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基本介紹

昌(chang)(chang)化(hua)石(shi)因其主要產于浙江(jiang)臨安昌(chang)(chang)化(hua)縣而得其名，亦是我(wo)國四大系印章石(shi)之(zhi)一。昌(chang)(chang)化(hua)石(shi)的礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)成分是以粘土(tu)(tu)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)地(di)開(kai)石(shi)為主，常含(han)有高嶺石(shi)等粘土(tu)(tu)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)。還常含(han)有未蝕變(bian)成地(di)開(kai)石(shi)的硬(ying)質(zhi)石(shi)英斑(ban)晶，硬(ying)度遠遠大于地(di)開(kai)石(shi)，工(gong)藝上(shang)稱其為“砂丁”，“砂丁”的多少直接影響昌(chang)(chang)化(hua)石(shi)的質(zhi)量(liang)。

昌化石(shi)的石(shi)質(zhi)相對多(duo)砂(sha)、多(duo)氣孔，一(yi)般都較壽山石(shi)和青田石(shi)稍堅些，且硬度變(bian)化較大。質(zhi)地也不(bu)如二者細(xi)膩。但也有質(zhi)地細(xi)嫩者及各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)凍石(shi)。昌化石(shi)的顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)主要有白(bai)、黑(hei)、紅、黃、灰(hui)等各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)，品種(zhong)也細(xi)分成很多(duo)種(zhong)，多(duo)以顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)劃分。如白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)者稱“白(bai)昌化”，黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)或灰(hui)色(se)(se)(se)雜黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)者稱“黑(hei)昌化”，多(duo)色(se)(se)(se)相間(jian)者則稱“花昌化”。

品種種類

與昌(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)相(xiang)近的(de)彩(cai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)青田石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、田黃、等。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藝界(jie)、主(zhu)要認為(wei)，昌(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是色(se)彩(cai)豐富、富于變(bian)化(hua)的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)材。可以說，其他彩(cai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)有(you)(you)的(de)色(se)彩(cai)，在昌(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中都(dou)能找(zhao)到；而(er)其它彩(cai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不具(ju)有(you)(you)的(de)色(se)彩(cai)，昌(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也有(you)(you)。昌(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)品種(zhong)繁多(duo)，細分(fen)(fen)起來(lai)有(you)(you)上百種(zhong)，而(er)且還(huan)有(you)(you)新品種(zhong)發現。它與巴林石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)均按(an)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質色(se)象而(er)定種(zhong)屬(shu)，顏色(se)、透明度(du)、光澤度(du)、硬(ying)度(du)是區分(fen)(fen)品類的(de)四要素，只不過巴林石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)備這幾種(zhong)要素的(de)程(cheng)度(du)與昌(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)所不同。昌(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與青田石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、壽(shou)山石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)分(fen)(fen)類也有(you)(you)許多(duo)相(xiang)似(si)之處。

所不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)是，青(qing)田(tian)(tian)(tian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)取名方法除了根(gen)據質(zhi)地(di)(di)及色(se)(se)澤的(de)(de)異同(tong)而定(ding)(ding)外(wai)，還(huan)要再冠上產地(di)(di)名，如封門燈光凍石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、官洪燈光凍石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、白(bai)洋夾板凍石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等。壽山石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)種(zhong)類，有(you)的(de)(de)以產地(di)(di)取名，有(you)的(de)(de)以坑(keng)(keng)硐(dong)(dong)取名，也有(you)的(de)(de)以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)色(se)(se)象(xiang)取名。如田(tian)(tian)(tian)坑(keng)(keng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、水(shui)坑(keng)(keng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、山坑(keng)(keng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這三項傳統(tong)大類，山坑(keng)(keng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中的(de)(de)高(gao)山石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、小(xiao)高(gao)山石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、都城坑(keng)(keng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、月尾(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、虎崗石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、獅頭(tou)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等，均(jun)以地(di)(di)名、硐(dong)(dong)名定(ding)(ding)名，而像田(tian)(tian)(tian)坑(keng)(keng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中的(de)(de)、白(bai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、紅(hong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、黑田(tian)(tian)(tian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等，水(shui)坑(keng)(keng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中的(de)(de)水(shui)晶(jing)凍、魚腦(nao)凍、天(tian)藍凍等，則(ze)以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)色(se)(se)象(xiang)定(ding)(ding)名。

昌化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)也(ye)有“老坑(keng)貨”、“新(xin)坑(keng)貨”之稱，但主(zhu)要是(shi)指(zhi)開發(fa)早(zao)遲和質量優劣的(de)兩類坑(keng)硐的(de)產出(chu)分類，并(bing)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)昌化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)種的(de)區(qu)分。在品(pin)(pin)評石(shi)(shi)材質量時，有紅硐石(shi)(shi)、水硐石(shi)(shi)、康山(shan)嶺石(shi)(shi)、蚱(zha)蜢腳背石(shi)(shi)、昌化(hua)(hua)塢(wu)石(shi)(shi)、纖嶺石(shi)(shi)、灰石(shi)(shi)嶺石(shi)(shi)之說，這也(ye)是(shi)指(zhi)部分石(shi)(shi)材質量的(de)不(bu)(bu)同，而(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)品(pin)(pin)種的(de)不(bu)(bu)同。因為論品(pin)(pin)種，這些(xie)坑(keng)硐和產地(di)(di)均大(da)同小異。所以(yi)昌化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)的(de)種屬難(nan)以(yi)坑(keng)硐、產地(di)(di)名劃分。在開發(fa)早(zao)期(qi)，采石(shi)(shi)者只(zhi)是(shi)籠統地(di)(di)將昌化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)區(qu)分為烏玉石(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)、黃玉石(shi)(shi)、花(hua)玉石(shi)(shi)、紅玉石(shi)(shi)（即）幾大(da)類。