中國民(min)間神話(hua)傳說(shuo)人物(wu),在昆侖山開天(tian)辟地,盤古神話(hua)敘事見于《三(san)五(wu)歷(li)紀》、《五(wu)運歷(li)年記》、《述異(yi)記》等(deng)。盤古的(de)開天(tian)辟地一說(shuo)最早(zao)出在三(san)國吳人徐整的(de)《三(san)五(wu)歷(li)記》 ,最早(zao)形(xing)象(xiang)見于《廣(guang)博物(wu)志(zhi)》和《乩仙天(tian)地判說(shuo)》為(wei)龍(long)首蛇(she)身或人面蛇(she)身。
一(yi)部分(fen)學者認為也(ye)認為盤古(gu)也(ye)姓方氏,因后來人們以(yi)天圓地(di)方為大,盤古(gu)是中國(guo)神話體系中最古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)神,他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)產生很古(gu)老,長期流(liu)傳在(zai)(zai)人們口頭,直到三國(guo)時(shi)才(cai)由(you)吳國(guo)文人徐整記錄下來。但1986年饒宗頤先生發(fa)表的(de)(de)(de)《盤古(gu)圖考》,指出漢末興平元年,即(ji)公(gong)元194年;饒先生的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)一(yi)成(cheng)果,不僅將(jiang)盤古(gu)出現的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間上(shang)推到公(gong)元二(er)世紀(ji)末,而且在(zai)(zai)研究方法(fa)上(shang),也(ye)提(ti)供了啟迪:神話與宗教是一(yi)個(ge)事物的(de)(de)(de)兩面(mian)體,語(yu)言與神像聯系在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起(qi),兩方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)研究可(ke)以(yi)互證。廣東花都是古(gu)時(shi)“南海盤古(gu)國(guo)”的(de)(de)(de)所在(zai)(zai)地(di)。
盤(pan)古(gu)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)最早出現于(yu)(yu)三國文(wen)人(ren)徐整的(de)(de)(de)(de)《三五歷(li)(li)記》。又(you)有(you)(you)《五運(yun)歷(li)(li)年記》記載其化生(sheng)萬(wan)物(wu)。《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國哲(zhe)學史》教材(cai)引用(yong)了這(zhe)兩(liang)段史料(liao)。對于(yu)(yu)盤(pan)古(gu)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)反映了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國遠古(gu)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真實(shi)情況(kuang),教材(cai)論(lun)證(zheng)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“盤(pan)古(gu)創世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)雖不(bu)見于(yu)(yu)先(xian)秦(qin)文(wen)獻,但正如呂思(si)勉所說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):‘今世(shi)俗無不(bu)知(zhi)有(you)(you)盤(pan)古(gu)氏’,‘蓋(gai)其說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)甚舊,故傳(chuan)之甚廣’。由此推斷,由于(yu)(yu)遠古(gu)時(shi)期沒有(you)(you)文(wen)字,加之我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)又(you)有(you)(you)述而(er)不(bu)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong),因此,這(zhe)一神(shen)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),形諸文(wen)字雖晚,但其內容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)應在(zai)(zai)很早的(de)(de)(de)(de)遠古(gu)時(shi)期,是(shi)千(qian)百(bai)年來中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華先(xian)民口耳相傳(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。”《鑒略(lve)》:“粵有(you)(you)盤(pan)古(gu),生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)太(tai)荒,首(shou)出御世(shi),肇開混(hun)茫。”盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)流傳(chuan)時(shi)間下限至東(dong)漢時(shi)代(dai),敘事見于(yu)(yu)《三五歷(li)(li)紀》、《五運(yun)歷(li)(li)年記》、《述異記》等(deng)。 公元506年南朝(chao)梁人(ren)任昉(fang)在(zai)(zai)《述異記》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記載的(de)(de)(de)(de)“南海(hai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)古(gu)國”,其遺(yi)跡就在(zai)(zai)今廣東(dong)省花都區境(jing)內獅嶺爐山,也是(shi)古(gu)代(dai)瑤族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)居住地。 從《述異記》“今南海(hai)有(you)(you)盤(pan)古(gu)氏墓…桂林(lin)有(you)(you)盤(pan)古(gu)氏廟”等(deng)可知(zhi)歷(li)(li)史上盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)當在(zai)(zai)古(gu)代(dai)百(bai)越族(zu)(zu)系中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)流傳(chuan),盤(pan)古(gu)是(shi)古(gu)越族(zu)(zu)人(ren)自天地初(chu)開形成神(shen)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),是(shi)混(hun)沌大氣旋轉成蛋(dan)形生(sheng)出創世(shi)始祖。
在(zai)中(zhong)國版圖(tu)上,盤(pan)古(gu)的(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)很廣,從(cong)(cong)南到北(bei),從(cong)(cong)東到西,幾乎都(dou)有盤(pan)古(gu)的(de)(de)痕跡。全(quan)國專家(jia)花都(dou)繪(hui)制(zhi)“盤(pan)古(gu)地(di)圖(tu)”,盤(pan)古(gu)遺跡遍(bian)布(bu)全(quan)國但廣東最(zui)多。 南方(fang)百越(yue)族聚(ju)居(ju)地(di)主要為(wei)兩(liang)廣地(di)區(qu),該地(di)為(wei)今瑤(yao)、漢、苗、壯、黎等(deng)族的(de)(de)聚(ju)居(ju)地(di),湖南省文聯(lian)研(yan)究員、神話學者(zhe)龍(long)海清認為(wei):“大量的(de)(de)田野調查發(fa)現(xian),凡是(shi)有盤(pan)古(gu)文化遺存的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang),都(dou)與(yu)苗瑤(yao)古(gu)代先(xian)民曾經活動過或遷徙經過的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)有所關聯(lian)。” 在(zai)專家(jia)們看(kan)來(lai),被(bei)視(shi)為(wei)中(zhong)華民族創(chuang)(chuang)世(shi)神話的(de)(de)盤(pan)古(gu)開(kai)天辟地(di)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo),應(ying)當起源于古(gu)代“百越(yue)”之地(di);而嶺南,甚或說(shuo)廣東先(xian)民,有可能就是(shi)這個人類文明史上最(zui)偉大神話之一的(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)造者(zhe)。
中(zhong)華民(min)族天(tian)地形成(cheng)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)話,著名的當數盤古(gu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)話。它除了漢(han)文古(gu)籍有(you)書(shu)面記(ji)載之外(wai),南方不少民(min)族有(you)活(huo)形態流(liu)(liu)傳。盤古(gu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)話產生流(liu)(liu)傳時(shi)間的下限,以往(wang)人們根據目前(qian)所知(zhi)最(zui)早記(ji)錄者為三國(guo)時(shi)吳(wu)人徐整而定在三國(guo)時(shi)代;1989年,香港學(xue)(xue)者饒宗頤在《中(zhong)央民(min)族學(xue)(xue)院學(xue)(xue)報》當年第二期發表(biao)《盤古(gu)圖考》(1)一文確(que)認,東漢(han)獻帝興(xing)平元(yuan)年(194)益(yi)州學(xue)(xue)堂周公禮殿壁(bi)畫(hua)中(zhong)就已經(jing)出(chu)現盤古(gu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)像(xiang),從而又把下限提前(qian)至東漢(han)時(shi)代。 但是關(guan)于盤古(gu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)話的敘事,最(zui)早還是見于三國(guo)時(shi)吳(wu)國(guo)人徐整所撰的《三五歷紀》。
歷來關于盤古(gu)來源的(de)(de)(de)討論(lun)(lun)可(ke)大(da)體(ti)歸(gui)結為(wei) “本(ben)土(tu)說” 與 “外(wai)來說” 兩種(zhong)主要(yao)觀(guan)點② 。持 “本(ben)土(tu)說” 的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)者主要(yao)從兩方(fang)(fang)面(mian)立論(lun)(lun)。其一沒(mei),多(duo)(duo)將 “盤古(gu)” 與“ 瓠” 相(xiang)聯系(xi),然 瓠本(ben)是神(shen)犬(quan),而盤古(gu)是巨(ju)人;且瓠最(zui)初并無開辟天地(di)、 創生(sheng)萬物的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)跡或(huo)如聞一多(duo)(duo)、常任俠等先生(sheng)認為(wei)盤古(gu)即是伏羲的(de)(de)(de)青轉(zhuan)。李福清已辨其非,這些都是基于所謂音(yin)轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)據.而事跡卻(que)往往不(bu)相(xiang)符合,故結論(lun)(lun)很可(ke)懷(huai)疑。其二(er),多(duo)(duo)有(you)用近(jin)世乃至現當(dang)代搜(sou)集的(de)(de)(de)民(min)族學(xue)二(er)民(min)俗學(xue)材(cai)料來論(lun)(lun)古(gu)代盤古(gu)來源者,這種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)挑戰更(geng)多(duo)(duo)。而持“外(wai)來說’的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)者則大(da)都沒(mei)有(you)正面(mian)回答:如果三國以前沒(mei)有(you)盤古(gu)神(shen)話(hua),中國本(ben)土(tu)文化傳統中又(you)是如何(he)解釋天地(di)生(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)?誰(shui)又(you)是開辟和創世的(de)(de)(de)大(da)神(shen)?此外(wai)。雙方(fang)(fang)學(xue)者在使(shi)用基本(ben)史料時,對史料來源追查不(bu)深,使(shi)原(yuan)本(ben)有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)史料,定年不(bu)清,意涵發掘不(bu)夠,直接影響了對盤古(gu)神(shen)話(hua)傳衍歷程的(de)(de)(de)正確理(li)解。
“本土說(shuo)” 除了王暉的新論,多有(you)主(zhu)張(zhang)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi) “ 盤(pan)(pan)瓠” 的音(yin)轉,盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)傳(chuan)說(shuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)自苗(miao)民盤(pan)(pan)瓠神(shen)(shen)話(hua)者(zhe), 如清人蘇(su)時學(xue)(xue) 《爻山(shan)筆話(hua)》 、 李慈銘 《越縵(man)堂日(ri)記(ji)》 乙集、 民國夏曾佑 《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代史(shi)》 、 聞一多 《 伏羲考》 等。 茅(mao)盾(dun)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)定盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)本發生于(yu)南方(fang), 見 《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國神(shen)(shen)話(hua)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)ABC》,1928 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)版(ban), 此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)據(ju)其 《神(shen)(shen)話(hua)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)》 , 百花文藝出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社 1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)版(ban), 第 163—165 頁(ye)(ye)(ye)。楊(yang)寬認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)同盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)(yu)盤(pan)(pan)瓠的音(yin)轉關系,卻否認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)其出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)自苗(miao)民神(shen)(shen)話(hua),認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)自北方(fang)或西北,見其 《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國上古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)導論》 , 1938年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)刊,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)據(ju) 《古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)辨》 7 冊上編,上海古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)籍(ji)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社 1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)影印本,第 156—175頁(ye)(ye)(ye)。主(zhu)張(zhang)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)來(lai)(lai)自 《山(shan)海經(jing)》 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)燭陰(yin) ( 燭龍)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)者(zhe), 有(you)顧頡剛、楊(yang)向(xiang)奎 《三(san)皇考》,《古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)辨》 7 冊中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)編,第151—155 頁(ye)(ye)(ye)。劉起(qi)(qi) 《開天辟地的神(shen)(shen)話(hua)與(yu)(yu)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)》 , 1988 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)刊,此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)據(ju) 《古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)續辨》,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國社會科(ke)學(xue)(xue)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社1991 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)版(ban), 第74—91 頁(ye)(ye)(ye)等。“外(wai)來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)” 除極少數主(zhu)張(zhang)來(lai)(lai)自巴比倫文化外(wai),更多主(zhu)張(zhang)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)傳(chuan)說(shuo)來(lai)(lai)上古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)話(hua),然也各有(you)不同。有(you)主(zhu)張(zhang)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)原(yuan)型乃(nai) tman 者(zhe),如明人馬(ma)歡(huan) 《瀛涯勝覽》 ;有(you)主(zhu)張(zhang)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei) Brahmā 的音(yin)譯(yi),如何新 《諸神(shen)(shen)的起(qi)(qi)源— — —中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國遠古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)太陽神(shen)(shen)崇拜》,光明日(ri)報出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社 1996 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)版(ban), 第240—249 頁(ye)(ye)(ye)。高木敏(min)雄氏于(yu)1904 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban) 《比較神(shen)(shen)話(hua)學(xue)(xue)》,提出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)吠陀(tuo)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)始巨人布(bu)路沙之說(shuo)。 此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)說(shuo)最(zui)足重(zhong)視,惜(xi)只見葉舒憲《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國神(shen)(shen)話(hua)哲學(xue)(xue)》 , 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國社會科(ke)學(xue)(xue)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社 1992 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)版(ban),第 323—329頁(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)其說(shuo)有(you)引證。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)外(wai),認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)乃(nai)通(tong)過漢末魏晉(jin)間佛經(jing)漢譯(yi)而得傳(chuan)布(bu)者(zhe), 見呂思勉 《盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)考》,《古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)辨》 7 冊中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)編,第 14—15 頁(ye)(ye)(ye)。饒宗頤(yi)(yi) 《安荼論與(yu)(yu)晉(jin)吳間之宇(yu)宙觀(guan)》 , 1965 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)刊, 此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)據(ju) 《饒宗頤(yi)(yi)史(shi)學(xue)(xue)論著選》,上海古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)籍(ji)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社 1993 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)版(ban),第 347—366 頁(ye)(ye)(ye);《圍(wei)陀(tuo)與(yu)(yu)敦煌壁畫》 , 《敦煌吐(tu)魯番學(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)論文集》,漢語大(da)詞典(dian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社 1990 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)版(ban), 第 16—26 頁(ye)(ye)(ye)等。
