《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》亦(yi)稱《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》、《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》,是專門解釋《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》的(de)(de)一部典(dian)籍,其(qi)起(qi)訖(qi)年代與(yu)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》一致,即(ji)公(gong)元前722年至公(gong)元前481年,其(qi)釋史十分簡(jian)略,而著(zhu)重闡(chan)釋《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》所謂的(de)(de)“微言(yan)大義(yi)”,用問答的(de)(de)方式解經。《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》與(yu)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》起(qi)訖(qi)時間相(xiang)同。相(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)其(qi)作者為子夏的(de)(de)弟(di)子,戰國時齊人公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)高。起(qi)初只是口(kou)說流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan),西漢景帝時,傳(chuan)(chuan)至玄(xuan)孫(sun)公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)壽,由公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)壽與(yu)胡母(mu)生(子都)一起(qi)將(jiang)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》著(zhu)于竹(zhu)帛。《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》有東漢何休撰《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)解詁(gu)》、唐朝徐彥作《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)疏(shu)》、清朝陳立撰《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)義(yi)疏(shu)》。
《公(gong)羊(yang)傳》的作(zuo)者舊題是戰國時齊人公(gong)羊(yang)高(gao),他受學(xue)于孔子弟子子夏,后來成為傳《春秋》的三大家之一。
《公羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》是春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋三傳(chuan)(chuan)之一(yi)即(ji)注釋《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》的書(shu),有左氏(shi)(shi)、公羊(yang)(yang)、谷梁(liang)(liang)三家(jia),稱為(wei)“春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋三傳(chuan)(chuan)”。另有鄒氏(shi)(shi)、夾氏(shi)(shi)二家(jia),早(zao)在漢(han)朝即(ji)已(yi)失(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)。《漢(han)書(shu)·藝文(wen)志》,《史記·十二諸(zhu)侯年表》,將春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋三傳(chuan)(chuan)的淵(yuan)源說(shuo)(shuo)得(de)很詳(xiang)細。晉(jin)范(fan)寧評(ping)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)秋》三傳(chuan)(chuan)的特(te)色說(shuo)(shuo):“《左氏(shi)(shi)》艷而(er)富,其失(shi)也巫(指多敘鬼神之事)。《谷梁(liang)(liang)》清而(er)婉,其失(shi)也短。《公羊(yang)(yang)》辯(bian)而(er)裁,其失(shi)也俗。”
《尚書》和《春(chun)秋(qiu)》∶“左史(shi)記言,右史(shi)記事,言為(wei)《尚書》,事為(wei)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》。”這(zhe)是中國(guo)古代有記載(zai)的(甲骨文)最早的兩部書。
《春秋》是記事的(de)(de)(de),后多散佚,僅留下經孔子整理(li)的(de)(de)(de)魯國的(de)(de)(de)《春秋》,漢代有重新編撰整理(li)的(de)(de)(de)“春秋三傳”,即《公羊傳》、《谷(榖)梁傳》、《左傳》。《春秋》和《左傳》是編年體史書。
春(chun)秋(qiu)經文,言簡義(yi)深,如無注(zhu)釋,則(ze)無法(fa)了解。注(zhu)釋春(chun)秋(qiu)的書,有左氏、公羊、谷(榖)梁三(san)家,稱為(wei)春(chun)秋(qiu)三(san)傳(chuan)。另有鄒氏、夾氏二(er)家,早在漢朝即已失(shi)傳(chuan)。所(suo)以自(zi)漢至今,學者(zhe)只藉三(san)傳(chuan)研(yan)讀春(chun)秋(qiu)。
《公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)春秋》作(zuo)為家學,最初只是(shi)口(kou)耳相傳,至公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)高的玄孫(sun)公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)壽(漢(han)景帝(di)時(shi)人(ren))方與(yu)齊人(ren)胡(hu)毋(wu)生(sheng)(《漢(han)書》作(zuo)胡(hu)母生(sheng),復姓胡(hu)毋(wu),名(ming)子都(dou),生(sheng)是(shi)“先生(sheng)”的意(yi)思(si))合作(zuo),將《春秋公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)傳》定稿“著于竹帛(bo)”。所以《公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)傳》的作(zuo)者,班固《漢(han)書·藝(yi)文志》籠統地稱之為“公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)子”,顏師古(gu)說是(shi)公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)高,《四(si)庫全(quan)書總目(mu)》則(ze)署作(zuo)漢(han)公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)壽,說法不一。
《公羊傳》的(de)(de)體裁(cai)特點,是(shi)經(jing)(jing)傳合并,傳文逐(zhu)句傳述(shu)《春秋》經(jing)(jing)文的(de)(de)大義,與《左傳》以記載史實為主不同(tong)。《公羊傳》是(shi)今文經(jing)(jing)學(xue)的(de)(de)重要經(jing)(jing)籍,歷代(dai)今文經(jing)(jing)學(xue)家時常(chang)用(yong)它作為議論(lun)政治(zhi)的(de)(de)工(gong)具。同(tong)時它還(huan)是(shi)研究先(xian)秦至漢間(jian)儒家思想的(de)(de)重要資料。
后世注釋(shi)《公羊傳(chuan)》的(de)書(shu)籍主(zhu)要有東漢何休撰(zhuan)《春秋公羊解詁》、唐(tang)朝徐彥(yan)作《公羊傳(chuan)疏(shu)》、清朝陳立撰(zhuan)《公羊義疏(shu)》。
鄭玄在《六藝(yi)論》中有所批(pi)評:“左(zuo)氏(shi)善於(wu)禮(li),公(gong)羊善於(wu)讖,谷梁(liang)善於(wu)經(jing)。”
東晉(jin)范(fan)甯(《後漢(han)(han)書》作者范(fan)曄(ye)之祖(zu)父)在他所撰的《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)榖梁經傳集解序》中評論《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》三(san)傳的特色說(shuo):"《左氏》艷而(er)富(fu),其(qi)(qi)失(shi)也巫(wu)。《谷梁》清而(er)婉,其(qi)(qi)失(shi)也短。《公羊(yang)》辯而(er)裁(cai),其(qi)(qi)失(shi)也俗(su)。"《公羊(yang)傳》的成就在於發揮《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》的褒(bao)貶,從而(er)找(zhao)出“微言大義”和“非(fei)常異義可怪之論”(皆東漢(han)(han)何休語)。
原文
