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定窯
0 票數:0 #名窯#
定窯原為民窯,北宋中后期開始燒造宮廷用瓷。創燒于唐,極盛于北宋及金,終于元,以產白瓷著稱,兼燒黑釉、醬釉和綠釉瓷,文獻分別稱其為"黑定"、"紫定"和"綠定"。定窯從邢窯而來,由于歷史的變遷,定窯隨著地域變化,新瓷土料的運用和制瓷工藝的進步。卞向和認為:定窯最大的貢獻就是在中國陶瓷發展的歷史上閃爍過光芒,在中國陶瓷史和世界的陶瓷發展史上留下輝煌的一頁。
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概述

定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao),是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國北(bei)方(fang)白(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心,始于唐,為(wei)邢(xing)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)后(hou)繼者,在(zai)(zai)五(wu)代時(shi)期(qi)(qi)就(jiu)已經發(fa)達。以(yi)往文獻多記(ji)載(zai)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址在(zai)(zai)河北(bei)正定(ding)(ding)(ding),1938年在(zai)(zai)河北(bei)省曲陽縣澗瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)村發(fa)現(xian)古窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址。近年又多次(ci)發(fa)掘調查,發(fa)現(xian)了最下層(ceng)堆積(ji)著晚唐的(de)(de)破片(pian)(pian)(pian);中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)五(wu)代時(shi)就(jiu)已大(da)量生(sheng)產;最上(shang)層(ceng)為(wei)印花(hua)、畫花(hua)的(de)(de)薄(bo)(bo)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)片(pian)(pian)(pian),是(shi)(shi)屬(shu)于北(bei)宋(song)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)以(yi)后(hou),在(zai)(zai)政和(he)(he)(he)、宣和(he)(he)(he)年間。這些(xie)薄(bo)(bo)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)片(pian)(pian)(pian),胎(tai)(tai)質(zhi)堅致(zhi),釉(you)澤瑩(ying)潤,花(hua)紋(wen)優美,確是(shi)(shi)很精進的(de)(de)品種(zhong);且有(you)些(xie)是(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de),如”尚食局、禁苑、奉(feng)華、官(guan)(guan)”等(deng)胎(tai)(tai)上(shang)刻字(zi)破片(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian),便(bian)可證明。另在(zai)(zai)西燕山遺(yi)址發(fa)現(xian)粗瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)片(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)堆集,以(yi)及各(ge)(ge)地(di)普遍(bian)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)器及破片(pian)(pian)(pian),又能證明定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)北(bei)宋(song)早期(qi)(qi)以(yi)后(hou),也曾大(da)量燒(shao)(shao)(shao)造(zao)民(min)(min)間使(shi)用的(de)(de)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)器。定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)以(yi)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)造(zao)白(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)為(wei)主,也燒(shao)(shao)(shao)顏色(se)(se)釉(you),如紅定(ding)(ding)(ding)、紫定(ding)(ding)(ding)和(he)(he)(he)黑定(ding)(ding)(ding)等(deng)。根據《君友(you)會(hui)-新民(min)(min)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)》記(ji)載(zai),定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao),從北(bei)宋(song)起,地(di)位(wei)增高,各(ge)(ge)地(di)仿(fang)制者頗多。在(zai)(zai)定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)本身概念(nian)中(zhong)(zhong),就(jiu)孳乳出(chu)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)名稱(cheng),單就(jiu)白(bai)定(ding)(ding)(ding)一種(zhong),就(jiu)有(you)土(tu)(tu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)、粉定(ding)(ding)(ding)之分。土(tu)(tu)定(ding)(ding)(ding),有(you)瓦(wa)胎(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)陶(tao)(tao)胎(tai)(tai)兩種(zhong)。瓦(wa)胎(tai)(tai)為(wei)淡赤色(se)(se)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi),陶(tao)(tao)胎(tai)(tai)為(wei)白(bai)土(tu)(tu)而略黃,質(zhi)皆松(song),體(ti)較厚;袖色(se)(se)白(bai)色(se)(se)中(zhong)(zhong)閃(shan)黃或閃(shan)赤,容易剝落,或有(you)大(da)開片(pian)(pian)(pian),是(shi)(shi)原始的(de)(de)及民(min)(min)用的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)器。粉定(ding)(ding)(ding),是(shi)(shi)進步的(de)(de)及官(guan)(guan)用的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)器,有(you)陶(tao)(tao)胎(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)胎(tai)(tai),胎(tai)(tai)質(zhi)致(zhi)密而體(ti)薄(bo)(bo),釉(you)色(se)(se)純白(bai)如牛(niu)乳者,或帶(dai)淡赤色(se)(se),釉(you)中(zhong)(zhong)往往有(you)刷(shua)紋(wen),釉(you)面凝聚,如有(you)淚痕。

