張(zhang)家玉(1615—1647),字玄子(zi),號芷(zhi)園,漢族,廣東東莞萬江(jiang)鎮人,南明抗(kang)清將(jiang)領,嶺(ling)南三忠之一(yi),愛國(guo)詩人,偉大的民族英雄。
明萬(wan)(wan)歷四十(shi)三年(nian)十(shi)二月(yue)十(shi)三日(ri)(公(gong)元1616年(nian)1月(yue)31日(ri))出生(sheng)于東莞縣(xian)城西(xi)北村頭村(今(jin)東莞市萬(wan)(wan)江區村頭)一個貧窮家(jia)庭。張(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu)(yu)生(sheng)性聰(cong)敏,是(shi)個美如冠玉(yu)(yu)的(de)大帥哥,精通經(jing)文詩詞書(shu)畫,"好擊劍,任俠,多與草澤(ze)豪(hao)士(shi)(shi)游",這一點(dian)對他日(ri)后(hou)影響很大,跟張(zhang)蒼水有得一拼, 行俠仗義,結交(jiao)甚廣(guang)。19歲考取秀(xiu)才,為廣(guang)州儒學生(sheng)員。22歲鄉試中(zhong)(zhong)舉人(ren),29歲中(zhong)(zhong)進士(shi)(shi),授翰林院庶吉(ji)士(shi)(shi)。弘(hong)光元年(nian)(1645年(nian))五月(yue),清兵(bing)攻破南京,弘(hong)光帝(di)朱由(you)崧被俘,家(jia)玉(yu)(yu)逃(tao)到杭州。閏六(liu)月(yue),唐王朱聿鍵即位于福(fu)州,改(gai)元隆(long)武,張(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu)(yu)被授為翰林院侍講,兼編帝(di)王起居(ju)注。七(qi)月(yue)初(chu)一,隆(long)武帝(di)親(qin)征江西(xi),命(ming)張(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu)(yu)為兵(bing)科(ke)給事中(zhong)(zhong),監督御(yu)右營永勝軍。十(shi)一月(yue),清軍圍(wei)困撫州,他率軍馳(chi)援,用埋伏誘敵計,先(xian)在許灣(今(jin)江西(xi)臨(lin)川(chuan)縣(xian)),后(hou)在千金(jin)坡,接(jie)連大敗清軍,解撫州之圍(wei)。
張家(jia)玉于明(ming)(ming)崇禎十六年(1643)考取進士,授(shou)為翰林院庶吉(ji)士。翌年三月(yue),農民起義(yi)軍(jun)李(li)(li)(li)自(zi)成部(bu)攻入(ru)北京(jing),張家(jia)玉主動投(tou)書給李(li)(li)(li)自(zi)成,表示愿為起義(yi)軍(jun)效力。旋因(yin)李(li)(li)(li)自(zi)成部(bu)被清軍(jun)戰敗,張又改(gai)投(tou)在南京(jing)即位(wei)的南明(ming)(ming)弘光(guang)帝,但因(yin)被指為曾(ceng)變節投(tou)降李(li)(li)(li)自(zi)成而被逮捕(bu)入(ru)獄。
弘光(guang)元年(1645),清兵(bing)攻入南(nan)京,張(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu)又逃至福州(zhou),被南(nan)明隆武帝(di)委為監軍(jun)督(du)部援救被圍在江西撫(fu)(fu)州(zhou)的(de)南(nan)明軍(jun)隊。翌年,清軍(jun)攻陷(xian)撫(fu)(fu)州(zhou),張(zhang)受傷戰敗后(hou)率部退回福州(zhou),隨即被任為右僉都御史巡撫(fu)(fu)廣信(xin)。
隆(long)武二年(nian)(nian)(1646)正月(yue),在(zai)(zai)保衛福州(zhou)(zhou)新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的戰斗(dou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)玉(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箭(jian)墮馬(ma),摔(shuai)斷(duan)了手臂,幸得都司林雄(xiong)冒死把他(ta)救回(hui)。后(hou)受(shou)命(ming)(ming)到(dao)廣(guang)(guang)東潮、惠(hui)二州(zhou)(zhou)籌餉招兵(bing),被委為(wei)(wei)新(xin)(xin)軍“監督總(zong)理”,他(ta)在(zai)(zai)潮惠(hui)招降農民軍十(shi)(shi)余萬(wan)人(ren),選取其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精(jing)壯萬(wan)人(ren)組成(cheng)五個營。不久,隆(long)武帝在(zai)(zai)汀州(zhou)(zhou)被殺,剛建立起(qi)的新(xin)(xin)軍,因大(da)(da)(da)勢已去,又(you)缺糧餉,只好(hao)解(jie)散,他(ta)于八(ba)月(yue)回(hui)到(dao)東莞家(jia)(jia)(jia)鄉。十(shi)(shi)二月(yue)清軍攻(gong)(gong)破廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou),清朝(chao)兩廣(guang)(guang)總(zong)督佟養甲(jia)多次派人(ren)到(dao)家(jia)(jia)(jia)玉(yu)(yu)家(jia)(jia)(jia)勸降,均(jun)被他(ta)嚴詞(ci)拒絕且與陳(chen)邦彥(yan)、陳(chen)子壯等(deng)相約聚兵(bing)廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)附近為(wei)(wei)牽制(zhi)。