張思訓,今四川巴(ba)中(巴(ba)州區)石城(cheng)人(ren)(ren),北(bei)宋時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期的著名(ming)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文學(xue)家,曾(ceng)是(shi)司(si)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)展覽館監學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)。公元979年對(dui)渾天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)儀(yi)(yi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了重大(da)的革(ge)新,制(zhi)造(zao)了世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)(shang)第一(yi)(yi)臺自(zi)動(dong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)象儀(yi)(yi)——太平(ping)渾儀(yi)(yi),又稱水(shui)(shui)(shui)運(yun)渾象。此儀(yi)(yi)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)銀(yin)作動(dong)力(li)(li)(li),是(shi)世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)(shang)使用水(shui)(shui)(shui)銀(yin)于機械儀(yi)(yi)表的始祖(zu)。自(zi)落下閎(hong)創造(zao)渾天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)儀(yi)(yi)之后,最初用人(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)(li)推動(dong)其(qi)(qi)運(yun)轉,后來改(gai)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)(li)(li)。但是(shi)人(ren)(ren)們在實踐(jian)中發現,“運(yun)轉以水(shui)(shui)(shui),至(zhi)冬中凝凍遲(chi)澀,遂為疏略,寒暑無準”。這(zhe)樣對(dui)于報(bao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、定節氣、造(zao)歷(li)的準確性關系極大(da),進(jin)而(er)影響到人(ren)(ren)民的生(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活。面對(dui)渾天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)儀(yi)(yi)動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)出現的新課題,張思訓進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了許多試驗和(he)探(tan)索,最終找到用水(shui)(shui)(shui)銀(yin)代替水(shui)(shui)(shui)作動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)。因為水(shui)(shui)(shui)銀(yin)的內聚力(li)(li)(li)很強(qiang),特別是(shi)具(ju)有在空中保持穩定的性能(neng),可保證渾天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)儀(yi)(yi)正常的運(yun)轉。在渾天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)儀(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)安裝計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi),是(shi)我國唐(tang)代天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文學(xue)家一(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)、梁令瓚的發明(ming)。他們在水(shui)(shui)(shui)運(yun)渾天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)儀(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)安裝擒縱器(qi),指揮兩(liang)個木(mu)人(ren)(ren)按時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擊鼓(gu)、敲鐘,產生(sheng)(sheng)了世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)(shang)最早的機械時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘。張思訓對(dui)這(zhe)個機械計(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘也進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了較大(da)改(gai)革(ge)。由擒縱器(qi)指揮的自(zi)動(dong)報(bao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)擊鐘鼓(gu)的木(mu)人(ren)(ren)成(cheng)倍增加,并把報(bao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)擊鐘鼓(gu)分離為兩(liang)個系統(tong),即“七值神(shen)左搖(yao)鈴,右(you)扣(kou)鐘,中擊鼓(gu),以定刻(ke)(ke)數。每一(yi)(yi)晝夜,周而(er)復始。又為十二神(shen)各值一(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。至(zhi)其(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),則自(zi)執辰牌,循環而(er)出,隨刻(ke)(ke)數以定晝夜短長”。《宋史(shi)·天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文志(zhi)》稱:“其(qi)(qi)制(zhi)與舊儀(yi)(yi)不同,最為巧捷”。袁綱《楓窗小牘》贊:“新制(zhi)成(cheng)于自(zi)然(ran),尤(you)為精妙”。
張思(si)訓於(wu)公元979年設計的渾象,於(wu)公元980年制成(cheng)。據《宋史?天(tian)(tian)(tian)文志》載:「其(qi)制:起樓(lou)高丈馀,機隱於(wu)內,規天(tian)(tian)(tian)矩地。下設地輪(lun)(lun)、地足;又為(wei)橫(heng)輪(lun)(lun)、側輪(lun)(lun)、斜輪(lun)(lun)、定(ding)身關(guan)、中(zhong)關(guan)、小關(guan)、天(tian)(tian)(tian)柱;七直神(shen),左搖鈴,右扣鐘,中(zhong)擊(ji)鼓,以(yi)(yi)定(ding)刻數(shu)。每一(yi)晝夜(ye),周而復始。又以(yi)(yi)木為(wei)十二神(shen),各直一(yi)時,至其(qi)時則自執辰牌,循環而出,隨刻數(shu)以(yi)(yi)定(ding)晝夜(ye)短(duan)長;上(shang)有天(tian)(tian)(tian)頂、天(tian)(tian)(tian)牙、天(tian)(tian)(tian)關(guan)、天(tian)(tian)(tian)指、天(tian)(tian)(tian)抱(托)、天(tian)(tian)(tian)束、天(tian)(tian)(tian)條,布(bu)三百六十五度(du),為(wei)日、月、五星、紫(zi)微(wei)宮、列(lie)宿、斗建、黃赤道,以(yi)(yi)日行度(du)定(ding)寒暑進退。」
這段文字所記載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)機械(xie)部(bu)件和(he)齒(chi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)名稱,比唐代一行和(he)梁令(ling)瓚的(de)(de)(de)「水運(yun)渾(hun)(hun)天(tian)(tian)」記載(zai)要(yao)詳細得多。其(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)「地輪(lun)(lun)(lun)」可能和(he)蘇頌(song)水運(yun)儀象臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)「樞(shu)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)」即動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力輪(lun)(lun)(lun)相類似。「定身(shen)關、中關、小關」一類機械(xie)也可能與蘇頌(song)的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)關、天(tian)(tian)鎖的(de)(de)(de)功效雷同,是用於控制(zhi)「地輪(lun)(lun)(lun)」的(de)(de)(de)慣性(xing)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de),也就是起(qi)擒(qin)縱(zong)器的(de)(de)(de)作用。「定身(shen)關」一詞生動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)地表述(shu)了控制(zhi)「地輪(lun)(lun)(lun)」轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)意義。而在報時機械(xie)之上的(de)(de)(de)「天(tian)(tian)牙(ya)」、「天(tian)(tian)關」、「天(tian)(tian)束」、「天(tian)(tian)條」等(deng)機件又可能是操縱(zong)渾(hun)(hun)儀或渾(hun)(hun)象的(de)(de)(de)設置。以木偶制(zhi)成的(de)(de)(de)「七直神」、「十二(er)神」是報時機件。
張(zhang)思訓(xun)的(de)這(zhe)架(jia)天文鐘與一行不同之(zhi)處,是以水銀推動(dong)動(dong)力輪,同時,「著日(ri)月(yue)象(xiang),皆取仰視」。《宋史?天文志》還(huan)說:「按舊(jiu)法,日(ri)月(yue)晝夜行度皆人(ren)所(suo)運行,新制成於自然,尤為(wei)精妙。」看來,張(zhang)衡和一行等人(ren)的(de)渾象(xiang)都有部分(fen)需(xu)人(ren)操作或調整,而張(zhang)思訓(xun)則設(she)計了一種全(quan)自動(dong)的(de)渾象(xiang)。
可惜,有關(guan)張思(si)訓儀象的(de)文字記載過於(wu)簡略,更無繪圖留下來供我們研究。因而蘇頌的(de)《新儀象法要》,在人類文化史上就顯得更為(wei)可貴了。