燒制歷史

定(ding)(ding)窯為宋(song)代六(liu)大窯系之一(yi),窯址在今河(he)北(bei)省保定(ding)(ding)市曲陽澗滋村及東(dong)西燕(yan)村,因(yin)宋(song)代屬定(ding)(ding)州,故(gu)名。創燒于唐(tang),極(ji)盛于北(bei)宋(song)及金,終于元,以產(chan)白(bai)瓷著(zhu)稱(cheng),兼燒黑釉(you)(you)、醬釉(you)(you)和(he)釉(you)(you)瓷,文(wen)獻分別(bie)稱(cheng)其為"黑定(ding)(ding)"、"紫定(ding)(ding)"和(he)"綠定(ding)(ding)"。

定窯在唐代時(shi)就(jiu)已是著名(ming)瓷(ci)場,專(zhuan)燒白(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、黃(huang)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(白(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)有玉壁底碗、注壺(hu)(hu)、瓶類;黃(huang)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)器有碗、注壺(hu)(hu)等。),到宋代發展迅速,比之前更大更有名(ming),大量燒制(zhi)白(bai)(bai)瓷(ci),其次有黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、醬(jiang)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、綠釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、白(bai)(bai)地褐花等品種。白(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)胎土(tu)細(xi)膩,胎質(zhi)薄而有光,釉(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)純白(bai)(bai)滋潤,上有淚痕,釉(you)(you)(you)(you)為(wei)白(bai)(bai)玻璃(li)質(zhi)釉(you)(you)(you)(you),略帶粉質(zhi),因此(ci)稱(cheng)為(wei)粉定,亦稱(cheng)白(bai)(bai)定。其它瓷(ci)器胎質(zhi)粗而釉(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)偏(pian)黃(huang)俗稱(cheng)土(tu)定;紫色(se)(se)和(he)黑(hei)色(se)(se)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)稱(cheng)為(wei)醬(jiang)定。另有高(gao)窯溫燒制(zhi)的(de)金黃(huang)偏(pian)紅的(de)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)的(de),稱(cheng)之為(wei)金定,極為(wei)稀少。

定窯創燒(shao)于唐(tang)朝后期。從這時一直到(dao)五(wu)代的(de)定窯瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi),還較(jiao)為粗(cu)糙簡單,器(qi)(qi)型以碗為主(zhu),正處于向精(jing)瓷(ci)的(de)過渡階(jie)段。但在五(wu)代中后期,定窯白瓷(ci)出現了一次根(gen)本(ben)性(xing)的(de)飛(fei)躍。所燒(shao)瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)不再施化妝土(tu),胎、釉呈現出精(jing)、白薄的(de)特征(zheng)。有些(xie)器(qi)(qi)物的(de)白度甚至超過了邢窯的(de)細白瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)。

北宋(song)是定(ding)窯發展(zhan)的(de)鼎盛(sheng)時(shi)期,中國勞動人民的(de)制瓷技術有(you)許多(duo)創造和進步。北宋(song)中后期,定(ding)窯由于瓷質(zhi)精良、色澤淡雅,紋(wen)飾(shi)秀美,被宋(song)朝(chao)政府(fu)選(xuan)為宮廷用瓷,使其身價大增,產品風靡一時(shi)。

定窯(yao)在北宋末年“靖康之變(bian)”后(hou),由于(yu)連年兵災(zai),逐漸衰落和(he)廢棄。金朝統(tong)治(zhi)中國北方地區后(hou),定窯(yao)瓷業(ye)很快得到(dao)了(le)恢復,有(you)些(xie)產(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)制作(zuo)水平不(bu)亞于(yu)北宋時期。從有(you)龍鳳紋飾的(de)(de)一些(xie)器物(wu)上看,定窯(yao)產(chan)(chan)品也是金代統(tong)治(zhi)者喜愛的(de)(de)瓷器品種。到(dao)了(le)元朝,定窯(yao)終(zhong)于(yu)逐漸沒落。

