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主要經歷

早年經歷

齊莊公五十(shi)六年（約前723年），管(guan)仲(zhong)出生，管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)祖先是(shi)(shi)周穆王的(de)后(hou)代，與周王室同宗。父親管(guan)莊是(shi)(shi)齊國的(de)大夫，后(hou)來家道中衰(shuai)，導致管(guan)仲(zhong)生活很貧困。為(wei)了謀生，聯合(he)好(hao)友鮑叔牙合(he)伙做(zuo)(zuo)生意失(shi)敗。管(guan)仲(zhong)做(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)當時認為(wei)是(shi)(shi)微賤的(de)商人(ren)。游(you)歷許(xu)多(duo)(duo)地方，接觸各(ge)式各(ge)樣的(de)人(ren)，見過(guo)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)世面，從而積累(lei)了豐富(fu)的(de)社會經驗。當兵的(de)時候(hou)，臨陣(zhen)脫逃。幾次(ci)想當官，但都沒(mei)有成功。

佐公子糾

齊(qi)僖(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)三(san)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)（前(qian)698年(nian)），齊(qi)僖(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)駕崩，留下三(san)個兒(er)(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)諸(zhu)兒(er)(er)(er)、公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)糾和(he)(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)。齊(qi)僖(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)死后，太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)諸(zhu)兒(er)(er)(er)即位，是為齊(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)。當(dang)時，管仲(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)鮑叔牙分別(bie)輔佐公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)糾和(he)(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)。不久(jiu)，齊(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)與其妹(mei)魯(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)的夫人文姜秘(mi)謀私(si)通，醉殺了魯(lu)(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)。對此，管仲(zhong)(zhong)預(yu)感到齊(qi)國(guo)將會發生(sheng)大亂。公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)糾的母親是魯(lu)(lu)君的女兒(er)(er)(er)，因此管仲(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)召忽(hu)就保護公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)糾逃到魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)去躲(duo)避(bi)。

齊(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)十二年（前686年），齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內亂，兩個逃(tao)亡(wang)在外的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，一(yi)見時機成(cheng)熟(shu)，都想急忙設(she)法回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，以便(bian)奪取國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)的(de)(de)寶座。魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)知(zhi)道齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)無君(jun)后，萬(wan)分焦急，立(li)即派(pai)兵護送(song)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，后來(lai)發(fa)現公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)已經先出發(fa)回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。管(guan)(guan)仲于是(shi)決定自請先行(xing)，親率(lv)30乘兵車(che)到(dao)莒國(guo)(guo)(guo)通往齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)路上(shang)去截(jie)擊(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)。人馬(ma)過(guo)即墨30余里，正遇(yu)見公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)大隊車(che)馬(ma)。管(guan)(guan)仲等公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)車(che)馬(ma)走近，就操起箭來(lai)對準射去，一(yi)箭射中，公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)應聲倒(dao)下。管(guan)(guan)仲見公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)已射死(si)，就率(lv)領人馬(ma)回(hui)去。其實公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)沒有死(si)，管(guan)(guan)仲一(yi)箭射中他(ta)的(de)(de)銅(tong)制衣(yi)帶勾上(shang)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)急中生智咬破舌尖裝死(si)倒(dao)下。經此一(yi)驚，公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)與鮑(bao)叔牙(ya)更(geng)加警惕，飛(fei)速(su)向齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)挺進。當他(ta)們來(lai)到(dao)臨淄時，由鮑(bao)叔牙(ya)先進城里勸說(shuo)，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)正卿高氏和國(guo)(guo)(guo)氏都同意護立(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)，于是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)就進城，順利地(di)登上(shang)君(jun)位，這就是(shi)歷史上(shang)有名(ming)的(de)(de)齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)。

鮑叔舉賢

齊(qi)桓年（前685年），齊(qi)桓公即(ji)位后(hou)，急(ji)需找到有才(cai)干的人來輔佐，因此就(jiu)準備請鮑(bao)叔牙出來任齊(qi)相。但鮑(bao)叔牙稱自己才(cai)能不如管(guan)仲，若(ruo)要使齊(qi)國稱霸(ba)，必(bi)要用管(guan)仲為(wei)相。

