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共工(gong)(gong)，為氏族名，又稱共工(gong)(gong)氏。為中國(guo)古代(dai)神話中的水神。《列(lie)子·湯問》：“共工(gong)(gong)氏與(yu)顓頊(xu)爭(zheng)為帝(di)，怒(nu)而觸不(bu)周(zhou)之山(shan)，折天柱，絕(jue)地(di)維(wei)，故天傾西北，日月星辰(chen)就焉；地(di)不(bu)滿東南，故百(bai)川水潦(liao)歸焉。”另外(wai)還有一(yi)種說法，共工(gong)(gong)氏是軒轅裔黃帝(di)王(wang)朝(chao)時代(dai)的部(bu)落(luo)名，把(ba)共工(gong)(gong)與(yu)驩兜、三苗、鯀(gun)列(lie)入四罪(zui)。

主要經歷

此共(gong)工(gong)并(bing)非神(shen)話中的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)工(gong)（神(shen)話中的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)工(gong)乃伏(fu)羲女媧(wa)政(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)人物），乃炎(yan)(yan)帝魁隗氏(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)五任帝祝融時(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)“水正”部落(luo)首領的(de)(de)(de)統稱(cheng)，也是炎(yan)(yan)帝魁隗氏(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)最后(hou)(hou)一位統治者七任帝，后(hou)(hou)被神(shen)農(nong)氏(shi)擊敗(bai)，帶領部落(luo)改名“共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)”。夸父(fu)則為魁隗氏(shi)嫡系九(jiu)世孫，也是炎(yan)(yan)帝共(gong)工(gong)（炎(yan)(yan)帝共(gong)工(gong)只(zhi)有一人，所以單指一人）的(de)(de)(de)曾孫輩。

《史記：五(wu)帝(di)(di)本紀》：昔(xi)帝(di)(di)鴻氏(shi)(shi)(shi)有不(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)，掩義隱賊，好行(xing)兇(xiong)慝，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渾沌。少皞(hao)(hao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)有不(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)，毀信(xin)惡(e)忠(zhong)，崇(chong)飾(shi)惡(e)言(yan)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)窮奇。顓(zhuan)頊(xu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)有不(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)，不(bu)(bu)可教訓(xun)，不(bu)(bu)知話(hua)言(yan)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梼杌(wu)。此三族(zu)世憂(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。至于(yu)堯，堯未能去。縉云氏(shi)(shi)(shi)有不(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)，貪于(yu)飲食(shi)，冒于(yu)貨(huo)賄，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饕餮(tie)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)惡(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，比之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三兇(xiong)。舜賓于(yu)四(si)(si)門，乃流四(si)(si)兇(xiong)族(zu)，遷(qian)于(yu)四(si)(si)裔，以御螭魅，于(yu)是四(si)(si)門辟(pi)，言(yan)毋兇(xiong)人也。《尚書·堯典(dian)》：讙兜(dou)(dou)進言(yan)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)，堯曰不(bu)(bu)可而試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)師，共(gong)工(gong)(gong)果淫辟(pi)。四(si)(si)岳舉鯀(gun)治鴻水，堯以為不(bu)(bu)可，岳強(qiang)請(qing)試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而無(wu)功，故(gu)(gu)百(bai)姓(xing)不(bu)(bu)便。三苗(miao)在江(jiang)淮、荊州數(shu)為亂。于(yu)是舜歸(gui)(gui)而言(yan)于(yu)帝(di)(di)，請(qing)流（帝(di)(di)鴻氏(shi)(shi)(shi)）共(gong)工(gong)(gong)于(yu)幽陵(ling)，以變北(bei)(bei)狄；放(fang)（少皞(hao)(hao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)）讙兜(dou)(dou)于(yu)崇(chong)山(shan)(shan)，以變南(nan)(nan)蠻；遷(qian)（縉云氏(shi)(shi)(shi)）三苗(miao)于(yu)三危(wei)，以變西戎；殛（顓(zhuan)頊(xu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)）鯀(gun)于(yu)羽(yu)山(shan)(shan)，以變東夷：四(si)(si)罪而天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)咸服(fu)(fu)。“流共(gong)工(gong)(gong)于(yu)幽州，放(fang)驩兜(dou)(dou)于(yu)崇(chong)山(shan)(shan)，竄三苗(miao)于(yu)三危(wei)，殛鯀(gun)于(yu)羽(yu)山(shan)(shan)，四(si)(si)罪而天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)咸服(fu)(fu)。”《列子(zi)(zi)·湯問》：“共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)與顓(zhuan)頊(xu)爭(zheng)為帝(di)(di)，（顓(zhuan)頊(xu)，黃帝(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裔（《山(shan)(shan)海(hai)經·海(hai)內(nei)(nei)經》）。故(gu)(gu)此戰實(shi)為黃炎戰爭(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繼續）怒而觸不(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)，折天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱，絕(jue)地(di)維(wei)，故(gu)(gu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)傾西北(bei)(bei)，日月星(xing)辰就焉(yan)；地(di)不(bu)(bu)滿(man)東南(nan)(nan)，故(gu)(gu)百(bai)川水潦(liao)歸(gui)(gui)焉(yan)。”《山(shan)(shan)海(hai)經·海(hai)內(nei)(nei)經》：“炎帝(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻，赤水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)，聽沃(wo)生炎居，炎居生節并(bing)，節并(bing)生戲(xi)器，戲(xi)器生祝融(rong)，祝融(rong)降處于(yu)江(jiang)水，生共(gong)工(gong)(gong)。”又《天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文訓(xun)》、《淮南(nan)(nan)子(zi)(zi)》：“昔(xi)者共(gong)工(gong)(gong)與顓(zhuan)頊(xu)爭(zheng)為帝(di)(di)，怒而觸不(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱折，地(di)維(wei)絕(jue)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)傾西北(bei)(bei)，故(gu)(gu)日月星(xing)辰移焉(yan)；地(di)不(bu)(bu)滿(man)東南(nan)(nan)，故(gu)(gu)水潦(liao)塵(chen)埃歸(gui)(gui)焉(yan)。”