到20世紀70年代,定(ding)瓷在(zai)沉寂了(le)多年之后又進入了(le)復蘇(su)期。曲陽定(ding)瓷有限公司歷盡艱辛(xin),通過上(shang)百次研究實驗(yan),在(zai)仿古(gu)的基礎上(shang),推陳出新,研制成功了(le)仿古(gu)、美(mei)(mei)術、日常三大(da)系列工(gong)藝產(chan)品200多種,產(chan)品在(zai)國內展出屢(lv)屢(lv)獲(huo)獎(jiang),產(chan)品已遠銷美(mei)(mei)國、日本(ben)、加(jia)拿大(da)、荷蘭、香港(gang)等(deng)十幾個國家和地區。

定窯品種

定(ding)(ding)窯產品以白(bai)瓷為主,也燒制醬、紅、黑等其他名貴品種,如黑釉(you)(you)(黑定(ding)(ding))、紫(zi)釉(you)(you)(紫(zi)定(ding)(ding))、綠(lv)釉(you)(you)(綠(lv)定(ding)(ding))、紅釉(you)(you)(紅定(ding)(ding))等,都(dou)是在(zai)白(bai)瓷胎上(shang),罩上(shang)一層高溫色釉(you)(you)。元朝劉祁的(de)(de)《歸潛志》說,“定(ding)(ding)州(zhou)花瓷甌(ou),顏色天下白(bai)”。可見(jian),定(ding)(ding)窯器在(zai)當時不僅深受(shou)人們喜愛(ai),而(er)且產量(liang)較大。宋代大詩(shi)人蘇(su)東坡在(zai)定(ding)(ding)州(zhou)時,曾(ceng)用“定(ding)(ding)州(zhou)花瓷琢紅玉(yu)”的(de)(de)詩(shi)句,來贊(zan)美定(ding)(ding)窯瓷器的(de)(de)絢(xuan)麗(li)多彩。

定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)還(huan)有(you)北(bei)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)、南(nan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)之分。北(bei)宋之前,定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)窯(yao)址在北(bei)方的(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)州,這是(shi)燒(shao)制(zhi)的(de)物品稱為(wei)北(bei)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding);宋室南(nan)遷之后,定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)工人一部份到了(le)景德鎮,一部份到了(le)吉州,稱為(wei)南(nan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。在景德鎮生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)釉色似(si)粉(fen)(fen),又稱粉(fen)(fen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。

經幾代學(xue)者不(bu)懈努(nu)力(li),學(xue)術界認(ren)可(ke)的定窯品種:白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、黃釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、褐(he)(he)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、紫(zi)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、紅(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、綠釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、金花(hua)(hua)、鷓鴣斑、加彩(cai)、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)刻(ke)劃(hua)印(yin)(yin)花(hua)(hua)、黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)白(bai)花(hua)(hua)、褐(he)(he)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)刻(ke)印(yin)(yin)花(hua)(hua)、黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)刻(ke)印(yin)(yin)花(hua)(hua)、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)剔(ti)(ti)繪黃花(hua)(hua)、內外刻(ke)花(hua)(hua)、內外劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)、內外印(yin)(yin)花(hua)(hua)、外刻(ke)內印(yin)(yin)花(hua)(hua)、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)醬(jiang)口(kou)、黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)醬(jiang)口(kou)、豆青地(di)剔(ti)(ti)白(bai)花(hua)(hua)、白(bai)地(di)繪黑(hei)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)花(hua)(hua)、唐三彩(cai)、咖啡色釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)繪花(hua)(hua)、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)剔(ti)(ti)黑(hei)花(hua)(hua)、青釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)剔(ti)(ti)劃(hua)白(bai)花(hua)(hua)、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)花(hua)(hua)……

多年來,我(wo)在遺(yi)址考察發現的遺(yi)存還有(you):仿(fang)鈞、絞(jiao)胎、絞(jiao)釉、素瓷(ci)、宋三(san)彩陶器、仿(fang)遼(liao)三(san)彩陶器等。

