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人物簡介

共(gong)工(gong)，為(wei)氏族名，又稱共(gong)工(gong)氏。為(wei)中(zhong)國古代(dai)(dai)神話中(zhong)的水神。《列子·湯問(wen)》：“共(gong)工(gong)氏與顓頊爭為(wei)帝(di)，怒(nu)而觸不周之山，折天柱，絕地維，故天傾西北，日月星(xing)辰就(jiu)焉；地不滿東南，故百川(chuan)水潦歸焉。”另外還有一種說法，共(gong)工(gong)氏是軒轅裔黃帝(di)王朝時代(dai)(dai)的部落(luo)名，把(ba)共(gong)工(gong)與驩兜、三(san)苗、鯀列入(ru)四罪。

主要經歷

此共(gong)(gong)工(gong)并非神(shen)話(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)（神(shen)話(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)乃伏羲女媧政權(quan)時期的(de)(de)人物(wu)），乃炎(yan)帝(di)(di)魁隗(wei)氏(shi)(shi)政權(quan)五任帝(di)(di)祝融時期的(de)(de)“水正”部落首領(ling)的(de)(de)統稱，也是(shi)炎(yan)帝(di)(di)魁隗(wei)氏(shi)(shi)政權(quan)最后一位統治者七任帝(di)(di)，后被神(shen)農(nong)氏(shi)(shi)擊敗，帶領(ling)部落改名“共(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)”。夸父則為魁隗(wei)氏(shi)(shi)嫡系九世孫，也是(shi)炎(yan)帝(di)(di)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)（炎(yan)帝(di)(di)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)只有(you)一人，所(suo)以單指一人）的(de)(de)曾(ceng)孫輩。

《史記：五帝(di)(di)(di)本紀》：昔帝(di)(di)(di)鴻氏(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)才(cai)(cai)子，掩義隱賊，好行(xing)兇慝(ni)，天(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)渾沌。少(shao)皞(hao)氏(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)才(cai)(cai)子，毀信惡(e)忠，崇飾惡(e)言(yan)，天(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)窮(qiong)奇(qi)。顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)氏(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)才(cai)(cai)子，不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)教訓(xun)(xun)，不(bu)(bu)知話言(yan)，天(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)梼(tao)杌。此(ci)三(san)族世憂之(zhi)(zhi)。至于(yu)(yu)堯，堯未能去。縉云氏(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)才(cai)(cai)子，貪于(yu)(yu)飲食，冒于(yu)(yu)貨賄，天(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)饕餮。天(tian)下(xia)惡(e)之(zhi)(zhi)，比之(zhi)(zhi)三(san)兇。舜賓于(yu)(yu)四門(men)，乃流四兇族，遷(qian)于(yu)(yu)四裔(yi)，以御螭魅，于(yu)(yu)是(shi)四門(men)辟(pi)，言(yan)毋兇人也。《尚(shang)書·堯典(dian)》：讙(huan)兜進(jin)言(yan)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)，堯曰不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)而(er)試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)師，共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)果(guo)淫辟(pi)。四岳舉鯀治鴻水(shui)，堯以為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)，岳強請試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)，試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)無(wu)功(gong)，故(gu)(gu)百姓不(bu)(bu)便。三(san)苗在江(jiang)淮(huai)、荊州數為(wei)(wei)亂(luan)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)舜歸(gui)而(er)言(yan)于(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)(di)，請流（帝(di)(di)(di)鴻氏(shi)(shi)）共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)于(yu)(yu)幽(you)(you)陵，以變北狄；放（少(shao)皞(hao)氏(shi)(shi)）讙(huan)兜于(yu)(yu)崇山，以變南(nan)蠻；遷(qian)（縉云氏(shi)(shi)）三(san)苗于(yu)(yu)三(san)危，以變西(xi)戎；殛(ji)（顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)氏(shi)(shi)）鯀于(yu)(yu)羽山，以變東夷：四罪(zui)而(er)天(tian)下(xia)咸(xian)服。“流共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)于(yu)(yu)幽(you)(you)州，放驩(huan)兜于(yu)(yu)崇山，竄三(san)苗于(yu)(yu)三(san)危，殛(ji)鯀于(yu)(yu)羽山，四罪(zui)而(er)天(tian)下(xia)咸(xian)服。”《列(lie)子·湯問》：“共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)與顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)爭為(wei)(wei)帝(di)(di)(di)，（顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)，黃帝(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)裔(yi)（《山海經(jing)·海內(nei)經(jing)》）。故(gu)(gu)此(ci)戰實(shi)為(wei)(wei)黃炎(yan)(yan)戰爭之(zhi)(zhi)繼續）怒(nu)而(er)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)(zhi)山，折天(tian)柱(zhu)，絕地(di)(di)(di)維，故(gu)(gu)天(tian)傾(qing)西(xi)北，日月星(xing)辰就焉；地(di)(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)滿(man)東南(nan)，故(gu)(gu)百川(chuan)水(shui)潦歸(gui)焉。”《山海經(jing)·海內(nei)經(jing)》：“炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)妻，赤水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)子，聽沃生(sheng)(sheng)炎(yan)(yan)居，炎(yan)(yan)居生(sheng)(sheng)節并，節并生(sheng)(sheng)戲器，戲器生(sheng)(sheng)祝(zhu)融(rong)，祝(zhu)融(rong)降處(chu)于(yu)(yu)江(jiang)水(shui)，生(sheng)(sheng)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)。”又《天(tian)文訓(xun)(xun)》、《淮(huai)南(nan)子》：“昔者共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)與顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)爭為(wei)(wei)帝(di)(di)(di)，怒(nu)而(er)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)(zhi)山，天(tian)柱(zhu)折，地(di)(di)(di)維絕。天(tian)傾(qing)西(xi)北，故(gu)(gu)日月星(xing)辰移焉；地(di)(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)滿(man)東南(nan)，故(gu)(gu)水(shui)潦塵埃歸(gui)焉。”

