芒果视频下载

基本結構

電(dian)話機是通過電(dian)信(xin)號雙向傳輸話音的終端設備(bei)。

歷史上對電話機(ji)的改進和發(fa)明包括(kuo)：碳粉話筒、電話人工交換(huan)板(ban)、撥(bo)號(hao)盤、自動電話交換(huan)機(ji)、程控電話交換(huan)機(ji)、雙音多頻(pin)撥(bo)號(hao)、語音數字采(cai)樣等(deng)。新技術包括(kuo)：ISDN、DSL、模擬(ni)移動電話和數字移動電話機(ji)等(deng)。

基本按鍵

電話電源線(xian)、電話線(xian)、收(shou)線(xian)開(kai)關、受(shou)話器(qi)、增音按鈕、送(song)話器(qi)、本機號碼片、鈴聲(sheng)及免提(ti)喇叭、記(ji)憶代碼鍵、記(ji)憶號碼片、數字按鍵、記(ji)憶取出鍵、記(ji)憶儲(chu)存鍵、重撥鍵、工作指示燈、免提(ti)鍵、R鍵、免提(ti)送(song)話器(qi)、鈴聲(sheng)調節開(kai)關、P/T開(kai)關、免提(ti)接(jie)收(shou)音量調節旋鈕。

工作原理

電話通(tong)信(xin)(xin)是通(tong)過聲(sheng)能與(yu)電能相互轉(zhuan)換、并(bing)利用(yong)“電”這個(ge)(ge)媒介來傳輸語言的一(yi)種通(tong)信(xin)(xin)技(ji)術。兩個(ge)(ge)用(yong)戶(hu)要進行通(tong)信(xin)(xin)，最簡單的形式就是將兩部電話機用(yong)一(yi)對線路連接起(qi)來。

當發話者拿(na)起電話機對著送話器講話時，聲帶(dai)的振動(dong)激勵(li)空氣振動(dong)，形成聲波(bo)。

聲波作用于送話器上，使之產生電流，稱為話音電流。

話(hua)(hua)音電(dian)流沿著線路(lu)傳送到對(dui)方電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機的受(shou)話(hua)(hua)器內(nei)。

而(er)受話(hua)器作(zuo)用與送(song)話(hua)器剛(gang)好(hao)相(xiang)反(fan)——把電流轉化為聲波，通過空氣傳至人的耳朵中。

這樣，就完成了最(zui)簡單的通話過程。

發展歷史

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是美國人(ren)A.G.貝爾于1876年發(fa)明的(de)。他用(yong)兩根導線連接兩個結構完(wan)全(quan)相(xiang)同、在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)上裝有(you)振動(dong)(dong)膜片的(de)送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)受(shou)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)(qi)，首先實(shi)現兩端(duan)通(tong)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。但通(tong)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)距離短、效(xiao)率低(di)。1878年出(chu)現了(le)炭精(jing)送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)(qi)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)(qi)效(xiao)率大(da)大(da)提高。受(shou)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)(qi)結構也有(you)改進。最早的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是磁石電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，靠自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)手搖發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)送(song)呼叫(jiao)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)。1880年出(chu)現共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，改由共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)集(ji)(ji)中供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，省(sheng)去手播發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。1891年出(chu)現了(le)旋(xuan)轉撥(bo)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)盤(pan)式(shi)自動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，它可以發(fa)出(chu)直(zhi)流撥(bo)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)脈沖，控(kong)(kong)制自動(dong)(dong)交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)作，選擇被叫(jiao)用(yong)戶(hu)，自動(dong)(dong)完(wan)成交換(huan)功(gong)能。從而把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)通(tong)信推(tui)向(xiang)一個新階段(duan)。到20世紀(ji)60年代末期出(chu)現了(le)按鍵(jian)式(shi)全(quan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。除脈沖發(fa)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)方式(shi)外，又出(chu)現了(le)雙音多頻（DTMF）發(fa)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)方式(shi)。隨著程控(kong)(kong)交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，雙音頻按鍵(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)已(yi)逐步(bu)普及。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)正(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)向(xiang)集(ji)(ji)成化邁進，話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)用(yong)集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)已(yi)廣泛用(yong)于話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)各(ge)組(zu)成部分。各(ge)種(zhong)多功(gong)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)特(te)種(zhong)用(yong)途電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也應運而生(sheng)。到20世紀(ji)90年代初，已(yi)有(you)了(le)將撥(bo)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、通(tong)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、振鈴(ling)三種(zhong)功(gong)能集(ji)(ji)于一塊集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。隨著話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音識別技術的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，直(zhi)接用(yong)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音“撥(bo)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)”的(de)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也正(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)出(chu)現

