人能抵抗得了？指揮(hui)這樣的軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)去夾攻城(cheng)(cheng)寨(zhai)，有什(shen)么(me)樣的城(cheng)(cheng)寨(zhai)攻克不下呢？”

屈(qu)完很沉(chen)靜地回(hui)答；“國君，你若用德(de)義來(lai)安撫天下諸侯(hou)，誰敢不(bu)服從(cong)呢？如果(guo)只憑武力，那么我們(men)楚國可(ke)以(yi)把方城山(shan)當(dang)城，把漢水(shui)當(dang)池，城這(zhe)么高(gao)，池這(zhe)么深，你的兵再多，恐怕也無濟于事。”回(hui)答得委(wei)婉有力。

為形勢所迫(po)，齊(qi)桓公同意與楚國(guo)結盟。這樣南(nan)北軍事對峙就體面的結束了。

葵丘之盟

齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十(shi)五(wu)年（前651年），周惠王去世。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)會同(tong)各諸(zhu)侯(hou)國擁立(li)太子(zi)鄭(zheng)為天子(zi)，這(zhe)(zhe)就是(shi)周襄(xiang)王。周襄(xiang)王即位后，命(ming)宰(zai)孔(kong)賜(si)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)文(wen)武(wu)胙、彤弓矢、大路，以表彰其功。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)召集各路諸(zhu)侯(hou)大會于葵丘（今河南蘭考、民權縣境(jing)），舉行受(shou)賜(si)典禮。受(shou)賜(si)典禮上，宰(zai)孔(kong)請周襄(xiang)王之命(ming)，因齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)年老德(de)高，不(bu)必下拜受(shou)賜(si)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)想聽從王命(ming)，管仲從旁進言道：“周王雖(sui)然謙讓，臣子(zi)卻不(bu)可不(bu)敬。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)于是(shi)答道：“天威不(bu)違(wei)顏咫(zhi)尺，小(xiao)白敢貪王命(ming)，而廢臣職嗎？”說罷，只(zhi)見(jian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)疾走下階，再拜稽首，然后登(deng)堂(tang)受(shou)胙。眾諸(zhu)侯(hou)見(jian)此，皆(jie)嘆服齊(qi)(qi)(qi)君之有禮。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)又重(zhong)申盟好，訂立(li)了新盟。這(zhe)(zhe)就是(shi)歷史上有名的(de)“葵丘之盟”。

齊桓公(gong)三十九年（前647年），周襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)的(de)(de)弟(di)弟(di)叔帶勾結戎人進(jin)攻京城，王(wang)室內亂(luan)，十分(fen)危機。齊桓公(gong)派管(guan)仲(zhong)幫助(zhu)襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)平息內亂(luan)。管(guan)仲(zhong)完(wan)成得很(hen)好，獲得周王(wang)贊賞。周襄(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)為(wei)了表示尊(zun)重霸主(zhu)的(de)(de)臣(chen)下，準備用上(shang)卿禮(li)儀設宴(yan)為(wei)管(guan)仲(zhong)慶功，但管(guan)仲(zhong)沒有接(jie)受(shou)。最后他接(jie)受(shou)了下卿禮(li)儀的(de)(de)待遇(yu)。

晚年薦才

齊桓公(gong)(gong)四十一年(nian)(nian)（前645年(nian)(nian)），管仲臨死前齊桓公(gong)(gong)問誰可(ke)以替代(dai)相(xiang)位，管仲推(tui)薦了(le)公(gong)(gong)孫隰朋，并要求齊桓公(gong)(gong)遠(yuan)離開方、豎刁(diao)、易牙三人，管仲死后，繼任的公(gong)(gong)孫隰朋、鮑叔牙兩位相(xiang)國(guo)繼續沿用管仲所留下的政治制度。管仲的后代(dai)被任命(ming)為大夫，世世代(dai)代(dai)享(xiang)受(shou)福蔭(yin)。