原文:靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)為(wei)無(wu)道,使(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)大(da)夫(fu)皆內朝(chao)(chao),然后處乎(hu)臺(tai)上(shang)引彈而(er)(er)(er)(er)彈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),己(ji)趨而(er)(er)(er)(er)辟丸,是(shi)樂而(er)(er)(er)(er)已(yi)矣(yi)。趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)已(yi)朝(chao)(chao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)出,與諸(zhu)大(da)夫(fu)立于(yu)(yu)(yu)朝(chao)(chao),有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)荷畚(ben),自閨而(er)(er)(er)(er)出者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue):“彼(bi)何(he)也(ye)(ye),夫(fu)畚(ben)曷為(wei)出乎(hu)閨?”呼(hu)(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)至,曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)大(da)夫(fu)也(ye)(ye),欲(yu)視(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)就而(er)(er)(er)(er)視(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)就而(er)(er)(er)(er)視(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)赫(he)然死人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)。趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue):“是(shi)何(he)也(ye)(ye)?”曰(yue)(yue):“膳宰也(ye)(ye),熊蹯不(bu)熟,公(gong)(gong)怒以(yi)斗摮(ao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),支解將(jiang)使(shi)(shi)我棄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue):“嘻!”趨而(er)(er)(er)(er)入。靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)望(wang)見(jian)趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)訴(su)而(er)(er)(er)(er)再拜。趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)逡(qun)巡北面再拜稽(ji)首,趨而(er)(er)(er)(er)出,靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)心(xin)怍(zuo)焉(yan),欲(yu)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)使(shi)(shi)勇士(shi)(shi)(shi)某者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)往(wang)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),勇士(shi)(shi)(shi)入其(qi)大(da)門(men),則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)門(men)焉(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe);入其(qi)閨,則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)閨焉(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe);上(shang)其(qi)堂(tang),則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)焉(yan)。俯而(er)(er)(er)(er)窺其(qi)戶(hu),方食(shi)(shi)(shi)魚飧。勇士(shi)(shi)(shi)曰(yue)(yue):“嘻!子(zi)(zi)誠(cheng)仁人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)!吾(wu)入子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)門(men),則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)焉(yan);入子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)閨,則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)焉(yan);上(shang)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堂(tang),則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)焉(yan);是(shi)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)易也(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)為(wei)晉國(guo)重卿而(er)(er)(er)(er)食(shi)(shi)(shi)魚飧,是(shi)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儉也(ye)(ye)。君將(jiang)使(shi)(shi)我殺(sha)子(zi)(zi),吾(wu)不(bu)忍殺(sha)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)。雖然,吾(wu)亦不(bu)可(ke)(ke)復(fu)見(jian)吾(wu)君矣(yi)。”遂刎頸而(er)(er)(er)(er)死。靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)聞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怒,滋欲(yu)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甚,眾莫(mo)可(ke)(ke)使(shi)(shi)往(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)伏甲于(yu)(yu)(yu)宮中(zhong),召(zhao)趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)食(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)車(che)右祁彌明者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力士(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye),仡然從乎(hu)趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)入,放乎(hu)堂(tang)下(xia)而(er)(er)(er)(er)立。趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)已(yi)食(shi)(shi)(shi),靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)謂盾(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)聞子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劍(jian)(jian),蓋(gai)利劍(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye),子(zi)(zi)以(yi)示我,吾(wu)將(jiang)觀焉(yan)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)起(qi)將(jiang)進劍(jian)(jian),祁彌明自下(xia)呼(hu)(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue):“盾(dun)(dun)食(shi)(shi)(shi)飽則(ze)出,何(he)故拔劍(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)君所(suo)?”趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),躇(chu)階而(er)(er)(er)(er)走。靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)有(you)周狗,謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒,呼(hu)(hu)獒而(er)(er)(er)(er)屬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),獒亦躇(chu)階而(er)(er)(er)(er)從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。祁彌明逆而(er)(er)(er)(er)踆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),絕其(qi)頷。趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)顧(gu)曰(yue)(yue):“君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒不(bu)若臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒也(ye)(ye)!”然而(er)(er)(er)(er)宮中(zhong)申鼓而(er)(er)(er)(er)起(qi),有(you)起(qi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)甲中(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)抱(bao)趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)乘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)顧(gu)曰(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)何(he)以(yi)得此于(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)(zi)?”曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)某時(shi)所(suo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)活我于(yu)(yu)(yu)暴桑下(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)名為(wei)誰?”曰(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)君孰為(wei)介?子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乘矣(yi),何(he)問吾(wu)名?”趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)驅而(er)(er)(er)(er)出,眾無(wu)留之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。趙(zhao)(zhao)穿緣民(min)眾不(bu)說,起(qi)弒靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong),然后迎趙(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)入,與之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立于(yu)(yu)(yu)朝(chao)(chao),而(er)(er)(er)(er)立成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)黑臀。