管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾一伙認為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)已死，再(zai)沒(mei)有(you)人(ren)與(yu)他(ta)爭奪君(jun)位，也(ye)就不急(ji)于趕路。六天后(hou)(hou)才(cai)到齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。一到齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，沒(mei)想到齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)，新(xin)(xin)君(jun)正是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)。魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)得(de)知齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有(you)新(xin)(xin)君(jun)后(hou)(hou)氣(qi)急(ji)敗壞，當即派兵進攻(gong)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，企圖武裝干涉來奪取君(jun)位。雙方在(zai)乾時(shi)會戰，管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建議當趁小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)人(ren)心未定速攻(gong)，但魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卻說：“如(ru)果(guo)一切(qie)如(ru)你所料，小(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)早就被(bei)射死了。”不聽管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)話，結果(guo)遭遇(yu)伏擊(ji)，魯(lu)(lu)(lu)軍(jun)(jun)大敗，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾和管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隨魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)敗歸魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)乘勝(sheng)追擊(ji)，進入魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)境(jing)內(nei)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)絕后(hou)(hou)患(huan)，遣(qian)書(shu)給魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，叫魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)殺(sha)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾，交出(chu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和召忽。否則齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)將全面進攻(gong)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)得(de)知后(hou)(hou)與(yu)大夫施伯(bo)商量，施伯(bo)認為(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)要管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不是為(wei)了報仇雪(xue)恨，而是為(wei)了任用他(ta)為(wei)政。因(yin)(yin)為(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)才(cai)干世間少有(you)，他(ta)為(wei)政的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)必然會富強稱霸。假如(ru)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)任用，將為(wei)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)大患(huan)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)施伯(bo)主張殺(sha)死管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，將尸首(shou)還(huan)給齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。但鮑叔牙用計稱齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)恨管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)入骨，一定要生殺(sha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。且魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)新(xin)(xin)敗，聞齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大兵壓境(jing)，早嚇(xia)得(de)心顫膽寒，沒(mei)有(you)聽施伯(bo)的(de)(de)主張。在(zai)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)壓力下，殺(sha)死公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾，并將管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和召忽擒住，準備將二(er)人(ren)送(song)還(huan)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)發(fa)落(luo)，以期退兵。

管(guan)仲(zhong)清楚(chu)這是鮑(bao)叔牙(ya)的(de)(de)計謀(mou)，于是讓(rang)押運工人快馬加(jia)鞭趕去齊(qi)國，最后(hou)平安(an)到了(le)齊(qi)國，經鮑(bao)叔牙(ya)的(de)(de)建議，齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)同意選擇吉祥日子，以(yi)非常隆重的(de)(de)禮節，親自去迎(ying)(ying)接管(guan)仲(zhong)，以(yi)此來(lai)表(biao)示(shi)對管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)(de)重視和信任。同時也讓(rang)天下(xia)人都(dou)知道(dao)齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)的(de)(de)賢達大(da)度。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)迎(ying)(ying)接管(guan)仲(zhong)后(hou)，一連聊了(le)三天三夜，句(ju)句(ju)投機，齋戒三日，拜了(le)管(guan)仲(zhong)為相(xiang)，并稱管(guan)仲(zhong)為“仲(zhong)父”。

助齊稱霸

齊桓(huan)公(gong)二年（前684年），桓(huan)公(gong)又對(dui)(dui)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)說(shuo)：“我(wo)想(xiang)加強軍備(bei)。”管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)又說(shuo)：“不(bu)(bu)行(xing)。”桓(huan)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)聽，果然修(xiu)治(zhi)軍備(bei)。一次(ci)，宋(song)夫人惹怒了(le)齊桓(huan)公(gong)，桓(huan)公(gong)怒對(dui)(dui)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)說(shuo)：“我(wo)想(xiang)伐宋(song)。”管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)說(shuo)：“不(bu)(bu)可以，我(wo)認為(wei)內政不(bu)(bu)修(xiu)，對(dui)(dui)外(wai)用兵不(bu)(bu)會成功。”桓(huan)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)聽，果然起兵伐宋(song)。各諸侯(hou)興(xing)兵救(jiu)宋(song)，把(ba)齊軍打得大敗。

齊(qi)(qi)桓公三(san)年（前683年），管仲建議出兵問罪不(bu)遵禮法(fa)的譚(tan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。譚(tan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)本來很小，力量十分微(wei)弱，結果很快就(jiu)被齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)消滅(mie)(mie)。齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)沒費力氣消滅(mie)(mie)了譚(tan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，擴大了國(guo)(guo)(guo)土(tu)。

齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)五年（前681年），在管(guan)仲的(de)建議下，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)與(yu)宋、陳(chen)、蔡(cai)、鄭等國(guo)(guo)在齊(qi)的(de)北杏（今山(shan)(shan)東(dong)聊(liao)城東(dong)）會(hui)(hui)盟(meng)，商討(tao)安定宋國(guo)(guo)之計。遂國(guo)(guo)（今山(shan)(shan)東(dong)肥城南）也被邀(yao)請，但沒有參加。管(guan)仲為了提(ti)高齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)威望，就(jiu)出兵把(ba)遂國(guo)(guo)消滅。魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)本來比較強大，但因接連被齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)打(da)敗，又(you)看(kan)到諸侯國(guo)(guo)都服(fu)從(cong)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)，不(bu)服(fu)從(cong)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)遂、譚兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)又(you)被消滅，所以也屈服(fu)了齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)。不(bu)久，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)與(yu)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)和好(hao)，在柯（今山(shan)(shan)東(dong)東(dong)阿西南）會(hui)(hui)盟(meng)。就(jiu)在這次會(hui)(hui)盟(meng)中，發生(sheng)了著(zhu)名的(de)曹沫(mo)劫盟(meng)事件。曹沫(mo)迫使齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)歸(gui)還之前魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)所有失地(di)，齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)事后想反悔，但是管(guan)仲用大國(guo)(guo)不(bu)該失信讓(rang)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)歸(gui)還了失地(di)。

齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)六年（前680年），魯、宋(song)、陳(chen)、蔡(cai)、衛都先后(hou)屈服齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)，譚(tan)、遂兩國(guo)(guo)早已消滅，只有鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)還在(zai)內亂。管(guan)仲因此建議齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)出面調解鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)內亂，以此來提高齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的地位，加速實現做霸主(zhu)的目(mu)的。鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)自厲公(gong)回國(guo)(guo)殺(sha)了(le)子儀，又殺(sha)了(le)恩(en)人傅瑕，逼死大夫原繁，登位稱君后(hou)，為鞏固(gu)君位，就要聯合齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)。管(guan)仲抓(zhua)住(zhu)這一(yi)時機，建議齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)聯合宋(song)、衛、鄭(zheng)三(san)國(guo)(guo)，又邀請周王室參(can)加，于(yu)鄄（今山(shan)東鄄城）會(hui)盟(meng)。

齊桓公七年（前679年），管仲(zhong)又讓齊桓公以自己名義召集宋、陳(chen)、衛、鄭又在(zai)鄄會盟。

北戰山戎

齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)二十四年(nian)（前(qian)662年(nian)），山戎攻(gong)打燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)，燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)向齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)求救，齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)認(ren)為(wei)南面楚國(guo)(guo)禍害更大，不愿出兵。但(dan)管(guan)仲(zhong)認(ren)為(wei)，當時為(wei)患(huan)一方的，南有楚國(guo)(guo)，北有山戎，西有狄，都是中原諸(zhu)國(guo)(guo)的禍患(huan)。國(guo)(guo)君要(yao)想征伐(fa)楚國(guo)(guo)，必須先(xian)進攻(gong)山戎，北方安定，才能專(zhuan)心(xin)去征伐(fa)南方。如今燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)被犯(fan)，又求救于我國(guo)(guo)，舉兵率(lv)先(xian)伐(fa)夷，必能得到各國(guo)(guo)的擁戴。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)深(shen)以為(wei)然，遂舉兵救燕(yan)(yan)。管(guan)仲(zhong)隨軍討伐(fa)山戎救援燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)，一直(zhi)打到孤竹才回師。

齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)二十(shi)(shi)六年（前(qian)660年），當時西北(bei)(bei)方的(de)(de)狄人(ren)也起兵(bing)(bing)(bing)進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)中(zhong)原，先攻(gong)(gong)邢(xing)國(guo)（今河(he)北(bei)(bei)邢(xing)臺）。作為霸主(zhu)的(de)(de)齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)，當然(ran)不(bu)能置之不(bu)理(li)。管(guan)(guan)仲也很關(guan)心這個問題，他向齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)說：“戎(rong)狄性情(qing)十(shi)(shi)分(fen)殘暴(bao)，貪得無(wu)厭。諸夏各(ge)國(guo)都是親戚(qi)，彼此關(guan)心，一(yi)國(guo)有(you)(you)難，大家都應相助，不(bu)能袖(xiu)手不(bu)理(li)。滿足現狀的(de)(de)安樂是很危險的(de)(de)，出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)救(jiu)邢(xing)才是上(shang)策。”齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)很欣賞(shang)管(guan)(guan)仲的(de)(de)想(xiang)法，就(jiu)派(pai)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)救(jiu)邢(xing)國(guo)，邢(xing)國(guo)很快(kuai)得救(jiu)。不(bu)久狄人(ren)又(you)出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)攻(gong)(gong)衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)，衛(wei)(wei)懿公(gong)被殺，衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)滅亡。狄人(ren)又(you)追趕衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)百(bai)姓到黃河(he)沿岸(an)。 宋國(guo)出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)救(jiu)出衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)百(bai)姓七百(bai)三十(shi)(shi)人(ren)。加上(shang)共、滕兩邑(yi)的(de)(de)居民(min)一(yi)共五千人(ren)。就(jiu)在曹邑(yi)（今河(he)南滑縣）立衛(wei)(wei)戴公(gong)為國(guo)君(jun)。剛(gang)剛(gang)恢(hui)復的(de)(de)衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)，處境十(shi)(shi)分(fen)困(kun)難。齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)、管(guan)(guan)仲派(pai)了公(gong)子無(wu)虧帶著(zhu)五百(bai)乘車(che)(che)馬(ma)和(he)三千名甲士來(lai)武裝衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)，戎(rong)守(shou)曹邑(yi)。又(you)給(gei)衛(wei)(wei)君(jun)帶來(lai)乘馬(ma)祭服，還給(gei)衛(wei)(wei)君(jun)夫人(ren)帶來(lai)乘車(che)(che)和(he)錦帛。此外還有(you)(you)牛羊(yang)豬狗雞(ji)等(deng)三百(bai)余只。又(you)幫助修(xiu)建(jian)宮殿。 邢(xing)國(guo)還未恢(hui)復，狄人(ren)又(you)來(lai)第二次洗劫。

齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)二(er)十七(qi)年（前659年），狄(di)(di)人(ren)攻邢(xing)，形(xing)勢十分嚴重(zhong)。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)和管仲立即(ji)聯(lian)合宋(song)、曹(cao)(cao)救邢(xing)。當(dang)齊(qi)(qi)、宋(song)、曹(cao)(cao)軍隊到(dao)達(da)時，邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)百姓如見親人(ren)，紛(fen)紛(fen)投(tou)奔(ben)，狄(di)(di)人(ren)被打退。邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)又被狄(di)(di)人(ren)洗劫一空。于是齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)和管仲同宋(song)、曹(cao)(cao)兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)，幫助邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)把都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)遷到(dao)夷儀（今聊城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)南），這里靠近齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)，較為安全。使(shi)破亂(luan)的(de)(de)邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)得到(dao)安定。 邢(xing)、衛(wei)兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)都(dou)遭狄(di)(di)人(ren)洗劫，在齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)、管仲的(de)(de)主持下，得以(yi)復(fu)國(guo)(guo)。當(dang)時人(ren)們都(dou)贊賞地說(shuo)：邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)遷進新(xin)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)，好像回到(dao)了(le)老家；恢復(fu)后的(de)(de)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)，人(ren)們心情高(gao)興，也忘記(ji)了(le)亡(wang)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)悲痛。

齊楚結盟

齊(qi)桓公二十(shi)九年（前657年），楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)又出兵(bing)鄭國(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)桓公與管仲(zhong)約諸侯(hou)共(gong)同救鄭抗(kang)楚(chu)。由(you)于楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)不斷攻鄭，齊(qi)桓公和管仲(zhong)約魯、宋、陳(chen)、衛(wei)、鄭、許、曹(cao)等八國(guo)(guo)組(zu)成聯軍(jun)南下，首(shou)先一舉(ju)消滅蔡國(guo)(guo)，直指楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)。楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)在大軍(jun)壓境的形勢(shi)下，派使臣屈完出來(lai)談判。

屈完見到齊桓公就問(wen)：“你們(men)住在(zai)北海，我們(men)住在(zai)南海，相隔千里，任何(he)事情(qing)都不相干涉。這(zhe)次你們(men)到我們(men)這(zhe)里來，不知(zhi)是為了(le)什么？”

管(guan)仲在齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)身旁，聽了之(zhi)后就替齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)答道(dao)：“從前召(zhao)康公(gong)奉了周(zhou)王的命(ming)令，曾對我(wo)們(men)的祖先太公(gong)說(shuo)過，五等侯九級伯(bo)，如不(bu)守法你(ni)們(men)都可以去征討(tao)。東到(dao)海，西到(dao)河，南(nan)(nan)到(dao)穆(mu)陵，北到(dao)無隸，都在你(ni)們(men)征討(tao)范圍內。你(ni)們(men)不(bu)向周(zhou)王進貢(gong)用于祭祀(si)的濾酒的包茅，公(gong)然(ran)違反王禮(li)。還有昭王南(nan)(nan)征，至今未回，這(zhe)事也不(bu)是與你(ni)們(men)無關(guan)。我(wo)們(men)興師來(lai)到(dao)這(zhe)里(li)，正是為了問罪你(ni)們(men)。”

屈完(wan)回(hui)答說(shuo)：“多年沒有進貢(gong)包(bao)茅，確實是我們的過(guo)錯。至于昭王南征(zheng)未回(hui)是發生在漢(han)水，你們只(zhi)好(hao)去漢(han)水邊打聽好(hao)了。”

齊(qi)桓公見(jian)楚(chu)使屈完(wan)(wan)的(de)態度不(bu)軟不(bu)硬，就(jiu)命令大軍(jun)在(zai)陘（今河(he)(he)南(nan)郾城南(nan)）駐扎下來(lai)。南(nan)北兩軍(jun)相峙，從(cong)春季到(dao)夏(xia)季，已經半年。楚(chu)國(guo)又派屈完(wan)(wan)和齊(qi)桓公、管仲談(tan)判(pan)。齊(qi)桓公、管仲早就(jiu)無(wu)意打仗，只是想通過(guo)這次軍(jun)事行動來(lai)顯示霸主的(de)威風(feng)，嚇(xia)唬楚(chu)國(guo)罷了。所(suo)以他們很快就(jiu)同意與屈完(wan)(wan)談(tan)判(pan)，并達成協(xie)議(yi)，將軍(jun)隊撤到(dao)召陵（今河(he)(he)南(nan)偃縣）。

齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)為(wei)了(le)炫耀兵力，就請屈完(wan)來(lai)到軍中(zhong)與他同車觀看(kan)軍隊。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)指著軍隊對屈完(wan)說：“指揮(hui)這(zhe)樣的軍隊去(qu)打仗，什(shen)么樣的敵人能抵(di)抗得了(le)？指揮(hui)這(zhe)樣的軍隊去(qu)夾(jia)攻城(cheng)寨，有什(shen)么樣的城(cheng)寨攻克不下呢？”

