定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao),是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)北(bei)(bei)方白(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心,始(shi)于(yu)(yu)唐,為邢窯(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后繼(ji)者(zhe)(zhe),在(zai)(zai)五(wu)代(dai)時期(qi)就(jiu)(jiu)已經發(fa)達(da)。以(yi)往文(wen)獻多記載窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)在(zai)(zai)河北(bei)(bei)正定(ding)(ding),1938年(nian)在(zai)(zai)河北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)曲陽縣澗瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)村發(fa)現古窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)。近(jin)年(nian)又多次發(fa)掘(jue)調(diao)查,發(fa)現了最(zui)下層(ceng)堆(dui)(dui)積著晚唐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)片(pian)(pian);中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是五(wu)代(dai)時就(jiu)(jiu)已大(da)量生產;最(zui)上(shang)層(ceng)為印花、畫花的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薄瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)片(pian)(pian),是屬于(yu)(yu)北(bei)(bei)宋中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)以(yi)后,在(zai)(zai)政和(he)、宣和(he)年(nian)間(jian)。這些(xie)薄瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)片(pian)(pian),胎(tai)(tai)質(zhi)(zhi)堅致,釉(you)(you)澤瑩潤,花紋優美,確是很精進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種;且有(you)(you)些(xie)是官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)性質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),如”尚食局、禁苑(yuan)、奉(feng)華、官(guan)”等胎(tai)(tai)上(shang)刻(ke)字破(po)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現,便(bian)可證明。另在(zai)(zai)西燕山遺址(zhi)發(fa)現粗瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)(dui)集,以(yi)及(ji)(ji)各地普遍發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)及(ji)(ji)破(po)片(pian)(pian),又能證明定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)宋早期(qi)以(yi)后,也曾(ceng)大(da)量燒(shao)造(zao)民(min)間(jian)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)。定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)以(yi)燒(shao)造(zao)白(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)為主,也燒(shao)顏(yan)色釉(you)(you),如紅(hong)定(ding)(ding)、紫(zi)定(ding)(ding)和(he)黑定(ding)(ding)等。根據《君(jun)友會-新民(min)窯(yao)(yao)》記載,定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao),從北(bei)(bei)宋起(qi),地位增高,各地仿制者(zhe)(zhe)頗多。在(zai)(zai)定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)本身概(gai)念中(zhong)(zhong),就(jiu)(jiu)孳乳(ru)出各種名稱,單(dan)就(jiu)(jiu)白(bai)(bai)定(ding)(ding)一種,就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)土(tu)定(ding)(ding)、粉定(ding)(ding)之分。土(tu)定(ding)(ding),有(you)(you)瓦胎(tai)(tai)和(he)陶胎(tai)(tai)兩種。瓦胎(tai)(tai)為淡赤色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi),陶胎(tai)(tai)為白(bai)(bai)土(tu)而(er)略(lve)黃,質(zhi)(zhi)皆松,體較(jiao)厚;袖色白(bai)(bai)色中(zhong)(zhong)閃黃或(huo)閃赤,容易剝落(luo),或(huo)有(you)(you)大(da)開片(pian)(pian),是原始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)及(ji)(ji)民(min)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)器(qi)。