譯(yi)文:晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)行正(zheng)道(dao),讓大(da)(da)夫們(men)都(dou)到(dao)內朝(chao)(chao)(chao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao),自(zi)己卻(que)站(zhan)在(zai)臺子(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)用彈弓射上(shang)(shang)(shang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)夫,他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)夫們(men)奔走躲(duo)避彈丸,晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)以(yi)此取樂而(er)已。有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)上(shang)(shang)(shang)完朝(chao)(chao)(chao)出(chu)來(lai)(lai),與大(da)(da)夫們(men)站(zhan)在(zai)外(wai)朝(chao)(chao)(chao),有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)抬(tai)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個筐從(cong)宮中(zhong)小(xiao)門(men)出(chu)來(lai)(lai),趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen)(wen)(wen):“那(nei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么(me),筐為(wei)(wei)什么(me)從(cong)小(xiao)門(men)出(chu)來(lai)(lai)?”叫(jiao)那(nei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),那(nei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)卻(que)不(bu)(bu)過來(lai)(lai),說(shuo)(shuo):“您(nin)(nin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)夫,想(xiang)看(kan)(kan)(kan)就過來(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan)(kan)吧。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)湊(cou)近一(yi)(yi)(yi)看(kan)(kan)(kan),赫然是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個死(si)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen)(wen)(wen):“這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么(me)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)?”那(nei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)回(hui)答(da):“是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)膳宰,他(ta)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)把熊掌做熟,國(guo)君生氣(qi)拿(na)斗打(da)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)把他(ta)打(da)死(si)了(le)(le)(le),肢解了(le)(le)(le)尸體讓我(wo)(wo)(wo)丟出(chu)去(qu)(qu)(qu)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)“啊(a)(a)”了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)聲,就快(kuai)步進宮。靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)看(kan)(kan)(kan)見(jian)(jian)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)進來(lai)(lai),驚恐(kong)地(di)(di)向(xiang)他(ta)拜了(le)(le)(le)兩(liang)(liang)拜。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)遲疑不(bu)(bu)前,向(xiang)北面兩(liang)(liang)拜磕頭(tou)(tou)至地(di)(di),然后(hou)就快(kuai)步出(chu)來(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)(le)。靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)心中(zhong)有(you)(you)愧(kui),就想(xiang)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)了(le)(le)(le)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)派(pai)勇(yong)士某人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)去(qu)(qu)(qu)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。勇(yong)士進入(ru)(ru)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)門(men),沒(mei)(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)守(shou)(shou)護;進入(ru)(ru)院內小(xiao)門(men),也(ye)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)守(shou)(shou)護;走上(shang)(shang)(shang)廳堂,也(ye)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。勇(yong)士低(di)頭(tou)(tou)從(cong)門(men)縫偷看(kan)(kan)(kan),看(kan)(kan)(kan)見(jian)(jian)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)正(zheng)在(zai)吃(chi)(chi)只有(you)(you)魚(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晚飯。勇(yong)士說(shuo)(shuo):“啊(a)(a),他(ta)真是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個仁義的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)進大(da)(da)門(men)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),進入(ru)(ru)內室沒(mei)(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),走上(shang)(shang)(shang)廳堂也(ye)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),可見(jian)(jian)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節省啊(a)(a)。他(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)臣,卻(que)吃(chi)(chi)只有(you)(you)魚(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晚飯,可見(jian)(jian)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)簡樸啊(a)(a)。國(guo)君讓我(wo)(wo)(wo)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)他(ta),我(wo)(wo)(wo)不(bu)(bu)忍(ren)心殺(sha)(sha)(sha)他(ta)。雖(sui)然這(zhe)樣(yang),我(wo)(wo)(wo)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)能再(zai)見(jian)(jian)我(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)君了(le)(le)(le)。”于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就自(zi)刎而(er)死(si)。晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)聽(ting)說(shuo)(shuo)后(hou)非常生氣(qi),就更想(xiang)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)了(le)(le)(le),但眾多手下(xia)(xia)卻(que)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)能派(pai)去(qu)(qu)(qu)執行這(zhe)項(xiang)任務的(de)(de)(de)(de)。