屈完很沉靜(jing)地回答；“國君，你(ni)若用德義來安撫(fu)天下諸侯，誰敢(gan)不服從呢？如果只憑武力，那么我們楚(chu)國可以把方城(cheng)山當城(cheng)，把漢水當池，城(cheng)這(zhe)么高，池這(zhe)么深，你(ni)的(de)兵再(zai)多，恐怕也無濟于事(shi)。”回答得委婉有力。

為(wei)形勢所迫，齊桓公同(tong)意與(yu)楚國結盟(meng)。這樣南(nan)北軍事(shi)對峙就(jiu)體(ti)面的結束了。

葵丘之盟

齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十五年(nian)（前(qian)651年(nian)），周(zhou)(zhou)惠王去(qu)世。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會同(tong)各諸(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)擁(yong)立(li)太子(zi)鄭為天子(zi)，這就是(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)襄王。周(zhou)(zhou)襄王即位后(hou)，命(ming)宰孔賜(si)(si)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)文武胙、彤弓矢、大路(lu)，以表彰其功。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召集(ji)各路(lu)諸(zhu)侯(hou)大會于葵(kui)丘(qiu)(qiu)（今河南蘭考、民權縣(xian)境），舉(ju)行受(shou)賜(si)(si)典禮(li)。受(shou)賜(si)(si)典禮(li)上(shang)，宰孔請周(zhou)(zhou)襄王之(zhi)命(ming)，因齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)年(nian)老德高，不(bu)必(bi)下拜受(shou)賜(si)(si)。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)想聽從王命(ming)，管仲(zhong)從旁進言道(dao)：“周(zhou)(zhou)王雖然(ran)謙讓，臣(chen)(chen)子(zi)卻不(bu)可不(bu)敬。”齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)于是(shi)答道(dao)：“天威不(bu)違顏咫尺，小白敢貪王命(ming)，而廢臣(chen)(chen)職嗎？”說罷，只見(jian)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)疾走下階，再(zai)拜稽(ji)首，然(ran)后(hou)登堂受(shou)胙。眾(zhong)諸(zhu)侯(hou)見(jian)此，皆嘆服(fu)齊(qi)(qi)君之(zhi)有(you)禮(li)。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)又重申盟(meng)好，訂立(li)了新盟(meng)。這就是(shi)歷史上(shang)有(you)名的“葵(kui)丘(qiu)(qiu)之(zhi)盟(meng)”。

齊桓(huan)公三十九年（前647年），周襄(xiang)王(wang)的弟(di)弟(di)叔帶勾(gou)結戎人(ren)進攻京城，王(wang)室內(nei)亂(luan)，十分危機。齊桓(huan)公派管(guan)仲幫助(zhu)襄(xiang)王(wang)平(ping)息內(nei)亂(luan)。管(guan)仲完(wan)成(cheng)得(de)很(hen)好，獲得(de)周王(wang)贊賞。周襄(xiang)王(wang)為(wei)了(le)表示尊(zun)重霸主的臣下(xia)，準備用(yong)上卿禮儀設宴(yan)為(wei)管(guan)仲慶功，但管(guan)仲沒有接(jie)(jie)受(shou)。最(zui)后他接(jie)(jie)受(shou)了(le)下(xia)卿禮儀的待遇(yu)。

晚年薦才

齊桓(huan)公四(si)十一年（前645年），管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)臨死(si)前齊桓(huan)公問誰可以替代相(xiang)位，管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)推薦了(le)公孫隰(xi)朋，并(bing)要求齊桓(huan)公遠離開(kai)方(fang)、豎(shu)刁、易牙三人，管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)死(si)后，繼(ji)任的(de)公孫隰(xi)朋、鮑叔(shu)牙兩位相(xiang)國繼(ji)續沿用管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)所留(liu)下的(de)政治制度。管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的(de)后代被任命為大(da)夫，世世代代享受福蔭。

