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定窯
0 票數:0 #名窯#
定窯原為民窯,北宋中后期開始燒造宮廷用瓷。創燒于唐,極盛于北宋及金,終于元,以產白瓷著稱,兼燒黑釉、醬釉和綠釉瓷,文獻分別稱其為"黑定"、"紫定"和"綠定"。定窯從邢窯而來,由于歷史的變遷,定窯隨著地域變化,新瓷土料的運用和制瓷工藝的進步。卞向和認為:定窯最大的貢獻就是在中國陶瓷發展的歷史上閃爍過光芒,在中國陶瓷史和世界的陶瓷發展史上留下輝煌的一頁。
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概述

定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao),是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國北(bei)(bei)(bei)方白(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心,始于唐,為(wei)(wei)邢窯(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)后繼(ji)者(zhe),在五代時(shi)期(qi)就(jiu)已(yi)經發(fa)達。以(yi)往(wang)文獻(xian)多記載窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)在河北(bei)(bei)(bei)正定(ding)(ding),1938年(nian)在河北(bei)(bei)(bei)省曲陽縣澗瓷(ci)(ci)村發(fa)現(xian)古窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)。近年(nian)又多次(ci)發(fa)掘調查(cha),發(fa)現(xian)了最(zui)下層(ceng)堆積著晚唐的(de)(de)(de)破(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian);中(zhong)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)五代時(shi)就(jiu)已(yi)大量生產(chan);最(zui)上(shang)層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)印(yin)花(hua)、畫花(hua)的(de)(de)(de)薄(bo)瓷(ci)(ci)片(pian)(pian)(pian),是(shi)(shi)(shi)屬于北(bei)(bei)(bei)宋中(zhong)期(qi)以(yi)后,在政和、宣(xuan)和年(nian)間。這(zhe)些薄(bo)瓷(ci)(ci)片(pian)(pian)(pian),胎(tai)(tai)(tai)質(zhi)(zhi)堅致,釉澤瑩潤,花(hua)紋優美(mei),確(que)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很精進的(de)(de)(de)品種(zhong)(zhong);且有(you)些是(shi)(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)性質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de),如”尚食局、禁苑、奉華、官(guan)(guan)”等胎(tai)(tai)(tai)上(shang)刻字破(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian),便可證明。另在西(xi)燕山遺址(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)粗瓷(ci)(ci)片(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)堆集,以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)各地(di)(di)普遍發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)器及(ji)(ji)(ji)破(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian),又能證明定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)在北(bei)(bei)(bei)宋早期(qi)以(yi)后,也曾大量燒(shao)(shao)造(zao)民(min)間使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)瓷(ci)(ci)器。定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)以(yi)燒(shao)(shao)造(zao)白(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),也燒(shao)(shao)顏色(se)釉,如紅定(ding)(ding)、紫(zi)定(ding)(ding)和黑定(ding)(ding)等。根據(ju)《君友會(hui)-新民(min)窯(yao)(yao)》記載,定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao),從(cong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)宋起,地(di)(di)位增高,各地(di)(di)仿制(zhi)者(zhe)頗多。在定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)本身概念中(zhong),就(jiu)孳乳(ru)出各種(zhong)(zhong)名稱,單就(jiu)白(bai)定(ding)(ding)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong),就(jiu)有(you)土(tu)定(ding)(ding)、粉定(ding)(ding)之分。土(tu)定(ding)(ding),有(you)瓦胎(tai)(tai)(tai)和陶胎(tai)(tai)(tai)兩種(zhong)(zhong)。瓦胎(tai)(tai)(tai)為(wei)(wei)淡(dan)赤色(se)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi),陶胎(tai)(tai)(tai)為(wei)(wei)白(bai)土(tu)而(er)略黃(huang),質(zhi)(zhi)皆(jie)松,體較厚;袖色(se)白(bai)色(se)中(zhong)閃黃(huang)或閃赤,容易剝落,或有(you)大開片(pian)(pian)(pian),是(shi)(shi)(shi)原始的(de)(de)(de)及(ji)(ji)(ji)民(min)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)器。粉定(ding)(ding),是(shi)(shi)(shi)進步的(de)(de)(de)及(ji)(ji)(ji)官(guan)(guan)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)器,有(you)陶胎(tai)(tai)(tai)和瓷(ci)(ci)胎(tai)(tai)(tai),胎(tai)(tai)(tai)質(zhi)(zhi)致密而(er)體薄(bo),釉色(se)純白(bai)如牛乳(ru)者(zhe),或帶淡(dan)赤色(se),釉中(zhong)往(wang)往(wang)有(you)刷紋,釉面(mian)凝(ning)聚,如有(you)淚痕。