據《淮(huai)南子》等古(gu)書記載(zai)具(ju)有(you)創世神(shen)(shen)格的(de)(de)(de)是昊天(tian)(tian)上帝、伏羲(xi)等。在東漢中(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)期(qi),因(yin)為(wei)(wei)原(yuan)來(lai)掌管天(tian)(tian)地開(kai)辟(pi)的(de)(de)(de)本土最高神(shen)(shen)太一地位逐漸下(xia)降(jiang),從而為(wei)(wei)一個新的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)辟(pi)大神(shen)(shen)出現提(ti)供了(le)空間。但中(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)人(ren)在接受外來(lai)觀念時,向來(lai)都是進行有(you)選擇的(de)(de)(de)汲納。漢末唐宋(song)間的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)人(ren)接受吠陀(tuo)經典(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)巨人(ren)尸體(ti)化生的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)后(hou),并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)放棄(qi)本土原(yuan)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)氣化宇宙(zhou)論。盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)雖出,盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)雖然逐漸擠(ji)掉太一成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)開(kai)辟(pi)之(zhi)神(shen)(shen),但來(lai)自印度的(de)(de)(de)宇宙(zhou)論觀念卻(que)始終(zhong)不(bu)能夠(gou)取(qu)代中(zhong)(zhong)國固有(you)的(de)(de)(de)宇宙(zhou)生成(cheng)論。自三(san)國至唐宋(song), 盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)文獻記載(zai)之(zhi)所以如(ru)此少見,且多見于“述(shu)異” 之(zhi)記、 道典(dian)秘笈,或是文人(ren)戲謔之(zhi)作,也(ye)應是其實際(ji)影(ying)響有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)一種反映 。20世紀(ji)初被古(gu)史(shi)辨派(pai)戳穿的(de)(de)(de) “自從盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)開(kai)天(tian)(tian)地,三(san)皇五帝到如(ru)今(jin)” 的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)話(hua),也(ye)許本就不(bu)曾(ceng)是宋(song)明以前人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)普遍觀念。
從中(zhong)國(guo)上(shang)古以及先秦時(shi)期(qi)留下的(de)史料看(kan)(kan),在老子(zi)(zi)哲學(xue)之(zhi)前(qian),“天(tian)”或(huo)“帝”是最高信仰之(zhi)神(shen),無論在甲(jia)骨金文(wen)還是在傳世文(wen)獻中(zhong)都是如此。孔子(zi)(zi)述而不(bu)作,好古敏求(qiu),他(ta)說(shuo)“唯天(tian)為大,唯堯則之(zhi)”(《論語(yu)·泰(tai)伯(bo)》),此即以“天(tian)”為最高的(de)范疇,它是堯、舜等古帝王效法的(de)楷模。老子(zi)(zi)原創性地(di)(di)(di)提出“有物混成(cheng),先天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)”(《老子(zi)(zi)》二十五(wu)章),由(you)此,“天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)”才不(bu)再是自古固(gu)有的(de)。于是在以后(hou)的(de)中(zhong)國(guo)哲學(xue)中(zhong),才有了(le)《易傳·系辭(ci)上(shang)》所謂“易有太極(ji)(ji),是生(sheng)(sheng)兩(liang)儀(yi)”(按“兩(liang)儀(yi)”即天(tian)地(di)(di)(di),《系辭(ci)上(shang)》在“易有太極(ji)(ji),是生(sheng)(sheng)兩(liang)儀(yi)”句(ju)后(hou)有云“是故法象莫(mo)大乎天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)”),《莊子(zi)(zi)·大宗(zong)師》所謂“夫(fu)道有情有信……自古以固(gu)存,神(shen)鬼神(shen)帝,生(sheng)(sheng)天(tian)生(sheng)(sheng)地(di)(di)(di)”,以及《淮南子(zi)(zi)·天(tian)文(wen)訓》所謂“道始于虛霩(kuo),虛霩(kuo)生(sheng)(sheng)宇宙,宇宙生(sheng)(sheng)氣……清陽者(zhe)薄(bo)靡而為天(tian),重濁(zhuo)者(zhe)凝滯而為地(di)(di)(di)”。從這一思想的(de)發展脈絡看(kan)(kan),沒有任(ren)何根據說(shuo)盤古開天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)創世神(shen)話在老子(zi)(zi)哲學(xue)之(zhi)前(qian)就有了(le),而只能(neng)說(shuo)其產生(sheng)(sheng)于漢代(dai)哲學(xue)之(zhi)后(hou)。
如(ru)許多研究盤古傳說的論著所引,先秦時期追問(wen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)的起源,較為(wei)典型(xing)的史料是屈原《天(tian)(tian)(tian)問(wen)》所謂。史料的背景應是老(lao)子提出(chu)了(le)“有物(wu)(wu)混成,先天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)”,又云:“道(dao)生(sheng)(sheng)一,一生(sheng)(sheng)二(er)(er),二(er)(er)生(sheng)(sheng)三,三生(sheng)(sheng)萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)。萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)負(fu)陰而(er)抱陽,沖氣以為(wei)和。”(《老(lao)子》四十(shi)二(er)(er)章)屈原是就此(ci)而(er)追問(wen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)如(ru)何(he)產生(sheng)(sheng)的究竟,其中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)提到了(le)“女歧無合,夫焉(yan)取九(jiu)子”、“女媧(wa)有體,孰制匠之”等神(shen)話(hua),這些神(shen)話(hua)都是講天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)開辟以后(hou)的事,人(ren)們從中(zhong)(zhong)看不出(chu)有盤古開天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)的線(xian)索。
呂思勉(mian)在(zai)《盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)考》中(zhong)把《述異記(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)“先儒說(shuo)”、“古(gu)說(shuo)”和(he)“吳楚間說(shuo)”區別于(yu)(yu)《三(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)(ji)》之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)和(he)《述異記(ji)(ji)》的(de)(de)首兩說(shuo),這對于(yu)(yu)人們(men)分析(xi)中(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)神(shen)話(hua)與“盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)開(kai)(kai)天地”神(shen)話(hua)的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)仍是(shi)有意(yi)義的(de)(de)。呂思勉(mian)認為(wei)(wei)(wei),《述異記(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)后(hou)三(san)說(shuo)與《山海經》中(zhong)的(de)(de)“鐘山之(zhi)(zhi)神(shen),名曰燭陰,視為(wei)(wei)(wei)晝,瞑為(wei)(wei)(wei)夜,吹為(wei)(wei)(wei)冬,呼為(wei)(wei)(wei)夏”云(yun)云(yun)有相似之(zhi)(zhi)處。人們(men)可以看出,中(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)關于(yu)(yu)伏羲、女(nv)媧以及神(shen)農、黃帝等(deng)等(deng)的(de)(de)神(shen)話(hua)傳說(shuo),也與《山海經》中(zhong)的(de)(de)神(shen)話(hua)傳說(shuo)大致屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)一類(lei),即它們(men)都是(shi)講“天地開(kai)(kai)辟”以后(hou)的(de)(de)事,而(er)不(bu)是(shi)講類(lei)似于(yu)(yu)“盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)開(kai)(kai)天地”的(de)(de)創世(shi)神(shen)話(hua)。因此,即便是(shi)“盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)”與“伏羲”音近相通,“盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)”是(shi)從“伏羲”演變而(er)來的(de)(de)話(hua),那(nei)么,此“盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)”的(de)(de)前身也并非后(hou)來那(nei)位“開(kai)(kai)天辟地”的(de)(de)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)。
學界又有(you)“盤(pan)古(gu)”與(yu)“槃(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)”音(yin)近相(xiang)通的(de)(de)(de)觀點,而(er)關于槃(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)始(shi)自《后(hou)漢(han)書·南(nan)(nan)蠻傳(chuan)》。按“高(gao)辛氏(shi)”即(ji)傳(chuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“五(wu)帝”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)帝嚳,是(shi)(shi)黃帝的(de)(de)(de)曾(ceng)孫,在(zai)少昊、顓頊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),堯、舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)。“犬戎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寇”發生在(zai)西(xi)周時(shi)期(qi),故而(er)關于“槃(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)”的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)當是(shi)(shi)西(xi)周以后(hou)所編造。夏(xia)曾(ceng)佑在(zai)《中國歷史教科書》中說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“今(jin)按盤(pan)古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名,古(gu)籍不見,疑(yi)非漢(han)族舊有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),或(huo)盤(pan)古(gu)、槃(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)音(yin)近,槃(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)蠻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祖……故南(nan)(nan)海獨(du)有(you)盤(pan)古(gu)墓,桂林又有(you)盤(pan)古(gu)祠。不然,吾族古(gu)皇并在(zai)北方,何盤(pan)古(gu)獨(du)居南(nan)(nan)荒哉?”童書業認為(wei)(wei)(wei),夏(xia)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)個(ge)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法是(shi)(shi)對的(de)(de)(de),但(dan)也有(you)疑(yi)問:“為(wei)(wei)(wei)什么(me)南(nan)(nan)蠻民族的(de)(de)(de)祖先會(hui)得(de)變為(wei)(wei)(wei)開(kai)天辟(pi)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)人物?” 呂思勉(mian)在(zai)《盤(pan)古(gu)考(kao)》中說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),對夏(xia)氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法“予昔亦信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),今(jin)乃(nai)知其(qi)非也”,“凡神話傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),雖(sui)今(jin)古(gu)不同(tong),必有(you)沿襲轉(zhuan)移(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)跡,未有(you)若(ruo)盤(pan)古(gu)、槃(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),絕(jue)不蒙者(zhe)(zhe)” 。確實,“盤(pan)古(gu)”與(yu)“槃(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)”雖(sui)然音(yin)近相(xiang)通,但(dan)是(shi)(shi)前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“開(kai)天辟(pi)地(di)”的(de)(de)(de)創世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神,后(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)只是(shi)(shi)“高(gao)辛氏(shi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帝犬或(huo)南(nan)(nan)蠻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)祖,二者(zhe)(zhe)相(xiang)差懸(xuan)殊(shu),絕(jue)不相(xiang)蒙。
依呂思勉、饒宗頤等(deng)學者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),《三(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)(ji)》和《述異記(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)“盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)開天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)”創世(shi)神話(hua)本源于(yu)(yu)印度,是在(zai)佛教東傳(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后“雜(za)彼(bi)外(wai)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)而(er)(er)(er)成”。既然是“雜(za)彼(bi)外(wai)道”,那么其中(zhong)就(jiu)也(ye)含有中(zhong)國本土(tu)的(de)(de)成分(fen)。如(ru)佛典《摩登伽經(jing)》述及外(wai)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圍陀(tuo)多變(bian)。而(er)(er)(er)在(zai)《三(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)(ji)》的(de)(de)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)中(zhong)則是:“盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)在(zai)其中(zhong),一(yi)日九(jiu)(jiu)變(bian),神于(yu)(yu)天(tian),圣于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)……數(shu)起于(yu)(yu)一(yi),立于(yu)(yu)三(san),成于(yu)(yu)五(wu),盛(sheng)于(yu)(yu)七(qi),處(chu)于(yu)(yu)九(jiu)(jiu),故天(tian)去地(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)(jiu)萬里(li)。”按(an)《三(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)(ji)》的(de)(de)“九(jiu)(jiu)變(bian)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是取于(yu)(yu)《周(zhou)易(yi)(yi)(yi)》的(de)(de)“天(tian)陽”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數(shu),與漢(han)(han)代的(de)(de)易(yi)(yi)(yi)學有密切的(de)(de)關系(xi)。如(ru)《京房易(yi)(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)》卷下(xia)云:“一(yi)、三(san)、五(wu)、七(qi)、九(jiu)(jiu),陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)。”