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人物簡介

共(gong)(gong)(gong)工，為氏(shi)(shi)族名，又稱共(gong)(gong)(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)。為中國(guo)古代神(shen)話中的(de)水神(shen)。《列子·湯(tang)問(wen)》：“共(gong)(gong)(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)與顓(zhuan)頊(xu)爭為帝，怒(nu)而觸不(bu)周(zhou)之山，折(zhe)天(tian)(tian)柱，絕地(di)維(wei)，故天(tian)(tian)傾西北，日月星(xing)辰就(jiu)焉；地(di)不(bu)滿東南，故百(bai)川水潦歸焉。”另外還有(you)一種(zhong)說法，共(gong)(gong)(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)是軒轅裔黃帝王(wang)朝時代的(de)部落名，把共(gong)(gong)(gong)工與驩兜、三苗、鯀列入四(si)罪。

主要經歷

此共(gong)(gong)工并非(fei)神話(hua)中的(de)共(gong)(gong)工（神話(hua)中的(de)共(gong)(gong)工乃(nai)伏羲女媧政權時期(qi)的(de)人物），乃(nai)炎帝(di)(di)(di)魁(kui)隗(wei)氏(shi)政權五任帝(di)(di)(di)祝融時期(qi)的(de)“水正”部落首領的(de)統稱，也是炎帝(di)(di)(di)魁(kui)隗(wei)氏(shi)政權最后一(yi)位統治者(zhe)七任帝(di)(di)(di)，后被神農氏(shi)擊敗，帶領部落改名(ming)“共(gong)(gong)工氏(shi)”。夸父(fu)則(ze)為魁(kui)隗(wei)氏(shi)嫡系九世孫(sun)，也是炎帝(di)(di)(di)共(gong)(gong)工（炎帝(di)(di)(di)共(gong)(gong)工只有一(yi)人，所以單指一(yi)人）的(de)曾(ceng)孫(sun)輩(bei)。

《史記：五帝(di)(di)本紀》：昔帝(di)(di)鴻氏(shi)(shi)有(you)不(bu)(bu)才子，掩(yan)義隱賊，好行兇慝(ni)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渾沌。少皞(hao)氏(shi)(shi)有(you)不(bu)(bu)才子，毀(hui)信惡(e)忠，崇(chong)飾(shi)惡(e)言，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)窮奇。顓頊氏(shi)(shi)有(you)不(bu)(bu)才子，不(bu)(bu)可(ke)教訓，不(bu)(bu)知話言，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梼(tao)杌。此三(san)族(zu)世憂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)堯，堯未能去(qu)。縉(jin)云氏(shi)(shi)有(you)不(bu)(bu)才子，貪于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)飲食，冒于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)貨賄，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饕餮。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)惡(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，比之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)兇。舜賓于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)門(men)，乃流四(si)(si)兇族(zu)，遷于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)裔，以御螭(chi)魅，于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)四(si)(si)門(men)辟，言毋兇人也。《尚書·堯典》：讙兜進言共(gong)工，堯曰不(bu)(bu)可(ke)而(er)(er)試之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工師，共(gong)工果淫辟。四(si)(si)岳舉鯀治鴻水(shui)，堯以為(wei)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)，岳強(qiang)請試之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，試之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)無功，故(gu)百(bai)姓不(bu)(bu)便。三(san)苗在江淮、荊(jing)州數為(wei)亂。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)舜歸而(er)(er)言于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)，請流（帝(di)(di)鴻氏(shi)(shi)）共(gong)工于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)幽陵，以變北狄；放（少皞(hao)氏(shi)(shi)）讙兜于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)崇(chong)山(shan)，以變南(nan)蠻；遷（縉(jin)云氏(shi)(shi)）三(san)苗于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)危，以變西戎；殛（顓頊氏(shi)(shi)）鯀于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)羽(yu)山(shan)，以變東(dong)夷：四(si)(si)罪而(er)(er)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)咸(xian)服。“流共(gong)工于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)幽州，放驩兜于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)崇(chong)山(shan)，竄三(san)苗于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)危，殛鯀于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)羽(yu)山(shan)，四(si)(si)罪而(er)(er)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)咸(xian)服。”《列子·湯問》：“共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)與顓頊爭(zheng)為(wei)帝(di)(di)，（顓頊，黃帝(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裔（《山(shan)海經(jing)(jing)·海內經(jing)(jing)》）。故(gu)此戰實為(wei)黃炎戰爭(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繼續）怒而(er)(er)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)，折天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱，絕(jue)地(di)維，故(gu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)傾西北，日月星辰就焉(yan)；地(di)不(bu)(bu)滿東(dong)南(nan)，故(gu)百(bai)川水(shui)潦歸焉(yan)。”《山(shan)海經(jing)(jing)·海內經(jing)(jing)》：“炎帝(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻，赤水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子，聽沃生炎居，炎居生節(jie)并(bing)，節(jie)并(bing)生戲器，戲器生祝(zhu)融(rong)，祝(zhu)融(rong)降處于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)江水(shui)，生共(gong)工。”又《天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文訓》、《淮南(nan)子》：“昔者共(gong)工與顓頊爭(zheng)為(wei)帝(di)(di)，怒而(er)(er)觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱折，地(di)維絕(jue)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)傾西北，故(gu)日月星辰移焉(yan)；地(di)不(bu)(bu)滿東(dong)南(nan)，故(gu)水(shui)潦塵埃歸焉(yan)。”