燒制歷史

定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)為(wei)宋代(dai)六大窯(yao)(yao)系之一,窯(yao)(yao)址在今河北省(sheng)保定(ding)市(shi)曲陽澗(jian)滋村及(ji)東(dong)西燕(yan)村,因宋代(dai)屬(shu)定(ding)州,故名。創燒于唐,極盛(sheng)于北宋及(ji)金(jin),終于元,以產白瓷著(zhu)稱,兼燒黑釉(you)、醬釉(you)和釉(you)瓷,文獻分別(bie)稱其為(wei)"黑定(ding)"、"紫定(ding)"和"綠定(ding)"。

定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)在唐代(dai)時就已是著名瓷(ci)(ci)場,專燒(shao)(shao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)、黃(huang)釉(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)有(you)玉壁(bi)底(di)碗、注(zhu)壺(hu)(hu)、瓶(ping)類(lei);黃(huang)釉(you)(you)器有(you)碗、注(zhu)壺(hu)(hu)等。),到宋(song)代(dai)發展(zhan)迅(xun)速(su),比之前更大更有(you)名,大量(liang)燒(shao)(shao)制白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci),其次有(you)黑釉(you)(you)、醬釉(you)(you)、綠釉(you)(you)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)地褐花(hua)等品種。白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)胎(tai)土細膩,胎(tai)質薄而(er)有(you)光,釉(you)(you)色純(chun)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)滋潤(run),上有(you)淚(lei)痕,釉(you)(you)為白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)玻璃(li)質釉(you)(you),略(lve)帶粉質,因此(ci)稱(cheng)(cheng)為粉定(ding)(ding),亦稱(cheng)(cheng)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)定(ding)(ding)。其它瓷(ci)(ci)器胎(tai)質粗而(er)釉(you)(you)色偏黃(huang)俗稱(cheng)(cheng)土定(ding)(ding);紫色和黑色釉(you)(you)的稱(cheng)(cheng)為醬定(ding)(ding)。另有(you)高窯(yao)溫燒(shao)(shao)制的金(jin)黃(huang)偏紅的釉(you)(you)色的,稱(cheng)(cheng)之為金(jin)定(ding)(ding),極為稀少。

定窯(yao)創(chuang)燒于唐(tang)朝后(hou)期。從這(zhe)時一(yi)(yi)直到五(wu)代(dai)的(de)(de)定窯(yao)瓷器,還較為粗糙簡單(dan),器型以碗(wan)為主(zhu),正(zheng)處于向精(jing)瓷的(de)(de)過渡階(jie)段(duan)。但在五(wu)代(dai)中后(hou)期,定窯(yao)白(bai)瓷出現了一(yi)(yi)次根本(ben)性(xing)的(de)(de)飛躍。所燒瓷器不再施化妝(zhuang)土(tu),胎、釉呈現出精(jing)、白(bai)薄的(de)(de)特征。有(you)些器物(wu)的(de)(de)白(bai)度甚至超過了邢窯(yao)的(de)(de)細白(bai)瓷器。

北宋(song)是定(ding)窯(yao)發展的鼎盛時期,中國勞動人民(min)的制瓷技術有許多創造和進步。北宋(song)中后期,定(ding)窯(yao)由于瓷質精(jing)良、色澤(ze)淡雅(ya),紋飾秀美,被宋(song)朝政府選為宮廷用瓷,使其身(shen)價大增,產品風靡一時。