《易(yi)(yi)(yi)緯·乾鑿(zao)度》云:“易(yi)(yi)(yi)變(bian)而(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi),一(yi)變(bian)而(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi),七(qi)變(bian)而(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)九(jiu)(jiu),九(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)氣變(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)究也(ye)……一(yi)者(zhe)形變(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始,清輕(qing)上為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian),濁(zhuo)重(zhong)下(xia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)。”漢(han)(han)代的(de)(de)易(yi)(yi)(yi)學本于(yu)(yu)先秦的(de)(de)《老子》和《易(yi)(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)》,由(you)一(yi)氣而(er)(er)(er)分(fen)化(hua)出天(tian)地(di)(di)(di),即《淮(huai)南(nan)子·天(tian)文訓》所謂“清陽者(zhe)薄靡而(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian),重(zhong)濁(zhuo)者(zhe)凝滯而(er)(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)”,這在(zai)秦漢(han)(han)以(yi)后成為(wei)(wei)(wei)儒、道兩家普遍認可(ke)的(de)(de)常識。《三(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)(ji)》的(de)(de)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)神話(hua)也(ye)講(jiang)(jiang)“陽輕(qing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian),陰(yin)濁(zhuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)”,這在(zai)兩漢(han)(han)儒、道學說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)背景(jing)下(xia)毫不(bu)足奇(qi),然而(er)(er)(er)它一(yi)定是講(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)老子哲學之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)可(ke)能發生(sheng)在(zai)老子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前的(de)(de)中(zhong)國遠(yuan)古(gu)。“陽輕(qing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian),陰(yin)濁(zhuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)”本是講(jiang)(jiang)由(you)一(yi)氣分(fen)化(hua)出天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)自(zi)然演(yan)化(hua),所謂“陽輕(qing)”“陰(yin)濁(zhuo)”就(jiu)是講(jiang)(jiang)天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)分(fen)化(hua)的(de)(de)原因,而(er)(er)(er)《三(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)(ji)》又把(ba)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)成是開天(tian)辟(pi)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)創世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神,這就(jiu)是“雜(za)彼(bi)外(wai)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)而(er)(er)(er)成”了。
《五運歷年記》所謂(wei)“元(yuan)氣蒙鴻,萌芽茲始(shi),遂分天地,肇立乾坤,啟陰感陽,分布元(yuan)氣,乃孕中和(he),是為(wei)人也(ye)”,這也(ye)是中國本土(tu)之說(shuo),惟后(hou)面的“首生(sheng)盤古,垂死化身”云(yun)云(yun)乃是“雜(za)彼外道之說(shuo)”。中國古代的氣論(lun)思想在先秦(qin)時期已有較(jiao)高程度的發展,而“元(yuan)氣”概念始(shi)見于戰國末期的《鹖冠(guan)子》,至漢代乃大為(wei)流行。《五運歷年記》講(jiang)“元(yuan)氣蒙鴻”,這也(ye)只(zhi)能是發生(sheng)在漢代以后(hou),而不可(ke)能為(wei)先秦(qin)或中國遠古之說(shuo)。
依呂思勉、饒(rao)宗頤等學者的(de)考(kao)述,盤古(gu)開(kai)天(tian)地(di)的(de)創(chuang)世神話產生于(yu)佛(fo)教(jiao)東傳之(zhi)后,不應早于(yu)東漢末年。在此之(zhi)前,盤古(gu)之(zhi)神不見于(yu)中國的(de)古(gu)籍(ji)和(he)古(gu)畫。然而在此之(zhi)后,卻“傳之(zhi)甚廣”,不僅見于(yu)《藝文類(lei)聚(ju)》、《太平(ping)御覽》、《繹史(shi)》、《通鑒續編》、《唐開(kai)元占(zhan)經》、《古(gu)今律歷考(kao)》等類(lei)書(shu)、史(shi)書(shu)和(he)天(tian)文學著作,而且(qie)也(ye)被漢魏以后的(de)神仙道教(jiao)所吸收。如傳為葛(ge)洪所作的(de)《枕(zhen)中書(shu)》。
“盤古”成為道(dao)(dao)教的“元始(shi)天(tian)王”,這當(dang)然也(ye)是(shi)“雜彼外道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)說而成”了(le)。見(jian)《云(yun)笈七簽(qian)》卷三《天(tian)尊老君名號歷(li)劫經略》。 在這里(li),“盤古”已由(you)創世(shi)之(zhi)神降格為“天(tian)尊老君”的下(xia)屬。又《云(yun)笈七簽(qian)》卷五(wu)十六《諸(zhu)家(jia)氣法》。 顯然,這是(shi)在《易(yi)緯(wei)·乾鑿(zao)度》的“五(wu)太(tai)”(即(ji)太(tai)易(yi)、太(tai)初、太(tai)始(shi)、太(tai)素、太(tai)極)之(zhi)說的后面再加上《五(wu)運(yun)歷(li)年記》的盤古神話。又明(ming)代邢云(yun)路《古經律歷(li)考》卷二(er)十八在“道(dao)(dao)藏(zang)”條下(xia)有云(yun):
道言太(tai)(tai)上靈(ling)寶(bao),先天(tian)(tian)地(di)而生,然(ran)后有(you)天(tian)(tian)地(di)。數起于(yu)一(yi),立(li)于(yu)三(san),成于(yu)五,盛于(yu)七,極于(yu)九(jiu),故天(tian)(tian)去地(di)九(jiu)萬里。雖然(ran)這里講(jiang)的是道教的“太(tai)(tai)上靈(ling)寶(bao)”,而沒有(you)講(jiang)“盤古(gu)”,但“數起于(yu)一(yi)……極于(yu)九(jiu),故天(tian)(tian)去地(di)九(jiu)萬里”則分明是取自(zi)《三(san)五歷記》的盤古(gu)神話(hua)。
不僅道教吸收了盤古神話(hua),而且在儒、釋著作中(zhong)也有采(cai)納盤古之說(shuo)者(zhe)。如宋(song)代(dai)理學(xue)家胡宏所作《皇王大紀》,雖然認為(wei)(wei)“世傳天地之初如雞子(zi),盤古氏(shi)(shi)以身(shen)變化”云云乃“訛失其(qi)真”,但仍以盤古氏(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)“三才(cai)首君(jun)”(《繹史》卷一所謂“作史者(zhe)目為(wei)(wei)三才(cai)首君(jun),何異說(shuo)夢”,即是針對此)。
從盤古神(shen)話(hua)(hua)在(zai)(zai)漢(han)魏以后(hou)“傳之甚(shen)(shen)廣”,被(bei)廣泛吸收并加(jia)以多種演繹看(kan),在(zai)(zai)中古國(guo)西南(nan)少數民(min)(min)族(zu)中有(you)把“檠瓠”祖先演變為“盤古”者(zhe),將其傳唱(chang)為“開天(tian)辟地生(sheng)乾坤(kun),生(sheng)得(de)乾坤(kun)生(sheng)萬(wan)物(wu)(wu),生(sheng)得(de)萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)人最靈(ling)”的(de)創世之神(shen) ;又有(you)學(xue)者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)上世紀80年代經(jing)民(min)(min)間采風調查,訪(fang)得(de)在(zai)(zai)河南(nan)桐柏山一(yi)帶有(you)盤古山、盤古廟以及“盤古出世,開辟天(tian)地,補(bu)天(tian)、戰(zhan)洪水、除猛獸(shou),發明衣服”等(deng)神(shen)話(hua)(hua);這些少數民(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)盤古“史詩”和(he)中原地區的(de)盤古“神(shen)話(hua)(hua)群”,雖(sui)然都有(you)一(yi)定的(de)依據,但實際上同漢(han)代以后(hou)文獻中的(de)盤古傳說一(yi)樣,只能說明其“傳之甚(shen)(shen)廣”并有(you)多種演繹,而無(wu)任(ren)何證據足以說明其發生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)老子哲(zhe)學(xue)之前。
一個時期以來,有(you)關盤古(gu)(gu)神話(hua)的(de)(de)淵源(yuan),學界眾說紛(fen)紜,莫衷一是,尤其值得(de)注意的(de)(de)是,有(you)的(de)(de)學者認為,盤古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)名最早見(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)三(san)國吳人徐整(zheng)的(de)(de)《三(san)五歷紀(ji)》、 《五運歷年記(ji)》中,先(xian)秦著作無盤古(gu)(gu)名號,并以“盤古(gu)(gu)入籍(ji)晚”為由,來否定(ding)盤古(gu)(gu)神話(hua)的(de)(de)原始性(xing)和民(min)族性(xing),提(ti)出不(bu)應把盤古(gu)(gu)神話(hua)列為中華民(min)族的(de)(de)先(xian)民(min)創世(shi)神話(hua)。這(zhe)種說法雖然失之(zhi)(zhi)偏頗,卻帶(dai)有(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)普(pu)遍性(xing)。對此(ci),必須作出應有(you)的(de)(de)回答(da)。三(san)國之(zhi)(zhi)前真的(de)(de)沒有(you)盤古(gu)(gu)神話(hua)嗎?三(san)國之(zhi)(zhi)前,不(bu)但有(you)盤古(gu)(gu)神話(hua)存在,而且(qie)在民(min)間已(yi)經廣泛流傳,也有(you)文字記(ji)載(zai),相(xiang)當詳(xiang)盡(jin)成熟。
民(min)(min)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)盤古傳說(shuo)早(zao)于(yu)歷(li)史典(dian)籍的(de)(de)(de)記載,但是民(min)(min)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)傳說(shuo)究竟起于(yu)何時何地卻一直苦無確切的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史記載。從邏(luo)輯(ji)上(shang)(shang)來說(shuo),最早(zao)傳播盤古文化的(de)(de)(de)地方應該(gai)是傳說(shuo)中盤古開天辟(pi)地的(de)(de)(de)所(suo)在(zai)——盤古山。從流傳時間(jian)上(shang)(shang)看(kan)(kan)當早(zao)于(yu)秦漢(han),從流傳的(de)(de)(de)地域空間(jian)上(shang)(shang)看(kan)(kan),是在(zai)“吳楚(chu)間(jian)” 。
在(zai)李元星所著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)《甲骨文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)殷前古史》一書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong),作者(zhe)在(zai)殷卜辭(ci)(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)查到有(you)關盤(pan)古、王(wang)母(mu)、虙(fu)農黃即三(san)皇祀(si)典的(de)(de)(de)卜辭(ci)(ci)約190條(tiao)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)古6條(tiao)、用虎祭祀(si)的(de)(de)(de)王(wang)母(mu)1條(tiao)、虙(fu)(伏羲)、(神(shen))農約20條(tiao)、“虙(fu)列山(shan)”三(san)字單、雙、繁、簡四式合(he)文(wen)(wen)約40條(tiao)、黃帝不(bu)下(xia)百條(tiao)。遂從卜辭(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)祭祀(si)對象中(zhong)(zhong)發現并歸納出殷人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)盤(pan)古→王(wang)母(mu)→三(san)皇→五帝的(de)(de)(de)古史知識體系。作者(zhe)還尤具苦(ku)心(xin)地以一百八(ba)十多(duo)條(tiao)卜辭(ci)(ci)(見本書(shu)第(di)21頁)論定了中(zhong)(zhong)華文(wen)(wen)明“人(ren)文(wen)(wen)初(chu)祖”黃帝的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際存在(zai),使疑古派(pai)不(bu)攻自破(po)。
有(you)(you)“活的化石(shi)”之稱的原(yuan)始神話(hua),不單純是(shi)人類(lei)童年社會(hui)先(xian)(xian)民憑(ping)原(yuan)始思(si)維(wei)創作的“口(kou)頭文(wen)學”,也具有(you)(you)原(yuan)始先(xian)(xian)民向后世(shi)傳遞(di)史料信息的意(yi)義。而古(gu)石(shi)初畫、初文(wen)古(gu)字則是(shi)原(yuan)始神話(hua)的載(zai)體(ti)。往往一個古(gu)代石(shi)刻、一個原(yuan)始符號,能充分地(di)反映(ying)出(chu)原(yuan)始先(xian)(xian)民的文(wen)化思(si)維(wei)活動,為我們揭示早(zao)期人類(lei)文(wen)化思(si)維(wei)活動提(ti)供了最(zui)直接、最(zui)可靠的素材(cai)。在中(zhong)國出(chu)土的銅器(qi)時代的一個方鼎上,有(you)(you)一個奇特別(bie)致的符號。
它(ta)所表(biao)達(da)的(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)什么呢?根據郭沫(mo)若(ruo)等(deng)學者(zhe)對甲(jia)骨文(wen)中“盤(pan)”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)正確認識和先存(cun)在于(yu)中國(guo)又在世界上(shang)多(duo)處出(chu)現的(de)(de)十(shi)字(zi)(zi)崇拜(bai)之(zhi)十(shi)字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)原始含意,可(ke)以認定,符(fu)號的(de)(de)兩邊是(shi)“盤(pan)”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)初文(wen)簡(jian)刻(ke),中間之(zhi)空(kong)心十(shi)字(zi)(zi)圖案,乃(nai)是(shi)十(shi)字(zi)(zi)崇拜(bai)的(de)(de)上(shang)神,是(shi)代表(biao)神祖的(de)(de)符(fu)號,這(zhe)個符(fu)號應當念(nian)為“盤(pan)古(gu)”,有(you)如中國(guo)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)中的(de)(de)單純詞尷尬、囹圄等(deng)一樣是(shi)不(bu)能分(fen)開使用的(de)(de),只不(bu)過(guo)這(zhe)個符(fu)號把(ba)盤(pan)古(gu)二字(zi)(zi)合而為一了。這(zhe)種簡(jian)樸古(gu)拙的(de)(de)作法倒(dao)也符(fu)合萬物(wu)起始也簡(jian)的(de)(de)道理。此符(fu)號雖見之(zhi)于(yu)銅(tong)器(qi)之(zhi)上(shang),但不(bu)可(ke)以說它(ta)就(jiu)產生于(yu)銅(tong)器(qi)時(shi)代。
其實,它在(zai)銅器時代之前就已經產生(sheng)。由(you)于生(sheng)產力的(de)(de)(de)限制,人們只能(neng)把這一神(shen)圣的(de)(de)(de)符號記(ji)在(zai)心里。而進入銅器時代之后,人們才(cai)有(you)(you)能(neng)力把它形之于銅器。在(zai)史前社會,既有(you)(you)盤古(gu)(gu)之名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)載,理(li)應有(you)(you)盤古(gu)(gu)之事(shi)、盤古(gu)(gu)神(shen)話在(zai)史前社會的(de)(de)(de)存在(zai),已經不是問題(ti)了(le)。還有(you)(you)一個(ge)更能(neng)說明問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)例證(zheng),那(nei)就是云(yun)南滄源巖(yan)畫。
據專家考證,這幅巖畫為二(er)萬(wan)年前原(yuan)始(shi)人的作(zuo)品,巖畫的內容是:一(yi)(yi)人頭上(shang)發出(chu)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)之光(guang)芒,左(zuo)手(shou)握一(yi)(yi)石(shi)斧,右手(shou)拿手(shou)一(yi)(yi)木把(ba)(ba),兩腿直立(li)傲視一(yi)(yi)切。這種形(xing)象(xiang)與盤古(gu)立(li)于(yu)天(tian)地之間,用(yong)斧頭劈開混沌開天(tian)辟(pi)地的傳說正相契合。至于(yu)人首所呈現(xian)的太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)之狀,則是反映了原(yuan)始(shi)先民對太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)神的崇拜(bai),也是對盤古(gu)把(ba)(ba)溫(wen)暖送給人間的希(xi)望祈盼,對此,我們完全有理由把(ba)(ba)它看作(zuo)是盤古(gu)神話的原(yuan)始(shi)因子。據此,盤古(gu)神話信仰在二(er)萬(wan)年前就(jiu)已誕生。
大(da)王(wang)巖畫(hua)出現于(yu)麻栗坡縣,根據《文(wen)山(shan)學院(yuan)學報》刊載諸篇論(lun)文(wen)和《中國文(wen)明起源》、《人類文(wen)明溯源》、《史前易學》等(deng)著(zhu)作的研究(jiu)成(cheng)果(guo),大(da)王(wang)巖畫(hua)的兩巨人像具有如下特點(dian):
1.頂天(tian)立(li)地的畫像(xiang),在大(da)王(wang)巖(yan)畫當(dang)中出現了。而且(qie)確實是(shi)“神于天(tian),圣于地。天(tian)日(ri)高一丈,盤(pan)古日(ri)長一丈”。
2.大王(wang)巖畫的(de)兩巨(ju)人像(xiang)出(chu)現了以(yi)手指表(biao)示(shi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字,以(yi)奇偶數(shu)(shu)(shu)字表(biao)示(shi)男女的(de)畫像(xiang),可(ke)以(yi)肯定“陽清為(wei)天,陰濁為(wei)地(di)(di)。盤古(gu)在其中(zhong),一日九變,神(shen)于(yu)天,圣(sheng)于(yu)地(di)(di)。天日高一丈,盤古(gu)日長一丈。如(ru)此(ci)萬八千歲,天數(shu)(shu)(shu)極(ji)高,地(di)(di)數(shu)(shu)(shu)極(ji)深(shen),盤古(gu)極(ji)長”這(zhe)樣的(de)神(shen)話傳說,有大王(wang)巖畫這(zhe)樣的(de)考古(gu)證據(ju)支持(chi)。
3.大王巖(yan)(yan)畫有“天地(di)混沌如雞子,盤古生其中,萬八千歲”的(de)證(zheng)據。這(zhe)個證(zheng)據出現在(zai)什(shen)么地(di)方(fang)呢?出現在(zai)大王巖(yan)(yan)畫兩(liang)巨人像的(de)頭(tou)上。現在(zai),我要重點討論(lun)這(zhe)個問(wen)題:
大王(wang)巖畫出現了(le)盤(pan)古(gu)神話所需要的(de)諸種(zhong)要素,可證大王(wang)巖畫就是盤(pan)古(gu)開天地的(de)考古(gu)證據!