主要作品

《管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子》一(yi)(yi)書(shu)原(yuan)為86篇(pian)，至唐又亡佚10篇(pian)，今本(ben)存76篇(pian)，托名春秋管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲著(zhu)。其(qi)實《管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子》同先秦許多(duo)典籍一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)，既非一(yi)(yi)人之著(zhu)，亦非一(yi)(yi)時之書(shu)。是(shi)一(yi)(yi)部稷下黃老道(dao)家(jia)學派的(de)(de)文(wen)集匯編。西(xi)漢國家(jia)藏(zang)書(shu)目錄《漢書(shu)·藝文(wen)志(zhi)》，在“道(dao)家(jia)”類中(zhong)(zhong)著(zhu)錄有(you)(you)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲所著(zhu)《管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子》85篇(pian)，班(ban)固(gu)注曰：“名夷吾，相齊桓(huan)公(gong)，九合諸侯，不(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)兵(bing)車也。有(you)(you)《列(lie)傳》。”今存76篇(pian)，內(nei)容(rong)極豐，包含道(dao)、儒(ru)、名、法、兵(bing)、陰陽等(deng)家(jia)的(de)(de)思(si)想以(yi)(yi)(yi)及天文(wen)、輿地、經濟和(he)農(nong)業等(deng)方面的(de)(de)知識，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)《輕重(zhong)》等(deng)篇(pian)，是(shi)古代(dai)典籍中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)多(duo)見(jian)的(de)(de)經濟文(wen)作(zuo)(zuo)，對(dui)生產、分配、交易、消費、財政、貨(huo)幣(bi)等(deng)均有(you)(you)論述，是(shi)研(yan)究我國先秦農(nong)業和(he)經濟的(de)(de)珍貴資料(liao)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲的(de)(de)傳記，載於《史記·管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)晏列(lie)傳》。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)黃老道(dao)家(jia)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)最多(duo)，其(qi)次法家(jia)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)16篇(pian)，其(qi)余各家(jia)雜之，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)法家(jia)思(si)想是(shi)道(dao)家(jia)影響下的(de)(de)法家(jia)思(si)維。

貢獻影響

政治制度

行政改革

管(guan)(guan)仲整頓行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系(xi)統(tong)，“叁其國(guo)而(er)伍其鄙”。所謂“叁其國(guo)”，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)將國(guo)劃分為(wei)(wei)21鄉，士居15鄉，工居3鄉，商(shang)居3鄉，分設(she)3官(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。所謂“伍其鄙”，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)將鄙野（國(guo)都之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)的(de)廣大地區）分為(wei)(wei)5屬(shu)，設(she)立5大夫、5正官(guan)(guan)分管(guan)(guan)。屬(shu)下有縣、鄉、卒、邑4級，分別設(she)立縣帥、鄉帥、卒帥、司官(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。整頓行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)目的(de)是(shi)“定民之(zhi)(zhi)居”，使士、農(nong)、工、商(shang)各就(jiu)(jiu)其業，從而(er)使部落的(de)殘余影響被徹底革除，行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)區域的(de)組織結構(gou)更(geng)加(jia)精細(xi)化(hua)，并(bing)且有效地維護了社會穩(wen)定。

用人人事

他(ta)提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用人原則是：“德(de)義未明于(yu)朝者(zhe)(zhe)，則不可加于(yu)尊位；功力未見于(yu)國者(zhe)(zhe)，則不可授以重祿；臨事不信于(yu)民者(zhe)(zhe)，則不可使任(ren)大官。”用今天的(de)(de)(de)(de)話說就是在任(ren)命一(yi)切官員(yuan)時，都必(bi)須根據其實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)績(ji)，特別是要有取信于(yu)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)真實政(zheng)(zheng)績(ji),而(er)不是虛假(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)績(ji)。此外，他(ta)還總結出(chu)一(yi)套對于(yu)各(ge)級官員(yuan)實行獎懲的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體辦法(fa)。