姜亮夫《 楚辭(ci)通故 · 燭龍》 所(suo)據(ju)材料(liao)全抄(chao)自俞(yu)氏， 但其說卻大相徑庭， 他認為“ 燭龍”即“ 祝(zhu)融” 之音轉

《山海經·海內經》：祝(zhu)(zhu)融降處于江水，生共工(gong)。此(ci)祝(zhu)(zhu)融是離朱也叫離婁(lou)。江水即(ji)泗水，今

.天泗水流域的(de)邾(zhu)婁便是(shi)祝融離朱生(sheng)共(gong)工(gong)的(de)地(di)方。《山海經·大荒東經》：東海之外大壑，少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)之國。少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)孺帝顓頊于此。少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)之都在(zai)曲阜，距(ju)離共(gong)工(gong)出(chu)生(sheng)地(di)邾(zhu)婁非常(chang)近(jin)。所以顓頊與共(gong)工(gong)原本(ben)是(shi)鄰(lin)居關系(xi)，他們共(gong)同(tong)的(de)領袖是(shi)強(qiang)大的(de)少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)。

顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)與共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏原本應該是(shi)可以和睦相處的(de)。但是(shi)由(you)于少昊(hao)(hao)統治(zhi)后(hou)期少昊(hao)(hao)族(zu)的(de)衰(shuai)落(luo)(luo)，加上共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)族(zu)的(de)崛(jue)起。原本江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)流(liu)域的(de)統治(zhi)者少昊(hao)(hao)已經沒(mei)有能力約(yue)束崛(jue)起的(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)，共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)因(yin)此(ci)向(xiang)少昊(hao)(hao)的(de)統治(zhi)權(quan)發(fa)起了挑戰。這正是(shi)《國語·楚語》里面記載(zai)的(de)：少昊(hao)(hao)氏之衰(shuai)也(ye)(ye)，九黎(li)(li)(li)亂(luan)德，其(qi)后(hou)三苗復九黎(li)(li)(li)之德的(de)事件(jian)。歷史上，共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)稱(cheng)帝江(jiang)(jiang)，就是(shi)江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)之帝的(de)含義。面對共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)的(de)崛(jue)起，少昊(hao)(hao)指定(ding)的(de)繼承人顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)自然不服氣，于是(shi)乃(nai)命重黎(li)(li)(li)對抗共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)。重黎(li)(li)(li)即重部(bu)落(luo)(luo)和黎(li)(li)(li)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)。重是(shi)少昊(hao)(hao)之子(zi)，也(ye)(ye)在江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)流(liu)域；黎(li)(li)(li)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)是(shi)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)妻子(zi)女祿(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)娘家(jia)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)，女祿(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)祿(lu)(lu)(lu)是(shi)黎(li)(li)(li)字的(de)通假。女祿(lu)(lu)(lu)所在的(de)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)也(ye)(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)氏，是(shi)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)離朱后(hou)代的(de)一(yi)支(zhi)。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)氏也(ye)(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)奔氏，奔是(shi)濆(fen)的(de)通假。濆(fen)字就是(shi)噴(pen)泉(quan)的(de)意思，滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)即滕(teng)(teng)(teng)涌的(de)噴(pen)泉(quan)。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)氏在今(jin).天(tian)的(de)山(shan)東滕(teng)(teng)(teng)州，滕(teng)(teng)(teng)州就是(shi)因(yin)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)涌的(de)噴(pen)泉(quan)而(er)得(de)名。黎(li)(li)(li)(祿(lu)(lu)(lu))姓滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)氏地理(li)位(wei)置在今(jin).天(tian)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)州一(yi)帶，與他祖先祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)所在的(de)邾婁很近，女祿(lu)(lu)(lu)與顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)的(de)后(hou)代也(ye)(ye)有一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)稱(cheng)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)的(de)。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)氏本和共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)同族(zu)，但因(yin)兄弟分(fen)家(jia)不愉快所以也(ye)(ye)出來支(zhi)持顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)攻打共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)。