定(ding)窯(yao)在北(bei)宋末年“靖(jing)康之(zhi)變(bian)”后(hou),由于(yu)連年兵災,逐(zhu)漸衰落(luo)(luo)和廢棄。金朝統治中國北(bei)方地區后(hou),定(ding)窯(yao)瓷業(ye)很快得到了(le)恢復,有些(xie)產(chan)品的(de)制作水(shui)平不亞于(yu)北(bei)宋時期(qi)。從有龍鳳紋飾的(de)一些(xie)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)上看(kan),定(ding)窯(yao)產(chan)品也是金代統治者喜(xi)愛的(de)瓷器(qi)(qi)品種。到了(le)元朝,定(ding)窯(yao)終于(yu)逐(zhu)漸沒落(luo)(luo)。

到20世(shi)紀70年(nian)代,定瓷在沉寂了多(duo)年(nian)之(zhi)后(hou)又進入了復蘇期。曲陽定瓷有限公司歷盡(jin)艱辛,通過上百次(ci)研(yan)究實驗,在仿古的基礎上,推陳出(chu)新,研(yan)制成功了仿古、美術、日常三大(da)系列工藝產品200多(duo)種(zhong),產品在國(guo)內展出(chu)屢屢獲(huo)獎(jiang),產品已遠銷美國(guo)、日本、加拿大(da)、荷蘭、香港(gang)等十幾個國(guo)家和地區(qu)。

定窯品種

定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)產品以白(bai)瓷(ci)為(wei)主,也燒制醬、紅、黑等其(qi)他名貴(gui)品種,如(ru)黑釉(you)(you)(you)(黑定(ding)(ding))、紫釉(you)(you)(you)(紫定(ding)(ding))、綠(lv)釉(you)(you)(you)(綠(lv)定(ding)(ding))、紅釉(you)(you)(you)(紅定(ding)(ding))等,都(dou)是在(zai)白(bai)瓷(ci)胎上(shang),罩上(shang)一層高溫色釉(you)(you)(you)。元朝劉祁的(de)《歸潛志》說,“定(ding)(ding)州花瓷(ci)甌,顏(yan)色天下白(bai)”。可(ke)見,定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)器在(zai)當時(shi)不僅深(shen)受人們喜愛,而且(qie)產量較大(da)。宋(song)代(dai)大(da)詩(shi)人蘇東坡(po)在(zai)定(ding)(ding)州時(shi),曾用“定(ding)(ding)州花瓷(ci)琢紅玉”的(de)詩(shi)句(ju),來(lai)贊美定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)瓷(ci)器的(de)絢麗多彩。

定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)還有北定(ding)、南(nan)定(ding)之分。北宋(song)之前,定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)窯(yao)(yao)址在北方的定(ding)州(zhou),這是燒制的物(wu)品稱(cheng)為(wei)北定(ding);宋(song)室南(nan)遷之后(hou),定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)工(gong)人一部(bu)份到了景德(de)鎮(zhen),一部(bu)份到了吉州(zhou),稱(cheng)為(wei)南(nan)定(ding)。在景德(de)鎮(zhen)生產的釉(you)色似粉,又(you)稱(cheng)粉定(ding)。

經幾代學(xue)者不懈努力,學(xue)術界認可(ke)的(de)定窯品(pin)種:白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)、黃釉(you)(you)(you)、褐(he)釉(you)(you)(you)、黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)、紫釉(you)(you)(you)、紅釉(you)(you)(you)、綠(lv)釉(you)(you)(you)、金花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、鷓鴣斑、加(jia)彩(cai)、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)刻(ke)(ke)劃(hua)印花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)白(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、褐(he)釉(you)(you)(you)刻(ke)(ke)印花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)刻(ke)(ke)印花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)剔(ti)繪黃花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、內外刻(ke)(ke)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、內外劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、內外印花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、外刻(ke)(ke)內印花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)醬口、黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)醬口、豆青(qing)(qing)地(di)剔(ti)白(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、白(bai)地(di)繪黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、唐三彩(cai)、咖(ka)啡色(se)釉(you)(you)(you)繪花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)剔(ti)黑(hei)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、青(qing)(qing)釉(you)(you)(you)剔(ti)劃(hua)白(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)……