永(yong)歷元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1647年(nian)(nian))正月(yue),清軍入莞,到(dao)處燒(shao)殺搶掠(lve),引起(qi)東莞人(ren)民強烈(lie)(lie)反抗(kang),水(shui)鄉一帶人(ren)民紛紛組織起(qi)來(lai)(lai)抗(kang)清,道(dao)滘首領葉如(ru)日(ri)派船(chuan)迎張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)玉(yu)(yu),尊(zun)為(wei)(wei)主帥。他(ta)精(jing)選驍勇鄉兵(bing)五千(qian)余人(ren),誓師(shi)抗(kang)清。三月(yue)十(shi)(shi)四(si)日(ri),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)玉(yu)(yu)率(lv)(lv)義(yi)(yi)(yi)軍攻(gong)(gong)入莞城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),活捉清知(zhi)縣鄭(zheng)鋈(wu),任命(ming)(ming)原明朝(chao)東莞儒學訓(xun)導張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)珆為(wei)(wei)知(zhi)縣。布置停當后(hou)還(huan)師(shi)道(dao)滘,為(wei)(wei)收復(fu)廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)準備。三月(yue)十(shi)(shi)七日(ri),清廣(guang)(guang)東提督李(li)成(cheng)棟(dong)率(lv)(lv)大(da)(da)(da)軍攻(gong)(gong)莞城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),家(jia)(jia)(jia)玉(yu)(yu)率(lv)(lv)義(yi)(yi)(yi)軍先后(hou)與之大(da)(da)(da)戰于萬(wan)江租和道(dao)滘,不支敗走(zou)西(xi)鄉。其祖(zu)母陳(chen)氏,母黎氏及妹石寶俱投水(shui)自盡;妻彭氏被執(zhi),不屈而死。后(hou)來(lai)(lai),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)玉(yu)(yu)的義(yi)(yi)(yi)軍不斷(duan)得到(dao)補充,曾(ceng)先后(hou)攻(gong)(gong)克新(xin)(xin)安(an)、博羅、連平、長寧、歸善、增(zeng)(zeng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)等(deng)地。十(shi)(shi)月(yue),李(li)成(cheng)棟(dong)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)軍撲向張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)玉(yu)(yu)駐地增(zeng)(zeng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),雙(shuang)方大(da)(da)(da)戰十(shi)(shi)天,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)玉(yu)(yu)身中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)九箭(jian),身負重傷(shang),不愿作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)俘虜,遂投塘而死,壯烈(lie)(lie)殉國,時(shi)年(nian)(nian)僅33歲。次年(nian)(nian)(1648年(nian)(nian)),南明永(yong)歷帝贈(zeng)封他(ta)為(wei)(wei)太(tai)子少保、東閣大(da)(da)(da)學士(shi)、吏部尚書。不久,又(you)加(jia)贈(zeng)太(tai)保兼太(tai)子太(tai)保、武英殿大(da)(da)(da)學士(shi)、增(zeng)(zeng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)侯,謚“文烈(lie)(lie)”。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)玉(yu)(yu)詩作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)遺(yi)留不少,后(hou)人(ren)輯有(you)《張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)文烈(lie)(lie)公(gong)軍中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)遺(yi)稿》和《張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)文烈(lie)(lie)公(gong)遺(yi)集》。