《三(san)五(wu)歷記》:天(tian)(tian)地混沌如雞子(zi),盤古生其中。萬(wan)八千歲,天(tian)(tian)地開辟,陽清為天(tian)(tian),陰濁為地。盤古在(zai)其中,一(yi)日(ri)九(jiu)(jiu)變,神(shen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian),圣于(yu)(yu)(yu)地。天(tian)(tian)日(ri)高(gao)一(yi)丈,地日(ri)厚一(yi)丈,盤古日(ri)長一(yi)丈。如此萬(wan)八千歲,天(tian)(tian)數極高(gao),地數極深(shen),盤古極長。后乃有(you)三(san)皇。數起于(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi),立于(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san),成于(yu)(yu)(yu)五(wu),盛于(yu)(yu)(yu)七,處于(yu)(yu)(yu)九(jiu)(jiu),故天(tian)(tian)去地九(jiu)(jiu)萬(wan)里。(《藝文類聚》卷一(yi)引(yin),并見《繹史》卷一(yi)引(yin))
《五(wu)運歷年記(ji)》云:元氣(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)鴻(hong),萌(meng)芽茲始,遂分天(tian)地(di),肇立乾坤,啟陰感(gan)陽,分布元氣(qi)(qi),乃孕中(zhong)和,是(shi)為(wei)(wei)人也(ye)。首生盤古,垂死化身,氣(qi)(qi)成風云,聲為(wei)(wei)雷霆,左眼(yan)為(wei)(wei)日,右(you)眼(yan)為(wei)(wei)月,四肢五(wu)體為(wei)(wei)四極五(wu)岳,血液為(wei)(wei)江河,筋脈為(wei)(wei)地(di)理(li),肌肉為(wei)(wei)田土,發(fa)髭為(wei)(wei)星辰,皮毛為(wei)(wei)草木,齒骨為(wei)(wei)金石,精髓為(wei)(wei)珠玉(yu),汗流為(wei)(wei)雨(yu)澤,身之諸蟲因風所感(gan),化為(wei)(wei)黎(li)甿。(《繹史》卷一引,明董斯(si)張《廣博物志(zhi)》卷九引)
《述異(yi)記》云:盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),天(tian)地萬物之(zhi)(zhi)祖(zu)也。然則生物始(shi)(shi)于(yu)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。昔盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)死(si)也,頭為(wei)(wei)四岳(yue)(yue),目為(wei)(wei)日(ri)月,脂膏為(wei)(wei)江海,毛發為(wei)(wei)草木。秦漢間(jian)俗說(shuo),盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)頭為(wei)(wei)東(dong)岳(yue)(yue),腹為(wei)(wei)中岳(yue)(yue),左臂為(wei)(wei)南(nan)岳(yue)(yue),右(you)臂為(wei)(wei)北岳(yue)(yue),足為(wei)(wei)西(xi)岳(yue)(yue)。先儒(ru)說(shuo),泣為(wei)(wei)江河,氣為(wei)(wei)風聲(sheng)為(wei)(wei)雷,目瞳(tong)為(wei)(wei)電。古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)說(shuo),喜為(wei)(wei)晴,怒為(wei)(wei)陰(yin)。吳楚間(jian)說(shuo),盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)夫妻,陰(yin)陽之(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)(shi)也。今南(nan)海有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)墓,亙(gen)三百余里。俗云后人追葬盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)魂也。(《繹史》卷一引,《述異(yi)記》中有(you)(you)記任昉(fang)死(si)后之(zhi)(zhi)事,因而(er)諸多(duo)學者(zhe)(zhe)以為(wei)(wei)此(ci)(ci)書托(tuo)名(ming)而(er)作,亦有(you)(you)學者(zhe)(zhe)認為(wei)(wei)任昉(fang)原作,后人有(you)(you)增補。此(ci)(ci)處盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)條文,有(you)(you)學者(zhe)(zhe)云抄(chao)襲(xi)增改《灌畦(qi)暇語》,是非(fei)后辨(bian))
宋黃休復《益(yi)州名(ming)畫(hua)(hua)錄》‘無畫(hua)(hua)有名(ming)’條(tiao)記:‘《益(yi)州學館記》云:獻帝(di)興平元年,陳留高朕為益(yi)州太守,更葺成都玉堂石(shi)室(shi),東別創(chuang)一石(shi)室(shi),自(zi)為周(zhou)公禮殿,其壁(bi)上圖畫(hua)(hua)盤(pan)古(gu)、李老等神及歷代帝(di)王(wang)之像。’(碑(bei)文殘(can)缺,補自(zi)《益(yi)州名(ming)畫(hua)(hua)錄》)
《枕(zhen)中書》有(you)云(yun):昔(xi)二(er)儀未分,瞑涬(xing)鴻蒙,未有(you)成形,天地(di)(di)日月未具,狀(zhuang)如雞子(zi),混沌玄黃(huang),已有(you)盤古真人,天地(di)(di)之精,自號元(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)(shi)天王,游乎其中。……復經(jing)四劫,二(er)儀始(shi)(shi)分,相(xiang)去(qu)三(san)(san)萬(wan)六(liu)千里。……復經(jing)二(er)劫,忽(hu)生(sheng)太(tai)元(yuan)(yuan)玉女……號曰太(tai)元(yuan)(yuan)圣母。元(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)(shi)君(jun)下游見(jian)之,乃與通氣(qi)結精,招還上宮。……元(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)(shi)君(jun)經(jing)一劫,乃一施太(tai)元(yuan)(yuan)母,生(sheng)天皇(huang)十(shi)三(san)(san)頭(tou)……后生(sheng)地(di)(di)皇(huang),地(di)(di)皇(huang)十(shi)一頭(tou),地(di)(di)皇(huang)生(sheng)人皇(huang)九(jiu)頭(tou),各治(zhi)三(san)(san)萬(wan)六(liu)千歲。
《云笈七(qi)簽(qian)》卷三:神人(ren)氏出生,其狀(zhuang)神異(yi),若盤(pan)古(gu)真人(ren),亦號(hao)盤(pan)古(gu)。即是(shi)無劫蒼生、萬物,之(zhi)所(suo)承(cheng)也(ye)。以(yi)(yi)己(ji)形狀(zhuang),類象。分別天(tian)(tian)(tian)地、日月、星辰、陰陽、四時、五行、九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)宮(gong)、八卦、六甲、山川(chuan)、河(he)海,不能決定(ding)。故,以(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)中元景元年七(qi)月一日,上登太(tai)極(ji)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)王上啟元始太(tai)上天(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun),更授《神寶三皇內經》,并《靈寶五符經》。老君下降,授。神人(ren)氏得斯經。下世則按《經》、《圖》,分畫天(tian)(tian)(tian)地名。前劫高上真人(ren),更新開乎,造化(hua)時事。故,昧。前皇圣人(ren),功(gong)用所(suo)以(yi)(yi)于此,而為(wei)更始。但(dan),世人(ren)相聚,只(zhi)知(zhi)由此盤(pan)古(gu)。豈明今(jin)天(tian)(tian)(tian)前始之(zhi)初(chu),復有盤(pan)古(gu)者哉?!所(suo)以(yi)(yi),自(zi)斯盤(pan)古(gu),以(yi)(yi)道治世,萬九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)千九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)百九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)十九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)載。白日升仙(xian),上昆(kun)侖,登太(tai)清。天(tian)(tian)(tian)中授號(hao),曰:元始天(tian)(tian)(tian)王。
《云笈七(qi)簽》卷三《天尊老君(jun)(jun)名號(hao)(hao)歷(li)劫經(jing)略》有(you)云:老君(jun)(jun)至開冥(ming)賢劫之時,托生(sheng)榑桑太(tai)常玉帝(di)天宮(gong),以法授榑桑大帝(di),號(hao)(hao)曰無(wu)(wu)極太(tai)上(shang)大道(dao)君(jun)(jun),亦號(hao)(hao)曰最上(shang)至真正一真人,亦號(hao)(hao)曰無(wu)(wu)上(shang)虛(xu)皇(huang)元(yuan)始天尊。在(zai)元(yuan)陽之上(shang),則無(wu)(wu)極上(shang)上(shang)清微天中高(gao)上(shang)虛(xu)皇(huang)道(dao)君(jun)(jun)也。……爾(er)時盤古(gu)(gu)真人因立功(gong)(gong)德,見(jian)召(zhao)于(yu)天中。盤古(gu)(gu)乃稽首元(yuan)始虛(xu)皇(huang)道(dao)君(jun)(jun),請受《靈寶內(nei)經(jing)》三百七(qi)十五卷。時高(gao)上(shang)虛(xu)皇(huang)太(tai)上(shang)道(dao)君(jun)(jun)則授以《三皇(huang)內(nei)經(jing)》三十六卷。而盤古(gu)(gu)真人乃法則斯經(jing),運行功(gong)(gong)用,成天立地(di),化(hua)造(zao)萬物。
《云(yun)(yun)(yun)笈(ji)七簽》卷五十六(liu)《諸家氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)法》有(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun):混(hun)沌(dun)之先,太(tai)(tai)無空焉。混(hun)沌(dun)之始(shi),太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)寄(ji)焉。……窈(yao)窈(yao)冥冥,是(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)易。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)未(wei)形,漸為(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)初。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)始(shi)萌,次謂(wei)太(tai)(tai)始(shi)。形氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)始(shi)端,又(you)謂(wei)太(tai)(tai)素。形氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)質(zhi),復謂(wei)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)。……元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)先清,升上為(wei)(wei)(wei)天;元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)后濁,降下為(wei)(wei)(wei)地。……洎乎元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙鴻,萌芽茲始(shi),啟陰感陽,分布(bu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),乃孕中和(he)(he),是(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人矣。首生(sheng)盤古,垂死化身,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)成(cheng)風云(yun)(yun)(yun),聲為(wei)(wei)(wei)雷霆,左眼為(wei)(wei)(wei)日,右眼為(wei)(wei)(wei)月(yue)……身之諸蟲因風所感,化為(wei)(wei)(wei)黎甿。
東吳韋昭《洞紀》:世(shi)俗相傳為盤古一日七十化,覆(fu)為天(tian),偃為地(di),八萬(wan)歲乃(nai)死。(唐釋澄觀《大方廣佛華嚴(yan)經隨疏演(yan)義鈔》卷四二(er)引(yin))
《三(san)王歷》:天地渾沌,盤(pan)古(gu)生其(qi)中(zhong)。一(yi)(yi)日九(jiu)(jiu)變,神于(yu)天,圣(sheng)于(yu)地,主于(yu)天地。天日高一(yi)(yi)丈,地日厚一(yi)(yi)丈,盤(pan)古(gu)亦長(chang)一(yi)(yi)丈,如此萬八千年(nian),然后天地開(kai)辟(pi)。盤(pan)古(gu)龍身人首,首極(ji)東(dong)西,足極(ji)東(dong)西,左(zuo)手極(ji)南(nan),右手極(ji)北,開(kai)目成(cheng)晝,合目成(cheng)夜,呼為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)暑,吸為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寒,吹氣成(cheng)風(feng)云,叱聲為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雷霆(ting)。盤(pan)古(gu)死,頭為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甲,喉為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乙(yi),肩為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)丙,心為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)丁,膽(dan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)戊,脾為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)已,脅為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)庚,肺為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)辛(xin),腎(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)壬,足為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)癸,目為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)日月,髭為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星辰,眉為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斗(dou)樞(shu),九(jiu)(jiu)竅為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)九(jiu)(jiu)州,乳為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)昆侖,膝為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)岳,股為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太山。尻為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)魚鱉,手為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)飛鳥,爪為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)龜(gui)龍,骨為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金(jin)銀,發為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)草木,毫毛為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鳧鴨,齒(chi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)玉(yu)石(shi),汗為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雨水,大(da)腸(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)海,小(xiao)腸(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)淮泗,膀(bang)胱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百川,面(mian)輪為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)洞(dong)庭。(唐(tang)釋澄觀(guan)《大(da)方廣佛華嚴經隨疏演義(yi)鈔》卷四二引,或為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《三(san)五歷》之誤)
中唐(tang)不(bu)知(zhi)撰人《灌(guan)畦暇(xia)語》:舊說(shuo)盤古(gu)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)死(si)也(ye),頭(tou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)岳(yue),目為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)日月(yue)(yue),脂膏為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江海(hai),毛發為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)草(cao)木。又(you)云:頭(tou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東岳(yue),腹(fu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中岳(yue),左臂(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南岳(yue),右臂(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)北岳(yue),足為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西岳(yue)。又(you)云:泣(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江河(he),氣為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)風(feng),聲為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雷,目瞳為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電。又(you)云:喜(xi)則為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)晴,怒則為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陰。老圃曰(yue):“信斯言也(ye),則是盤古(gu)氏(shi)(shi)未(wei)死(si)以(yi)前,未(wei)有(you)(you)海(hai)岳(yue)、江河(he)、草(cao)木于(yu)(yu)下(xia)也(ye);未(wei)有(you)(you)日月(yue)(yue)、風(feng)云、雷電于(yu)(yu)上也(ye);未(wei)有(you)(you)晦明、陰晴于(yu)(yu)中也(ye)。然則盤古(gu)氏(shi)(shi)何所運其(qi)想(xiang)而生?何所植其(qi)足而立?何所注其(qi)耳目而為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)視聽(ting)?何所取(qu)其(qi)甲子而為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)春(chun)秋?為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)說(shuo)如此,是謂汪洋大海(hai),而不(bu)近(jin)事之(zhi)(zhi)情。無(wu)(wu)已(yi),則假為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)詞,猶之(zhi)(zhi)可也(ye)。其(qi)意若曰(yue):盤古(gu)氏(shi)(shi)天地萬物之(zhi)(zhi)祖始也(ye)。覆燾祏袒廣大,雖不(bu)可以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量,要其(qi)大形,實(shi)無(wu)(wu)以(yi)異于(yu)(yu)一人之(zhi)(zhi)身。岳(yue)海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)遼絕(jue),亦尻(kao)背(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)間耳。故曰(yue):無(wu)(wu)已(yi),則假為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)辭,猶之(zhi)(zhi)可也(ye)。”