于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)就在(zai)宮中(zhong)埋伏(fu)好(hao)(hao)甲兵(bing)(bing),叫(jiao)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)來(lai)(lai)吃(chi)(chi)飯。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)車(che)右(you)武士叫(jiao)祁(qi)彌(mi)明(ming),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)力士,壯勇(yong)地(di)(di)跟著趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)入(ru)(ru)宮,來(lai)(lai)到(dao)堂下(xia)(xia)站(zhan)好(hao)(hao)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)吃(chi)(chi)好(hao)(hao)了(le)(le)(le),晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)對(dui)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)說(shuo)(shuo):“聽(ting)說(shuo)(shuo)你(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)劍是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把利劍,你(ni)(ni)拿(na)出(chu)來(lai)(lai)給(gei)我(wo)(wo)(wo),我(wo)(wo)(wo)觀賞(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)站(zhan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)來(lai)(lai)想(xiang)把劍呈現給(gei)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong),祁(qi)彌(mi)明(ming)在(zai)堂下(xia)(xia)大(da)(da)喊:“趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)吃(chi)(chi)飽了(le)(le)(le)就出(chu)來(lai)(lai),為(wei)(wei)什么(me)在(zai)國(guo)君的(de)(de)(de)(de)住所里拔劍呢?”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)聽(ting)頓時明(ming)白了(le)(le)(le),急忙沿階跑下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)。晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條訓練有(you)(you)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)狗,叫(jiao)作(zuo)獒。晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)喊來(lai)(lai)獒叫(jiao)它去(qu)(qu)(qu)追趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。獒也(ye)迅速地(di)(di)沿階追下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)。祁(qi)彌(mi)明(ming)迎上(shang)(shang)(shang)去(qu)(qu)(qu)飛(fei)起(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)腳,踢斷了(le)(le)(le)獒的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)巴。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)回(hui)頭(tou)(tou)說(shuo)(shuo):“國(guo)君您(nin)(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獒不(bu)(bu)如(ru)臣的(de)(de)(de)(de)獒啊(a)(a)!”然而(er)這(zhe)時宮中(zhong)埋伏(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甲兵(bing)(bing)擊鼓(gu)沖(chong)了(le)(le)(le)上(shang)(shang)(shang)來(lai)(lai),其中(zhong)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)抱起(qi)(qi)(qi)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)放到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)車(che)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)回(hui)頭(tou)(tou)問(wen)(wen)(wen):“我(wo)(wo)(wo)為(wei)(wei)什么(me)會讓您(nin)(nin)這(zhe)么(me)對(dui)待(dai)我(wo)(wo)(wo)?”甲兵(bing)(bing)說(shuo)(shuo):“您(nin)(nin)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次在(zai)大(da)(da)桑樹下(xia)(xia)給(gei)我(wo)(wo)(wo)吃(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de),讓我(wo)(wo)(wo)得(de)以(yi)活命。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen)(wen)(wen):“您(nin)(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)字是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么(me)?”甲兵(bing)(bing)說(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)君為(wei)(wei)誰埋伏(fu)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甲兵(bing)(bing)?您(nin)(nin)趕快(kuai)乘車(che)走吧,何必問(wen)(wen)(wen)我(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)字。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)驅車(che)沖(chong)了(le)(le)(le)出(chu)去(qu)(qu)(qu),甲兵(bing)(bing)們(men)都(dou)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)進行阻(zu)攔。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穿(chuan)以(yi)民(min)眾不(bu)(bu)滿(man)為(wei)(wei)由(you),起(qi)(qi)(qi)兵(bing)(bing)弒殺(sha)(sha)(sha)了(le)(le)(le)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong),然后(hou)迎接趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)進入(ru)(ru)國(guo)都(dou),與趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)執掌朝(chao)(chao)(chao)政(zheng),立成公(gong)(gong)黑(hei)臀為(wei)(wei)君。
《春秋公羊傳》作為今文學派的(de)中堅,有獨特的(de)理論色(se)彩。主(zhu)要有三(san)項:
1、政治(zhi)性(xing)。講“改(gai)制”,宣揚(yang)“大一統”,撥亂反正(zheng),為(wei)后王立法。
2、變易(yi)性。它(ta)形成了一套“三世(shi)(shi)說”歷史(shi)哲學理論體系。《公羊傳》講(jiang)“所見異(yi)辭,所聞異(yi)辭,所傳聞異(yi)辭”是(shi)其雛形。董(dong)仲舒加以發揮,劃分春秋十(shi)二公為“所見世(shi)(shi)”、“所聞世(shi)(shi)”、“所傳聞世(shi)(shi)”,表明春秋時期二百四十(shi)二年(nian)不(bu)是(shi)鐵(tie)板一塊,或(huo)凝(ning)固不(bu)變,而(er)是(shi)可按一定標準劃分為不(bu)同的階段(duan)。
3、《春秋公羊(yang)傳》的“三世(shi)(shi)(shi)說”:“所(suo)傳聞(wen)世(shi)(shi)(shi)”是(shi)“據亂世(shi)(shi)(shi)”,“內其國外其夏”;“所(suo)聞(wen)世(shi)(shi)(shi)”是(shi)“升平世(shi)(shi)(shi)”,“內諸夏外夷狄”;“所(suo)見世(shi)(shi)(shi)”是(shi)“太平世(shi)(shi)(shi)”,“夷狄進(jin)至(zhi)于爵(jue),天下遠近大小若一(yi)”。
按照今文公羊(yang)家的闡發,《春(chun)秋》之“義”的重要內容之一是“張(zhang)三世(shi)”。即孔子將春(chun)秋242年的歷史,劃分成了“據亂世(shi)”、“升(sheng)平世(shi)”、“太平世(shi)”。今文家的這種認識有兩(liang)點值得注(zhu)意:
1、他們(men)所“描述”的歷(li)史(shi)運動(dong),并(bing)不符(fu)合史(shi)實(shi)但(dan)卻(que)符(fu)合“理想”。從春(chun)秋“本(ben)然”的歷(li)史(shi)來看,“三(san)世說”的誣妄(wang)顯而易見。顧頡剛《春(chun)秋三(san)傳及國語之綜合研(yan)究》即(ji)指出(chu):“此三(san)世之說殊(shu)難(nan)稽(ji)信也。事實(shi)上春(chun)秋時愈降則愈不太平,政亂民苦無可告訴(su),可謂太平乎?”
