張(zhang)家玉(yu)(1615—1647),字(zi)玄子(zi),號芷園,漢(han)族(zu),廣(guang)東東莞萬江鎮人(ren),南明抗清將領,嶺南三忠之一,愛國詩人(ren),偉大(da)的民(min)族(zu)英雄。
明(ming)萬(wan)歷四十三年(nian)十二月十三日(公元1616年(nian)1月31日)出生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)東莞縣城西北村頭村(今東莞市萬(wan)江(jiang)區村頭)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個貧窮家庭。張(zhang)家玉(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)性聰敏,是個美如冠玉(yu)的(de)大(da)帥哥(ge),精通(tong)經文詩詞書畫,"好(hao)擊劍(jian),任俠(xia),多與(yu)草澤豪士(shi)游",這一(yi)(yi)(yi)點對他(ta)日后影響很大(da),跟張(zhang)蒼水有得(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)拼, 行俠(xia)仗義(yi),結交(jiao)甚(shen)廣。19歲(sui)考取秀才,為(wei)(wei)(wei)廣州儒(ru)學生(sheng)(sheng)員。22歲(sui)鄉(xiang)試中(zhong)舉人(ren),29歲(sui)中(zhong)進士(shi),授(shou)翰(han)林院庶(shu)吉士(shi)。弘光元年(nian)(1645年(nian))五月,清兵(bing)攻破南京(jing),弘光帝(di)朱由崧被俘,家玉(yu)逃到杭州。閏(run)六月,唐王朱聿鍵即位于(yu)福州,改元隆武,張(zhang)家玉(yu)被授(shou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)翰(han)林院侍(shi)講,兼編帝(di)王起居注。七(qi)月初一(yi)(yi)(yi),隆武帝(di)親征江(jiang)西,命張(zhang)家玉(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)兵(bing)科給事中(zhong),監督御右營永勝軍(jun)。十一(yi)(yi)(yi)月,清軍(jun)圍困撫州,他(ta)率軍(jun)馳援,用埋伏(fu)誘敵計,先在許(xu)灣(今江(jiang)西臨川(chuan)縣),后在千(qian)金坡,接連大(da)敗清軍(jun),解撫州之圍。
張家(jia)玉于(yu)明崇(chong)禎十六(liu)年(1643)考取(qu)進士(shi),授為翰林院庶吉(ji)士(shi)。翌年三月,農民起義軍(jun)李(li)自(zi)成部攻入北京(jing),張家(jia)玉主動投書給李(li)自(zi)成,表示愿為起義軍(jun)效(xiao)力。旋因李(li)自(zi)成部被清軍(jun)戰敗,張又改投在南(nan)京(jing)即位的南(nan)明弘光帝,但因被指為曾變節投降李(li)自(zi)成而(er)被逮(dai)捕入獄。
弘(hong)光元年(nian)(1645),清(qing)兵攻入南京,張(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu)又逃至福州(zhou)(zhou),被(bei)(bei)南明(ming)隆(long)武(wu)帝委為監軍督部援救被(bei)(bei)圍在江西(xi)撫州(zhou)(zhou)的南明(ming)軍隊。翌年(nian),清(qing)軍攻陷撫州(zhou)(zhou),張(zhang)受傷(shang)戰(zhan)敗后率部退回福州(zhou)(zhou),隨即被(bei)(bei)任(ren)為右僉都御史巡撫廣信。
隆武(wu)二年(1646)正(zheng)月(yue),在(zai)保衛福(fu)州(zhou)新城(cheng)(cheng)的戰斗中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),張(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箭墮(duo)馬,摔斷了手臂,幸(xing)得(de)都司林雄(xiong)冒(mao)死把他(ta)(ta)救回。后受命到廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)潮、惠二州(zhou)籌餉(xiang)招兵(bing)(bing),被委(wei)為(wei)新軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)“監督總理”,他(ta)(ta)在(zai)潮惠招降農(nong)民(min)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)十(shi)(shi)余萬人(ren),選(xuan)取其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)精壯(zhuang)萬人(ren)組(zu)成(cheng)五個營。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久,隆武(wu)帝在(zai)汀州(zhou)被殺(sha),剛建立(li)起的新軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),因大(da)(da)勢已去(qu),又缺糧(liang)餉(xiang),只好解散,他(ta)(ta)于(yu)八月(yue)回到東(dong)莞(guan)(guan)家(jia)鄉(xiang)。