主要作品

《管(guan)子(zi)》一書原為86篇(pian)(pian)，至唐又(you)亡佚10篇(pian)(pian)，今本存76篇(pian)(pian)，托名(ming)春秋管(guan)仲著。其(qi)實(shi)《管(guan)子(zi)》同(tong)先秦(qin)許多(duo)典籍一樣(yang)，既非一人(ren)之(zhi)著，亦非一時之(zhi)書。是(shi)一部稷下(xia)黃老(lao)道(dao)家(jia)學派(pai)的(de)文(wen)集匯編(bian)。西漢國(guo)家(jia)藏書目錄(lu)《漢書·藝文(wen)志(zhi)》，在“道(dao)家(jia)”類中著錄(lu)有管(guan)仲所著《管(guan)子(zi)》85篇(pian)(pian)，班固注曰：“名(ming)夷吾，相齊桓公，九合(he)諸侯(hou)，不以兵車也。有《列(lie)傳》。”今存76篇(pian)(pian)，內容極豐，包(bao)含道(dao)、儒、名(ming)、法(fa)、兵、陰(yin)陽(yang)等(deng)家(jia)的(de)思想(xiang)以及(ji)天文(wen)、輿地、經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)和農業等(deng)方(fang)面的(de)知識(shi)，其(qi)中《輕重》等(deng)篇(pian)(pian)，是(shi)古代(dai)典籍中不多(duo)見的(de)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)文(wen)作(zuo)，對生產、分配(pei)、交易、消費、財(cai)政、貨(huo)幣等(deng)均有論述，是(shi)研究我國(guo)先秦(qin)農業和經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)珍貴資(zi)料。管(guan)仲的(de)傳記，載於《史記·管(guan)晏列(lie)傳》。其(qi)中以黃老(lao)道(dao)家(jia)著作(zuo)最多(duo)，其(qi)次法(fa)家(jia)著作(zuo)16篇(pian)(pian)，其(qi)余各家(jia)雜(za)之(zhi)，其(qi)中的(de)法(fa)家(jia)思想(xiang)是(shi)道(dao)家(jia)影響下(xia)的(de)法(fa)家(jia)思維。

貢獻影響

政治制度

行政改革

管(guan)(guan)仲整頓行政管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)系統，“叁(san)其(qi)國(guo)而伍(wu)其(qi)鄙”。所謂“叁(san)其(qi)國(guo)”，就(jiu)是(shi)將(jiang)國(guo)劃分為21鄉(xiang)，士居(ju)15鄉(xiang)，工居(ju)3鄉(xiang)，商居(ju)3鄉(xiang)，分設(she)3官管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。所謂“伍(wu)其(qi)鄙”，就(jiu)是(shi)將(jiang)鄙野（國(guo)都之(zhi)外的廣大地(di)區）分為5屬(shu)，設(she)立5大夫、5正(zheng)官分管(guan)(guan)。屬(shu)下有(you)縣、鄉(xiang)、卒(zu)、邑4級，分別(bie)設(she)立縣帥(shuai)、鄉(xiang)帥(shuai)、卒(zu)帥(shuai)、司官管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。整頓行政系統的目的是(shi)“定(ding)民之(zhi)居(ju)”，使士、農(nong)、工、商各就(jiu)其(qi)業(ye)，從而使部(bu)落的殘余影響被(bei)徹底革除，行政區域的組織結構更加精細化，并且(qie)有(you)效地(di)維護了社會穩定(ding)。

用人人事

他(ta)提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用人原則(ze)是(shi)(shi)：“德義未(wei)明于朝者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，則(ze)不可加于尊位；功(gong)力未(wei)見于國(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，則(ze)不可授以重(zhong)祿(lu)；臨事不信于民者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，則(ze)不可使任大官(guan)。”用今(jin)天的(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua)說(shuo)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)在任命一切(qie)官(guan)員時，都必須根(gen)據其實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)政績，特別是(shi)(shi)要(yao)有取信于民的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實(shi)政績,而不是(shi)(shi)虛假的(de)(de)(de)(de)、表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)政績。此外(wai)，他(ta)還(huan)總(zong)結(jie)出(chu)一套對于各級(ji)官(guan)員實(shi)行獎懲的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體辦法。

國中“慈孝”、“聰慧”、“拳勇”出眾者，由鄉長推薦試用(yong)(yong)，稱(cheng)職的(de)委任(ren)為(wei)吏，任(ren)用(yong)(yong)稱(cheng)職的(de)又可以晉升(sheng)，直(zhi)至升(sheng)為(wei)上卿助理。選賢(xian)任(ren)能，在(zai)一(yi)定程度(du)上突破了(le)世卿世祿(lu)制(zhi)，擴大了(le)人(ren)才來(lai)源，這(zhe)一(yi)制(zhi)度(du)成為(wei)日后科舉制(zhi)度(du)的(de)雛形(xing)。