定(ding)窯生(sheng)產(chan)規模宏(hong)大(da),品種(zhong)繁多。多為(wei)碗、盤(pan)、瓶、碟(die)、盒和枕,亦產(chan)凈瓶和海螺等佛(fo)前供器(qi),但數量極少,主要是(shi)作(zuo)為(wei)貢品進入宮廷。故宮博物院收藏的“定(ding)州白瓷孩兒枕”,是(shi)定(ding)窯瓷器(qi)的代表作(zuo)之一。

獨特技術

宋(song)(song)代(dai)瓷(ci)窯裝燒(shao)技術(shu)最為重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的成就(jiu),就(jiu)是發(fa)明了(le)覆燒(shao)法和“火(huo)照(zhao)術(shu)”。北宋(song)(song)后(hou)期起,定(ding)窯大量(liang)采(cai)用(yong)覆燒(shao)方法,還使(shi)用(yong)了(le)一種(zhong)墊圈(quan)式(shi)組合匣(xia)缽(bo)。這種(zhong)燒(shao)制方法的優點,是最大限度地利(li)用(yong)空(kong)(kong)位(wei)空(kong)(kong)間,既可節省(sheng)燃料,又(you)可防(fang)止器具變形,從而(er)降低了(le)成本,大幅度地提高了(le)產量(liang),對南北瓷(ci)窯都產生過很大影(ying)響,對促進我國制瓷(ci)業的發(fa)展(zhan)起了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)作用(yong)。

工藝形成

據《曲陽縣(xian)志》載,五(wu)代(dai)時曲陽澗磁已盛產白(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci),官府曾在此設官收(shou)瓷(ci)(ci)器稅(shui);但(dan)據調查(cha),早在唐代(dai)這里已燒(shao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci);至宋代(dai)有(you)(you)較大(da)發展,除燒(shao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉瓷(ci)(ci)器外,還燒(shao)黑(hei)釉、醬釉和(he)(he)綠(lv)釉等(deng)(deng)品(pin)種,文獻稱(cheng)為“黑(hei)定(ding)”、“紫定(ding)”和(he)(he)“綠(lv)定(ding)”。有(you)(you)毛口和(he)(he)淚(lei)痕等(deng)(deng)特征,毛口是復(fu)燒(shao)口部不(bu)上釉,淚(lei)痕多見于盤碗外部,因釉的薄厚(hou)不(bu)勻,有(you)(you)的下(xia)垂形(xing)如淚(lei)跡。裝飾(shi)有(you)(you)刻花(hua)、劃花(hua)、印花(hua)諸種,風格(ge)典雅。對各地(di)瓷(ci)(ci)窯(yao)有(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)影(ying)響,曾出現不(bu)少仿燒(shao)定(ding)窯(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)器的瓷(ci)(ci)窯(yao),紋飾(shi)以龍鳳紋為主。此類宮廷用(yong)器多有(you)(you)傳世,窯(yao)址遺有(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)龍鳳紋器物碎(sui)片。

定(ding)窯的胎質薄而輕,胎色白色微(wei)黃(huang),較堅(jian)致,不太透(tou)明,釉呈米色,施(shi)釉極薄,可以(yi)見胎。釉色潔白晶(jing)瑩,很多積釉形(xing)狀好似(si)淚痕,被稱(cheng)(cheng)為“蠟淚痕”,隱現著黃(huang)綠顏色。在器物外壁薄釉的地方(fang)能(neng)看出胎上(shang)的旋坯痕,俗稱(cheng)(cheng)“竹絲(si)刷紋”。北宋早(zao)期定(ding)窯產(chan)品口(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)有釉,到了晚期器物口(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)多不施(shi)釉,稱(cheng)(cheng)為“芒(mang)口(kou)(kou)”,芒(mang)口(kou)(kou)處常(chang)常(chang)鑲(xiang)金、銀、銅(tong)質邊圈以(yi)掩飾芒(mang)口(kou)(kou)缺陷(xian),此為定(ding)窯一大特色。