至少從漢代起,今文公(gong)羊家已經對(dui)于人類歷史運(yun)動的(de)規(gui)律(lv)性進(jin)行了富有想(xiang)象力(li)的(de)探討。根(gen)據公(gong)羊家的(de)論述(shu),人類歷史的(de)演(yan)進(jin),從“據亂世(shi)”進(jin)入相對(dui)平和穩定的(de)“升(sheng)平世(shi)”,再(zai)到“太平世(shi)”,是一(yi)條“理想(xiang)”的(de)社(she)會發展軌轍。在這套(tao)理論中(zhong),蘊涵著(zhu)“歷史的(de)運(yun)動是有規(gui)律(lv)的(de)”這樣一(yi)種可(ke)貴的(de)思想(xiang)胚(pei)芽。
2、“三世(shi)說(shuo)”在本質的(de)(de)規定性(xing)上(shang)是(shi)循環論的(de)(de)。但(dan)在據(ju)亂(luan)世(shi)――升平世(shi)――太(tai)平世(shi)“三世(shi)”循環范圍內,又存(cun)在著一個(ge)不(bu)斷“向前(qian)”發展(zhan)的(de)(de)序列(lie),因(yin)而也就(jiu)是(shi)一個(ge)“進化(hua)”的(de)(de)序列(lie)。何休注《公羊傳》,更糅合了《禮記·禮運》關于大(da)同、小康的(de)(de)描繪,發展(zhan)成為具有一定系統性(xing)的(de)(de)“三世(shi)說(shuo)”歷(li)史哲學,論證歷(li)史是(shi)進化(hua)的(de)(de),變(bian)(bian)易和變(bian)(bian)革是(shi)歷(li)史的(de)(de)普(pu)遍法則。
何休(xiu)注《春秋(qiu)公羊傳》時(shi)的進(jin)一步發揮:所見(jian)者(zhe),謂(wei)昭定哀,己與(yu)父時(shi)事也;所聞者(zhe),謂(wei)文宣成(cheng)襄,王父時(shi)事也;所傳聞者(zhe),謂(wei)隱(yin)桓莊(zhuang)閔僖,高(gao)祖(zu)(zu)曾(ceng)祖(zu)(zu)時(shi)事也。……於(wu)所傳聞之(zhi)世(shi),見(jian)治(zhi)(zhi)起於(wu)衰亂之(zhi)中,用心尚粗(cu)糙,故內(nei)其國而(er)外(wai)諸(zhu)夏;……於(wu)所聞之(zhi)世(shi),見(jian)治(zhi)(zhi)升平,內(nei)諸(zhu)夏而(er)外(wai)夷狄;……至所見(jian)之(zhi)世(shi),著治(zhi)(zhi)太平,夷狄進(jin)至於(wu)爵,天下遠近大小(xiao)若一。……所以(yi)三(san)世(shi)者(zhe),禮為父母三(san)年,為祖(zu)(zu)父母期,為曾(ceng)祖(zu)(zu)父母齊衰三(san)月,立愛自親始,故《春秋(qiu)》據哀錄隱(yin),上治(zhi)(zhi)祖(zu)(zu)禰。(《春秋(qiu)公羊經傳解詁·隱(yin)公元年》)
照何休(xiu)的(de)解(jie)釋,春秋二百四十(shi)二年的(de)歷史,經過了所(suo)傳聞的(de)衰亂世(shi)、所(suo)聞的(de)升平世(shi)和所(suo)見(jian)的(de)太(tai)平世(shi)這樣三個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)。而所(suo)以(yi)(yi)會(hui)是三個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)者(zhe),蓋由于(yu)“禮”是尚三的(de)等(deng)等(deng)。這是何休(xiu)的(de)歷史進(jin)化論,公羊傳本身并沒有這么多意思(si)。自東漢以(yi)(yi)后,封建(jian)社會(hui)結構趨于(yu)穩定(ding),主張“尊(zun)古”的(de)古文(wen)經學更(geng)適(shi)于(yu)作為政(zheng)治指(zhi)導思(si)想,取代了主張“改(gai)制”、“變易(yi)”的(de)今(jin)文(wen)學說的(de)尊(zun)崇地位。今(jin)文(wen)公羊學說從此消(xiao)沉一(yi)千余年,迄清中葉(xie)方(fang)被(bei)重新提起。
《公(gong)羊(yang)傳》寫(xie)定(ding)于漢(han)初,系用(yong)漢(han)代(dai)通行(xing)的(de)隸書(shu)書(shu)寫(xie),它是(shi)今文(wen)經學中富有(you)理論色彩的(de)代(dai)表(biao)性典籍。公(gong)羊(yang)學者(zhe)認(ren)為(wei),《春(chun)秋(qiu)經》是(shi)孔子借(jie)春(chun)秋(qiu)242年(nian)史事以表(biao)示(shi)自(zi)己的(de)政治觀點,處(chu)處(chu)包(bao)含“微言大義”。這(zhe)同古文(wen)學派認(ren)為(wei)《春(chun)秋(qiu)經》是(shi)一部歷史著作不同。
《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳》其戰國初(chu)至(zhi)漢初(chu)的(de)傳承系統是:子(zi)夏→公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)高(gao)→公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)平→公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)地→公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)敢→公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)壽(shou)→胡毋子(zi)都(dou)(生(sheng));公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)學派對《春(chun)秋》的(de)研究開始僅口說流傳,至(zhi)漢景帝時,胡母生(sheng)和他的(de)老師公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)壽(shou)用漢代的(de)隸(li)書“著于竹帛”,才使《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳》成書。
漢(han)(han)初傳《公羊》有(you)三家(jia)(jia),司馬遷在《儒林列傳》中(zhong)說:“言《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》于(yu)齊、魯自胡(hu)(hu)毋(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng),于(yu)趙自董(dong)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)舒,……公孫弘治(zhi)《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》不(bu)如董(dong)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)舒……故漢(han)(han)興至于(yu)五世之間,唯董(dong)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)舒名(ming)為(wei)明(ming)于(yu)《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》,其傳《公羊氏》也。