粉定(ding)(ding),是進(jin)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)及(ji)(ji)官(guan)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)器(qi),有(you)(you)陶胎(tai)(tai)和(he)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)胎(tai)(tai),胎(tai)(tai)質(zhi)(zhi)致密而(er)體薄,釉(you)(you)色純白(bai)(bai)如牛乳(ru)者(zhe)(zhe),或(huo)帶淡赤色,釉(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)往往有(you)(you)刷(shua)紋,釉(you)(you)面(mian)凝聚,如有(you)(you)淚(lei)痕。
定(ding)窯(yao)為宋代六大窯(yao)系之一,窯(yao)址在今河北(bei)省保(bao)定(ding)市(shi)曲陽澗滋村(cun)(cun)及(ji)東(dong)西燕(yan)村(cun)(cun),因宋代屬定(ding)州(zhou),故名。創燒(shao)(shao)于(yu)唐,極(ji)盛于(yu)北(bei)宋及(ji)金,終于(yu)元,以產白瓷(ci)著(zhu)稱,兼燒(shao)(shao)黑釉、醬釉和釉瓷(ci),文獻分別稱其為"黑定(ding)"、"紫定(ding)"和"綠(lv)定(ding)"。
定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)在唐代(dai)時就(jiu)已是著名瓷(ci)(ci)場,專燒(shao)白釉(you)、黃釉(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(白釉(you)有玉壁底碗、注壺、瓶類;黃釉(you)器(qi)有碗、注壺等。),到宋代(dai)發展迅速,比(bi)之(zhi)前(qian)更(geng)大更(geng)有名,大量燒(shao)制白瓷(ci)(ci),其次有黑釉(you)、醬釉(you)、綠釉(you)、白地褐花(hua)等品種。白瓷(ci)(ci)胎(tai)(tai)土細膩,胎(tai)(tai)質(zhi)薄而(er)有光(guang),釉(you)色(se)純白滋潤,上有淚痕,釉(you)為白玻璃質(zhi)釉(you),略帶粉質(zhi),因此稱(cheng)(cheng)為粉定(ding)(ding),亦稱(cheng)(cheng)白定(ding)(ding)。其它瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)胎(tai)(tai)質(zhi)粗而(er)釉(you)色(se)偏黃俗稱(cheng)(cheng)土定(ding)(ding);紫色(se)和黑色(se)釉(you)的(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為醬定(ding)(ding)。另有高窯(yao)溫燒(shao)制的(de)金(jin)黃偏紅的(de)釉(you)色(se)的(de),稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為金(jin)定(ding)(ding),極為稀少。
定窯(yao)創燒(shao)于唐朝(chao)后(hou)期(qi)。從(cong)這時一(yi)直(zhi)到(dao)五代(dai)的(de)定窯(yao)瓷(ci)器,還(huan)較為粗糙簡(jian)單,器型(xing)以碗(wan)為主,正(zheng)處于向(xiang)精(jing)(jing)瓷(ci)的(de)過渡階段(duan)。但在(zai)五代(dai)中后(hou)期(qi),定窯(yao)白(bai)瓷(ci)出現(xian)(xian)了一(yi)次根本性的(de)飛躍(yue)。所燒(shao)瓷(ci)器不再施化妝土,胎、釉呈現(xian)(xian)出精(jing)(jing)、白(bai)薄(bo)的(de)特征。有(you)些器物的(de)白(bai)度(du)甚至超過了邢(xing)窯(yao)的(de)細(xi)白(bai)瓷(ci)器。
北宋是(shi)定(ding)窯發展的鼎盛時(shi)期,中國勞動人民的制瓷(ci)技術(shu)有許多(duo)創(chuang)造(zao)和進(jin)步。北宋中后期,定(ding)窯由于瓷(ci)質精良(liang)、色澤淡雅,紋飾秀美,被宋朝政府(fu)選為宮廷用瓷(ci),使其身價大(da)增(zeng),產品風(feng)靡(mi)一時(shi)。
定(ding)窯在(zai)北(bei)宋末年“靖康之(zhi)變(bian)”后,由于(yu)連年兵災,逐漸(jian)衰落和廢棄。金(jin)朝統治中國北(bei)方(fang)地區后,定(ding)窯瓷業很快(kuai)得到(dao)了恢復,有些(xie)(xie)產品的(de)制作水平不亞于(yu)北(bei)宋時期。從有龍鳳紋飾(shi)的(de)一些(xie)(xie)器物上看,定(ding)窯產品也是(shi)金(jin)代統治者(zhe)喜(xi)愛的(de)瓷器品種(zhong)。到(dao)了元朝,定(ding)窯終于(yu)逐漸(jian)沒落。
到20世紀(ji)70年(nian)代,定(ding)瓷在沉寂了(le)多(duo)年(nian)之后又進入了(le)復(fu)蘇期。曲(qu)陽(yang)定(ding)瓷有限公(gong)司歷盡艱辛,通過上(shang)百(bai)次研究實(shi)驗,在仿(fang)古(gu)的基礎上(shang),推(tui)陳出(chu)新,研制成功(gong)了(le)仿(fang)古(gu)、美術、日常三大系列工藝產品(pin)200多(duo)種,產品(pin)在國(guo)(guo)內展(zhan)出(chu)屢屢獲獎,產品(pin)已遠銷美國(guo)(guo)、日本、加拿大、荷蘭、香港等十(shi)幾(ji)個國(guo)(guo)家和地(di)區。