裝飾紋樣

定窯(yao)器以其豐富多彩(cai)(cai)的紋(wen)(wen)樣(yang)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)而深受人們喜(xi)愛。裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)技法以白(bai)釉印花(hua)、白(bai)釉刻花(hua)和(he)白(bai)釉劃(hua)花(hua)為(wei)主,還有(you)白(bai)釉剔(ti)花(hua)和(he)金彩(cai)(cai)描(miao)花(hua),紋(wen)(wen)樣(yang)秀(xiu)麗典(dian)雅(ya)。北宋早(zao)期定窯(yao)刻花(hua)、構圖、紋(wen)(wen)樣(yang)趨簡,以重蓮瓣紋(wen)(wen)居多,裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)有(you)淺浮雕之美。北宋中晚期刻花(hua)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)精美絕倫,獨具(ju)一格。裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)圖案常用印花(hua)、劃(hua)花(hua)和(he)堆花(hua)手法,秀(xiu)麗典(dian)雅(ya)。印花(hua)圖案,自然形(xing)態經巧妙變形(xing),構成嚴謹;刻劃(hua)花(hua),較(jiao)印花(hua)更(geng)活潑生動,別(bie)具(ju)一格。

劃花

劃(hua)(hua)花(hua)(hua)是(shi)宋代定(ding)窯(yao)瓷(ci)器的(de)(de)主要裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)方法之一(yi)。通常(chang)以篦狀工具劃(hua)(hua)出簡單(dan)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),線條剛勁流暢、富(fu)于動感。蓮(lian)瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)是(shi)定(ding)窯(yao)器上最常(chang)見的(de)(de)劃(hua)(hua)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)。有(you)一(yi)花(hua)(hua)獨放、雙(shuang)花(hua)(hua)并開、蓮(lian)花(hua)(hua)荷葉交錯而(er)出、有(you)的(de)(de)還配有(you)鴨紋(wen)(wen)(wen),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)簡潔富(fu)于變化。立件器物(wu)的(de)(de)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)大都(dou)采(cai)用(yong)劃(hua)(hua)花(hua)(hua)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi),刻(ke)花(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)比較少見。早期定(ding)窯(yao)器物(wu)中,有(you)的(de)(de)劃(hua)(hua)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)在蓮(lian)瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)外又加上纏枝菊紋(wen)(wen)(wen),總(zong)體布局顯得不很(hen)協調,這是(shi)當時尚處于初(chu)級階段的(de)(de)一(yi)種新裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)手法,也給(gei)定(ding)窯(yao)器斷代提供了一(yi)個依據。

刻花

刻(ke)花(hua)(hua)是在劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)裝飾工藝(yi)基礎上發展起來的(de)(de)。有(you)(you)時與劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)工藝(yi)一(yi)起運用。如在盤、碗中(zhong)(zhong)心部位刻(ke)出折枝或纏枝花(hua)(hua)卉輪(lun)廓(kuo)線(xian),然(ran)后(hou)在花(hua)(hua)葉輪(lun)廓(kuo)線(xian)內以單齒、雙齒、梳篦狀工具劃(hua)刻(ke)復線(xian)紋。紋飾中(zhong)(zhong)較(jiao)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)有(you)(you)雙花(hua)(hua)圖(tu)案,生動自然(ran),有(you)(you)較(jiao)強的(de)(de)立體感,通(tong)常(chang)(chang)是對(dui)稱的(de)(de)。定(ding)窯刻(ke)花(hua)(hua)器還(huan)常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)在花(hua)(hua)果、蓮、鴨、云龍等紋飾輪(lun)廓(kuo)線(xian)一(yi)側劃(hua)以細(xi)線(xian)相襯(chen),以增(zeng)強紋飾的(de)(de)立體感。

印花

定窯(yao)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)最富表現力(li)的(de)是印花紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)。這一工(gong)藝(yi)始于北(bei)宋中(zhong)(zhong)期,成熟于北(bei)宋晚期。最精美的(de)定窯(yao)器物(wu)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)在盤(pan)、碗等器物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)心,這類器型內外都(dou)有(you)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)的(de)較少。定窯(yao)器物(wu)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)的(de)特(te)點是層(ceng)次分(fen)明(ming),最外圈或中(zhong)(zhong)間,常用回紋(wen)把圖案隔(ge)開。紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)總體布(bu)局線(xian)條(tiao)清(qing)晰,形態經巧妙變形,繁而不(bu)亂,布(bu)局嚴謹,講究對(dui)稱,層(ceng)次分(fen)明(ming),線(xian)條(tiao)清(qing)晰,工(gong)整素雅,藝(yi)術水平很高。定窯(yao)印花大多印在碗盤(pan)的(de)內部,里(li)外都(dou)有(you)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)的(de)器物(wu)極為少見。