姜亮夫《 楚(chu)辭通故(gu) · 燭(zhu)龍(long)》 所據材料全抄自俞(yu)氏， 但其說(shuo)卻大相徑庭， 他認為“ 燭(zhu)龍(long)”即“ 祝融” 之音轉(zhuan)

《山海經(jing)·海內經(jing)》：祝(zhu)融(rong)降處(chu)于(yu)江水，生共工。此祝(zhu)融(rong)是離朱也叫離婁。江水即泗水，今

.天泗水流域的邾婁(lou)便(bian)是祝(zhu)融離(li)朱(zhu)生共工(gong)的地方。《山海經·大(da)荒東(dong)經》：東(dong)海之(zhi)外大(da)壑(he)，少昊之(zhi)國(guo)。少昊孺帝顓頊于此。少昊之(zhi)都在(zai)曲阜(fu)，距離(li)共工(gong)出生地邾婁(lou)非常(chang)近。所以顓頊與共工(gong)原本是鄰(lin)居關(guan)系，他(ta)們共同(tong)的領袖是強大(da)的少昊。

顓頊(xu)與共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)原本應該(gai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)以和(he)睦(mu)相處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于少昊(hao)(hao)統治后期少昊(hao)(hao)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰落，加上(shang)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崛(jue)(jue)起(qi)。原本江(jiang)水流域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統治者少昊(hao)(hao)已經沒有能力約束崛(jue)(jue)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)因此(ci)向少昊(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統治權發起(qi)了挑(tiao)戰。這正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《國(guo)語·楚語》里面記載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：少昊(hao)(hao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之衰也(ye)，九黎(li)(li)亂德(de)，其(qi)后三(san)苗復九黎(li)(li)之德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事件。歷史上(shang)，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)稱帝江(jiang)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)江(jiang)水之帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)義。面對(dui)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崛(jue)(jue)起(qi)，少昊(hao)(hao)指定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繼承人顓頊(xu)自然不服氣，于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乃命重(zhong)黎(li)(li)對(dui)抗(kang)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。重(zhong)黎(li)(li)即(ji)重(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)落和(he)黎(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)(bu)落。重(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)少昊(hao)(hao)之子(zi)，也(ye)在江(jiang)水流域；黎(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)(bu)落是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)顓頊(xu)妻子(zi)女祿(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)娘家部(bu)(bu)(bu)落，女祿(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祿(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)黎(li)(li)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)假。女祿(lu)(lu)所(suo)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)落也(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融離朱后代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)奔(ben)(ben)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，奔(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)濆(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)假。濆(fen)(fen)字就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴泉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思，滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)即(ji)滕(teng)(teng)涌(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噴泉。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)在今(jin)(jin).天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山東(dong)滕(teng)(teng)州(zhou)，滕(teng)(teng)州(zhou)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因滕(teng)(teng)涌(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噴泉而得名。黎(li)(li)(祿(lu)(lu))姓滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)地理位(wei)置(zhi)在今(jin)(jin).天(tian)滕(teng)(teng)州(zhou)一(yi)帶，與他祖先祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融所(suo)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邾婁很近(jin)，女祿(lu)(lu)與顓頊(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后代也(ye)有一(yi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分稱祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)本和(he)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)同族，但(dan)因兄(xiong)弟(di)分家不愉(yu)快(kuai)所(suo)以也(ye)出來支持顓頊(xu)攻打(da)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。