定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯產(chan)(chan)品(pin)以白(bai)瓷為主(zhu),也燒制醬、紅、黑(hei)等(deng)其他名(ming)貴品(pin)種,如黑(hei)釉(you)(黑(hei)定(ding)(ding)(ding))、紫釉(you)(紫定(ding)(ding)(ding))、綠釉(you)(綠定(ding)(ding)(ding))、紅釉(you)(紅定(ding)(ding)(ding))等(deng),都是在白(bai)瓷胎上,罩上一層高溫色釉(you)。元朝劉(liu)祁的(de)《歸潛志》說,“定(ding)(ding)(ding)州花瓷甌,顏色天(tian)下白(bai)”。可見,定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯器在當時不僅深受人們(men)喜愛,而且產(chan)(chan)量較大。宋代大詩人蘇(su)東(dong)坡在定(ding)(ding)(ding)州時,曾用“定(ding)(ding)(ding)州花瓷琢紅玉”的(de)詩句(ju),來贊美定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯瓷器的(de)絢麗多(duo)彩(cai)。
定(ding)(ding)窯還有北(bei)定(ding)(ding)、南定(ding)(ding)之分(fen)。北(bei)宋(song)之前,定(ding)(ding)窯窯址(zhi)在北(bei)方(fang)的(de)定(ding)(ding)州,這是(shi)燒制(zhi)的(de)物品(pin)稱(cheng)(cheng)為北(bei)定(ding)(ding);宋(song)室南遷之后,定(ding)(ding)窯工人一(yi)部(bu)份(fen)到了景德鎮,一(yi)部(bu)份(fen)到了吉州,稱(cheng)(cheng)為南定(ding)(ding)。在景德鎮生產的(de)釉色似粉(fen),又稱(cheng)(cheng)粉(fen)定(ding)(ding)。
經幾代學者不(bu)懈努力,學術(shu)界認可的定窯品(pin)種:白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)、黃釉(you)(you)(you)、褐(he)釉(you)(you)(you)、黑釉(you)(you)(you)、紫(zi)釉(you)(you)(you)、紅釉(you)(you)(you)、綠釉(you)(you)(you)、金花、鷓鴣斑、加彩(cai)、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)刻劃印花、黑釉(you)(you)(you)白(bai)花、褐(he)釉(you)(you)(you)刻印花、黑釉(you)(you)(you)刻印花、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)剔(ti)繪(hui)黃花、內(nei)外(wai)刻花、內(nei)外(wai)劃花、內(nei)外(wai)印花、外(wai)刻內(nei)印花、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)醬口(kou)(kou)、黑釉(you)(you)(you)醬口(kou)(kou)、豆青地(di)(di)剔(ti)白(bai)花、白(bai)地(di)(di)繪(hui)黑釉(you)(you)(you)花、唐三(san)彩(cai)、咖(ka)啡色釉(you)(you)(you)繪(hui)花、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)剔(ti)黑花、青釉(you)(you)(you)剔(ti)劃白(bai)花、白(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)黑花……
多年來,我在遺址考察發現(xian)的遺存(cun)還有:仿(fang)鈞、絞胎、絞釉(you)、素瓷、宋三彩(cai)陶器(qi)、仿(fang)遼三彩(cai)陶器(qi)等。
定(ding)窯生(sheng)產(chan)規模(mo)宏大,品(pin)種繁多(duo)。多(duo)為(wei)碗、盤、瓶、碟、盒和(he)枕(zhen),亦產(chan)凈(jing)瓶和(he)海螺等佛前供器,但數(shu)量極(ji)少,主要是(shi)作為(wei)貢品(pin)進(jin)入宮(gong)廷。故宮(gong)博物院收(shou)藏(zang)的“定(ding)州白瓷(ci)孩兒枕(zhen)”,是(shi)定(ding)窯瓷(ci)器的代(dai)表作之一。
宋代瓷(ci)(ci)窯(yao)(yao)裝燒(shao)技術最(zui)為(wei)重要的(de)成就,就是(shi)(shi)發(fa)明(ming)了覆燒(shao)法和“火照術”。北(bei)宋后期(qi)起,定窯(yao)(yao)大(da)量(liang)采用(yong)(yong)覆燒(shao)方法,還使用(yong)(yong)了一種墊(dian)圈(quan)式(shi)組合匣缽。這種燒(shao)制方法的(de)優點,是(shi)(shi)最(zui)大(da)限(xian)度地(di)(di)利用(yong)(yong)空位空間,既可節省(sheng)燃(ran)料,又(you)可防止器具變形,從而降低了成本,大(da)幅度地(di)(di)提(ti)高了產量(liang),對南北(bei)瓷(ci)(ci)窯(yao)(yao)都產生(sheng)過(guo)很(hen)大(da)影響,對促(cu)進(jin)我國制瓷(ci)(ci)業的(de)發(fa)展起了重要作用(yong)(yong)。