多(duo)年來,我在遺址考察發(fa)現的(de)遺存還有:仿(fang)鈞(jun)、絞胎(tai)、絞釉、素(su)瓷、宋三(san)(san)彩(cai)(cai)陶器、仿(fang)遼(liao)三(san)(san)彩(cai)(cai)陶器等。

定窯(yao)(yao)生產(chan)規模宏大,品種(zhong)繁多。多為(wei)碗、盤(pan)、瓶(ping)、碟、盒(he)和枕,亦產(chan)凈瓶(ping)和海螺等(deng)佛前供器,但數量極少,主要(yao)是(shi)作為(wei)貢品進入(ru)宮(gong)廷。故宮(gong)博物院收(shou)藏的(de)“定州白瓷(ci)孩兒枕”,是(shi)定窯(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)器的(de)代表作之一。

獨特技術

宋(song)代瓷(ci)窯裝燒技術(shu)最(zui)為重要(yao)的(de)成就,就是發(fa)明了(le)(le)(le)覆燒法(fa)和(he)“火照術(shu)”。北宋(song)后期起,定窯大(da)量(liang)采用覆燒方法(fa),還(huan)使(shi)用了(le)(le)(le)一種墊圈式組合匣缽(bo)。這種燒制方法(fa)的(de)優點,是最(zui)大(da)限度地利(li)用空位空間,既可(ke)節(jie)省燃料,又可(ke)防止器具變形,從(cong)而降(jiang)低了(le)(le)(le)成本,大(da)幅度地提高了(le)(le)(le)產(chan)量(liang),對南北瓷(ci)窯都產(chan)生過很大(da)影(ying)響(xiang),對促進我(wo)國制瓷(ci)業的(de)發(fa)展起了(le)(le)(le)重要(yao)作(zuo)用。

工藝形成

據《曲陽(yang)縣志》載,五(wu)代時(shi)曲陽(yang)澗(jian)磁(ci)已(yi)盛(sheng)產(chan)白瓷,官(guan)府曾在此設官(guan)收瓷器稅;但據調查,早在唐代這里(li)已(yi)燒(shao)白瓷;至宋代有(you)較大發展,除燒(shao)白釉瓷器外(wai),還燒(shao)黑(hei)釉、醬釉和(he)綠釉等(deng)品種,文獻稱為“黑(hei)定(ding)(ding)”、“紫(zi)定(ding)(ding)”和(he)“綠定(ding)(ding)”。有(you)毛口和(he)淚痕等(deng)特(te)征,毛口是(shi)復燒(shao)口部不(bu)上釉,淚痕多見于(yu)盤碗外(wai)部,因釉的薄厚不(bu)勻,有(you)的下垂形如淚跡。裝飾有(you)刻花(hua)(hua)、劃花(hua)(hua)、印花(hua)(hua)諸種,風格典雅(ya)。對各地瓷窯(yao)(yao)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)影響,曾出現不(bu)少仿燒(shao)定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)瓷器的瓷窯(yao)(yao),紋(wen)飾以龍鳳紋(wen)為主。此類宮廷用器多有(you)傳世(shi),窯(yao)(yao)址遺有(you)大量(liang)龍鳳紋(wen)器物碎片。

定窯(yao)(yao)的胎(tai)(tai)質(zhi)薄(bo)而輕,胎(tai)(tai)色(se)(se)白色(se)(se)微黃,較堅致,不太透明(ming),釉呈米色(se)(se),施釉極薄(bo),可(ke)以見胎(tai)(tai)。釉色(se)(se)潔白晶瑩,很多(duo)積釉形狀(zhuang)好(hao)似淚痕(hen),被稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“蠟淚痕(hen)”,隱現(xian)著黃綠顏色(se)(se)。在(zai)器物外壁薄(bo)釉的地方(fang)能看出胎(tai)(tai)上(shang)的旋(xuan)坯(pi)痕(hen),俗稱“竹絲刷紋”。北宋(song)早期定窯(yao)(yao)產品口沿有釉,到了晚期器物口沿多(duo)不施釉,稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“芒口”,芒口處常常鑲金、銀(yin)、銅質(zhi)邊圈以掩飾(shi)芒口缺陷,此為(wei)(wei)(wei)定窯(yao)(yao)一大特色(se)(se)。