政治主張

管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲注重經(jing)(jing)濟和農業(ye)，反對(dui)空(kong)談主義，開(kai)創職業(ye)技能教育。主張改革(ge)(ge)以富國強兵，他(ta)說：“國多財則遠(yuan)者來，地(di)辟舉則民(min)留處(chu)，倉廩實而知(zhi)(zhi)禮節，衣食足而知(zhi)(zhi)榮辱”，唯物(wu)(wu)論中“物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)決定意識”的觀念和《管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子》的思(si)想頗為(wei)接(jie)近。齊(qi)桓公(gong)尊(zun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲為(wei)“仲父(fu)”，授權讓他(ta)主持一(yi)系列(lie)政治和經(jing)(jing)濟改革(ge)(ge)：在全國劃(hua)分政區，組(zu)織(zhi)軍(jun)事編制，設官吏(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理；建立選(xuan)拔人才制度，士經(jing)(jing)三審(shen)選(xuan)，可為(wei)“上卿之(zhi)贊”（助(zhu)理）；按土地(di)分等征(zheng)稅，禁止貴族(zu)掠奪私(si)產；發展鹽鐵業(ye)，鑄造貨幣，調劑(ji)物(wu)(wu)價。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲改革(ge)(ge)的實質(zhi)，改革(ge)(ge)土地(di)和人口制度。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲改革(ge)(ge)成(cheng)效顯著(zhu)，齊(qi)國由此國力大振。對(dui)外(wai)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲最早(zao)提出“華夷(yi)之(zhi)辨”與“尊(zun)王攘夷(yi)”的民(min)族(zu)主義思(si)想。聯合(he)北方鄰國，抵(di)抗山戎族(zu)南(nan)侵。這一(yi)外(wai)交戰略(lve)也(ye)(ye)獲得成(cheng)功(gong)。后來孔子感嘆說：“管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲相桓公(gong)，霸諸侯(hou)，一(yi)匡天(tian)下，民(min)到(dao)于(yu)今受其(qi)賜。微(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲，吾其(qi)被發左衽矣。豈若匹夫匹婦之(zhi)為(wei)諒也(ye)(ye)，自經(jing)(jing)于(yu)溝瀆，而莫(mo)之(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)？”又說：“桓公(gong)九(jiu)合(he)諸侯(hou)，不以兵車(che)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲之(zhi)力也(ye)(ye)。如(ru)其(qi)仁，如(ru)其(qi)仁。”

外交主張

管仲的外交主張，打(da)出“尊王攘夷”的旗(qi)幟，以(yi)(yi)諸(zhu)侯長的身份，挾天(tian)子以(yi)(yi)伐不敬。

為了(le)使(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成為諸侯(hou)之長，管(guan)仲在(zai)外交上協(xie)助齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)做了(le)許多努(nu)力(li)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)663年(nian)(nian)），山戎(rong)攻(gong)打燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)，燕向(xiang)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)求救，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)救燕。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)661年(nian)(nian)），山戎(rong)攻(gong)打刑(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，管(guan)仲提出(chu)(chu)“戎(rong)狄(di)豺狼，不可(ke)厭(yan)也；諸夏(xia)(xia)親昵(ni)，不可(ke)棄也。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)再次(ci)發兵(bing)攻(gong)打山戎(rong)以救邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。打退了(le)毀邢(xing)都(dou)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狄(di)兵(bing)，并(bing)在(zai)夷儀為邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)建立(li)(li)了(le)新都(dou)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)，狄(di)人(ren)大(da)舉攻(gong)衛(wei)，衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)被(bei)殺。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)率(lv)諸侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)替衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)楚丘另建新都(dou)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十(shi)年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)656年(nian)(nian)），管(guan)仲讓(rang)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質問楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)為何不按時向(xiang)周(zhou)天子進(jin)貢祭(ji)祀(si)所用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)茅草而(er)導致祭(ji)祀(si)大(da)典無(wu)法(fa)及(ji)(ji)時進(jin)行，使(shi)得(de)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)承認自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯誤(wu)。前(qian)655年(nian)(nian)，周(zhou)惠王(wang)(wang)有另立(li)(li)太(tai)(tai)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意向(xiang)。管(guan)仲獻計讓(rang)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會集諸侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)于首(shou)(shou)止，與(yu)周(zhou)天子盟，以確定(ding)太(tai)(tai)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正統地(di)位(wei)(wei)。前(qian)654年(nian)(nian)，管(guan)仲，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)因鄭文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)首(shou)(shou)止逃會，率(lv)聯軍討伐(fa)鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)。數年(nian)(nian)后(hou)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)多國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)與(yu)周(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)派(pai)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)夫會盟，并(bing)確立(li)(li)了(le)周(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)位(wei)(wei)。前(qian)651年(nian)(nian)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召集魯、宋、曹等國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)及(ji)(ji)周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)宰(zai)孔會于葵(kui)丘。周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宰(zai)代表周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)正式封齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為諸侯(hou)長。同年(nian)(nian)秋，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以霸主身份主持了(le)葵(kui)丘之盟。此(ci)后(hou)遇到侵犯(fan)周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)室權(quan)威的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)會過問和制止，此(ci)次(ci)盟會齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)確立(li)(li)了(le)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸主地(di)位(wei)(wei)。管(guan)仲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外交戰略獲得(de)了(le)很大(da)成功，使(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)霸業(ye)更加合法(fa)合理(li)，同時也保護了(le)中(zhong)原經濟和文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。為華夏(xia)(xia)文(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)續做出(chu)(chu)了(le)巨大(da)貢獻。