定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)印(yin)(yin)花(hua)題材(cai)以花(hua)卉(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)最為常見,主(zhu)要有(you)(you)蓮、菊、萱(xuan)草(cao)、牡丹(dan)、梅(mei)等(deng),花(hua)卉(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)布局多采(cai)用纏枝(zhi)、折枝(zhi)等(deng)方(fang)法(fa),講求(qiu)對稱。有(you)(you)的(de)碗(wan)、盤(pan)口沿作花(hua)瓣式,碗(wan)內印(yin)(yin)一(yi)盛(sheng)開的(de)花(hua)朵,同(tong)時在(zai)外壁(bi)刻(ke)上花(hua)蒂與(yu)花(hua)瓣輪廓線(xian)。這種把印(yin)(yin)、刻(ke)手法(fa)并(bing)用于(yu)一(yi)件(jian)器物(wu)(wu)(wu),里外裝(zhuang)飾(shi)統一(yi)的(de)做法(fa),使器物(wu)(wu)(wu)造(zao)型和花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)渾如(ru)一(yi)體,十分精美(mei)。其(qi)次,定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)還有(you)(you)大(da)量的(de)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi),主(zhu)要有(you)(you)牛、鹿、鴛鴦(yang)、麒麟、龍(long)(long)鳳、獅子和飛(fei)龍(long)(long)等(deng)。定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)飛(fei)龍(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)一(yi)般裝(zhuang)飾(shi)在(zai)盤(pan)、碟(die)、碗(wan)等(deng)臥件(jian)的(de)器物(wu)(wu)(wu)中心,祥云圍(wei)繞(rao)(rao),獨龍(long)(long)為多,尚未見有(you)(you)對稱的(de)雙龍(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)。飛(fei)龍(long)(long)身(shen)形(xing)矯健,昂首騰飛(fei)于(yu)祥云之間,龍(long)(long)尾與(yu)后腿纏繞(rao)(rao),龍(long)(long)嘴(zui)露齒(chi),欲吞火球(qiu),背有(you)(you)鰭,身(shen)刻(ke)魚鱗紋(wen)(wen)(wen),龍(long)(long)須飄動,龍(long)(long)肘有(you)(you)毛,三爪尖利,栩(xu)栩(xu)如(ru)生。而定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)立件(jian)上只裝(zhuang)飾(shi)有(you)(you)變形(xing)龍(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),其(qi)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)水平與(yu)盤(pan)、碟(die)上的(de)龍(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)相去甚(shen)遠。禽鳥紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)中主(zhu)要有(you)(you)鳳凰、孔(kong)雀、鷺鷥、鴛鴦(yang)、雁、鴨等(deng),做工精美(mei)的(de)飛(fei)鳳比(bi)較少見。

定窯(yao)瓷(ci)器最精美的紋(wen)飾(shi)大都集(ji)中在盤(pan)、碟上(shang),紋(wen)飾(shi)多者可達四層。每(mei)層紋(wen)飾(shi)富于(yu)變化,外圈(quan)紋(wen)飾(shi)多為幾何紋(wen)或變形(xing)蓮瓣紋(wen),中心為動物、花(hua)卉(hui)結合紋(wen)飾(shi),充滿浮雕感,藝術氣息濃郁。而宋代(dai)定窯(yao)孩兒(er)枕更是該窯(yao)名(ming)品,其造型神態及紋(wen)飾(shi)的裝飾(shi)工藝等皆為上(shang)乘之作。

歷史影響

由(you)于(yu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)的(de)(de)(de)風靡與流行,其造型、裝飾、燒造方法為(wei)各(ge)地(di)瓷(ci)(ci)窯(yao)所仿效(xiao),北宋年間各(ge)地(di)紛紛仿制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)。這就誕(dan)生了(le)(le)“土定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”“新定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”“北定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”“南定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”“粉定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”等仿器。許多地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品質量(liang)不遜于(yu)河北曲陽。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)對我(wo)國后世的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)業產(chan)生了(le)(le)深遠的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang):名揚天下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)景德鎮深受其影響(xiang),北京龍(long)泉(quan)務窯(yao)、山西平定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)等形成了(le)(le)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)系;埃及(ji)、歐洲(zhou)、東南亞(ya)的(de)(de)(de)文物遺(yi)址中都有定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)物。