國(guo)中(zhong)“慈孝(xiao)”、“聰(cong)慧”、“拳勇(yong)”出(chu)眾(zhong)者，由鄉長推薦試用(yong)(yong)，稱(cheng)職的(de)委任(ren)為吏，任(ren)用(yong)(yong)稱(cheng)職的(de)又可(ke)以晉升，直至升為上卿助理(li)。選賢任(ren)能(neng)，在一(yi)(yi)定(ding)程度(du)(du)上突破了世(shi)卿世(shi)祿制(zhi)，擴大了人才來源，這一(yi)(yi)制(zhi)度(du)(du)成為日后科舉制(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)雛形(xing)。

政治主張

管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)注重經濟和(he)農業，反對空談主(zhu)義，開(kai)創職(zhi)業技能教育。主(zhu)張(zhang)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)以富國(guo)強兵，他(ta)說(shuo)：“國(guo)多(duo)財則遠(yuan)者來(lai)，地(di)辟舉則民留處(chu)，倉廩實而知(zhi)禮節，衣(yi)食足(zu)而知(zhi)榮辱”，唯物論(lun)中“物質決定意識”的觀念(nian)和(he)《管子》的思(si)想頗為接(jie)近(jin)。齊桓(huan)公(gong)尊管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為“仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)父(fu)”，授(shou)權讓他(ta)主(zhu)持(chi)一(yi)系列政治和(he)經濟改(gai)(gai)革(ge)：在全國(guo)劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)政區，組織軍事編(bian)制(zhi)，設官吏管理(li)；建立選拔人(ren)才(cai)制(zhi)度，士經三審選，可為“上(shang)卿(qing)之(zhi)贊”（助理(li)）；按土(tu)(tu)地(di)分(fen)(fen)等征稅(shui)，禁止貴族掠奪(duo)私產；發展鹽鐵(tie)業，鑄造貨幣，調劑物價。管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的實質，改(gai)(gai)革(ge)土(tu)(tu)地(di)和(he)人(ren)口(kou)制(zhi)度。管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)成效顯著(zhu)，齊國(guo)由此國(guo)力大(da)振。對外，管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最早提出“華(hua)夷(yi)之(zhi)辨”與“尊王攘夷(yi)”的民族主(zhu)義思(si)想。聯合(he)北方鄰國(guo)，抵(di)抗山(shan)戎族南侵。這一(yi)外交戰略也(ye)獲得成功(gong)。后來(lai)孔子感(gan)嘆說(shuo)：“管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)桓(huan)公(gong)，霸諸侯(hou)，一(yi)匡天(tian)下，民到于(yu)今受(shou)其(qi)(qi)賜。微管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，吾其(qi)(qi)被發左衽(ren)矣。豈若匹夫匹婦之(zhi)為諒也(ye)，自經于(yu)溝(gou)瀆(du)，而莫之(zhi)知(zhi)也(ye)？”又(you)說(shuo)：“桓(huan)公(gong)九合(he)諸侯(hou)，不(bu)以兵車，管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)力也(ye)。如(ru)其(qi)(qi)仁(ren)，如(ru)其(qi)(qi)仁(ren)。”

