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共(gong)(gong)工，為氏(shi)族名，又稱共(gong)(gong)工氏(shi)。為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古代(dai)神話(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)水(shui)神。《列子·湯問》：“共(gong)(gong)工氏(shi)與顓頊爭為帝，怒(nu)而觸(chu)不周之(zhi)山，折天(tian)柱(zhu)，絕地維，故天(tian)傾西(xi)北，日(ri)月星辰就焉(yan)；地不滿東南，故百(bai)川水(shui)潦(liao)歸焉(yan)。”另外還有一種(zhong)說法，共(gong)(gong)工氏(shi)是軒轅(yuan)裔黃帝王朝時代(dai)的(de)部落名，把共(gong)(gong)工與驩兜、三苗、鯀(gun)列入四罪(zui)。

主要經歷

此共(gong)工(gong)并(bing)非(fei)神(shen)話中(zhong)的(de)共(gong)工(gong)（神(shen)話中(zhong)的(de)共(gong)工(gong)乃伏羲女(nv)媧政權時(shi)期(qi)的(de)人(ren)物(wu)），乃炎帝魁隗氏(shi)政權五任(ren)帝祝融時(shi)期(qi)的(de)“水正”部(bu)落首(shou)領(ling)的(de)統稱，也是炎帝魁隗氏(shi)政權最后一(yi)位(wei)統治者(zhe)七任(ren)帝，后被神(shen)農氏(shi)擊敗，帶領(ling)部(bu)落改名“共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)”。夸(kua)父則(ze)為(wei)魁隗氏(shi)嫡系九世(shi)孫，也是炎帝共(gong)工(gong)（炎帝共(gong)工(gong)只有(you)一(yi)人(ren)，所以(yi)單(dan)指(zhi)一(yi)人(ren)）的(de)曾孫輩。

《史(shi)記(ji)：五帝(di)(di)(di)本紀》：昔帝(di)(di)(di)鴻(hong)氏(shi)(shi)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，掩義隱賊，好行(xing)兇慝(ni)，天(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渾沌。少(shao)皞(hao)氏(shi)(shi)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，毀信惡(e)(e)忠，崇(chong)飾惡(e)(e)言(yan)(yan)，天(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)窮(qiong)奇。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)氏(shi)(shi)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)教(jiao)訓，不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)話言(yan)(yan)，天(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梼杌。此三(san)(san)(san)族世憂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)堯(yao)，堯(yao)未能去(qu)。縉云(yun)氏(shi)(shi)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，貪于(yu)(yu)(yu)飲食，冒于(yu)(yu)(yu)貨賄，天(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饕餮。天(tian)下(xia)惡(e)(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，比之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)(san)(san)兇。舜賓(bin)于(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)門，乃流四(si)(si)兇族，遷于(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)裔(yi)，以(yi)(yi)御螭(chi)魅，于(yu)(yu)(yu)是四(si)(si)門辟(pi)，言(yan)(yan)毋(wu)兇人也。《尚書·堯(yao)典》：讙(huan)兜進言(yan)(yan)共工(gong)，堯(yao)曰不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)而試之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)師，共工(gong)果淫辟(pi)。四(si)(si)岳(yue)舉鯀治(zhi)鴻(hong)水，堯(yao)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)，岳(yue)強請試之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，試之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而無功，故(gu)(gu)百姓不(bu)(bu)(bu)便(bian)。三(san)(san)(san)苗在(zai)江(jiang)(jiang)淮、荊州數(shu)為(wei)(wei)亂。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是舜歸(gui)(gui)(gui)而言(yan)(yan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)(di)，請流（帝(di)(di)(di)鴻(hong)氏(shi)(shi)）共工(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)幽陵，以(yi)(yi)變北(bei)狄；放（少(shao)皞(hao)氏(shi)(shi)）讙(huan)兜于(yu)(yu)(yu)崇(chong)山(shan)(shan)，以(yi)(yi)變南(nan)蠻；遷（縉云(yun)氏(shi)(shi)）三(san)(san)(san)苗于(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)(san)(san)危(wei)，以(yi)(yi)變西戎；殛(ji)（顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)氏(shi)(shi)）鯀于(yu)(yu)(yu)羽(yu)山(shan)(shan)，以(yi)(yi)變東(dong)夷：四(si)(si)罪而天(tian)下(xia)咸服。“流共工(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)幽州，放驩兜于(yu)(yu)(yu)崇(chong)山(shan)(shan)，竄三(san)(san)(san)苗于(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)(san)(san)危(wei)，殛(ji)鯀于(yu)(yu)(yu)羽(yu)山(shan)(shan)，四(si)(si)罪而天(tian)下(xia)咸服。”《列子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·湯問》：“共工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)與顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)爭(zheng)為(wei)(wei)帝(di)(di)(di)，（顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)，黃(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裔(yi)（《山(shan)(shan)海(hai)(hai)經·海(hai)(hai)內經》）。故(gu)(gu)此戰實為(wei)(wei)黃(huang)炎戰爭(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繼續）怒而觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)，折天(tian)柱，絕(jue)地(di)(di)維(wei)，故(gu)(gu)天(tian)傾西北(bei)，日月(yue)星(xing)辰就(jiu)焉；地(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿(man)東(dong)南(nan)，故(gu)(gu)百川水潦歸(gui)(gui)(gui)焉。”《山(shan)(shan)海(hai)(hai)經·海(hai)(hai)內經》：“炎帝(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻(qi)，赤水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，聽(ting)沃生(sheng)炎居(ju)，炎居(ju)生(sheng)節并，節并生(sheng)戲器(qi)，戲器(qi)生(sheng)祝融，祝融降處于(yu)(yu)(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)水，生(sheng)共工(gong)。”又《天(tian)文訓》、《淮南(nan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》：“昔者共工(gong)與顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)爭(zheng)為(wei)(wei)帝(di)(di)(di)，怒而觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)，天(tian)柱折，地(di)(di)維(wei)絕(jue)。天(tian)傾西北(bei)，故(gu)(gu)日月(yue)星(xing)辰移焉；地(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿(man)東(dong)南(nan)，故(gu)(gu)水潦塵埃歸(gui)(gui)(gui)焉。”