就(jiu)這(zhe)樣(yang)得(de)到了(le)(le)江(jiang)水(shui)流域重和黎部落的支持(chi)，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)實力大(da)增，把共(gong)工逼走。《文子》曰：“共(gong)工為水(shui)害(hai)，故(gu)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)誅之。”此時共(gong)工依然強(qiang)大(da)，為了(le)(le)取得(de)長久的和平，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)與共(gong)工還搞了(le)(le)聯姻關(guan)系，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)和女祿的后代老童娶了(le)(le)共(gong)工大(da)臣根水(shui)氏(shi)和竭水(shui)氏(shi)為妻。

《山(shan)海經》中也(ye)有記載(zai)：“朝陽(yang)之谷(gu)，神曰天吳(wu)，是為(wei)水伯”。帝(di)(di)(di)顓頊(xu)(xu)時期(qi)（約(yue)(yue)公元前25世(shi)紀），顓頊(xu)(xu)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)與共(gong)(gong)(gong)工部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)在(zai)中原(yuan)地(di)區（今河南(nan)(nan)北(bei)部(bu)）作戰。原(yuan)始社會(hui)晚(wan)期(qi)，相傳黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)之孫(sun)顓頊(xu)(xu)號高(gao)陽(yang)氏(shi)(shi)，繼黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)為(wei)該(gai)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)首(shou)領。他(ta)生于若水而居(ju)帝(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)（今河南(nan)(nan)濮陽(yang)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)），正處(chu)黃(huang)(huang)河（約(yue)(yue)當今衛河）東(dong)岸附近(jin)。炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工的(de)后裔為(wei)炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)族(zu)分支共(gong)(gong)(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)的(de)首(shou)領，居(ju)住在(zai)九州(zhou)黃(huang)(huang)河中游(you)河西地(di)區（約(yue)(yue)在(zai)今河南(nan)(nan)輝縣境(jing)），在(zai)顓頊(xu)(xu)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)的(de)上流。在(zai)顓頊(xu)(xu)高(gao)陽(yang)氏(shi)(shi)政(zheng)權(quan)取得黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)（黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)并非一(yi)人(ren)，為(wei)一(yi)個時期(qi)的(de)政(zheng)權(quan)領導統稱(cheng)）之位時，顓頊(xu)(xu)以(yi)借口(kou)帶領軍隊南(nan)(nan)征北(bei)戰，降(jiang)服各路諸侯，共(gong)(gong)(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)為(wei)其中之一(yi)。

人物評價

據說共(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏姓(xing)姜，是(shi)炎帝的(de)(de)后代。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏是(shi)神(shen)(shen)農氏之后，又一個為發(fa)展(zhan)農業生產(chan)做出過重要貢(gong)獻的(de)(de)人。他發(fa)明了(le)筑堤(di)蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)辦法。關于(yu)他的(de)(de)傳(chuan)說，幾乎全與水(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)關，有(you)名的(de)(de)故事(shi)是(shi)：共(gong)(gong)工(gong)怒觸不周山(shan)。黃河的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)常泛濫威脅(xie)到了(le)部落的(de)(de)生存(cun)，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)率領(ling)大家與洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)英(ying)勇搏斗(dou)，他們采取“堵(du)”而(er)(er)不是(shi)“疏”的(de)(de)辦法來治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，未(wei)能根治(zhi)(zhi)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)，但是(shi)為后人治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)積(ji)累了(le)經(jing)(jing)驗。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)是(shi)華夏的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)英(ying)雄，被(bei)后世尊為水(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)表(biao)現出來的(de)(de)永不言敗的(de)(de)精(jing)神(shen)(shen)，是(shi)中華民(min)族寶貴的(de)(de)精(jing)神(shen)(shen)財富。之后與顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)爭(zheng)奪部落盟主地位，而(er)(er)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)則利用(yong)民(min)眾迷信的(de)(de)心(xin)理(li)，聲(sheng)稱共(gong)(gong)工(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)會(hui)“觸怒上天”，導致共(gong)(gong)工(gong)失去支持，最終失敗。而(er)(er)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)為捍衛自己的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)大業，撞山(shan)自殺，以表(biao)示“看，這樣都(dou)沒有(you)‘觸怒上天’”。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)與顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)爭(zheng)奪帝位的(de)(de)故事(shi)，后被(bei)演繹(yi)成“怒而(er)(er)觸不周之山(shan)”的(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)話。