姜亮夫(fu)《 楚(chu)辭通(tong)故 · 燭龍》 所(suo)據材料(liao)全抄自俞氏， 但其說卻大相徑庭(ting)， 他認為“ 燭龍”即(ji)“ 祝(zhu)融(rong)” 之音轉

《山海經·海內經》：祝(zhu)融降處于江水(shui)，生共(gong)工。此祝(zhu)融是(shi)離(li)朱也叫離(li)婁。江水(shui)即泗水(shui)，今(jin)

.天泗水(shui)流(liu)域的邾(zhu)婁便是祝(zhu)融離(li)朱生(sheng)共工的地(di)方(fang)。《山海經·大荒東(dong)(dong)經》：東(dong)(dong)海之外大壑，少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)之國。少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)孺帝顓頊于此。少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)之都在曲(qu)阜(fu)，距離(li)共工出生(sheng)地(di)邾(zhu)婁非(fei)常近(jin)。所以顓頊與共工原本(ben)是鄰(lin)居關系，他們共同的領袖(xiu)是強大的少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)。

顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)與(yu)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)原本應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可以和(he)(he)睦相(xiang)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于少(shao)昊統治后期少(shao)昊族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)衰(shuai)落(luo)，加上共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)崛(jue)起(qi)。原本江水(shui)流(liu)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)統治者少(shao)昊已經沒(mei)有能(neng)力約束崛(jue)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)因(yin)此向少(shao)昊的(de)(de)(de)(de)統治權發起(qi)了挑戰。這正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《國語·楚(chu)語》里面記載的(de)(de)(de)(de)：少(shao)昊氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)衰(shuai)也(ye)，九(jiu)黎亂德，其后三苗復九(jiu)黎之(zhi)(zhi)德的(de)(de)(de)(de)事件。歷史上，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)也(ye)稱(cheng)帝江，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)江水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)含義。面對(dui)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)崛(jue)起(qi)，少(shao)昊指定的(de)(de)(de)(de)繼承(cheng)人顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)自然不服氣，于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乃(nai)命(ming)重黎對(dui)抗共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)。重黎即(ji)重部(bu)(bu)落(luo)和(he)(he)黎部(bu)(bu)落(luo)。重是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)昊之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)，也(ye)在(zai)江水(shui)流(liu)域；黎部(bu)(bu)落(luo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)妻子(zi)女(nv)(nv)祿(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)娘家部(bu)(bu)落(luo)，女(nv)(nv)祿(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)祿(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)黎字的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)假。女(nv)(nv)祿(lu)(lu)所在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)也(ye)叫滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)離朱后代的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)也(ye)叫滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)奔氏(shi)，奔是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)濆(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)假。濆(fen)(fen)字就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴泉(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意思，滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)即(ji)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)涌的(de)(de)(de)(de)噴泉(quan)。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)在(zai)今(jin).天的(de)(de)(de)(de)山東滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)州，滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)州就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)涌的(de)(de)(de)(de)噴泉(quan)而得名。黎(祿(lu)(lu))姓滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)地理位(wei)置在(zai)今(jin).天滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)州一(yi)帶，與(yu)他(ta)祖先祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)所在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邾(zhu)婁很近，女(nv)(nv)祿(lu)(lu)與(yu)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后代也(ye)有一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分稱(cheng)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)本和(he)(he)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)同(tong)族(zu)，但因(yin)兄弟分家不愉快所以也(ye)出來支持顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)攻打共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)。