外交主張

管仲的(de)外交主張，打出“尊王(wang)攘夷”的(de)旗幟(zhi)，以諸侯長(chang)的(de)身份，挾(xie)天子以伐(fa)不(bu)敬。

為(wei)(wei)了(le)使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)之長，管(guan)仲(zhong)在外交(jiao)上協助齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)做了(le)許多努(nu)力(li)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)663年(nian)(nian)(nian)），山(shan)(shan)(shan)戎攻打(da)燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，燕向齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)求救(jiu)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)救(jiu)燕。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)661年(nian)(nian)(nian)），山(shan)(shan)(shan)戎攻打(da)刑(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，管(guan)仲(zhong)提出(chu)“戎狄(di)豺狼，不可厭也；諸(zhu)夏(xia)親昵(ni)，不可棄也。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)再(zai)次(ci)發兵(bing)攻打(da)山(shan)(shan)(shan)戎以(yi)救(jiu)邢(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。打(da)退了(le)毀邢(xing)(xing)(xing)都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狄(di)兵(bing)，并在夷儀為(wei)(wei)邢(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)立了(le)新(xin)都(dou)(dou)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，狄(di)人大舉攻衛，衛懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)被殺。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)替衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在楚丘(qiu)另(ling)建(jian)新(xin)都(dou)(dou)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)656年(nian)(nian)(nian)），管(guan)仲(zhong)讓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質問(wen)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)何不按時(shi)向周天子進(jin)貢(gong)祭祀所用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)茅草而(er)導(dao)致(zhi)祭祀大典(dian)無法及時(shi)進(jin)行，使得(de)(de)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)承(cheng)認自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯(cuo)誤。前(qian)655年(nian)(nian)(nian)，周惠王有(you)另(ling)立太子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意向。管(guan)仲(zhong)獻計讓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)集諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君于首(shou)止，與(yu)(yu)周天子盟，以(yi)確定太子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正統地(di)位。前(qian)654年(nian)(nian)(nian)，管(guan)仲(zhong)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)因鄭文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)首(shou)止逃會(hui)，率聯軍討伐鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。數年(nian)(nian)(nian)后，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率多國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君與(yu)(yu)周襄(xiang)王派來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大夫會(hui)盟，并確立了(le)周襄(xiang)王的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王位。前(qian)651年(nian)(nian)(nian)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召(zhao)集魯、宋、曹等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君及周王宰(zai)孔會(hui)于葵(kui)丘(qiu)。周公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宰(zai)代表周王正式封齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)長。同年(nian)(nian)(nian)秋，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)霸(ba)主身份(fen)主持了(le)葵(kui)丘(qiu)之盟。此后遇到侵犯周王室(shi)權威的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)(dou)會(hui)過問(wen)和制止，此次(ci)盟會(hui)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)確立了(le)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸(ba)主地(di)位。管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外交(jiao)戰(zhan)略(lve)獲得(de)(de)了(le)很大成(cheng)功，使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)霸(ba)業更加合法合理，同時(shi)也保護了(le)中(zhong)原(yuan)經(jing)濟(ji)和文化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。為(wei)(wei)華夏(xia)文明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存續做出(chu)了(le)巨(ju)大貢(gong)獻。

軍事制度

其(qi)(qi)原則(ze)是“作(zuo)內政而寄(ji)軍(jun)令”，其(qi)(qi)措施是“參(can)(can)其(qi)(qi)國(guo)而伍(wu)其(qi)(qi)鄙”，其(qi)(qi)內容為：將全國(guo)分為二(er)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)，工商(shang)之鄉(xiang)(xiang)六，士鄉(xiang)(xiang)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)。工商(shang)之鄉(xiang)(xiang)不從事作(zuo)戰(zhan)，實際從事作(zuo)戰(zhan)的(de)是士鄉(xiang)(xiang)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)。五(wu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)為一(yi)帥，有(you)(you)一(yi)萬一(yi)千人。由齊(qi)君率為中(zhong)軍(jun)，兩個上(shang)卿各率五(wu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)為左(zuo)右(you)軍(jun)，是為三軍(jun)，就是“參(can)(can)其(qi)(qi)國(guo)”。一(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)十(shi)(shi)連(lian)(lian)，一(yi)連(lian)(lian)有(you)(you)四里，一(yi)里有(you)(you)十(shi)(shi)軌，一(yi)軌有(you)(you)五(wu)家(jia)(jia)，五(wu)家(jia)(jia)為一(yi)軌，這就是“伍(wu)其(qi)(qi)鄙”。軌中(zhong)的(de)五(wu)家(jia)(jia)，因世代相(xiang)居處(chu)在(zai)一(yi)起，因為利(li)害禍(huo)福相(xiang)同，所(suo)以，“守則(ze)同固，戰(zhan)則(ze)同強”。