姜亮夫《 楚辭通故(gu) · 燭龍》 所據材料全(quan)抄自俞氏， 但其(qi)說卻大相徑庭， 他認為(wei)“ 燭龍”即“ 祝融” 之音轉

《山海經·海內經》：祝融降處于江水，生共(gong)工。此祝融是離朱也叫離婁(lou)。江水即泗水，今

.天泗水流域(yu)的(de)邾婁(lou)(lou)便是祝融離(li)朱(zhu)生共(gong)工(gong)的(de)地方。《山海經(jing)·大荒東經(jing)》：東海之外大壑，少昊之國。少昊孺(ru)帝顓頊于此。少昊之都在曲阜(fu)，距離(li)共(gong)工(gong)出生地邾婁(lou)(lou)非常近(jin)。所(suo)以(yi)顓頊與共(gong)工(gong)原本是鄰(lin)居關系，他們共(gong)同(tong)的(de)領袖是強(qiang)大的(de)少昊。

顓(zhuan)頊(xu)與共工(gong)(gong)(gong)氏原(yuan)本(ben)應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)以和睦相處的(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)少昊(hao)(hao)(hao)統(tong)治(zhi)后(hou)期(qi)少昊(hao)(hao)(hao)族的(de)(de)(de)衰落，加上共工(gong)(gong)(gong)一族的(de)(de)(de)崛起(qi)(qi)。原(yuan)本(ben)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水流域的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)治(zhi)者(zhe)少昊(hao)(hao)(hao)已經沒(mei)有(you)能力約束崛起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)共工(gong)(gong)(gong)，共工(gong)(gong)(gong)因(yin)此向少昊(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)治(zhi)權發起(qi)(qi)了挑戰(zhan)。這正是(shi)(shi)(shi)《國語(yu)(yu)·楚語(yu)(yu)》里面記(ji)載的(de)(de)(de)：少昊(hao)(hao)(hao)氏之(zhi)(zhi)衰也(ye)(ye)，九(jiu)黎(li)(li)亂德，其后(hou)三苗(miao)復九(jiu)黎(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)德的(de)(de)(de)事件。歷(li)史(shi)上，共工(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)稱帝(di)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水之(zhi)(zhi)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)含義。面對共工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)崛起(qi)(qi)，少昊(hao)(hao)(hao)指定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)繼承人(ren)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)自然不(bu)(bu)服氣(qi)，于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)乃命重黎(li)(li)對抗共工(gong)(gong)(gong)。重黎(li)(li)即(ji)重部(bu)落和黎(li)(li)部(bu)落。重是(shi)(shi)(shi)少昊(hao)(hao)(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)子，也(ye)(ye)在(zai)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水流域；黎(li)(li)部(bu)落是(shi)(shi)(shi)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)妻子女(nv)祿(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)娘家部(bu)落，女(nv)祿(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)祿(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)黎(li)(li)字的(de)(de)(de)通假(jia)。女(nv)祿(lu)(lu)所在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)落也(ye)(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏，是(shi)(shi)(shi)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)離(li)朱后(hou)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)一支(zhi)。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏也(ye)(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)奔(ben)(ben)氏，奔(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)濆(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)通假(jia)。濆(fen)(fen)字就是(shi)(shi)(shi)噴泉的(de)(de)(de)意思，滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)即(ji)滕(teng)(teng)涌的(de)(de)(de)噴泉。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏在(zai)今(jin).天的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)東滕(teng)(teng)州(zhou)，滕(teng)(teng)州(zhou)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)滕(teng)(teng)涌的(de)(de)(de)噴泉而(er)得(de)名(ming)。黎(li)(li)(祿(lu)(lu))姓滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏地理位置在(zai)今(jin).天滕(teng)(teng)州(zhou)一帶，與他祖先祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)所在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)邾婁(lou)很近，女(nv)祿(lu)(lu)與顓(zhuan)頊(xu)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai)也(ye)(ye)有(you)一部(bu)分(fen)稱祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)的(de)(de)(de)。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏本(ben)和共工(gong)(gong)(gong)同族，但(dan)(dan)因(yin)兄弟(di)分(fen)家不(bu)(bu)愉(yu)快(kuai)所以也(ye)(ye)出來支(zhi)持(chi)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)攻打共工(gong)(gong)(gong)。