裝飾紋樣

定(ding)窯器以(yi)其豐富多彩的紋(wen)樣裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)而深(shen)受(shou)人們喜愛。裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)技(ji)法(fa)以(yi)白釉印花(hua)(hua)(hua)、白釉刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)花(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)白釉劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)為主,還有白釉剔花(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)金彩描花(hua)(hua)(hua),紋(wen)樣秀麗典雅(ya)。北(bei)宋早(zao)期定(ding)窯刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)花(hua)(hua)(hua)、構(gou)(gou)圖、紋(wen)樣趨簡,以(yi)重蓮瓣紋(wen)居多,裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)有淺(qian)浮雕之美(mei)。北(bei)宋中(zhong)晚期刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)花(hua)(hua)(hua)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)精美(mei)絕倫(lun),獨(du)具(ju)一格。裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)圖案常用印花(hua)(hua)(hua)、劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)堆花(hua)(hua)(hua)手法(fa),秀麗典雅(ya)。印花(hua)(hua)(hua)圖案,自然形態(tai)經巧妙變形,構(gou)(gou)成嚴謹;刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua),較印花(hua)(hua)(hua)更活潑(po)生動,別(bie)具(ju)一格。

劃花

劃花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)宋(song)代(dai)定(ding)窯(yao)瓷器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要裝飾方法之一(yi)。通常以篦狀工具劃出(chu)簡(jian)(jian)單(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen),線條剛勁(jing)流(liu)暢、富于(yu)動感。蓮(lian)瓣紋(wen)是(shi)定(ding)窯(yao)器(qi)上最常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)劃花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)飾。有一(yi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)獨(du)放、雙花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)并(bing)開(kai)、蓮(lian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)荷葉交錯而出(chu)、有的(de)(de)(de)(de)還配(pei)有鴨紋(wen),紋(wen)飾簡(jian)(jian)潔富于(yu)變化(hua)。立件器(qi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾大(da)都采(cai)用劃花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)裝飾,刻花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比較(jiao)少見。早期定(ding)窯(yao)器(qi)物中(zhong),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)劃花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)飾在蓮(lian)瓣紋(wen)外又加上纏枝菊紋(wen),總體布局顯得不很協(xie)調,這是(shi)當時(shi)尚處(chu)于(yu)初級階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種新裝飾手法,也給定(ding)窯(yao)器(qi)斷代(dai)提供了一(yi)個依(yi)據(ju)。

刻花

刻花(hua)(hua)是在(zai)劃花(hua)(hua)裝飾(shi)(shi)工藝基(ji)礎上發展起來的(de)。有(you)時與劃花(hua)(hua)工藝一起運用。如在(zai)盤、碗中心部位(wei)刻出折枝或纏枝花(hua)(hua)卉輪(lun)廓線(xian)(xian),然后在(zai)花(hua)(hua)葉輪(lun)廓線(xian)(xian)內以單齒、雙齒、梳篦狀工具劃刻復線(xian)(xian)紋(wen)。紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)中較(jiao)常見的(de)有(you)雙花(hua)(hua)圖(tu)案,生動自然,有(you)較(jiao)強(qiang)的(de)立(li)體感(gan),通常是對稱的(de)。定(ding)窯刻花(hua)(hua)器還常常在(zai)花(hua)(hua)果、蓮、鴨、云龍等(deng)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)輪(lun)廓線(xian)(xian)一側劃以細線(xian)(xian)相(xiang)襯,以增(zeng)強(qiang)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)的(de)立(li)體感(gan)。

印花

定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)最富表現力的(de)是印(yin)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)一工(gong)藝(yi)始于北(bei)宋中(zhong)期,成熟于北(bei)宋晚期。最精美的(de)定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)器物紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)在盤、碗等器物中(zhong)心,這(zhe)類器型內外都有紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)較少。定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)器物紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)特(te)點是層次分(fen)明,最外圈(quan)或中(zhong)間(jian),常(chang)用回紋(wen)(wen)(wen)把圖(tu)案隔開(kai)。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)總體布局線(xian)條清晰,形態經巧妙變形,繁而不亂,布局嚴謹,講究對稱,層次分(fen)明,線(xian)條清晰,工(gong)整素雅,藝(yi)術(shu)水平(ping)很高。定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)印(yin)花(hua)大多印(yin)在碗盤的(de)內部,里外都有紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)器物極為少見。