十(shi)(shi)二月(yue)清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻破廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou),清(qing)(qing)(qing)朝(chao)兩廣(guang)(guang)總督佟養甲多次派(pai)人(ren)到家(jia)玉(yu)家(jia)勸(quan)降,均被他(ta)(ta)嚴詞拒絕且(qie)與(yu)陳邦彥、陳子壯(zhuang)等(deng)相約聚(ju)兵(bing)(bing)廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)附近為(wei)牽制。永歷(li)元年(1647年)正(zheng)月(yue),清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)入莞(guan)(guan),到處燒殺(sha)搶掠,引起東(dong)莞(guan)(guan)人(ren)民(min)強(qiang)烈反抗(kang),水(shui)(shui)鄉(xiang)一(yi)帶人(ren)民(min)紛(fen)紛(fen)組(zu)織起來(lai)抗(kang)清(qing)(qing)(qing),道(dao)滘首領葉(xie)如日(ri)(ri)(ri)派(pai)船迎張(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu),尊為(wei)主(zhu)帥。他(ta)(ta)精選(xuan)驍(xiao)勇鄉(xiang)兵(bing)(bing)五千余人(ren),誓師抗(kang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)。三(san)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)四日(ri)(ri)(ri),張(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu)率義軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻入莞(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng),活(huo)捉(zhuo)清(qing)(qing)(qing)知縣鄭鋈,任(ren)命原(yuan)明朝(chao)東(dong)莞(guan)(guan)儒學(xue)訓(xun)導張(zhang)(zhang)珆為(wei)知縣。布(bu)置(zhi)停當后還師道(dao)滘,為(wei)收復廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)作(zuo)準備。三(san)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)七日(ri)(ri)(ri),清(qing)(qing)(qing)廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)提督李成(cheng)棟率大(da)(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻莞(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng),家(jia)玉(yu)率義軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)先后與(yu)之(zhi)大(da)(da)戰于(yu)萬江租和道(dao)滘,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)支敗走西鄉(xiang)。其祖母陳氏(shi),母黎(li)氏(shi)及妹石(shi)寶俱(ju)投水(shui)(shui)自盡;妻彭氏(shi)被執,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屈而死。后來(lai),張(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu)的義軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷得(de)到補充,曾先后攻克(ke)新安、博羅、連平、長寧、歸善(shan)、增城(cheng)(cheng)等(deng)地。十(shi)(shi)月(yue),李成(cheng)棟集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)撲向張(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu)駐地增城(cheng)(cheng),雙方大(da)(da)戰十(shi)(shi)天,張(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu)身(shen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)九箭,身(shen)負重傷(shang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)愿作(zuo)俘虜,遂投塘(tang)而死,壯(zhuang)烈殉國,時年僅33歲(sui)。次年(1648年),南明永歷(li)帝贈(zeng)封他(ta)(ta)為(wei)太子少(shao)(shao)保、東(dong)閣大(da)(da)學(xue)士、吏部尚書。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久,又加贈(zeng)太保兼太子太保、武(wu)英殿大(da)(da)學(xue)士、增城(cheng)(cheng)侯,謚“文烈”。張(zhang)(zhang)家(jia)玉(yu)詩作(zuo)遺留不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)(shao),后人(ren)輯有《張(zhang)(zhang)文烈公軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)遺稿(gao)》和《張(zhang)(zhang)文烈公遺集(ji)》。