定窯窯址

定(ding)窯(yao)(yao)窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)規模(mo)最(zui)大(da)、最(zui)集中(zhong)的窯(yao)(yao)場(chang),分布在今曲陽縣澗磁村北一(yi)帶,這里有(you)十幾處高大(da)的堆(dui)(dui)積,最(zui)高的15米,堆(dui)(dui)積著眾(zhong)多的瓷片、窯(yao)(yao)具(ju)、爐渣、瓷土等。從遺址(zhi)地層疊壓關系看,遺址(zhi)分晚唐(tang)、五(wu)代和(he)北宋三(san)個(ge)時期,1986年被列為全國(guo)重點(dian)文(wen)物保護單位(wei)。

經國家文物(wu)局(ju)(ju)(ju)批準,河北省(sheng)文物(wu)研究所(suo)、北京大(da)學考(kao)古(gu)文博學院、曲陽縣定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)遺(yi)(yi)址文物(wu)保管所(suo)組成聯合考(kao)古(gu)隊,于2009年9月起對(dui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)遺(yi)(yi)址進行了(le)(le)主動性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)古(gu)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)。北京大(da)學派出了(le)(le)由兩名教授(shou),5名博士生和(he)8名碩士生組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隊伍。田(tian)(tian)野工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)自9月20日(ri)開始,12月26日(ri)結(jie)束。根據(ju)此次(ci)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學術目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),并(bing)(bing)結(jie)合以(yi)往對(dui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)遺(yi)(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地面調查結(jie)果(guo),考(kao)古(gu)隊在澗(jian)磁嶺、北鎮(zhen)、澗(jian)磁西及(ji)燕川(chuan)四個(ge)地點布方(fang)(fang)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue),以(yi)期獲得(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)燒制歷史各(ge)個(ge)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地層資(zi)料(liao),并(bing)(bing)進行分期研究;尤其是探尋(xun)早(zao)期定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)料(liao),探討定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)創燒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間;金代定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瓷器(qi)特征及(ji)貢御情(qing)況;元代定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產規模及(ji)衰(shuai)落原因等。田(tian)(tian)野工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong),我(wo)們始終堅持認真、負責的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)態度(du),保持高度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)情(qing),希望(wang)不(bu)負眾望(wang),使(shi)這次(ci)對(dui)國保單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主動發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)能夠取得(de)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成果(guo),同時努(nu)力實踐國家文物(wu)局(ju)(ju)(ju)新(xin)公布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《田(tian)(tian)野考(kao)古(gu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)規程》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)念和(he)管理(li)方(fang)(fang)式,使(shi)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)取得(de)了(le)(le)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成果(guo)。本(ben)(ben)次(ci)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)在上述(shu)4個(ge)地點布方(fang)(fang)21個(ge),加上遇到遺(yi)(yi)跡(ji)進行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)方(fang)(fang)面積,發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)總面積776平方(fang)(fang)米(mi),清理(li)各(ge)類遺(yi)(yi)跡(ji)94處(chu),其中(zhong)(zhong)窯(yao)爐11座(zuo)、作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)坊(fang)12座(zuo)、房基(ji)3座(zuo),灰坑45個(ge)、灶(zao)7座(zuo)、墓葬2座(zuo)、溝(gou)6條、界(jie)墻8道,出土(tu)了(le)(le)數(shu)以(yi)噸計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瓷器(qi)和(he)窯(yao)具,其中(zhong)(zhong)完整(zheng)(zheng)或可(ke)復原標本(ben)(ben)數(shu)千件,這些出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標本(ben)(ben)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)乏以(yi)往我(wo)們認識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)精品,也(ye)有一些以(yi)前未曾見過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨特器(qi)物(wu)。發(fa)現帶(dai)有“官(guan)”、“尚(shang)藥局(ju)(ju)(ju)”、“尚(shang)食局(ju)(ju)(ju)”、“東宮”和(he)“喬位(wei)”等款識和(he)其他文字款的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)物(wu)殘片數(shu)十(shi)件;地層中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)出土(tu)了(le)(le)一些重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紀(ji)年材料(liao)。總體(ti)上看(kan),此次(ci)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學術目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)已(yi)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)實現,資(zi)料(liao)整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)已(yi)在緊張有序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進行。

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