就這樣得(de)到了(le)(le)江水流(liu)域(yu)重和(he)(he)黎部(bu)落的(de)支(zhi)持，顓(zhuan)頊實力大增，把共(gong)工逼走。《文子》曰：“共(gong)工為(wei)(wei)水害，故顓(zhuan)頊誅(zhu)之。”此時共(gong)工依然強大，為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)取得(de)長久(jiu)的(de)和(he)(he)平，顓(zhuan)頊與共(gong)工還搞了(le)(le)聯(lian)姻關系，顓(zhuan)頊和(he)(he)女祿(lu)的(de)后代老(lao)童娶了(le)(le)共(gong)工大臣根水氏(shi)和(he)(he)竭(jie)水氏(shi)為(wei)(wei)妻。

《山海(hai)經》中(zhong)也有記載：“朝陽之(zhi)谷(gu)，神曰天吳，是為(wei)(wei)(wei)水伯(bo)”。帝(di)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)時期（約(yue)(yue)公元前25世紀），顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)部落聯盟與共(gong)工(gong)部落聯盟在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)原地(di)區（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)北(bei)部）作戰。原始社(she)會晚期，相(xiang)傳黃帝(di)之(zhi)孫顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)號高(gao)陽氏，繼黃帝(di)為(wei)(wei)(wei)該(gai)部落聯盟首(shou)領(ling)(ling)。他生于若水而居(ju)帝(di)丘（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)濮陽東南(nan)），正處黃河(he)（約(yue)(yue)當今(jin)衛(wei)河(he)）東岸(an)附近。炎帝(di)共(gong)工(gong)的后(hou)裔為(wei)(wei)(wei)炎帝(di)族分支(zhi)共(gong)工(gong)氏部落聯盟的首(shou)領(ling)(ling)，居(ju)住在(zai)(zai)九州黃河(he)中(zhong)游(you)河(he)西地(di)區（約(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)今(jin)河(he)南(nan)輝縣(xian)境），在(zai)(zai)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)部落聯盟的上流。在(zai)(zai)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)高(gao)陽氏政(zheng)權(quan)取得黃帝(di)（黃帝(di)并(bing)非一(yi)(yi)人(ren)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)個時期的政(zheng)權(quan)領(ling)(ling)導統稱(cheng)）之(zhi)位時，顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)以(yi)借口帶領(ling)(ling)軍隊南(nan)征北(bei)戰，降服各路諸侯，共(gong)工(gong)氏為(wei)(wei)(wei)其中(zhong)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。

人物評價

據說(shuo)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)姓姜，是(shi)炎(yan)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)代。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)是(shi)神(shen)農(nong)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)后(hou)，又一個為(wei)發展農(nong)業生(sheng)產做出(chu)過重要貢獻的(de)(de)(de)人。他(ta)發明了筑(zhu)堤蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)。關于他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo)，幾乎全(quan)與(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)有關，有名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)故事是(shi)：共(gong)工(gong)(gong)怒(nu)觸(chu)不(bu)周山。黃河的(de)(de)(de)經常泛濫威脅(xie)到了部落的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存，共(gong)工(gong)(gong)率(lv)領大(da)(da)家與(yu)(yu)洪水(shui)(shui)英(ying)(ying)勇搏斗(dou)，他(ta)們采(cai)取“堵”而不(bu)是(shi)“疏”的(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)來治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)，未能(neng)根治(zhi)(zhi)洪水(shui)(shui)，但是(shi)為(wei)后(hou)人治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)積累(lei)了經驗。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)華(hua)夏的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)英(ying)(ying)雄，被(bei)后(hou)世尊為(wei)水(shui)(shui)神(shen)。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)表(biao)現出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)永(yong)不(bu)言敗的(de)(de)(de)精(jing)神(shen)，是(shi)中華(hua)民(min)族寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)精(jing)神(shen)財富。之(zhi)后(hou)與(yu)(yu)顓頊爭奪部落盟主地位(wei)，而顓頊則利用民(min)眾迷(mi)信的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理(li)，聲稱共(gong)工(gong)(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)會“觸(chu)怒(nu)上(shang)天(tian)”，導致共(gong)工(gong)(gong)失(shi)去支持，最終失(shi)敗。而共(gong)工(gong)(gong)為(wei)捍衛自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)大(da)(da)業，撞(zhuang)山自(zi)殺，以表(biao)示“看(kan)，這樣(yang)都沒有‘觸(chu)怒(nu)上(shang)天(tian)’”。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)與(yu)(yu)顓頊爭奪帝(di)(di)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)故事，后(hou)被(bei)演繹(yi)成“怒(nu)而觸(chu)不(bu)周之(zhi)山”的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)話。