就這樣(yang)得(de)到了江水流域重和(he)黎部(bu)落的支持，顓頊(xu)實力(li)大增(zeng)，把共工(gong)逼(bi)走。《文子》曰：“共工(gong)為水害(hai)，故顓頊(xu)誅之(zhi)。”此時共工(gong)依(yi)然強大，為了取得(de)長久的和(he)平，顓頊(xu)與共工(gong)還(huan)搞了聯姻關系，顓頊(xu)和(he)女祿的后(hou)代老(lao)童娶了共工(gong)大臣根水氏(shi)和(he)竭水氏(shi)為妻。

《山海經》中也有(you)記載：“朝陽(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)谷，神(shen)曰天吳，是為(wei)水伯”。帝(di)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)時(shi)期（約(yue)公元前(qian)25世紀），顓(zhuan)頊(xu)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟與共(gong)工(gong)(gong)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟在(zai)(zai)中原地(di)區（今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)北部(bu)(bu)）作戰。原始社會晚期，相傳黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)孫(sun)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)號高陽(yang)(yang)氏(shi)，繼黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)為(wei)該(gai)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟首領(ling)。他生于若水而居(ju)帝(di)丘（今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)濮陽(yang)(yang)東南(nan)），正處黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)（約(yue)當今(jin)衛河(he)(he)(he)）東岸附近。炎(yan)帝(di)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)的(de)后裔為(wei)炎(yan)帝(di)族(zu)分支共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟的(de)首領(ling)，居(ju)住(zhu)在(zai)(zai)九州黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)中游河(he)(he)(he)西(xi)地(di)區（約(yue)在(zai)(zai)今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)輝縣境(jing)），在(zai)(zai)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟的(de)上流。在(zai)(zai)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)高陽(yang)(yang)氏(shi)政權取(qu)得(de)黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)（黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)并非一(yi)人，為(wei)一(yi)個時(shi)期的(de)政權領(ling)導統稱）之(zhi)(zhi)位時(shi)，顓(zhuan)頊(xu)以借(jie)口帶領(ling)軍隊南(nan)征(zheng)北戰，降服各路諸(zhu)侯，共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)為(wei)其中之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。

人物評價

據說共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)姓姜(jiang)，是炎帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)后代(dai)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)是神(shen)農(nong)氏(shi)之后，又(you)一個為(wei)(wei)(wei)發(fa)展(zhan)農(nong)業生產做出(chu)過重(zhong)要貢獻的(de)(de)(de)(de)人。他(ta)(ta)發(fa)明了筑(zhu)堤蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法。關(guan)于他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說，幾乎全與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有關(guan)，有名的(de)(de)(de)(de)故事是：共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)怒觸不(bu)周(zhou)山。黃河的(de)(de)(de)(de)經常(chang)泛濫威脅到了部(bu)落的(de)(de)(de)(de)生存，共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)率領大家(jia)與(yu)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)英勇搏(bo)斗，他(ta)(ta)們采取“堵(du)”而(er)不(bu)是“疏(shu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法來治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，未能根治(zhi)(zhi)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，但是為(wei)(wei)(wei)后人治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)積累了經驗。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)是華夏的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)英雄，被后世尊(zun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)表現出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)永不(bu)言敗(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)，是中華民族寶(bao)貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)財富(fu)。之后與(yu)顓頊(xu)爭(zheng)奪部(bu)落盟主地位(wei)，而(er)顓頊(xu)則利用民眾迷信的(de)(de)(de)(de)心理，聲(sheng)稱共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)會“觸怒上(shang)天(tian)”，導致共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)失(shi)去(qu)支(zhi)持(chi)，最終失(shi)敗(bai)。而(er)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)捍衛自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)大業，撞山自殺，以表示“看，這樣(yang)都沒有‘觸怒上(shang)天(tian)’”。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)與(yu)顓頊(xu)爭(zheng)奪帝位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)故事，后被演繹成“怒而(er)觸不(bu)周(zhou)之山”的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)話。