祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong),是三皇五帝時夏官火正的(de)(de)官名,與大司(si)馬是同義詞。歷史上有多(duo)位著名的(de)(de)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)被后世祭祀為(wei)火神灶神。祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏(shi)也是氏(shi)出多(duo)元的(de)(de),歷史上有顓頊族(zu)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏(shi)和炎帝族(zu)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏(shi)。
其中(zhong),炎帝后(hou)代(dai)、黃(huang)帝夏(xia)官、赤帝祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融容光為(wei)(wei)南方(fang)灶(zao)神(shen)(shen)火(huo)神(shen)(shen),顓(zhuan)頊(xu)之孫重黎(li)是(shi)高辛氏的火(huo)正祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融為(wei)(wei)北方(fang)人的灶(zao)神(shen)(shen)火(huo)神(shen)(shen)、顓(zhuan)頊(xu)之孫吳回(楚國先祖(zu))在帝嚳誅重黎(li)后(hou)復居火(huo)正為(wei)(wei)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融。
堯(yao)帝(di)時棄用祝融官名(ming)(ming)采(cai)用司馬(ma)一名(ming)(ming),商朝祖(zu)先(xian)契為火正大(da)司馬(ma)閼伯“子卨(xie)”此為商人的火神。
《晉(jin)(jin)書》有(you)記(ji)載:“帝(di)高陽之子(zi)重黎為“夏(xia)官(guan)祝(zhu)融(rong)”。這句話明確的(de)告(gao)訴我們祝(zhu)融(rong)是夏(xia)官(guan)的(de)官(guan)名(ming)(ming)。除了(le)《晉(jin)(jin)書》以(yi)外《左傳》也(ye)有(you)祝(zhu)融(rong)是夏(xia)官(guan)官(guan)名(ming)(ming)的(de)記(ji)載。《左傳.昭公二(er)十九年》說(shuo):“木(mu)(mu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)(yue)句芒,火正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)(yue)祝(zhu)融(rong)、金(jin)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)(yue)蓐收(shou),水正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)(yue)玄冥,土正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)(yue)后土。里(li)面(mian)提(ti)到的(de)木(mu)(mu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)即春官(guan),火正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)即夏(xia)官(guan),金(jin)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)即秋官(guan),水正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)即冬官(guan)。所以(yi)《左傳》所說(shuo)的(de)火正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)(yue)祝(zhu)融(rong),意思就是夏(xia)官(guan)的(de)官(guan)名(ming)(ming)叫祝(zhu)融(rong)。
《史記.楚世(shi)家(jia)》說(shuo):重黎居火(huo)正就(jiu)被命曰祝(zhu)(zhu)融,吳回(hui)復居火(huo)正就(jiu)為祝(zhu)(zhu)融。楚國始祖祝(zhu)(zhu)融本名吳回(hui),因(yin)為火(huo)官的身(shen)份(fen)而被帝(di)嚳命名為祝(zhu)(zhu)融。
之所以歷史上會(hui)有(you)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)與共(gong)工大(da)戰,是因為祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)是夏官(guan)官(guan)名,夏官(guan)即兵(bing)部。
祝融八(ba)姓:己、董、彭、禿、妘、曹、斟(zhen)、羋。
《山海經·海內經》一(yi)(yi)書中(zhong)關于(yu)(yu)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)出生(sheng)作了(le)以下敘述(shu):“炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻(qi),赤水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子聽沃,生(sheng)炎(yan)(yan)居,炎(yan)(yan)居生(sheng)節并,節并生(sheng)戲(xi)器,戲(xi)器生(sheng)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)”。由此可(ke)見(jian),祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)系(xi)炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)五代(dai)來孫。另(ling)據(ju)《海內經》中(zhong)又稱(cheng):黃帝(di)(di)生(sheng)昌意(yi),昌意(yi)生(sheng)韓(han)流(liu),韓(han)流(liu)生(sheng)顓(zhuan)頊。《大荒(huang)西(xi)(xi)經》則補(bu)敘為:“顓(zhuan)頊生(sheng)老童,老童生(sheng)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)”。祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)后(hou)代(dai)擔任過此職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)務以官(guan)(guan)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為族(zu)號,顓(zhuan)頊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)也(ye)(ye)擔任過祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)一(yi)(yi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)以職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)務為族(zu)號造成歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)族(zu)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏和(he)顓(zhuan)頊族(zu)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分。那么,祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)副什么模樣呢(ni)?《山海經·海外(wai)南經》中(zhong)說:“南方祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong),獸(shou)身人(ren)面(mian),乘(cheng)兩龍。”可(ke)見(jian)他(ta)并非“完(wan)人(ren)”,郭亞注釋“火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)神也(ye)(ye)”。