胡(hu)(hu)毋(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng),齊人也,孝景時為(wei)博士,以老歸教授,齊之言《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》者(zhe),多(duo)受(shou)胡(hu)(hu)毋(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng),公孫弘亦(yi)頗受(shou)焉。”在這三家(jia)(jia)中(zhong),盡管董(dong)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)舒是(shi)佼佼者(zhe),即他對《公羊》的(de)(de)闡發比胡(hu)(hu)毋(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)與公孫弘深刻,但始終(zhong)只是(shi)《公羊學》中(zhong)的(de)(de)一派,并非是(shi)《公羊》學的(de)(de)唯一宗(zong)師。特別(bie)是(shi),東漢(han)(han)《公羊》學的(de)(de)最(zui)大代表何休(xiu),在其名(ming)著《公羊解(jie)詁》中(zhong),明(ming)確(que)胡(hu)(hu)毋(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)《公羊》宗(zong)師,而一個(ge)字都未(wei)提及董(dong)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)舒。
西(xi)漢(han)(han)初期,時代需要(yao)封建大一(yi)統的(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)思(si)想。《公(gong)羊春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》就是(shi)齊(qi)學學者對孔子《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》改造的(de)結(jie)果,因而受(shou)到了(le)漢(han)(han)武帝的(de)重視。漢(han)(han)景(jing)帝時,胡(hu)(hu)母生和董仲(zhong)舒被招(zhao)為博士。二人同業《公(gong)羊春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》(也有(you)(you)學者認為,他是(shi)胡(hu)(hu)母生的(de)弟子),董仲(zhong)舒曾著書稱其德(de)。正是(shi)董仲(zhong)舒、胡(hu)(hu)母生為代表的(de)齊(qi)學學者將儒(ru)學理論改造成了(le)符合大一(yi)統需要(yao)的(de)新儒(ru)學,才取(qu)得漢(han)(han)武帝欣賞,獲得了(le)“罷黜(chu)百家,獨(du)尊(zun)儒(ru)術”的(de)學術統治(zhi)地(di)位。胡(hu)(hu)母生弟子眾(zhong)多,有(you)(you)名(ming)的(de)除(chu)公(gong)孫(sun)弘外,還(huan)有(you)(you)蘭陵褚大、東平嬴公(gong)、廣川(chuan)段仲(zhong)、溫之呂步舒。后來(lai),又有(you)(you)齊(qi)人任公(gong)、貢禹、管路、左咸、魯眭孟、顏安樂、嚴彭(peng)祖等均(jun)以(yi)治(zhi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)公(gong)羊傳》得顯。
《公羊春秋》在中國傳統文化中占(zhan)有(you)重(zhong)要地(di)位,東漢的(de)(de)何休(xiu)、唐代的(de)(de)徐彥、清代中后(hou)期常州學(xue)派的(de)(de)莊存與、孔廣(guang)森、劉(liu)逢祿、龔自(zi)珍、魏(wei)源,直到近代維(wei)新(xin)派的(de)(de)康有(you)為、梁啟超(chao)等(deng),都(dou)是公羊學(xue)派中有(you)影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)人物。
1995年,蔣慶出版《公羊學引論》一書(shu),為當代公羊學重興之濫觴(shang)。
《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)思(si)(si)想(xiang)比《谷梁傳(chuan)(chuan)》更為豐富,其(qi)影響也更深遠。在(zai)漢代(dai),公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)學大顯于世(shi)。魏晉以后雖經一(yi)(yi)千多年的(de)消沉,至鴉片戰爭前后卻重(zhong)新(xin)復興,而且風(feng)靡一(yi)(yi)時,成為近代(dai)維新(xin)運動的(de)思(si)(si)想(xiang)武器,并且是十九世(shi)紀、二十世(shi)紀之交(jiao)中國思(si)(si)想(xiang)界(jie)接受西方進(jin)化論的(de)思(si)(si)想(xiang)基(ji)礎。“公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)學”的(de)產生(sheng)和兩次盛行,是思(si)(si)想(xiang)史(shi)(shi)(shi)、史(shi)(shi)(shi)學史(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)發人深思(si)(si)的(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)現象,其(qi)秘密(mi)在(zai)于《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》中蘊含著一(yi)(yi)套獨有的(de)政治———歷(li)史(shi)(shi)(shi)哲學。
《公羊(yang)傳》寫(xie)定于漢(han)初,系用漢(han)代通行(xing)的隸字書(shu)寫(xie),它是(shi)今文經(jing)學(xue)中富有理論色彩(cai)的代表性典籍(ji)。公羊(yang)學(xue)者認為,《春(chun)(chun)秋經(jing)》是(shi)孔子(zi)借(jie)春(chun)(chun)秋242年史(shi)(shi)事以表示自己(ji)的政治(zhi)觀(guan)點(dian),處處包含“微言大義”。這同古文學(xue)派認為《春(chun)(chun)秋經(jing)》是(shi)一部(bu)歷史(shi)(shi)著(zhu)作不同。從這一根本點(dian)出發,《公羊(yang)傳》包含著(zhu)一些可供人們發揮的歷史(shi)(shi)思想:
第一(yi),《公羊傳》認(ren)為(wei)(wei)孔子在《春秋經(jing)》中貫穿了(le)“大(da)(da)一(yi)統”、“撥亂(luan)反(fan)正”等政治(zhi)“大(da)(da)義”。大(da)(da)力彰(zhang)揚孔子擁戴周天(tian)子“天(tian)下(xia)共主”的(de)(de)立(li)場,作為(wei)(wei)儒(ru)家(jia)思想最重要的(de)(de)原則,為(wei)(wei)戰國(guo)(guo)晚(wan)期正在進(jin)行的(de)(de)“統一(yi)”作輿論的(de)(de)準備。甚至直接成為(wei)(wei)孔子專(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)漢代天(tian)子而制定(ding)的(de)(de)治(zhi)國(guo)(guo)綱(gang)領!