這是一種社會與軍事(shi)相(xiang)結合的(de)戰(zhan)斗體(ti)制，亦為后來大(da)規模的(de)戰(zhan)爭作了準備。

人物評價

孔子(zi)：“微管仲(zhong)，吾其(qi)被發左(zuo)衽(ren)矣。”（《論語(yu)·憲問篇》）意思是：管仲(zhong)輔助齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)做諸侯霸主(zhu)，尊王攘夷，一匡天下。要是沒有管仲(zhong)，我們都(dou)會披(pi)散頭發，左(zuo)開衣襟(jin)，成為(wei)野蠻人了。又(you)說：“桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)九合諸侯，不以兵車(che)，管仲(zhong)之(zhi)力也，如其(qi)仁(ren)(ren)，如其(qi)仁(ren)(ren)！”

《淮南子·泰族訓(xun)》：“文王舉(ju)太(tai)公望、召公奭而王，桓(huan)公任管(guan)仲、隰朋而霸(ba)，此舉(ju)賢以立功也，夫(fu)差用太(tai)宰嚭(pi)而滅，秦任李斯(si)、趙高(gao)而亡，此舉(ju)所(suo)與(yu)同。故觀(guan)其所(suo)舉(ju)，而治亂可見也；察其黨(dang)與(yu)，而賢不(bu)肖(xiao)可論也。”

司馬遷：①”管(guan)仲，世所謂賢(xian)臣，然孔(kong)子小(xiao)之(zhi)。豈以為周道衰(shuai)微，恒公(gong)既(ji)賢(xian)，而不勉之(zhi)至王，乃(nai)稱霸哉？語曰：將順(shun)其(qi)美(mei)，匡救其(qi)惡，故上下能相親也(ye)。豈管(guan)仲之(zhi)謂乎(hu)？“②“晏子儉矣，夷吾則奢；齊(qi)桓(huan)以霸，景公(gong)以治。”

蜀漢名相諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)經常把(ba)自己比作管(guan)仲(zhong)，樂(le)毅(yi)。歷史上管(guan)仲(zhong)相齊，使齊國成(cheng)為春秋(qiu)五霸之首；諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)相蜀，使劉備與(yu)曹操(cao)，孫權三(san)分(fen)天下。二(er)人皆嘔(ou)心瀝血，鞠躬(gong)盡瘁，而且居功至偉。

房(fang)玄齡：“至(zhi)若(ruo)夷吾體仁，能相小國，孔明(ming)踐義，善(shan)翊(yi)新邦，撫事(shi)論(lun)情，抑斯之類(lei)也(ye)。”

李靖(jing)：“若樂(le)毅，管仲，諸葛亮，戰必(bi)勝，守必(bi)固(gu)，此非(fei)查(cha)天時(shi)地利，安能邇忽？”

劉勰(xie)：“古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)將相，疵(ci)咎(jiu)實多。至(zhi)如管仲(zhong)孝竊，吳起之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貪淫，陳平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)污點，絳(jiang)灌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)讒嫉，沿(yan)茲以下，不可勝數。孔光負衡據鼎(ding)，而(er)仄(ze)媚董賢，況班馬(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賤(jian)職，潘岳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下位哉？王戎開國上(shang)秩，而(er)鬻官囂俗(su)；況馬(ma)杜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)磬懸，丁路之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貧薄哉？然子夏無虧于(yu)名儒，浚沖不塵乎竹(zhu)林者，名崇而(er)譏減也。若(ruo)夫屈賈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忠(zhong)貞，鄒枚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機覺(jue)，黃香之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淳孝，徐干(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沉默，豈(qi)曰文(wen)士，必其玷歟？”

司馬貞：“夷吾成霸，平仲稱賢。粟乃實廩，豆不掩肩(jian)。轉(zhuan)禍為福，危(wei)言獲全。孔賴左衽，史(shi)忻執(zhi)鞭。成禮而去，人望存(cun)焉。”