《左傳·昭公(gong)二(er)十九年(nian)》中(zhong)曰:“火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)正(zheng)曰祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)”,火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)正(zheng),就是(shi)(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)管火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)員(yuan),神話中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)神祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong),到了(le)春秋戰(zhan)國時期已(yi)經逐步演化(hua)成了(le)司(si)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《漢書·五行志上(shang)(shang)》一(yi)(yi)書說:“古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)正(zheng),謂(wei)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)官(guan)(guan)也(ye)(ye),掌(zhang)祭火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)星,行火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)政(zheng)。”正(zheng)因為祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)神,他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)威力也(ye)(ye)被應(ying)用(yong)到兩軍對壘的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)中(zhong)去(qu)了(le)。《墨子·非攻(gong)下》記載如下:“(成湯伐夏),天命融(rong)(rong)(祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong))隆(降(jiang))火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)干厘夏城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)閑,西(xi)(xi)北之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隅。”降(jiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)助戰(zhan),這可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)首(shou)次把(ba)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)戰(zhan)使用(yong)于(yu)(yu)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)吧。祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)弟叫吳(wu)回(hui),又稱(cheng)回(hui)祿,也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)官(guan)(guan)司(si)“火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)正(zheng)”。只是(shi)(shi)(shi)名聲(sheng)沒有(you)(you)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)大,人(ren)們把(ba)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)災稱(cheng)為“祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患”不是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有(you)(you)依據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi),就有(you)(you)了(le)用(yong)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)代(dai)替火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)災一(yi)(yi)詞的(de)(de)(de)來歷。
祝融,我(wo)國原始(shi)社會末期著名(ming)氏(shi)(shi)族領袖之一。名(ming)重(zhong)黎(li),黃帝(di)后(hou)裔高(gao)陽氏(shi)(shi)的玄孫(sun)。帝(di)嚳高(gao)辛(xin)氏(shi)(shi)時,任火(huo)正(官名(ming)),受(shou)封于有(you)熊氏(shi)(shi)故墟(今河(he)南(nan)新鄭一代),葬衡陽市南(nan)岳區祝融峰(feng)。他以火(huo)施教,為(wei)民造福。帝(di)嚳命名(ming)曰:祝融,后(hou)世尊為(wei)火(huo)神。——河(he)南(nan)省《新政縣志》
(1).神(shen)(shen)名。 帝嚳(ku) 時(shi)的(de)火(huo)(huo)官,后(hou)尊為火(huo)(huo)神(shen)(shen),命曰 祝融 。亦以(yi)為火(huo)(huo)或火(huo)(huo)災的(de)代(dai)稱。《國語·鄭(zheng)語》:“夫(fu) 黎 為高(gao)辛氏(shi)(shi)(shi)火(huo)(huo)正,以(yi)淳燿敦大(da),天(tian)明(ming)地德(de),光照四海,故命之(zhi)曰‘祝融’,其功大(da)矣。”《呂氏(shi)(shi)(shi)春秋·孟夏》:“其神(shen)(shen) 祝融 。”高(gao)誘注:“ 祝融 , 顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi) 后(hou), 老童 之(zhi)子, 吳回 也,為高(gao)辛氏(shi)(shi)(shi)火(huo)(huo)正,死為火(huo)(huo)官之(zhi)神(shen)(shen)。” 唐張說《蒲津橋贊》:“飛(fei)廉煽(shan)炭, 祝融 理爐。” 趙翼《八月二日天(tian)寧寺(si)旁(pang)巽宮(gong)樓火(huo)(huo)》:“趨觀乃(nai)知此樓毀,剎(cha)竿突(tu)兀招(zhao) 祝融 。”
(2).神(shen)名。南(nan)方(fang)(fang)之神(shen),南(nan)海(hai)之神(shen)。《管子·五行(xing)》:“得奢(she)龍而(er)辯於(wu)東方(fang)(fang),得 祝融(rong)(rong)(rong) 而(er)辯於(wu)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)。”《漢書·揚(yang)雄傳上》:“麗(li)鉤芒與驂蓐收兮(xi),服 玄冥 及 祝融(rong)(rong)(rong) 。”顏師古注:“ 祝融(rong)(rong)(rong) ,南(nan)方(fang)(fang)神(shen)。” 唐 韓愈 《南(nan)海(hai)神(shen)廟碑》:“考於(wu)傳記(ji),而(er)南(nan)海(hai)神(shen)次貴,在北東西三(san)神(shen)河伯之上,號為 祝融(rong)(rong)(rong) 。”
(3).傳(chuan)說中的古帝。 漢王(wang)符《潛夫論·五德志(zhi)》:“世(shi)傳(chuan)三皇(huang)五帝,多以為 伏羲 、神(shen)農為二皇(huang),其一者或曰燧人,或曰祝融,或曰女媧,其是與非(fei)未可知也。”
(4).峰(feng)名(ming)。衡山(shan)的(de)高峰(feng)。據《路史》云, 祝融 葬衡山(shan)之(zhi)陽,是以名(ming)之(zhi)。 唐 韓愈(yu) 《謁衡岳廟》詩:“紫(zi)蓋連延接天柱,石(shi)廩騰擲堆 祝融 。” 宋楊萬里《送劉(liu)子(zi)思往衡陽》詩:“ 洞庭(ting) 昨夜起霜風,翩然欲登 石(shi)廩 與 祝融 。”
【道場(chang)】自(zi)燧人(ren)氏發明的(de)轉木取火,但有(you)了(le)火種(zhong)不會保留和(he)使用(yong),后(hou)(hou)由祝融(rong)發明了(le)使用(yong)火和(he)留火種(zhong)的(de)方(fang)法后(hou)(hou),黃帝封了(le)他(ta)為主管火的(de)正火官(guan)。后(hou)(hou)因祝融(rong)對南方(fang)的(de)情況(kuang)比較熟悉,又(you)派了(le)他(ta)來到(dao)衡(heng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)附近做司徒,死后(hou)(hou)葬于衡(heng)山(shan)(shan)(shan),故南岳衡(heng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)就是祝融(rong)的(de)道場(chang)。現(xian)衡(heng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)高峰叫祝融(rong)峰,山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂建(jian)有(you)祝融(rong)殿。