宋張澡《元氣(qi)論》:洎乎元氣(qi)蒙鴻(hong),萌芽茲始,遂分(fen)天地(di),肇立(li)乾坤(kun),啟陰(yin)感(gan)陽,分(fen)布元氣(qi),乃孕中和,是為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人矣。首生盤古(gu),垂死(si)化身,氣(qi)成風云,聲為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雷霆,左(zuo)眼為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)日,右(you)眼為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)月,四肢五(wu)(wu)(wu)體為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四極五(wu)(wu)(wu)岳,血液(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江河,筋脈為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)里,肌肉為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)田土,發髭為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星辰(chen),皮(pi)毛(mao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)草木,齒(chi)骨為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金石,精(jing)髓(sui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)珠玉,汗流為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雨澤。身之諸蟲,因(yin)風所(suo)感(gan),化為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黎甿;以其(qi)首黑,謂之黔(qian)首,亦曰黔(qian)黎。其(qi)下品者,名為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蒼(cang)頭(tou)。今人自名稱(cheng)黑頭(tou)蟲也(ye),或為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裸(luo)蟲,蓋盤古(gu)之后,三(san)皇之前(qian),皆裸(luo)形焉。(注:清馬骕《繹史》引《帝王五(wu)(wu)(wu)運歷年(nian)記》)
選自《歷代(dai)神仙通鑒》卷一(yi):盤古將(jiang)身(shen)一(yi)伸,天即漸(jian)高,地便(bian)墜下(xia)。而天地更有相連者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),左(zuo)手執(zhi)鑿(zao),右手持斧,或用斧劈,或以鑿(zao)開(kai)。自是(shi)神力,久而天地乃分。二(er)氣升降,清者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)上為天,濁者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)下(xia)為地,自是(shi)混沌(dun)開(kai)矣(yi)。
明·周(zhou)游(you)《開辟(pi)衍(yan)繹(yi)》:天(tian)地(di)(di)合(he)閉……就(jiu)象個(ge)大西瓜(gua),合(he)得團(tuan)團(tuan)圓(yuan)(yuan)圓(yuan)(yuan)的,包羅(luo)萬物(wu)在內,計一(yi)萬零(ling)八百(bai)年,凡(fan)一(yi)切(qie)諸(zhu)物(wu),皆溶化其(qi)中矣。止有(you)(you)金木水(shui)(shui)火土(tu)五(wu)者(zhe)混于其(qi)內,硬者(zhe)如瓜(gua)子(zi),軟者(zhe)如瓜(gua)瓤,內有(you)(you)青黃赤白(bai)黑(hei)五(wu)色,亦溶化其(qi)中。合(he)閉已久(jiu),若(ruo)不(bu)得開,卻(que)得一(yi)個(ge)盤古氏,左手執(zhi)鑿,右手執(zhi)斧,猶如剖瓜(gua)相(xiang)似,辟(pi)為兩(liang)半。上半漸(jian)高為天(tian),含青黃赤白(bai)黑(hei),為五(wu)色祥云;下(xia)半漸(jian)低為地(di)(di).亦含青黃赤白(bai)黑(hei),為五(wu)色石泥。硬者(zhe)帶(dai)去(qu)上天(tian),人(ren)觀(guan)之為星(xing)(xing),地(di)(di)下(xia)為石,星(xing)(xing)石總是一(yi)物(wu),若(ruo)不(bu)信,今(jin)有(you)(you)星(xing)(xing)落地(di)(di)下(xia),若(ruo)人(ren)掘(jue)而觀(guan)之,皆同地(di)(di)下(xia)之石。然天(tian)下(xia)亦有(you)(you)泉水(shui)(shui),泉水(shui)(shui)無積處,流(liu)來人(ren)間,而注大海。
明(ming)·周游《開辟衍繹》附錄《乩仙天地判說》:天人誕降(jiang)大圣。曰渾敦氏(shi)(shi),即盤古氏(shi)(shi),初天皇(huang)(huang)氏(shi)(shi)也。龍首人身,神靈,一日九變,一萬八千歲為(wei)一甲子,荊湖南以十(shi)月十(shi)六(liu)日為(wei)生(sheng)辰(chen)。有初地皇(huang)(huang)氏(shi)(shi),初人皇(huang)(huang)氏(shi)(shi)。
《古(gu)(gu)(gu)今(jin)(jin)圖書集成·歲功典》卷八十(shi)三引《補衍開辟》:代(世(shi))所謂(wei)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏者,神(shen)靈(ling),一(yi)日變(bian),蓋元(yuan)混之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初,陶融造化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主也。《六(liu)韜(tao)·大明》云(yun):“召公對文曰:‘天道凈清(qing),地德生成,人事安(an)寧。戒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勿忘,忘者不祥盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗不可(ke)動(dong)(dong)也,動(dong)(dong)者必(bi)兇。’”今(jin)(jin)贛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)會昌(chang)有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)山,本盤(pan)(pan)(pan)固名。其(qi)湘鄉有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)保,而雩(yu)都(dou)有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)祠,盤(pan)(pan)(pan)固之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)也。按《地理坤鑒》云(yun):“龍首人身。”而今(jin)(jin)成都(dou)、淮安(an)、京兆皆有(you)(you)廟祀。事具徐整(zheng)《三五歷紀(ji)》及(ji)《丹壺記》。至(zhi)唐袁(yuan)天綱推(tui)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《真源賦》,謂(wei)元(yuan)始應(ying)世(shi),萬八千年為一(yi)甲子。荊湖南北今(jin)(jin)以十(shi)月十(shi)六(liu)日為盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏生日,以候月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰暗,云(yun)其(qi)顯(xian)化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所宜(yi),有(you)(you)以也。《元(yuan)豐九(jiu)域志》:“廣陵有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)冢、廟”,殆亦神(shen)假者。《錄異記》成都(dou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廟有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)三郎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目(mu),庸俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妄(wang)。
《路史·前紀一(yi)》羅(luo)蘋注:昔(xi)二(er)(er)氣未分,螟(ming)涬鴻蒙,未有成形,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)日月末具,狀如雞子(zi),混沌玄(xuan)黃,已有盤古真(zhen)人,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精,自(zi)號(hao)元(yuan)始天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王,游乎其中(zhong)。復經(jing)(jing)四劫,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)形如巨蓋,上無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所系,下無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所依(yi),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,遼矚無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)端,玄(xuan)玄(xuan)太空,無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)響無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聲,元(yuan)氣浩(hao)浩(hao),如水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形,下無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)山岳,上無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)列星,積(ji)(ji)氣堅剛大(da)柔服維天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)浮其中(zhong),展(zhan)轉無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方。若無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)此氣,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)不生。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)者,如龍旋回云中(zhong),復經(jing)(jing)四劫,二(er)(er)儀始分,相去三萬六千里,崖石出血(xue)成水,水生元(yuan)蟲,元(yuan)蟲生濱牽,生剛須(xu),剛須(xu)生龍。元(yuan)始天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王在天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)中(zhong)心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上,名(ming)曰玉(yu)(yu)京山,山中(zhong)宮(gong)殿(dian)并(bing)金玉(yu)(yu)飾(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),常仰吸天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣,俯飲地(di)泉,復經(jing)(jing)二(er)(er)劫,忽生太元(yuan)玉(yu)(yu)女,在石澗積(ji)(ji)血(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),出而能言,人形具足,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)姿絕妙,當游厚地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問(wen),仰吸天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣,號(hao)曰太元(yuan)圣母(mu),元(yuan)始君下游見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),乃與通氣結精,招還上宮(gong)。當此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,二(er)(er)氣絪(yin)缊,覆載氣息,陰陽(yang)調(diao)和,無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)熱無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)寒,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)得一(yi)以(yi)清,地(di)得一(yi)以(yi)寧,并(bing)不復呼吸,宣氣合會相成自(zi)然飽(bao)滿。大(da)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)興,莫(mo)過于(yu)此,結積(ji)(ji)堅固,是以(yi)不朽。金玉(yu)(yu)珠(zhu)者,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精也。服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能與天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)相畢(bi)。
明弘(hong)治諫(jian)議大夫(fu)左長史(shi)翰林檢討馬政撰文:盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)祖也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。生于(yu)混(hun)沌(dun)之(zhi)(zhi)初,鴻蒙未(wei)判(pan)之(zhi)(zhi)先。穴居而(er)(er)野處(chu),草衣而(er)(er)木(mu)食,污尊而(er)(er)抔飲。當此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)時也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),無三(san)光五(wu)(wu)(wu)岳之(zhi)(zhi)名,無三(san)皇五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo),無三(san)墳五(wu)(wu)(wu)典之(zhi)(zhi)書,列于(yu)太(tai)(tai)易(yi)、太(tai)(tai)初、太(tai)(tai)始(shi)、太(tai)(tai)素之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),生參三(san)才(cai)而(er)(er)贊兩(liang)儀(yi),子(zi)(zi)三(san)皇而(er)(er)孫五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di),蓋自(zi)是而(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)極(ji)始(shi)立(li),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道始(shi)明,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)文始(shi)著。故曰:一(yi)氣未(wei)分道在(zai)(zai)天(tian)地,兩(liang)儀(yi)既判(pan),道在(zai)(zai)圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi),自(zi)是而(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)卦畫(hua),而(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)結繩(sheng),而(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)網罟(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)制,何(he)者不(bu)自(zi)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肇邪?自(zi)是而(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)耒耜(si) ,而(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)衣裳,而(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)律呂之(zhi)(zhi)音,何(he)者不(bu)自(zi)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來(lai)(lai)耶。史(shi)弁 三(san)皇,書冠(guan)五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di),古(gu)(gu)(gu)今上下知(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)皇五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di),而(er)(er)不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),豈荒遠在(zai)(zai)所略耶!側聞(wen) ,萬物本乎天(tian),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)本乎祖,不(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)我祖,何(he)開我人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。豈可(ke)(ke)使(shi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)今上下知(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)我人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)我祖也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)!