據《曲(qu)陽縣志》載(zai),五代(dai)時曲(qu)陽澗磁已(yi)盛產(chan)白瓷(ci)(ci),官府(fu)曾在此(ci)設(she)官收瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)稅(shui);但據調查(cha),早在唐代(dai)這里已(yi)燒白瓷(ci)(ci);至宋代(dai)有(you)較(jiao)大(da)發展(zhan),除(chu)燒白釉(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)外(wai),還燒黑(hei)釉(you)(you)、醬(jiang)釉(you)(you)和(he)綠(lv)釉(you)(you)等品(pin)種(zhong),文獻稱為(wei)“黑(hei)定(ding)(ding)(ding)”、“紫定(ding)(ding)(ding)”和(he)“綠(lv)定(ding)(ding)(ding)”。有(you)毛(mao)口和(he)淚(lei)痕(hen)等特征(zheng),毛(mao)口是復燒口部不上釉(you)(you),淚(lei)痕(hen)多(duo)見于(yu)盤碗外(wai)部,因釉(you)(you)的薄厚不勻,有(you)的下垂形如淚(lei)跡。裝飾有(you)刻花、劃花、印(yin)花諸種(zhong),風格典雅。對各地(di)瓷(ci)(ci)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)影響(xiang),曾出現不少(shao)仿燒定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)的瓷(ci)(ci)窯(yao)(yao)(yao),紋(wen)飾以(yi)龍鳳紋(wen)為(wei)主。此(ci)類(lei)宮廷用器(qi)多(duo)有(you)傳世,窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址遺(yi)有(you)大(da)量龍鳳紋(wen)器(qi)物碎片。
定窯的胎(tai)質薄(bo)而(er)輕,胎(tai)色白色微黃,較堅致(zhi),不太透明,釉(you)呈米(mi)色,施釉(you)極薄(bo),可以見胎(tai)。釉(you)色潔白晶瑩,很多(duo)積釉(you)形狀好似淚痕(hen),被稱(cheng)為“蠟(la)淚痕(hen)”,隱現著黃綠(lv)顏色。在器物(wu)外壁薄(bo)釉(you)的地方能(neng)看出胎(tai)上的旋坯痕(hen),俗稱(cheng)“竹絲刷紋(wen)”。北宋早期定窯產品(pin)口(kou)(kou)沿有釉(you),到了晚期器物(wu)口(kou)(kou)沿多(duo)不施釉(you),稱(cheng)為“芒口(kou)(kou)”,芒口(kou)(kou)處常(chang)常(chang)鑲金、銀(yin)、銅質邊(bian)圈以掩飾芒口(kou)(kou)缺(que)陷,此為定窯一大(da)特色。
定窯(yao)器以其(qi)豐(feng)富多彩(cai)的(de)紋(wen)(wen)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)而(er)深受人們(men)喜愛。裝(zhuang)飾(shi)技法(fa)以白(bai)釉印(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、白(bai)釉刻花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)白(bai)釉劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為主,還(huan)有(you)白(bai)釉剔花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)金彩(cai)描花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),紋(wen)(wen)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)秀麗典雅。北宋(song)早期定窯(yao)刻花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、構(gou)(gou)圖、紋(wen)(wen)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)趨簡,以重蓮瓣紋(wen)(wen)居多,裝(zhuang)飾(shi)有(you)淺浮雕之美。北宋(song)中晚期刻花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)精美絕倫,獨具一(yi)格。裝(zhuang)飾(shi)圖案常用(yong)印(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)堆花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)手法(fa),秀麗典雅。印(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)圖案,自然形(xing)態經巧妙(miao)變(bian)形(xing),構(gou)(gou)成嚴(yan)謹(jin);刻劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),較印(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)更活潑生動(dong),別具一(yi)格。
劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)是宋代定(ding)窯(yao)瓷器(qi)的(de)主要裝飾(shi)(shi)方法之一。通(tong)常(chang)以(yi)篦(bi)狀工具(ju)劃(hua)出簡單花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen),線條剛(gang)勁流(liu)暢(chang)、富(fu)于動(dong)感。蓮(lian)瓣紋(wen)是定(ding)窯(yao)器(qi)上最(zui)常(chang)見的(de)劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)。有一花(hua)(hua)(hua)獨放、雙花(hua)(hua)(hua)并(bing)開、蓮(lian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)荷葉交錯而出、有的(de)還配有鴨紋(wen),紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)簡潔富(fu)于變(bian)化。立(li)件器(qi)物的(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)大都采(cai)用劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)裝飾(shi)(shi),刻花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)比較少見。早期定(ding)窯(yao)器(qi)物中,有的(de)劃(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)在蓮(lian)瓣紋(wen)外又加上纏枝菊紋(wen),總(zong)體(ti)布局顯得不很協調(diao),這是當時尚處(chu)于初級階段的(de)一種新裝飾(shi)(shi)手法,也給定(ding)窯(yao)器(qi)斷代提供了一個依據(ju)。
刻(ke)花(hua)(hua)是在劃花(hua)(hua)裝飾(shi)工(gong)藝(yi)基礎上發展起來的(de)(de)。有時與劃花(hua)(hua)工(gong)藝(yi)一(yi)起運(yun)用。如在盤、碗中心部位刻(ke)出折枝或纏(chan)枝花(hua)(hua)卉輪(lun)廓線(xian),然后在花(hua)(hua)葉輪(lun)廓線(xian)內(nei)以單齒、雙齒、梳篦狀工(gong)具劃刻(ke)復(fu)線(xian)紋。紋飾(shi)中較(jiao)常見的(de)(de)有雙花(hua)(hua)圖案,生動自然,有較(jiao)強的(de)(de)立體感,通常是對(dui)稱的(de)(de)。定(ding)窯刻(ke)花(hua)(hua)器還常常在花(hua)(hua)果、蓮、鴨、云龍等(deng)紋飾(shi)輪(lun)廓線(xian)一(yi)側劃以細線(xian)相襯(chen),以增強紋飾(shi)的(de)(de)立體感。
定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)中(zhong)最富(fu)表現力(li)的是(shi)印花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)。這一(yi)工藝始(shi)于北(bei)宋(song)中(zhong)期,成熟于北(bei)宋(song)晚期。最精(jing)美的定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯器(qi)物紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)在盤、碗等器(qi)物中(zhong)心,這類器(qi)型內(nei)外都(dou)有(you)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)的較少。定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯器(qi)物紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)的特(te)點是(shi)層次分明,最外圈(quan)或中(zhong)間,常用回紋(wen)(wen)(wen)把圖案隔開(kai)。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)總體(ti)布局線(xian)(xian)條清(qing)晰,形態經巧妙變形,繁而(er)不(bu)亂(luan),布局嚴謹,講究(jiu)對稱,層次分明,線(xian)(xian)條清(qing)晰,工整素雅,藝術水平很高。定(ding)(ding)(ding)窯印花(hua)大多印在碗盤的內(nei)部,里外都(dou)有(you)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)的器(qi)物極為少見。
定(ding)窯印花題材(cai)以花卉紋(wen)(wen)(wen)最為常(chang)見(jian),主(zhu)要有(you)(you)蓮、菊、萱草、牡丹、梅等,花卉紋(wen)(wen)(wen)布局多(duo)采用纏枝、折(zhe)枝等方(fang)法,講求對(dui)稱。有(you)(you)的(de)碗(wan)、盤(pan)口沿作花瓣式,碗(wan)內(nei)印一(yi)盛(sheng)開的(de)花朵,同時在外壁刻(ke)上(shang)花蒂與花瓣輪(lun)廓線。這(zhe)種把印、刻(ke)手法并用于一(yi)件器(qi)物(wu),里外裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)統一(yi)的(de)做法,使器(qi)物(wu)造型和花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)渾如一(yi)體(ti),十分精(jing)美(mei)。其(qi)次,定(ding)窯還有(you)(you)大量的(de)動物(wu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi),主(zhu)要有(you)(you)牛、鹿、鴛鴦、麒麟、龍(long)(long)(long)鳳(feng)(feng)、獅子(zi)和飛(fei)龍(long)(long)(long)等。定(ding)窯飛(fei)龍(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)一(yi)般裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)在盤(pan)、碟(die)、碗(wan)等臥(wo)件的(de)器(qi)物(wu)中心,祥(xiang)云(yun)(yun)圍繞,獨龍(long)(long)(long)為多(duo),尚未(wei)見(jian)有(you)(you)對(dui)稱的(de)雙龍(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)。