定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯印花(hua)題(ti)材以花(hua)卉(hui)紋(wen)(wen)最為(wei)常見,主要有(you)蓮、菊、萱草、牡丹、梅等(deng),花(hua)卉(hui)紋(wen)(wen)布(bu)局(ju)多(duo)采用(yong)纏枝、折枝等(deng)方法(fa)(fa),講求對稱。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)碗(wan)、盤(pan)口沿作花(hua)瓣式(shi),碗(wan)內(nei)印一(yi)盛開的(de)(de)(de)花(hua)朵(duo),同時(shi)在(zai)外(wai)壁刻上(shang)(shang)花(hua)蒂(di)與(yu)(yu)(yu)花(hua)瓣輪(lun)廓(kuo)線。這種把印、刻手法(fa)(fa)并用(yong)于(yu)一(yi)件器物,里外(wai)裝飾(shi)統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)(fa),使器物造型和花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)裝飾(shi)渾如(ru)一(yi)體,十分精美。其次,定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯還(huan)有(you)大量的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi),主要有(you)牛、鹿、鴛鴦、麒麟、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)鳳(feng)、獅子和飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)等(deng)。定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)一(yi)般裝飾(shi)在(zai)盤(pan)、碟、碗(wan)等(deng)臥件的(de)(de)(de)器物中心,祥云(yun)圍繞,獨(du)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)為(wei)多(duo),尚未見有(you)對稱的(de)(de)(de)雙龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)。飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)身(shen)形矯健(jian),昂首騰飛于(yu)祥云(yun)之(zhi)間,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)尾與(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)腿纏繞,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)嘴(zui)露齒,欲吞火(huo)球,背有(you)鰭(qi),身(shen)刻魚(yu)鱗紋(wen)(wen),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)須(xu)飄動(dong),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)肘(zhou)有(you)毛,三爪尖利,栩(xu)栩(xu)如(ru)生(sheng)。而定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯立件上(shang)(shang)只(zhi)裝飾(shi)有(you)變形龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen),其裝飾(shi)水(shui)平與(yu)(yu)(yu)盤(pan)、碟上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)相去甚遠。禽鳥(niao)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)中主要有(you)鳳(feng)凰、孔雀、鷺鷥、鴛鴦、雁、鴨等(deng),做工精美的(de)(de)(de)飛鳳(feng)比(bi)較少見。

定窯(yao)瓷器最精美的紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)大(da)都集中在(zai)盤、碟上(shang),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)多者可達四層。每層紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)富于變化,外(wai)圈紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)多為幾何(he)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或變形蓮瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),中心為動物、花(hua)卉(hui)結合(he)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi),充滿浮雕感,藝術氣息濃郁(yu)。而(er)宋代(dai)定窯(yao)孩(hai)兒枕更是(shi)該窯(yao)名(ming)品,其造型神態及紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)的裝飾(shi)工(gong)藝等(deng)皆(jie)為上(shang)乘之作(zuo)。

歷史影響

由(you)于定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)的(de)風靡與(yu)流(liu)行,其造(zao)型、裝飾(shi)、燒(shao)造(zao)方法為(wei)各(ge)地(di)瓷窯(yao)所(suo)仿效,北(bei)宋年間各(ge)地(di)紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)仿制定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)。這就誕生了(le)“土定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”“新定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”“北(bei)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”“南定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”“粉定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”等仿器。許多(duo)地(di)區的(de)產品質(zhi)量不(bu)遜于河北(bei)曲陽。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)對我(wo)國后世的(de)制瓷業產生了(le)深(shen)遠(yuan)的(de)影響(xiang):名(ming)揚天下的(de)景(jing)德鎮深(shen)受其影響(xiang),北(bei)京(jing)龍(long)泉務窯(yao)、山西平定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)等形成了(le)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)系;埃及、歐洲、東南亞的(de)文物遺址(zhi)中都有(you)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷的(de)遺物。