軍事制度

其(qi)原則(ze)(ze)是(shi)“作(zuo)內政(zheng)而(er)寄軍令”，其(qi)措施是(shi)“參(can)其(qi)國而(er)伍(wu)其(qi)鄙(bi)”，其(qi)內容(rong)為(wei)(wei)：將全國分為(wei)(wei)二十一(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，工商之鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)六(liu)，士(shi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)十五。工商之鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不從(cong)(cong)事(shi)作(zuo)戰，實際從(cong)(cong)事(shi)作(zuo)戰的是(shi)士(shi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)十五。五鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)帥，有一(yi)(yi)萬一(yi)(yi)千人。由齊君(jun)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)中軍，兩(liang)個上卿各(ge)率(lv)五鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)(wei)左右(you)軍，是(shi)為(wei)(wei)三軍，就是(shi)“參(can)其(qi)國”。一(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有十連(lian)，一(yi)(yi)連(lian)有四(si)里，一(yi)(yi)里有十軌，一(yi)(yi)軌有五家(jia)，五家(jia)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)軌，這就是(shi)“伍(wu)其(qi)鄙(bi)”。軌中的五家(jia)，因(yin)世代(dai)相居處在一(yi)(yi)起，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)利害禍福相同(tong)，所以，“守則(ze)(ze)同(tong)固，戰則(ze)(ze)同(tong)強”。

這是一種社會(hui)與軍事相結合的(de)戰斗體(ti)制，亦為后來大規模的(de)戰爭(zheng)作(zuo)了準備。

人物評價

孔子：“微管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)，吾(wu)其(qi)被發左(zuo)衽矣。”（《論語(yu)·憲(xian)問篇》）意(yi)思(si)是：管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)輔助(zhu)齊桓公做諸侯(hou)(hou)霸(ba)主，尊(zun)王攘(rang)夷，一(yi)匡天下(xia)。要是沒有管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)，我們都會披散(san)頭發，左(zuo)開衣襟，成(cheng)為(wei)野蠻人了(le)。又(you)說：“桓公九(jiu)合(he)諸侯(hou)(hou)，不以(yi)兵車，管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)之力也，如其(qi)仁，如其(qi)仁！”

《淮南子·泰(tai)族(zu)訓》：“文王舉太公(gong)望、召公(gong)奭(shi)而(er)(er)王，桓(huan)公(gong)任管仲、隰(xi)朋(peng)而(er)(er)霸(ba)，此(ci)舉賢(xian)以立功也(ye)，夫(fu)差用太宰(zai)嚭而(er)(er)滅，秦任李(li)斯、趙(zhao)高而(er)(er)亡，此(ci)舉所與同(tong)。故(gu)觀其所舉，而(er)(er)治亂可見也(ye)；察其黨(dang)與，而(er)(er)賢(xian)不肖可論也(ye)。”

司馬遷：①”管仲，世(shi)所謂賢臣，然孔子(zi)小之(zhi)。豈(qi)(qi)以為周(zhou)道衰微(wei)，恒公既賢，而不(bu)勉之(zhi)至王，乃稱(cheng)霸哉？語曰(yue)：將順其美，匡救(jiu)其惡，故(gu)上下能相親也。豈(qi)(qi)管仲之(zhi)謂乎(hu)？“②“晏子(zi)儉矣，夷(yi)吾則奢(she)；齊桓以霸，景(jing)公以治。”

蜀漢名相(xiang)諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)經常把自己比作管(guan)仲，樂毅。歷史上管(guan)仲相(xiang)齊(qi)，使(shi)齊(qi)國成為春(chun)秋五霸(ba)之(zhi)首；諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)相(xiang)蜀，使(shi)劉(liu)備與(yu)曹操，孫(sun)權三分天下。二人皆嘔(ou)心瀝血，鞠躬盡(jin)瘁(cui)，而且居(ju)功至偉。

房玄齡：“至(zhi)若夷吾體(ti)仁，能(neng)相小(xiao)國，孔明踐義，善翊新邦(bang)，撫事(shi)論情，抑斯(si)之類也。”

李靖：“若(ruo)樂毅，管(guan)仲，諸葛亮(liang)，戰必(bi)勝(sheng)，守必(bi)固，此非查天時地利(li)，安能邇忽？”

劉勰：“古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)將相，疵咎實(shi)多。至(zhi)如管仲孝竊(qie)，吳起之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貪淫，陳平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)污點，絳(jiang)灌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)讒嫉，沿茲以下，不可勝數。孔光(guang)負衡據鼎(ding)，而(er)仄(ze)媚(mei)董賢(xian)，況(kuang)班馬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賤職(zhi)，潘岳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下位(wei)哉？王(wang)戎開(kai)國(guo)上秩(zhi)，而(er)鬻官(guan)囂俗；況(kuang)馬杜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)磬懸(xuan)，丁(ding)路之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貧薄哉？然子(zi)夏無(wu)虧于名儒(ru)，浚沖不塵乎竹林(lin)者，名崇而(er)譏(ji)減也。若夫屈賈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忠貞，鄒枚(mei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機覺(jue)，黃香之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淳孝，徐干之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沉默，豈曰文士，必(bi)其玷歟？”

司馬貞：“夷吾成霸，平仲稱賢。粟乃實廩，豆不掩(yan)肩。轉(zhuan)禍為福，危言(yan)獲(huo)全。孔賴左衽，史(shi)忻(xin)執鞭。成禮而(er)去，人(ren)望存焉。”