最初的電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)（終(zhong)端）是由微型(xing)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和電(dian)(dian)池構(gou)成(cheng)的磁石式(shi)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)，打電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)時，使(shi)用者(zhe)用手搖微型(xing)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發出電(dian)(dian)信號呼叫(jiao)對方，對方啟機(ji)(ji)后構(gou)成(cheng)通話(hua)(hua)回路。后來，1877年(nian)(nian)愛迪生（T.E.Edison）發明(ming)了(le)(le)(le)碳素送話(hua)(hua)器和誘導線路后通話(hua)(hua)距離延長了(le)(le)(le)。同一年(nian)(nian)又(you)發明(ming)了(le)(le)(le)共電(dian)(dian)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)。1891年(nian)(nian)終(zhong)于發展到A.B.Strowger發明(ming)了(le)(le)(le)自動式(shi)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)。

基本功能

電話(hua)(hua)機設(she)置(zhi)在電話(hua)(hua)通信(xin)起點(dian)和終點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)用戶側(ce)，是電話(hua)(hua)網的(de)(de)(de)用戶終端設(she)備。現代的(de)(de)(de)電話(hua)(hua)機能夠(gou)方便(bian)地(di)實現終端用戶之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)呼叫(jiao)和通話(hua)(hua)，是經過一百多年來許(xu)多人的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究和無數次的(de)(de)(de)改進而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。盡(jin)管它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)式樣千差萬(wan)別，但一般都有如下基本功能：

1、聲電互換

因(yin)為要進行快(kuai)速的(de)、遠(yuan)距離的(de)通(tong)信(xin)，不能直接傳(chuan)送聲音(yin)，而必須先把聲音(yin)變成電(dian)信(xin)號（即以電(dian)作為載(zai)體），到對方后(hou)再(zai)把電(dian)信(xin)號還原成為聲音(yin)。

2、摘機識別

當主叫方(fang)拿起(qi)電(dian)話機時，交(jiao)換機應有能(neng)知道“有人要打(da)電(dian)話”的功能(neng)，以便交(jiao)換機做好(hao)接(jie)續準備。

3、發送信號

自動電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機正(zheng)是通過發送撥號(hao)信號(hao)來指揮電(dian)(dian)話(hua)交換機的(de)工作，并進而(er)建立兩個電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機之間的(de)連(lian)接的(de)。

4、響鈴

即在對(dui)方來(lai)電話時，電話機能以鈴聲告訴主人：“有人來(lai)電話了(le)。”

5、電接續

電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)機中，實現這五大功能的部件依次是(shi)：送受(shou)話(hua)(hua)(hua)器、叉簧、撥號盤（或按鍵盤）、電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)鈴和電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)回路。

主要分類

有線電話

電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)具有將(jiang)終端的(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)波轉(zhuan)換為電(dian)(dian)子信號，通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)話(hua)線傳(chuan)送(song)到(dao)遠距離的(de)(de)對(dui)方(fang)(fang)，同(tong)時將(jiang)對(dui)方(fang)(fang)傳(chuan)送(song)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子信號再生為語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)（音(yin)(yin)(yin)波），使其(qi)通(tong)話(hua)的(de)(de)功能，以及(ji)發(fa)送(song)可從多(duo)個對(dui)方(fang)(fang)中選擇的(de)(de)信號（撥(bo)號脈沖），告知對(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)呼叫音(yin)(yin)(yin)等(deng)功能。電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)由將(jiang)語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)轉(zhuan)換為電(dian)(dian)流(liu)發(fa)送(song)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)線的(de)(de)送(song)話(hua)機(ji)、將(jiang)對(dui)方(fang)(fang)傳(chuan)送(song)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)還(huan)原(yuan)為語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)受話(hua)機(ji)、呼叫對(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)撥(bo)號或按鈕(niu)、發(fa)送(song)呼叫音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)鈴聲、將(jiang)這些連接在電(dian)(dian)話(hua)線上執行其(qi)功能的(de)(de)線路網等(deng)組成(cheng)。送(song)話(hua)機(ji)內有裝滿(man)碳(tan)素(su)(su)顆(ke)(ke)粒的(de)(de)小箱子，其(qi)前(qian)方(fang)(fang)有薄硬鋁合金振(zhen)動(dong)板(ban)(ban)。振(zhen)動(dong)板(ban)(ban)根據語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)振(zhen)動(dong)，振(zhen)動(dong)碳(tan)素(su)(su)顆(ke)(ke)粒，碳(tan)素(su)(su)顆(ke)(ke)粒傳(chuan)導電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，隨(sui)著(zhu)顆(ke)(ke)粒的(de)(de)接觸程度，電(dian)(dian)阻發(fa)生變化(hua)，生成(cheng)語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。受話(hua)機(ji)接受對(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)后，在線圈上生成(cheng)語(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)引起的(de)(de)磁力(li)，振(zhen)動(dong)鐵振(zhen)動(dong)板(ban)(ban)，發(fa)出聲音(yin)(yin)(yin)。