定窯窯址

定窯(yao)窯(yao)址(zhi)規模最(zui)大(da)、最(zui)集中的(de)窯(yao)場,分(fen)布在今曲(qu)陽縣澗磁(ci)村北一帶,這里有(you)十幾處高大(da)的(de)堆積,最(zui)高的(de)15米(mi),堆積著(zhu)眾多的(de)瓷(ci)片、窯(yao)具、爐渣、瓷(ci)土等。從遺址(zhi)地層(ceng)疊壓(ya)關(guan)系看,遺址(zhi)分(fen)晚唐(tang)、五代和北宋三(san)個時期,1986年被列為全國重(zhong)點文物保護單位。

經(jing)國(guo)家文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)局(ju)(ju)批準,河(he)北省文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)研(yan)究(jiu)所、北京大學(xue)考古文(wen)(wen)博(bo)學(xue)院(yuan)、曲陽縣(xian)定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)遺(yi)址文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)保管所組成(cheng)聯合(he)考古隊,于2009年9月起對定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)遺(yi)址進(jin)行了(le)主(zhu)動(dong)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考古發掘(jue)。北京大學(xue)派出(chu)了(le)由兩名教授,5名博(bo)士生和8名碩士生組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隊伍。田野工(gong)作(zuo)自9月20日開始,12月26日結(jie)(jie)束。根據此次(ci)(ci)發掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)術目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),并結(jie)(jie)合(he)以(yi)(yi)往(wang)對定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)遺(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)調查結(jie)(jie)果,考古隊在(zai)澗磁(ci)嶺、北鎮、澗磁(ci)西(xi)及燕(yan)川四個地(di)(di)(di)點布(bu)方發掘(jue),以(yi)(yi)期(qi)獲得(de)定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)燒制歷史各(ge)(ge)個階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)層資料,并進(jin)行分(fen)期(qi)研(yan)究(jiu);尤(you)其是探尋早(zao)期(qi)定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資料,探討定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)創燒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間;金代定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)特征及貢(gong)御情況;元代定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產規模及衰落原因(yin)等。田野工(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong),我們始終堅持(chi)認(ren)真、負(fu)責的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)態度(du),保持(chi)高度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱情,希望不負(fu)眾望,使(shi)這次(ci)(ci)對國(guo)保單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)動(dong)發掘(jue)能夠取得(de)最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)果,同時(shi)努力實踐國(guo)家文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)局(ju)(ju)新公布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《田野考古工(gong)作(zuo)規程(cheng)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)項新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀念和管理(li)方式,使(shi)發掘(jue)工(gong)作(zuo)取得(de)了(le)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)果。本次(ci)(ci)發掘(jue)在(zai)上(shang)述4個地(di)(di)(di)點布(bu)方21個,加上(shang)遇到遺(yi)跡(ji)進(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴方面(mian)積,發掘(jue)總面(mian)積776平方米(mi),清理(li)各(ge)(ge)類遺(yi)跡(ji)94處,其中(zhong)窯(yao)(yao)爐(lu)11座(zuo)、作(zuo)坊12座(zuo)、房基3座(zuo),灰坑45個、灶(zao)7座(zuo)、墓葬2座(zuo)、溝6條、界(jie)墻8道,出(chu)土(tu)了(le)數(shu)(shu)以(yi)(yi)噸計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)和窯(yao)(yao)具(ju),其中(zhong)完整(zheng)或可復原標本數(shu)(shu)千件,這些出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標本中(zhong)不乏以(yi)(yi)往(wang)我們認(ren)識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)精品,也有(you)一些以(yi)(yi)前未曾見過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨特器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)。發現帶有(you)“官”、“尚藥局(ju)(ju)”、“尚食(shi)局(ju)(ju)”、“東宮”和“喬位(wei)”等款(kuan)識和其他文(wen)(wen)字款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)殘片數(shu)(shu)十(shi)件;地(di)(di)(di)層中(zhong)也出(chu)土(tu)了(le)一些重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紀年材(cai)料。總體上(shang)看(kan),此次(ci)(ci)發掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)術目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)已基本實現,資料整(zheng)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)已在(zai)緊張有(you)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)行。

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