茫(mang)茫(mang)堪輿,俯仰(yang)無垠(yin),知(zhi)(zhi)者蓋寡,誰其貌 之(zhi)(zhi)。青(qing)(qing)實(shi)故虛也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),在(zai)(zai)邑南(nan)十有(you)(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)里(li)(li),邃 故跡(ji)可(ke)(ke)尋,第恐莊(zhuang)列之(zhi)(zhi)言涉于(yu)虛,史(shi)傳之(zhi)(zhi)紀淪于(yu)妄,夷(yi)考其實(shi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)廟在(zai)(zai)里(li)(li),有(you)(you)(you)(you)墓在(zai)(zai)溝,突兀如(ru)昔;自(zi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)國有(you)(you)(you)(you)家而(er)(er)即有(you)(you)(you)(you)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。皆(jie)青(qing)(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)所見聞(wen)者,矧(shen)可(ke)(ke)繹(yi)思 。走童而(er)(er)謁,尚(shang)記陳容古(gu)(gu)(gu)貌,精(jing)爽逼人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。土僧傳說(shuo):楊(yang)仆等建造,弘(hong)治戊申(shen)劉侯視(shi)篆,得陳景(jing)春(chun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)俑,而(er)(er)一(yi)新之(zhi)(zhi),猶未(wei)備也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。訖周侯下車,得孫克暉作(zuo)倡而(er)(er)大新之(zhi)(zhi)。易(yi)小以(yi)(yi)(yi)大,易(yi)甓 以(yi)(yi)(yi)石(shi),易(yi)涂泥而(er)(er)金鐵之(zhi)(zhi),使(shi)萬古(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)易(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)基,一(yi)旦而(er)(er)改觀(guan)。祝之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)雨,禱之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)晴,報應如(ru)響,誰之(zhi)(zhi)績(ji)歟?謂(wei)可(ke)(ke)無記,以(yi)(yi)(yi)垂永久,昭后來(lai)(lai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。記歟,敢從(cong)而(er)(er)銘之(zhi)(zhi),銘曰;盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)廟,青(qing)(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)瞻眺;盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)像,青(qing)(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)仰(yang)望;盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)溝,青(qing)(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)夷(yi)游;盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)墓,青(qing)(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)慨慕;盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)門,青(qing)(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)見聞(wen);盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)里(li)(li),青(qing)(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)振(zhen)起;盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)名,青(qing)(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)勒銘。——弘(hong)治十七年歲(sui)在(zai)(zai)甲子(zi)(zi)春(chun)正月丁(ding)丑立(li)
《康熙詞典》:首(shou)出(chu)御世,曰盤(pan)古氏。任(ren)昉《述(shu)異記》:盤(pan)古氏夫(fu)婦,陰陽(yang)之始也,天地萬物之祖(zu)業。今,南海中盤(pan)古國人,皆以盤(pan)古為(wei)姓(xing)。
《瀛涯勝覽》:王居之側,有(you)一(yi)大山(shan),侵云高聳。山(shan)頂,有(you)人腳(jiao)跡(ji)(ji)一(yi)個。入石,深二(er)尺(chi),長(chang)八尺(chi)余。云:人祖阿聃(dan)圣人,即盤古之足跡(ji)(ji)也(ye)。
很(hen)多(duo)很(hen)多(duo)年(nian)以前,天(tian)和地(di)還沒有分開,宇宙(zhou)的景象只是混沌(dun)的一團。
開天大(da)神盤古,這(zhe)個(ge)其大(da)無比的巨人,就孕(yun)育在這(zhe)混(hun)沌之中。
他在混沌中(zhong)孕育著(zhu)(zhu),成長著(zhu)(zhu),呼呼地睡著(zhu)(zhu)覺(jue),一(yi)直經過(guo)了一(yi)萬(wan)八千年。
有一(yi)天,他忽(hu)然醒過來。睜開眼(yan)睛一(yi)看(kan),啊呀,什(shen)么也(ye)看(kan)不(bu)見,眼(yan)前只是模糊的(de)一(yi)片(pian),悶得怪心慌。
他覺(jue)得這(zhe)種狀況非常可惱,心里一生氣,不(bu)知道從哪里抓過來(lai)一把大(da)板斧,朝著眼前(qian)的混(hun)(hun)沌(dun)用力這(zhe)么一揮,只聽得一聲霹(pi)靂巨響,大(da)混(hun)(hun)沌(dun)忽然破裂開(kai)來(lai)。其中有(you)(you)些輕而清的東西(xi),冉冉上升,變(bian)(bian)成天;另外有(you)(you)些重而濁的東西(xi),沉沉下降,變(bian)(bian)成地。——當初是混(hun)(hun)沌(dun)不(bu)分(fen)(fen)的天地,就這(zhe)樣給盤古(gu)板斧一揮,劃分(fen)(fen)開(kai)了。
天(tian)和地(di)分開以后(hou),盤古怕它(ta)們還要合(he)攏,就頭頂天(tian),腳踏地(di),站在天(tian)地(di)的(de)當中,隨著它(ta)們的(de)變化而變化。
天(tian)每(mei)天(tian)升高(gao)一丈(zhang),地每(mei)天(tian)加厚(hou)一丈(zhang),盤古(gu)的(de)身子也(ye)每(mei)天(tian)增長(chang)一丈(zhang)。這樣又過了(le)一萬(wan)八千年,天(tian)升得(de)極高(gao)了(le),地變(bian)得(de)極厚(hou)了(le),盤古(gu)的(de)身子也(ye)長(chang)得(de)極長(chang)了(le)。
盤(pan)古的(de)身(shen)子(zi)究竟(jing)有多(duo)長(chang)呢?有人說是有九萬里長(chang)。這巍(wei)峨(e)的(de)巨人,一根長(chang)柱子(zi)似(si)的(de),直挺(ting)挺(ting)地撐在天(tian)和地的(de)當中,不讓(rang)它們(men)有重歸(gui)于混沌的(de)機會。
他(ta)孤獨(du)地站在那(nei)里,做這種非常吃力的工作,又(you)一(yi)(yi)個一(yi)(yi)萬八千年(nian)。到后來(lai),天和地的構(gou)造(zao)似乎已經逐漸成形(xing)了,他(ta)不必再擔心它們會合(he)攏了,他(ta)實在也需(xu)要休息(xi)休息(xi),終(zhong)于倒下了。
就在這時候,他(ta)(ta)(ta)周(zhou)身(shen)突然發生了很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua):他(ta)(ta)(ta)口里呼出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)風(feng)和云,他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)左眼(yan)變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)太(tai)陽,右眼(yan)變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)月亮,他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手足和身(shen)軀變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四極和五方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名山(shan),他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血液變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)江河,他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)筋脈變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)道路,他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肌肉變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)田土,他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)發變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)星(xing),他(ta)(ta)(ta)渾身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汗毛變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)花草樹木,他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牙齒、骨頭(tou)、骨髓(sui)等,也(ye)都變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)閃光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬、堅硬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)頭(tou)、溫潤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶玉,就是那最沒有用處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)上出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汗,也(ye)變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)清露和甘霖。
總之一句(ju)話:天地就是盤古(gu)(gu)所造,盤古(gu)(gu)用(yong)他整個的身體使(shi)這新誕生(sheng)的宇宙豐富(fu)而美麗。
盤(pan)(pan)古兄妹(mei)的(de)(de)結合是為“陰(yin)陽之始” ,反映了遠古血緣婚的(de)(de)歷史,這(zhe)是盤(pan)(pan)古神(shen)話(hua)與(yu)伏(fu)羲(xi)-女媧神(shen)話(hua)相結合的(de)(de)一種發展。 如今在(zai)桐(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山地區仍然非(fei)常流行(《桐(tong)柏(bo)(bo)文史資(zi)料(liao)》第六輯2004.12)。馬卉欣、韓芳主(zhu)編的(de)(de)《萬代盤(pan)(pan)古論》所附的(de)(de)《盤(pan)(pan)古神(shen)話(hua)選》中幾乎都是講的(de)(de)“盤(pan)(pan)古兄妹(mei)”或(huo)“盤(pan)(pan)古爺”、“盤(pan)(pan)古奶”的(de)(de)故事,說明這(zhe)個母題流傳既(ji)廣泛且久遠。
泌陽(yang)縣盤(pan)(pan)古山(shan):相(xiang)傳(chuan),盤(pan)(pan)古兄(xiong)妹(mei)(mei)以打(da)柴(chai)維(wei)持生活(huo),那時(shi)天(tian)地混(hun)沌(dun)未開(kai)(kai)。后來天(tian)塌地陷,盤(pan)(pan)古兄(xiong)妹(mei)(mei)藏在石(shi)獅(shi)子肚里(li)躲(duo)過劫難。當時(shi),世上(shang)(shang)只剩(sheng)下盤(pan)(pan)古兄(xiong)妹(mei)(mei)二人,天(tian)地鴻蒙(meng)一片,盤(pan)(pan)古兄(xiong)手(shou)拿大斧(fu)劈開(kai)(kai)混(hun)沌(dun),清者為(wei)天(tian),濁者為(wei)地。接著,天(tian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)太陽(yang)、月亮、星星都(dou)露出來了,地上(shang)(shang)山(shan)川河流交織,花草樹木繁茂,鳥兒(er)鳴唱、六畜興旺……
具(ju)體版本:青年盤(pan)古(gu)時的社會風氣(qi)很壞,老(lao)天爺派(pai)太(tai)白金(jin)星(xing)下來找好人,同時想毀滅世(shi)界。話說盤(pan)古(gu)上(shang)(shang)學的路上(shang)(shang)有(you)塊形狀像獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)的石(shi)(shi)頭,石(shi)(shi)頭旁出(chu)現了一位白胡子(zi)(zi)老(lao)漢(han)。老(lao)漢(han)讓盤(pan)古(gu)喂石(shi)(shi)獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)吃饃,并要求他每(mei)天都(dou)喂,同時告(gao)訴他:如果哪天看到石(shi)(shi)獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)眼(yan)紅時,就(jiu)和妹(mei)妹(mei)一起躲到獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)的肚(du)子(zi)(zi)里(li)去。后來,盤(pan)古(gu)拉著正在院里(li)劈柴的妹(mei)妹(mei)隨石(shi)(shi)獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)飛(fei)上(shang)(shang)了天空。地面大雨(yu)下了七(qi)(qi)七(qi)(qi)四十九天,天地一片漆黑。石(shi)(shi)獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)落下后,盤(pan)古(gu)拿著妹(mei)妹(mei)劈柴的斧(fu)子(zi)(zi)劈開了天地,兄妹(mei)倆(lia)從此生(sheng)兒(er)育女、安居樂業。現 在,盤(pan)古(gu)山下還有(you)石(shi)(shi)獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)以及泛洪水時從天上(shang)(shang)拋下、準備搭救家禽家畜的石(shi)(shi)船等。
民間神話里(li),盤古(gu)是一對兄(xiong)妹兼(jian)配偶,一般是盤古(gu)兄(xiong)拿盤古(gu)妹的斧頭開(kai)天(tian)(tian),也有傳說盤古(gu)妹開(kai)辟天(tian)(tian)地。兄(xiong)妹倆是陰陽之始、萬物之祖(zu)。
民俗傳(chuan)說:相傳(chuan)盤古(gu)開(kai)天(tian)之前,一(yi)片混荒,萬(wan)天(tian)混沌,萬(wan)物(wu)猶蒙沌!盤古(gu)想開(kai)天(tian)之后(hou)(hou)(hou),怎(zen)么辦呢(ni)?把自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)身體(ti)變(bian)成天(tian)地萬(wan)物(wu)。那自(zi)(zi)己沒有傳(chuan)人(ren)(ren)怎(zen)么辦?想把自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)本領和性格傳(chuan)給自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)。他(ta)在把自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)身體(ti)全部(bu)變(bian)化成天(tian)地萬(wan)物(wu)后(hou)(hou)(hou),剩(sheng)下眼(yan)睛與頭發。等眼(yan)睛化做日月星辰(chen)之后(hou)(hou)(hou),他(ta)把自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)眼(yan)淚(lei)藏(zang)起來(lai),還有自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)兩根頭發也藏(zang)起來(lai),等過了不(bu)知道數(shu)年(nian),有億(yi)億(yi)億(yi)……年(nian),當(dang)有熊國(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)君少典從一(yi)個小山丘經(jing)過時候,不(bu)小心碰到了盤古(gu)的(de)(de)眼(yan)淚(lei)。天(tian)空長虹貫(guan)日,氣象萬(wan)千(qian),祥瑞(rui)祥和,第一(yi)個存在的(de)(de)民族就是(shi)伏羲一(yi)族,所以(yi)伏羲稱為人(ren)(ren)祖(zu),意思是(shi)人(ren)(ren)類始祖(zu),人(ren)(ren)類始祖(zu)經(jing)過了若干年(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou),其中一(yi)個民族少典就有了孩子。這個孩子就是(shi)軒轅黃帝,他(ta)與炎帝結盟。成為中國(guo)最有名(ming)的(de)(de)國(guo)君--黃帝。
盤(pan)古(gu)用斧頭(tou)的設定最(zui)初出自(zi)明清(qing)《開辟演(yan)義(yi)》:
昆多崩(beng)姿(zi)那(nei)受佛命(ming)畢(bi),只得頂禮(li)辭別世尊并(bing)諸大(da)菩薩,駕一朵祥云,離了西方(fang)佛境,直來(lai)至南贍部洲大(da)洪(hong)荒處,大(da)吼一聲,投(tou)下地(di)(di)中(zhong),化成一物,團圓如一蟠桃樣,內有核如孩形(xing),于天(tian)地(di)(di)中(zhong)滾來(lai)滾去;約(yue)有七(qi)七(qi)四(si)十(shi)九轉,漸(jian)漸(jian)長(chang)成一人,身長(chang)三(san)丈六尺,頭角(jiao)猙獰(ning),神眉怒目,獠牙巨口,遍體(ti)皆毛;將身一伸,天(tian)即漸(jian)高,地(di)(di)便墜下,而天(tian)地(di)(di)更有相連者(zhe),左手執鑿(zao),右手持斧(fu),或用斧(fu)劈,或以(yi)鑿(zao)開,自(zi)是神力。久(jiu)而天(tian)地(di)(di)乃分,二氣升降(jiang),清者(zhe)上為天(tian),濁者(zhe)下為地(di)(di)。自(zi)此(ci)而混茫開矣(yi)(yi),即有太極生(sheng)兩(liang)儀,兩(liang)儀生(sheng)四(si)象,四(si)象變化,而庶類(lei)繁矣(yi)(yi),相傳首出御世。從此(ci),昆多崩(beng)娑(suo)那(nei)立一石碑,長(chang)三(san)丈,闊九尺,自(zi)鐫(juan)二十(shi)字(zi)于其(qi)上曰:
吾乃(nai)盤古(gu)氏,開天(tian)辟地基。
亥(hai)子(zi)重(zhong)交媾,依舊似今時。