無線電話

無(wu)線環路-無(wu)繩電(dian)話

電話子母機

數字無繩電話

模擬無繩電話

移動電話手機

小靈通（無線電(dian)話）

智能電話

隨著IT技(ji)術的不斷的飛速發展，嵌入式(shi)終端(duan)設備(bei)的處理(li)(li)能力越來越強，21世(shi)紀初出現了(le)一(yi)種帶個人數據(ju)助理(li)(li)（PDA）的電(dian)話機“智(zhi)能電(dian)話”。

智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)除了(le)有完整(zheng)的(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)外，通常還具(ju)(ju)有大容(rong)量的(de)(de)名片(pian)管理功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、來去電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管理功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、防(fang)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)騷擾（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)防(fang)火墻）功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、企業集團電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)名片(pian)（內部名片(pian)）管理功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，以及輔助辦公的(de)(de)許(xu)多(duo)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，比如：日程安排(pai)、便箋、日歷、計(ji)算器等(deng)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。早期的(de)(de)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)通過(guo)撥號(hao)上(shang)網(wang)，具(ju)(ju)有一(yi)定的(de)(de)信息交換(huan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，實(shi)現(xian)了(le)發送短信、接收文字(zi)信息的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。隨著固網(wang)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)在中(zhong)國近十年的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，其處理能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)加強，逐漸地增加了(le)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)手機（Smartphone）具(ju)(ju)有的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。

智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)已有(you)通(tong)過因特網上網的能(neng)力及(ji)較強的多(duo)媒的體(ti)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)。可以進行(xing)網絡(luo)瀏覽、音(yin)視頻的播放、具有(you)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)書(shu)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)相(xiang)框(kuang)等功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)。同時智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)在輔(fu)助辦公、輔(fu)助營銷、娛樂等方面的功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)也有(you)了(le)(le)大大的加強。在對傳(chuan)統(tong)固定(ding)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)顛(dian)覆的基(ji)礎上，實現了(le)(le)更(geng)多(duo)的商務功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)和PDA功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)。

使用環境

使用條件

環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度：-10℃~40℃

相對濕(shi)度：45%~95%

大氣壓力：860~1060mbar

環境(jing)噪聲：≤60dB(A)

技術性能

1、工作頻率：300~3400HZ

2、脈(mo)沖通斷比：1.6±0.2∶1

3、雙音頻撥號頻偏：≤±1.5%

4、雙音頻(pin)(pin)信(xin)號電平：①低(di)頻(pin)(pin)群：-9±3dB；②高頻(pin)(pin)群：-7±3dB；③頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)組合(he)中高頻(pin)(pin)分量(liang)比低(di)頻(pin)(pin)分量(liang)高2±1dB

5、振鈴(ling)聲級：≥70dB(A)

6、電聲性能：

①在(zai)0公(gong)(gong)里時，客觀發送參(can)(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)當(dang)量≥+3；在(zai)3公(gong)(gong)里時，客觀發送參(can)(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)當(dang)量≤+15；在(zai)5公(gong)(gong)里時，客觀發送參(can)(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)當(dang)量≤+15。

②在(zai)(zai)0公(gong)里(li)(li)時(shi)，客觀(guan)接收(shou)(shou)參(can)考當(dang)量(liang)≥－5；在(zai)(zai)3公(gong)里(li)(li)時(shi)，客觀(guan)接收(shou)(shou)參(can)考當(dang)量(liang)≤+2；在(zai)(zai)5公(gong)里(li)(li)時(shi)，客觀(guan)接收(shou)(shou)摻考當(dang)量(liang)≤+2。

③在0公(gong)里時(shi)，客(ke)觀(guan)側音(yin)參考當量(liang)(liang)≥+3；在3公(gong)里時(shi)，客(ke)觀(guan)側音(yin)參考當量(liang)(liang)≥+10；在5公(gong)里時(shi)，客(ke)觀(guan)側音(yin)參考當量(liang)(liang)≥+10。

未來發展

高(gao)科技電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機的(de)(de)(de)發展都(dou)是(shi)隨著(zhu)無線通(tong)(tong)信的(de)(de)(de)發達(da)而形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機的(de)(de)(de)發展趨勢經過Digital電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機和PCS后(hou)發展到(dao)可以用衛星(xing)通(tong)(tong)信的(de)(de)(de)IMT-200服務。IMT-200支持信息的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速傳送，Packet，畫像(xiang)等多媒體的(de)(de)(de)服務，將來世界各個地方都(dou)可以使用所有(you)聲(sheng)音(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)報用戶直通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，傳呼和電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)郵(you)件(jian)；隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)郵(you)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)普及，網絡(luo)也(ye)日益(yi)化，網絡(luo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)已是(shi)不(bu)可阻擋的(de)(de)(de)發展趨勢。現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)，已經不(bu)能(neng)提供人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)需要了。未來的(de)(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)講(jiang)裝備(bei)攝像(xiang)頭，帶有(you)色(se)彩的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)晶顯(xian)示器，我們(men)在接固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)時候，都(dou)能(neng)夠看到(dao)雙方。