飛(fei)龍(long)(long)(long)身形(xing)矯健(jian),昂首(shou)騰(teng)飛(fei)于祥(xiang)云(yun)(yun)之間,龍(long)(long)(long)尾與后腿纏繞,龍(long)(long)(long)嘴露齒,欲(yu)吞火(huo)球,背有(you)(you)鰭,身刻(ke)魚鱗(lin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),龍(long)(long)(long)須飄(piao)動,龍(long)(long)(long)肘有(you)(you)毛(mao),三爪尖利,栩栩如生。而定(ding)窯立件上(shang)只(zhi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)變形(xing)龍(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),其(qi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)水平與盤(pan)、碟(die)上(shang)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)相去甚遠(yuan)。禽(qin)鳥紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)中主(zhu)要有(you)(you)鳳(feng)(feng)凰、孔雀、鷺鷥、鴛鴦、雁、鴨等,做工(gong)精(jing)美(mei)的(de)飛(fei)鳳(feng)(feng)比(bi)較少(shao)見(jian)。
定(ding)窯瓷器最(zui)精美的紋飾大都(dou)集中(zhong)在盤、碟(die)上(shang),紋飾多者可達四(si)層(ceng)。每層(ceng)紋飾富于變化,外圈紋飾多為幾何紋或變形蓮(lian)瓣紋,中(zhong)心為動物、花卉結合紋飾,充滿浮雕(diao)感,藝(yi)術氣息濃郁(yu)。而宋代(dai)定(ding)窯孩兒枕(zhen)更(geng)是(shi)該窯名品,其造型神態(tai)及紋飾的裝(zhuang)飾工藝(yi)等皆為上(shang)乘之作(zuo)。
由于定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風靡與流行,其造(zao)(zao)型(xing)、裝飾、燒造(zao)(zao)方法為(wei)各地(di)瓷(ci)窯(yao)(yao)所仿(fang)效,北宋年間各地(di)紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)仿(fang)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)。這就誕生(sheng)了(le)“土定(ding)(ding)”“新定(ding)(ding)”“北定(ding)(ding)”“南定(ding)(ding)”“粉定(ding)(ding)”等(deng)仿(fang)器。許多地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量不(bu)遜于河北曲陽。定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)對(dui)我國后世的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)瓷(ci)業(ye)產(chan)生(sheng)了(le)深遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響:名揚天下的(de)(de)(de)(de)景德(de)鎮深受(shou)其影響,北京(jing)龍泉務(wu)窯(yao)(yao)、山(shan)西(xi)平定(ding)(ding)等(deng)形成了(le)定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)系;埃及(ji)、歐洲、東南亞的(de)(de)(de)(de)文物(wu)遺址中都(dou)有定(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺物(wu)。
定(ding)窯窯址(zhi)規模最(zui)大、最(zui)集中的(de)窯場,分(fen)布在今曲陽縣澗(jian)磁村北一帶,這里有十幾處高大的(de)堆(dui)積(ji),最(zui)高的(de)15米,堆(dui)積(ji)著眾多的(de)瓷(ci)片、窯具、爐渣、瓷(ci)土(tu)等。從遺(yi)址(zhi)地(di)層疊壓關系看(kan),遺(yi)址(zhi)分(fen)晚(wan)唐、五代和(he)北宋(song)三(san)個時期(qi),1986年被列為(wei)全國重點文物保護單位。
經國家文物局(ju)批準,河(he)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)文物研究(jiu)所(suo)、北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)大(da)學考(kao)古文博學院(yuan)、曲陽(yang)縣(xian)定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遺址文物保管(guan)所(suo)組成(cheng)(cheng)聯合考(kao)古隊(dui),于2009年9月(yue)起對定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遺址進(jin)(jin)行了(le)主動性的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)古發掘(jue)(jue)。北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)大(da)學派出了(le)由兩名教授(shou),5名博士生和(he)8名碩士生組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)隊(dui)伍。