首先,盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話表(biao)現了一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)人本(ben)(ben)主義思想。一(yi)切以(yi)人為本(ben)(ben),宇宙由人開辟,由盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)頂天立地,天日高一(yi)丈(zhang),地日厚(hou)一(yi)丈(zhang),而(er)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)日長一(yi)丈(zhang),如此一(yi)萬八千(qian)年,盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)巨人長得多么高大,說他“神(shen)于天,圣(sheng)于地”,表(biao)現了人類是(shi)自(zi)然(ran)的(de)主人這(zhe)一(yi)人本(ben)(ben)主義的(de)寶貴思想。這(zhe)是(shi)很有意(yi)義的(de)。這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)生命意(yi)識,人的(de)生命不息(xi),勞(lao)動不息(xi),就可(ke)以(yi)創造一(yi)切,這(zhe)正是(shi)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話所顯(xian)示(shi)出的(de)思想光(guang)輝。
其次,人(ren)(ren)的(de)本質在勞動(dong)(dong)(dong),正是(shi)(shi)勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)使人(ren)(ren)類高于(yu)一(yi)(yi)切(qie)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu),區別于(yu)一(yi)(yi)切(qie)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu),盤(pan)古神話實質上(shang)正是(shi)(shi)對人(ren)(ren)類勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)贊(zan)美的(de)一(yi)(yi)曲(qu)最(zui)壯麗的(de)凱(kai)歌(ge)。勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)創造世界(jie),勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)創造萬物(wu),正是(shi)(shi)盤(pan)古神話最(zui)深(shen)刻(ke)的(de)思(si)想內(nei)涵。
首(shou)先,盤(pan)古精神可以概括為開(kai)天辟地的(de)(de)開(kai)創精神,創新精神,這對于改(gai)革開(kai)放創造和諧(xie)幸(xing)福的(de)(de)新世界(jie)是(shi)非常必要的(de)(de)。
其(qi)次,盤古精神(shen)包(bao)含唯(wei)物辯證法的(de)實事求是精神(shen)。同時,盤古精神(shen)就是勞(lao)動創(chuang)造世(shi)界、勞(lao)動創(chuang)造一切的(de)信念,就是不(bu)怕困難,刻苦堅持,長期奮斗,自我犧牲,為民(min)造福的(de)精神(shen)。
一(yi)是圖(tu)騰(teng)標準(zhun)。古(gu)(gu)籍中盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)話說“盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)氏(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)首(shou)……”顯然,古(gu)(gu)代(dai)先民(min)崇拜的(de)是龍(long)(long)(long)(long),認(ren)為(wei)祖先盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)就(jiu)是龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)后代(dai),所(suo)以,盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)子孫(sun)就(jiu)以龍(long)(long)(long)(long)為(wei)圖(tu)騰(teng)標示,千古(gu)(gu)傳承。有關盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)和龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)傳說也很(hen)多。桐(tong)(tong)柏山盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)塑像的(de)頭部有兩只龍(long)(long)(long)(long)角,與“盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)氏(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)首(shou)”之說如出一(yi)轍,而(er)其它的(de)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)話流傳區(qu)別是鳳(feng)圖(tu)騰(teng),鳥、雞圖(tu)騰(teng),與龍(long)(long)(long)(long)圖(tu)騰(teng)格格不入。具有龍(long)(long)(long)(long)圖(tu)騰(teng)特征的(de)桐(tong)(tong)柏盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)話則比(bi)較(jiao)正宗(zong)。
二是地(di)理標準。古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)籍中(zhong)關(guan)于(yu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)記載最早(zao)莫(mo)過于(yu)三國吳人徐(xu)整的(de)(de)(de)《三五歷(li)紀》、《五運歷(li)年記》,其中(zhong)涉及地(di)名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)只有(you)一(yi)處(chu),為(wei)(wei)“盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)死后(hou)……血為(wei)(wei)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)瀆……”明(ming)顯將盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與淮(huai)(huai)(huai)河(he)發源(yuan)地(di)相聯(lian)系。明(ming)代學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)李夢(meng)陽撰文《大復(fu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)賦》時(shi)(shi),將桐(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)簾洞以西的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)道酷似(si)人形的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈稱為(wei)(wei)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),“昔盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏作茲焉,用(yong)宅……”清代學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)貢愈淳(chun)作《桐(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)賦》曰(yue):“盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)開天而首出……”明(ming)確指出桐(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)是陰陽未(wei)分、大水(shui)茫茫的(de)(de)(de)混沌之時(shi)(shi)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)首出開天的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)。唐朝(chao)、宋朝(chao)編(bian)修的(de)(de)(de)《元(yuan)豐九域志(zhi)》曰(yue):“桐(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),淮(huai)(huai)(huai)水(shui)所(suo)出。淮(huai)(huai)(huai)瀆廟,盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)廟。”縱觀千古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)典籍,遍查全國盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神話(hua)流傳(chuan)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)志(zhi),唯有(you)桐(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、淮(huai)(huai)(huai)河(he)源(yuan)、水(shui)簾洞的(de)(de)(de)地(di)理名(ming)(ming)詞與盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神話(hua)密(mi)切關(guan)聯(lian)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi),桐(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)躺臥處(chu)還存(cun)有(you)一(yi)座盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)廟,許多地(di)方(fang)還保留著盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)洞、盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)斧、盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)井(jing)等與盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神話(hua)密(mi)切相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)實景地(di)名(ming)(ming)。
三是(shi)民俗標準。桐柏民間流傳著(zhu)許多習(xi)俗,可(ke)以(yi)說是(shi)原始盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)的(de)遺存。如神(shen)(shen)話(hua)傳說中(zhong),說人(ren)類之(zhi)(zhi)初是(shi)兩條魚變成了(le)兩只(zhi)猿(yuan),這兩只(zhi)猿(yuan)就是(shi)“陰(yin)陽(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)始”的(de)盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)夫婦。盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)崇敬祖先,就有了(le)盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)抱二魚以(yi)示(shi)崇敬之(zhi)(zhi)說。后來,盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)抱魚之(zhi)(zhi)說就形象地演化成了(le)太極(ji)圖。人(ren)們(men)效仿祖先,就形成了(le)民間掛太極(ji)圖之(zhi)(zhi)俗。桐柏民間在現代生活中(zhong)還習(xi)慣(guan)在門頭上、窗戶上、院(yuan)落(luo)影壁墻上掛太極(ji)圖,以(yi)示(shi)吉利,并(bing)有希冀祖先庇佑以(yi)辟邪之(zhi)(zhi)意。桐柏民俗中(zhong)嫁(jia)女送竹竿、玩獅(shi)子吞小孩、玩青龍(long)火龍(long)救眾生等(deng)都包含(han)著(zhu)耐(nai)人(ren)尋(xun)味的(de)盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)故(gu)事元(yuan)素。
四是敬(jing)(jing)祖標(biao)準(zhun)。在(zai)(zai)神(shen)話(hua)流傳區,人們對(dui)神(shen)話(hua)人物(wu)崇敬(jing)(jing)程(cheng)度的(de)高低是判斷神(shen)話(hua)產生(sheng)根源地是與否(fou)的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)之(zhi)一。在(zai)(zai)桐(tong)柏(bo),人們對(dui)祖先盤(pan)古(gu)的(de)崇敬(jing)(jing)程(cheng)度達(da)到(dao)了頂點。如桐(tong)柏(bo)民(min)間傳說中正月初(chu)一是盤(pan)古(gu)的(de)生(sheng)日(ri),這一天祖先盤(pan)古(gu)要回來過年(nian),需(xu)要清靜,所以在(zai)(zai)桐(tong)柏(bo)初(chu)一到(dao)初(chu)十是不能進行鬧新(xin)春(chun)的(de)游藝活動的(de),直到(dao)正月初(chu)十以后才(cai)能開(kai)始,否(fou)則是犯了大忌的(de)。另外,走遍(bian)全(quan)國盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話(hua)流傳區,民(min)間稱盤(pan)古(gu)為(wei)王、為(wei)帝的(de)多,唯有桐(tong)柏(bo)山居民(min)稱盤(pan)古(gu)爺和(he)盤(pan)古(gu)奶,這也反映了桐(tong)柏(bo)山居民(min)敬(jing)(jing)祖之(zhi)意的(de)親切和(he)深刻。
五(wu)是活(huo)化(hua)石標(biao)準(zhun)。到今天還掛在人們口頭上的(de)神(shen)話(hua),被專家稱為(wei)“活(huo)化(hua)石”。它的(de)數(shu)量多(duo)少反映出當地(di)(di)人們對盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話(hua)的(de)知曉度(du),這也是判斷盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話(hua)傳(chuan)說根(gen)源地(di)(di)的(de)依據之一。經過(guo)開(kai)展民間(jian)文學普查(cha)工(gong)作,桐柏縣搜集出上百種(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話(hua)。在桐柏的(de)大街(jie)小巷、村(cun)村(cun)莊(zhuang)莊(zhuang),不管是老年人還是年輕人,不論(lun)是干部、工(gong)人還是農民,都能講上一段(duan),說上幾句盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話(hua),都是盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)開(kai)天辟地(di)(di)、捏(nie)泥造人、滾(gun)磨成親、造衣服、馴牛、降龍、治水(shui)、造酒、造農具等,以桐柏山為(wei)中心(xin)方(fang)圓(yuan)幾百里的(de)區域成為(wei)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話(hua)“活(huo)化(hua)石”的(de)豐富蘊藏地(di)(di)。這種(zhong)特有的(de)文化(hua)現象,就是盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)文化(hua)根(gen)源地(di)(di)的(de)特征。
《康熙詞(ci)典》記載:首出御世,曰盤(pan)古氏。任昉《述(shu)異記》:盤(pan)古氏夫婦,陰陽(yang)之(zhi)始也,天地萬物(wu)之(zhi)祖業。今,南海中盤(pan)古國人,皆(jie)以(yi)盤(pan)古為姓。
史學家呂思勉認為:“明言盤古氏(shi)有(you)夫妻(qi)二人(ren),且(qie)南(nan)海有(you)其墓(mu),南(nan)海中(zhong)有(you)其國,其人(ren)猶以盤古為姓,則人(ren)而(er)非(fei)神矣”,此(ci)當源于“南(nan)方民族”的傳(chuan)說(shuo),而(er)“與一身化為萬有(you)之說(shuo),尤厘然有(you)別(bie)”。
2005年(nian)河(he)南省桐(tong)柏縣(xian)被中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)民間文(wen)(wen)藝家(jia)協會(hui)正(zheng)式命名為(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)盤古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉”。當(dang)地的(de)“盤古(gu)(gu)廟會(hui)”被確定(ding)為(wei)(wei)國(guo)家(jia)第二批(pi)非(fei)物(wu)質(zhi)文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)產之(zhi)(zhi)一。2008年(nian),桐(tong)柏還啟動了“盤古(gu)(gu)創(chuang)世神(shen)話傳說群”國(guo)家(jia)級非(fei)物(wu)質(zhi)文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)產的(de)申報(bao)工作。2005年(nian)3月(yue)(yue),桐(tong)柏被中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)民間文(wen)(wen)藝家(jia)協會(hui)命名為(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)盤古(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)化之(zhi)(zhi)鄉”。2006年(nian)10月(yue)(yue)30日,桐(tong)柏舉辦了“全球華(hua)人(ren)首次祭祀(si)盤古(gu)(gu)大典”,并(bing)將每年(nian)農歷九月(yue)(yue)初九定(ding)為(wei)(wei)祭祀(si)盤古(gu)(gu)日。
2007年(nian),花都(dou)區(qu)傳統民間文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)活動“盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)王(wang)誕(dan)”入選廣州市首(shou)(shou)批(pi)(pi)非物(wu)(wu)質文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產代(dai)表作, 2009年(nian)1月,花都(dou)獅(shi)嶺鎮被(bei)廣東(dong)省(sheng)文(wen)(wen)聯和(he)(he)(he)省(sheng)民協授予了(le)“廣東(dong)省(sheng)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)之(zhi)鄉”稱號。 2012年(nian)起,花都(dou)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)王(wang)誕(dan)祈(qi)福活動從民間組織舉辦提升(sheng)到(dao)(dao)市區(qu)層(ceng)面來舉辦,不僅(jin)活動的規格(ge)和(he)(he)(he)規模更(geng)上一層(ceng)樓,對盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的傳承和(he)(he)(he)發揚也進(jin)一步得到(dao)(dao)提升(sheng)。上年(nian),盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)王(wang)誕(dan)被(bei)列入了(le)第六批(pi)(pi)廣東(dong)省(sheng)非物(wu)(wu)質文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產代(dai)表性(xing)項目(mu)名(ming)錄(lu),并首(shou)(shou)次升(sheng)格(ge)為中國(獅(shi)嶺)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)王(wang)民俗文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)節。