第(di)二,《公(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》又包含(han)有(you)歷(li)史(shi)變易觀點,人們可(ke)以據之推演,劃分歷(li)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)階段。此即著名的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)羊(yang)三世(shi)(shi)說(shuo)。更重要的(de)(de)(de)是(shi),其對于三世(shi)(shi)異辭說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)解釋包含(han)一個很寶貴的(de)(de)(de)觀點:不把春秋242年(nian)視(shi)為鐵板一塊、凝固不變,而看(kan)作可(ke)按一定標準(zhun)劃分為不同的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)階段。
第三,《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)》專講(jiang)“微言(yan)大義”。上述(shu)兩項都(dou)是極重要的(de)(de)“微言(yan)大義”,其(qi)他明顯的(de)(de)還有:隱公(gong)三年講(jiang)譏世卿;莊公(gong)四年講(jiang)“九世復(fu)仇(chou)”;閔公(gong)元(yuan)年講(jiang)“為尊者諱(hui),為親(qin)者諱(hui),為賢(xian)者諱(hui)”等。諸如此(ci)類都(dou)可(ke)以大加引申比附(fu)。
總括(kuo)來說(shuo),《公羊傳》的歷史哲(zhe)學具有政治性、變易性和可(ke)比附性三(san)大特(te)點(dian),在儒家(jia)經典中并不多見(jian)。
《公羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)主要(yao)(yao)精(jing)神是(shi)宣揚(yang)儒家思(si)想中(zhong)撥(bo)亂反正(zheng)、大義滅(mie)親,對亂臣賊(zei)子要(yao)(yao)無情(qing)鎮壓的(de)一(yi)面,為強(qiang)化中(zhong)央專制集(ji)權和“大一(yi)統”服務。《公羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》尤(you)為今文經(jing)(jing)學(xue)(xue)派(pai)所(suo)推崇,是(shi)今文經(jing)(jing)學(xue)(xue)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)典籍,歷代(dai)今文經(jing)(jing)學(xue)(xue)家都(dou)常用它作(zuo)為議(yi)論政治的(de)工具。它也是(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)戰國、秦、漢間(jian)儒家思(si)想的(de)重要(yao)(yao)資料。?
三傳今古文之爭
三傳(chuan)(chuan)今古(gu)文之爭,自(zi)漢代(dai)到(dao)近代(dai),仍然得不到(dao)結論。四(si)庫簡(jian)目綜評(ping),左氏褒(bao)貶或(huo)有不確(que)之處,但所(suo)述(shu)事(shi)實,都是(shi)根據古(gu)代(dai)正(zheng)史,如果不明事(shi)跡的始末,何能臆(yi)斷是(shi)非(fei)?所(suo)以,研讀春(chun)秋,必(bi)以左傳(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)根柢(di)。
《公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》自(zi)子夏到公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)壽,經(jing)過六傳(chuan),皆(jie)是(shi)口(kou)耳(er)授受(shou),又加經(jing)師附益,難免不失圣人之意,然而大義相傳(chuan),究竟有其所(suo)受(shou)之本。谷梁子與(yu)公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)同師,文比公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)更少,但有些精義,或(huo)為公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)所(suo)不及。此論(lun)可謂(wei)公允。
左氏(shi)所記的(de)(de)事實,有很(hen)多是(shi)(shi)出(chu)乎一般人(ren)(ren)了解之(zhi)(zhi)外者(zhe),如莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)八年,齊侯(hou)在野外看見一頭(tou)大豕(shi),竟是(shi)(shi)冤死(si)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)子彭生所變,齊侯(hou)怒而(er)射之(zhi)(zhi),豕(shi)人(ren)(ren)立而(er)啼。又如昭公(gong)(gong)七年,鄭子產講(jiang)述(shu)禹王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)父鯀死(si)后化為(wei)黃熊(xiong)(一作熊(xiong))。其它尚有很(hen)多鬼神之(zhi)(zhi)事,以(yi)及卜筮禍福之(zhi)(zhi)期等。這在講(jiang)究現(xian)實人(ren)(ren)生的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)看來(lai),確(que)是(shi)(shi)奇(qi)異。所以(yi)范(fan)寧在他(ta)的(de)(de)谷梁(liang)傳(chuan)序文里說:“左氏(shi)艷而(er)富,其失也巫”。然(ran)而(er)理藉事明,奇(qi)事愈多,則其供給學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)的(de)(de)見聞愈廣,學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)可(ke)以(yi)深悉前(qian)因后果,眼界為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)大開,探索經義自然(ran)便利。故(gu)以(yi)左傳(chuan)為(wei)主,兼(jian)采公(gong)(gong)谷二家(jia),實為(wei)研讀(du)春秋的(de)(de)正途(tu)。
傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說《公(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》是(shi)(shi)(shi)戰國時代公(gong)(gong)羊高編(bian)撰的(de)(de)(de),先是(shi)(shi)(shi)師徒口耳相傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),直到(dao)西漢景帝(di)時才寫定(ding)成書(shu)。和《左傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》《谷(gu)梁傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》一(yi)樣,《公(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》開(kai)始(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)《春秋》分開(kai)流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de),大概(gai)在西漢后期(qi)哀帝(di)時,著名學者(zhe)劉歆“引傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)文以解經(jing)”,才把孔子編(bian)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)魯國史書(shu)《春秋》尊(zun)為(wei)“經(jing)”,把《左氏春秋》《公(gong)(gong)羊春秋》《谷(gu)梁春秋》稱(cheng)為(wei)解釋經(jing)書(shu)的(de)(de)(de)“傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)”,后人以傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)附經(jing),合(he)為(wei)一(yi)編(bian),從此(ci)便把這三本書(shu)合(he)稱(cheng)為(wei)“春秋三傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)”。