田(tian)野工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)自9月(yue)20日開始,12月(yue)26日結束。根據此次(ci)發掘(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)學術目(mu)的(de)(de)(de),并結合以往對定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遺址的(de)(de)(de)地面(mian)調查(cha)結果(guo),考(kao)古隊(dui)在澗磁(ci)嶺、北(bei)(bei)鎮、澗磁(ci)西及燕(yan)川四個地點布(bu)(bu)方(fang)(fang)發掘(jue)(jue),以期獲得定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)燒(shao)制歷史各(ge)個階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)地層資(zi)(zi)料,并進(jin)(jin)行分期研究(jiu);尤其是探尋早期定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)料,探討定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)創燒(shao)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間;金(jin)代定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)瓷器特征及貢御情(qing)(qing)況;元(yuan)代定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)規(gui)模及衰落原因(yin)等(deng)。田(tian)野工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中,我們始終堅持認(ren)真、負責的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)態度,保持高度的(de)(de)(de)熱情(qing)(qing),希(xi)望(wang)不(bu)負眾(zhong)望(wang),使這次(ci)對國保單位的(de)(de)(de)主動發掘(jue)(jue)能夠取(qu)得最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)果(guo),同(tong)時(shi)努(nu)力實踐國家文物局(ju)新公布(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)《田(tian)野考(kao)古工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)規(gui)程》中的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項新的(de)(de)(de)觀念(nian)和(he)管(guan)理(li)方(fang)(fang)式(shi),使發掘(jue)(jue)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)取(qu)得了(le)重要的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)果(guo)。本次(ci)發掘(jue)(jue)在上(shang)述4個地點布(bu)(bu)方(fang)(fang)21個,加(jia)上(shang)遇(yu)到遺跡進(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)擴方(fang)(fang)面(mian)積,發掘(jue)(jue)總(zong)面(mian)積776平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米,清理(li)各(ge)類遺跡94處,其中窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)爐11座、作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)坊(fang)12座、房(fang)基3座,灰坑45個、灶7座、墓葬2座、溝6條、界墻8道,出土了(le)數以噸計的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)瓷器和(he)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)具,其中完整或可(ke)復原標本數千(qian)件(jian),這些(xie)出土的(de)(de)(de)標本中不(bu)乏以往我們認(ren)識的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)精品,也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)一(yi)些(xie)以前未曾見過的(de)(de)(de)獨特器物。發現帶有(you)(you)“官”、“尚藥局(ju)”、“尚食局(ju)”、“東宮”和(he)“喬位”等(deng)款識和(he)其他文字款的(de)(de)(de)器物殘片數十件(jian);地層中也(ye)(ye)出土了(le)一(yi)些(xie)重要的(de)(de)(de)紀年材料。總(zong)體上(shang)看(kan),此次(ci)發掘(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)學術目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)已基本實現,資(zi)(zi)料整理(li)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)已在緊張有(you)(you)序的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)行。