就(jiu)這樣得(de)到了江水流域(yu)重和(he)黎部(bu)落的支持，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)實力大(da)增，把共(gong)(gong)(gong)工逼走。《文子(zi)》曰：“共(gong)(gong)(gong)工為(wei)水害(hai)，故顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)誅之(zhi)。”此時共(gong)(gong)(gong)工依(yi)然(ran)強大(da)，為(wei)了取得(de)長久(jiu)的和(he)平，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)與共(gong)(gong)(gong)工還搞了聯(lian)姻(yin)關(guan)系，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)和(he)女(nv)祿的后代老童娶(qu)了共(gong)(gong)(gong)工大(da)臣(chen)根水氏(shi)和(he)竭水氏(shi)為(wei)妻。

《山(shan)海經》中(zhong)也有(you)記(ji)載：“朝(chao)陽之谷，神(shen)曰天吳，是為(wei)水伯”。帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)時(shi)期(qi)（約公元前25世紀(ji)），顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟與共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟在(zai)中(zhong)原(yuan)地區（今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)南北(bei)部(bu)(bu)）作(zuo)戰。原(yuan)始(shi)社會晚期(qi)，相傳黃帝(di)之孫顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)號高陽氏，繼黃帝(di)為(wei)該部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟首領。他生于若水而居帝(di)丘(qiu)（今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)南濮陽東南），正處黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)（約當今(jin)衛河(he)(he)(he)(he)）東岸(an)附近。炎(yan)帝(di)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)的后裔為(wei)炎(yan)帝(di)族分支(zhi)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟的首領，居住在(zai)九州黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)游河(he)(he)(he)(he)西地區（約在(zai)今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)南輝縣境），在(zai)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟的上流。在(zai)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)高陽氏政權(quan)取得黃帝(di)（黃帝(di)并非一人，為(wei)一個時(shi)期(qi)的政權(quan)領導統稱）之位(wei)時(shi)，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)以(yi)借(jie)口帶領軍隊南征北(bei)戰，降(jiang)服各路(lu)諸侯，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏為(wei)其中(zhong)之一。

人物評價

據說共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)姓姜，是(shi)炎帝的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)是(shi)神(shen)農氏(shi)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，又一個為(wei)發(fa)展(zhan)農業生(sheng)產(chan)做出過重(zhong)要貢獻(xian)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)。他發(fa)明了筑堤蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)。關于(yu)他的(de)(de)(de)傳說，幾乎全與(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)關，有(you)(you)名的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事(shi)是(shi)：共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)怒(nu)觸不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)。黃河的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)常泛濫(lan)威脅到了部(bu)落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存，共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)率領大家與(yu)(yu)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)英勇搏斗(dou)，他們采(cai)取“堵”而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)“疏”的(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)來(lai)治水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，未(wei)能(neng)根治洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，但是(shi)為(wei)后(hou)(hou)人(ren)治水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)積(ji)累了經(jing)驗(yan)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)華(hua)夏的(de)(de)(de)治水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)英雄，被后(hou)(hou)世尊為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)治水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)表(biao)現出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)永(yong)不(bu)(bu)言敗的(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)，是(shi)中(zhong)華(hua)民(min)族寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)財富。之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)與(yu)(yu)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)爭奪部(bu)落(luo)盟主地(di)位，而(er)(er)(er)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)則利用民(min)眾迷信的(de)(de)(de)心理，聲(sheng)稱共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)治水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)會“觸怒(nu)上(shang)天(tian)”，導(dao)致共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)失去支持，最(zui)終失敗。而(er)(er)(er)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)為(wei)捍衛自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)治水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)大業，撞山(shan)自殺(sha)，以(yi)表(biao)示“看，這樣都沒有(you)(you)‘觸怒(nu)上(shang)天(tian)’”。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)與(yu)(yu)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)爭奪帝位的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事(shi)，后(hou)(hou)被演繹成“怒(nu)而(er)(er)(er)觸不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)之(zhi)山(shan)”的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)話。