《漢書(shu)·藝文(wen)志(zhi)》的(de)“春秋”類(lei)有:“《公羊(yang)傳》十一卷”。班固注:“公羊(yang)子,齊人(ren)(ren)。”唐代(dai)顏師古注:“名高”。“公羊(yang)”的(de)含義是(shi)什么呢?有人(ren)(ren)認(ren)為是(shi)復姓(xing),有人(ren)(ren)懷疑“公羊(yang)”、“谷梁(liang)”都(dou)是(shi),“卜商”(即子夏)的(de)轉音,近人(ren)(ren)蔡(cai)元培、顧頡(jie)剛(gang)等認(ren)為“公”和“谷”雙聲,“羊(yang)”和“梁(liang)”疊(die)韻(yun),因(yin)而(er)“公羊(yang)”即是(shi)“谷梁(liang)”,這兩部書(shu)的(de)作者(zhe)可(ke)能是(shi)同一個(ge)人(ren)(ren),這種分(fen)析不一定可(ke)信。
清代洪頤煊(xuan)《經(jing)義(yi)叢鈔》認(ren)為(wei),“明”字(zi)的(de)古音讀(du)“芒”,“芒”和(he)“羊(yang)”同韻,所以“《春秋》家公羊(yang)高,亦即《孟子》所謂公明高也(ye)”。此說(shuo)也(ye)缺(que)乏(fa)說(shuo)服力。關于公羊(yang)子,正史上沒有發現其他記載。
《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》未成(cheng)(cheng)書(shu)之(zhi)前(qian),口耳相傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),它的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承過程(cheng),據東漢何休(xiu)《春秋公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)·序(xu)》唐徐彥疏(shu)引戴宏序(xu)說:“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與公(gong)羊高,高傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與其子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)平,平傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與其子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)地,地傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與其子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)敢,敢傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與其子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)壽。至(zhi)漢景(jing)帝時,壽乃共弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)齊(qi)人胡(hu)毋子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)都著于(yu)竹帛。”這段話有(you)三點值得注意:第一,說《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)自孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏。第二(er)(er),《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)書(shu)從子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(生(sheng)于(yu)魯(lu)定公(gong)二(er)(er)年,即公(gong)元前(qian)507年)到(dao)漢景(jing)帝初(公(gong)元前(qian)156年),經(jing)過了340年左右。第三,漢景(jing)帝時,《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》才寫定成(cheng)(cheng)書(shu)。
關(guan)于第(di)一點,楊伯峻《經書淺談(tan)》指出:“《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》中‘大(da)一統’這(zhe)個觀念,要在秦漢(han)以(yi)(yi)后才能有,這(zhe)就足以(yi)(yi)證(zheng)明《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》不(bu)(bu)出于子夏(xia)。”他又說:“總之,無論公(gong)羊高或谷梁赤,都未必是子夏(xia)的(de)學生,托名子夏(xia),不(bu)(bu)過借以(yi)(yi)自重罷了。”關(guan)于第(di)二點,戴宏所說的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)承線索明顯有誤,340年間公(gong)羊氏僅傳(chuan)(chuan)五(wu)代(dai)(dai),每代(dai)(dai)要相距65年以(yi)(yi)上,這(zhe)是不(bu)(bu)可能的(de)。關(guan)于第(di)三(san)點,說《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》作于漢(han)景帝時,大(da)致可信。
《四庫全書(shu)總目提要·春秋公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)注疏》認為:“今觀傳(chuan)(chuan)中(zhong)有(you)‘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)沈子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’、‘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)司(si)馬子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’、‘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)女子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’、‘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)北宮(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’,又(you)有(you)‘高(gao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’、‘魯子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’,蓋皆傳(chuan)(chuan)授之經師,不(bu)盡(jin)(jin)出于公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。定公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)年(nian)傳(chuan)(chuan)‘正棺于兩楹之間’二(er)句(ju),《谷(gu)梁傳(chuan)(chuan)》引(yin)之,直(zhi)稱‘沈子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)’,不(bu)稱‘公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊’,是(shi)(shi)(shi)并(bing)(bing)其不(bu)著姓(xing)氏者,亦(yi)不(bu)盡(jin)(jin)出公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。且并(bing)(bing)有(you)‘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’,尤不(bu)出于(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊)高(gao)之明證。”《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》既然是(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)自(zi)己寫的,就不(bu)應引(yin)自(zi)己的說(shuo)法。由(you)此可(ke)以證明,《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》的作者不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊高(gao),自(zi)然更不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏所傳(chuan)(chuan)的。看來(lai),《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)集體創作,最后(hou)由(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊壽(shou)和他(ta)的弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)胡(hu)毋(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)都寫成書(shu)。