泌陽盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)山(shan),位于河(he)南(nan)省泌陽縣(xian)南(nan)三十里(li)。2005年12月4日正式命(ming)名(ming)泌陽縣(xian)為“中國盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)圣地”。盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)神話成為第二(er)批國家級非物(wu)質文化(hua)遺產(chan)及河(he)南(nan)省民間文化(hua)遺產(chan)搶(qiang)救工程項目(mu)。 更因有(you)(you)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)廟(miao)及盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)山(shan)廟(miao)會而聞名(ming)四(si)方(fang)(fang)。盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)開(kai)(kai)天(tian)辟(pi)地是中華民族最古(gu)(gu)老的傳說之一(yi),盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)文化(hua)是中華民族的“根文化(hua)”。泌陽縣(xian)城南(nan)15公(gong)里(li)處的盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)山(shan),是傳說中盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)開(kai)(kai)天(tian)辟(pi)地、造化(hua)萬(wan)物(wu)的地方(fang)(fang)。每(mei)年農歷三月初三的盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)山(shan)廟(miao)會,都(dou)有(you)(you)數萬(wan)人從(cong)四(si)面(mian)八方(fang)(fang)趕(gan)來祭拜盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)。
沅陵盤古洞,位于湖南(nan)省懷化市沅陵縣境內(nei)有(you)一盤古洞,洞內(nei)有(you)一巨(ju)大的(de)石鎖,和很(hen)多人工刁鑿的(de)生活(huo)用具。據說在一張石床上有(you)一鐘乳石柱,高有(you)數(shu)米(mi)。專家推測,想這樣的(de)大型鐘乳石柱,其形成(cheng)時間約(yue)萬于年。
廣(guang)州盤古山(shan),山(shan)中(zhong)有座盤古王(wang)廟。據清末編(bian)《花縣志》載(zai),盤古王(wang)廟神壇重建(jian)于清嘉慶十(shi)四年(nian)(公元1809年(nian)),后燒毀,到光緒(xu)二十(shi)七年(nian)(公元1901年(nian))再花巨資重建(jian),成為古典藝術廟宇(yu),保(bao)存(cun)至今。
宜(yi)川(chuan)盤(pan)古(gu)山(shan)(shan),位于宜(yi)川(chuan)縣的(de)(de)(de)集義鎮和壽(shou)峰(feng)鄉之(zhi)間,有(you)座大(da)山(shan)(shan)叫“盤(pan)古(gu)山(shan)(shan)”。 當地(di)有(you)個公山(shan)(shan)母山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)傳說(shuo),說(shuo)集義南邊的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)是公山(shan)(shan),即盤(pan)古(gu),北邊的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)是母山(shan)(shan),即盤(pan)古(gu)妹妹,在(zai)(zai)很久(jiu)很久(jiu)以前,世上(shang)還沒有(you)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)時候,他倆晚上(shang)婚(hun)配,白天就分開,這樣(yang)就繁衍下人(ren)類。后人(ren)為了紀念祖先,在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)川(chuan)道(dao)里建起盤(pan)古(gu)廟。據壽(shou)峰(feng)院明代碑文記載:“西聳盤(pan)古(gu)真梵”。說(shuo)“盤(pan)古(gu)寺”在(zai)(zai)壽(shou)峰(feng)院的(de)(de)(de)西邊,可(ke)見(jian)盤(pan)古(gu)廟的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)更早(zao)。
湘(xiang)西盤古峰,位于湘(xiang)西德(de)夯村西側,據考察,峰頂有球核 虎皮楠(nan)、烏岡(gang)櫟、蚊母樹、海桐、紅炳木犀、川桂、黃(huang)祀(si)、杜鵑、山礬、石斑 木、小紅栲青岡(gang)樹、欏木石楠(nan)、黃(huang)連木等等,森林(lin)遮林(lin)遮天蔽日,蔭深涼爽,空(kong)氣特別新鮮。
在民間流傳著這樣的《盤古(gu)開天辟地歌》:
盤古開天地,
造山坡河流,
劃州來住人,
造海來蓄水。
盤古開天地,
分山地平原,
開辟三岔路,
四處有路通。
盤古開天地,
造日月星辰,
因為有盤古,
人才得光明。
——摘(zhai)自黃現(xian)璠(fan)著《壯族通史(shi)》
1、《三五歷紀(ji)》記載:大(da)禹同伯益(yi)民治水,在開挖(wa)徙駭河時建(jian)立殿堂,紀(ji)念盤古。
2、《元史·本紀·世(shi)(shi)族七》記:世(shi)(shi)祖十五年夏四月乙卯,修(xiu)會川縣“盤古王祠”祀(si)之。
3、明永樂四年重修(xiu),成化元(yuan)年知縣劉素再修(xiu),(二十年后(hou)倒塌)。弘治十四年知縣周(zhou)忠,易小以大,易甓以石,易涂泥而(er)金(jin)鐵(tie)之,歷(li)時(shi)四年而(er)工(gong)成。
4、清康熙二(er)十七年因河水(shui)汴刷廟(miao)毀,故南遷河西,并有傳“盤古(gu)墓在水(shui)中,又石(shi)棺,鐵鎖系之(zhi)”之(zhi)記。但是新建的盤古(gu)廟(miao)規模縮小了很多。
5、中華(hua)民(min)國(guo)五年盤(pan)古毀于(yu)天火。主持僧(seng)本信(xin)信(xin)苦形(用(yong)兩根鐵絲穿在(zai)腳后(hou)跟的筋骨(gu)之間,用(yong)一條鐵鏈再連在(zai)一起,以(yi)示自己有罪(zui)帶鐐),徙步去天津(jin)齋化。得津(jin)沽(gu)巨(ju)商寧世福(fu)等八(ba)家施舍,遂(sui)于(yu)民(min)國(guo)八(ba)年重修(xiu),歷時十年。不僅殿堂比以(yi)前又小了不少,而且因資金不足,有些工(gong)序未能(neng)如愿便(bian)草草收工(gong)。1937年9月18日(ri)(ri),幾名日(ri)(ri)軍占(zhan)領盤(pan)古殿頂,向(xiang)百姓開(kai)槍,后(hou)進駐(zhu)偽軍,建立據(ju)點。在(zai)1946年秋,青縣人民(min)武裝(zhuang)攻(gong)克盤(pan)古據(ju)點,盤(pan)古整個(ge)盤(pan)古廟毀于(yu)一旦。可謂(wei)“建于(yu)戰(zhan)亂,毀于(yu)戰(zhan)亂。”
6、1987年秋盤古(gu)人自發成立“盤古(gu)廟籌建(jian)委員會”。借村民一處,權作“盤古(gu)廟堂”。92年重(zhong)修盤古(gu)墓,建(jian)了盤古(gu)墓碑亭。2005年再度粉刷、修整。
建國后盤(pan)古廟的(de)(de)(de)三大殿被(bei)拆(chai)除(chu)將(jiang)木(mu)材用(yong)于了建設縣(xian)政(zheng)府劇院。所(suo)剩(sheng)房(fang)(fang)社成為新成立的(de)(de)(de)盤(pan)古人民公(gong)社的(de)(de)(de)辦公(gong)所(suo)在地。2008年在道路闊寬過程中,所(suo)剩(sheng)房(fang)(fang)社也被(bei)拆(chai)除(chu)。
盤古廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)每年兩次,三(san)(san)月(yue)初三(san)(san)和九月(yue)初九兩次舉行(xing),(始于三(san)(san)國魏)廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)正期四天延期或十晌(shang)或半月(yue)不定又有唱戲的、說書的、馬戲雜耍等助興。期間善(shan)男信(xin)女、寺(si)院(yuan)僧道、商賈(jia)游客(ke)車馬舟楫云(yun)集于此。
盤(pan)古(gu)廟重(zhong)修計劃和面臨的問題:無(wu)論過去如何輝煌(huang),但(dan)是(shi)在現實生(sheng)活中展現在人們(men)眼(yan)前(qian)的都(dou)只(zhi)是(shi)一片廢墟(xu)和一座由單獨(du)的房間(jian)組成的小(xiao)廟。這(zhe)很讓里(li)人傷(shang)感和愧疚。重(zhong)修盤(pan)古(gu)廟,為(wei)盤(pan)古(gu)再造金身(shen)的呼聲(sheng)一直在民間(jian)傳響。
青縣人(ren)民政府通過了《以“精神投資”為先導,啟動青縣經濟(ji)騰(teng)飛》的重(zhong)修盤(pan)古廟振興盤(pan)古文(wen)化的決議。
主體工程(cheng)占地(di)270畝,以(yi)九(jiu)尺紅(hong)墻(qiang)圍(wei)之。首為“盤古(gu)祠(ci)”(近代被毀前(qian)規(gui)格),次第(di)“媧皇宮(gong)”、“禹(yu)王(wang)殿(dian)”、“靈宵殿(dian)”、“封(feng)神閣”、“道院”、“儒院”、“觀(guan)音殿(dian)”最后是(shi)“盤古(gu)文院”。并建(jian)立“茶(cha)香齋”、“妙語齋”、“潑墨亭(ting)”、“太(tai)始宮(gong)”。
廣(guang)東花(hua)都(dou),相傳就是古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)時(shi)"南(nan)海(hai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)國(guo)"的(de)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)南(nan)朝梁人(ren)任(ren)昉的(de)《述異記》中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)這樣一段記載(zai):"今南(nan)海(hai)有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)墓,亙三百里,俗云后(hou)人(ren)追葬盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之魂(hun)也,桂林有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)祠,今人(ren)祝祀,南(nan)海(hai)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)國(guo),今人(ren)皆以盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)姓(xing)。"只是,任(ren)昉并(bing)(bing)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)對盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)國(guo)進行具體的(de)記載(zai)。直到1992年(nian),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)專門研(yan)究盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)專家馬卉(hui)欣通(tong)過大(da)量的(de)實(shi)地考核,證(zheng)實(shi)花(hua)縣(xian)建縣(xian)前在(zai)(zai)南(nan)朝已經屬于(yu)南(nan)海(hai)郡(jun)管(guan)轄,也就是一千五百年(nian)前有(you)(you)"南(nan)海(hai)中(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)國(guo)"中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)南(nan)海(hai)郡(jun)。而查(cha)遍整個古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)南(nan)海(hai)郡(jun)所(suo)轄的(de)珠(zhu)江(jiang)三角洲,都(dou)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)的(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)跡和傳說(shuo),唯(wei)獨花(hua)都(dou)有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)王(wang)(wang)山、盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)峒,又有(you)(you)史料記載(zai)的(de)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)王(wang)(wang)神(shen)(shen)壇,并(bing)(bing)流傳著(zhu)《盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)王(wang)(wang)伏龍降(jiang)獅》等神(shen)(shen)話(hua)傳說(shuo)。因而,他認定,"南(nan)海(hai)中(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)國(guo)的(de)遺(yi)址就在(zai)(zai)花(hua)縣(xian)",并(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)當(dang)年(nian)震驚神(shen)(shen)話(hua)學界。2009年(nian)1月,花(hua)都(dou)區獅嶺鎮被廣(guang)東省(sheng)(sheng)文(wen)(wen)聯和省(sheng)(sheng)民協授予了"廣(guang)東省(sheng)(sheng)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)之鄉(xiang)"稱號(hao)。這也是珠(zhu)江(jiang)三角洲地區唯(wei)一一個以盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)命名(ming)的(de)鄉(xiang)鎮。
“盤(pan)古(gu)王誕(dan)”可追溯至(zhi)秦(qin)漢時期漢族盤(pan)古(gu)崇拜(bai)與瑤族盤(pan)瓠崇拜(bai)的(de)嶺南融(rong)合(he)。廣東省花(hua)都,就(jiu)是古(gu)時“南海盤(pan)古(gu)國(guo)”的(de)所(suo)在。 據史料記(ji)載,現花(hua)都區獅嶺鎮(zhen)一帶曾是瑤族居住地,他們(men)在梯面盤(pan)古(gu)峒修建盤(pan)古(gu)廟,定農(nong)歷十(shi)(shi)月十(shi)(shi)六為盤(pan)王節于盤(pan)古(gu)廟前慶賀,祈求(qiu)風調雨順,人(ren)畜興旺。 因此,每(mei)年農(nong)歷八月十(shi)(shi)二(er),花(hua)都獅嶺人(ren)們(men)共同慶賀一年一度的(de)盤(pan)古(gu)王誕(dan),進行各種有關(guan)盤(pan)古(gu)文(wen)化的(de)民俗活動。
根據當(dang)地縣志的記載(zai),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)末(mo)清初(chu)之時,由于聚集在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現近梯面一(yi)帶的瑤(yao)族(zu)通報(bao)受到鎮(zhen)壓(ya),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)當(dang)地廣為(wei)傳播的盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)信仰(yang)幾乎一(yi)度消(xiao)亡。直到清朝嘉慶初(chu)年,當(dang)地讀(du)書(shu)人(ren)邱毛(mao)松(song)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)獅嶺一(yi)帶神游(you)(you),行至爐山(shan)(今盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)王山(shan))半(ban)山(shan)腰(yao),無意中發現這(zhe)塊盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)神碑,碑上正面刻著"初(chu)開天地盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)大(da)(da)王圣(sheng)帝神位",傳說為(wei)瑤(yao)人(ren)逃亡時遺(yi)落。邱毛(mao)松(song)于是在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)山(shan)腰(yao)搭(da)起一(yi)座"盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)神壇",把這(zhe)塊盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)神碑供立其中,邱毛(mao)松(song)將拾(shi)到神牌的農歷八月(yue)十二定為(wei)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)王誕日(ri)。邱毛(mao)松(song)每天在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)神壇施醫救人(ren),并四處游(you)(you)說讓周(zhou)圍(wei)的人(ren)去參拜。于是,盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)神壇漸漸遠近聞名,殘存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)漢(han)化(hua)瑤(yao)族(zu)人(ren)當(dang)中的盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)信仰(yang)逐漸復活(huo)。盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)王由此在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)漢(han)人(ren)中間(jian)的影響日(ri)益增大(da)(da),最終形成了"盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)王誕"的大(da)(da)型(xing)民俗(su)活(huo)動。
所(suo)謂盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)即盤(pan)(pan)觚(gu)(gu)也,他就是(shi)和道(dao)祖太(tai)上一同(tong)藏(zang)身于瓠觚(gu)(gu)之(zhi)中的(de)(de)那(nei)條花白相間的(de)(de)狗(gou)(gou)。他和道(dao)祖太(tai)上一同(tong)成長修行。他是(shi)妖修后代(dai),說(shuo)(shuo)他是(shi)狗(gou)(gou),并不是(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)他與(yu)道(dao)祖太(tai)上是(shi)人與(yu)狗(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)關系(xi)。在那(nei)個(ge)蒙昧未開,蠻荒遍地的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)代(dai),無所(suo)謂人類或非人類,只是(shi)外(wai)形外(wai)貌差異而(er)已。就像這個(ge)人長這樣,那(nei)個(ge)人長那(nei)樣。盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)誕生時(shi)(shi)正值帝(di)堯時(shi)(shi)期,蚩尤被黃帝(di)聯合炎帝(di)打敗,到了(le)帝(di)堯時(shi)(shi)期,蚩尤部(bu)落遺族(zu)(zu),流亡百越(yue)之(zhi)地。蚩尤為戰神,所(suo)以盡管戰敗,他部(bu)族(zu)(zu)里還是(shi)有一些(xie)手段本領(ling)強大(da)的(de)(de)人。正當百越(yue)諸部(bu)內(nei)亂紛爭,近(jin)乎(hu)絕(jue)境之(zhi)時(shi)(shi),是(shi)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)救了(le)百越(yue)之(zhi)地眾(zhong)多蚩尤遺族(zu)(zu)部(bu)落。后來盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)就成了(le)百越(yue)南疆,苗疆等地的(de)(de)救世(shi)創世(shi)神。