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基本結構

電話機是通(tong)過電信號雙向傳(chuan)輸(shu)話音的終端設備(bei)。

歷史上對電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機的(de)改進(jin)和(he)發(fa)明包(bao)括(kuo)：碳粉話(hua)(hua)筒、電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)人工(gong)交換(huan)板、撥(bo)號盤、自動電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)交換(huan)機、程控(kong)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)交換(huan)機、雙音多頻撥(bo)號、語音數(shu)字(zi)采樣等(deng)。新技術(shu)包(bao)括(kuo)：ISDN、DSL、模擬移(yi)動電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)和(he)數(shu)字(zi)移(yi)動電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機等(deng)。

基本按鍵

電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)源線、電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)線、收(shou)線開(kai)(kai)關(guan)、受(shou)話(hua)(hua)(hua)器、增音按鈕(niu)(niu)、送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)器、本機號碼(ma)(ma)片、鈴(ling)聲及免提(ti)喇叭、記憶代碼(ma)(ma)鍵、記憶號碼(ma)(ma)片、數(shu)字按鍵、記憶取出鍵、記憶儲(chu)存鍵、重撥鍵、工作指示燈(deng)、免提(ti)鍵、R鍵、免提(ti)送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)器、鈴(ling)聲調節開(kai)(kai)關(guan)、P/T開(kai)(kai)關(guan)、免提(ti)接收(shou)音量調節旋(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)。

工作原理

電(dian)話通(tong)信(xin)是(shi)通(tong)過聲能(neng)(neng)與(yu)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)相互(hu)轉換(huan)、并利(li)用“電(dian)”這個(ge)媒介來(lai)(lai)傳輸語(yu)言的一種(zhong)通(tong)信(xin)技術。兩個(ge)用戶要進行通(tong)信(xin)，最簡單的形式(shi)就是(shi)將兩部電(dian)話機(ji)用一對線(xian)路連接起來(lai)(lai)。

當發話(hua)者拿起電(dian)話(hua)機對著送話(hua)器講話(hua)時，聲帶(dai)的振動激勵(li)空氣振動，形成聲波。

聲(sheng)波作用于送話(hua)器上，使之產生電流(liu)(liu)，稱為話(hua)音電流(liu)(liu)。

話音電(dian)流沿著線路傳送到對方(fang)電(dian)話機的受話器(qi)內。

而受話(hua)器(qi)作用與送話(hua)器(qi)剛好相反——把電流轉(zhuan)化為聲波(bo)，通過(guo)空氣傳至人的耳朵中。

這樣，就(jiu)完成了最(zui)簡單的通話(hua)過(guo)程。

發展歷史

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)是美國人A.G.貝爾于(yu)1876年發(fa)明的(de)。他用(yong)(yong)(yong)兩根(gen)導線連接兩個結(jie)構完全(quan)相同、在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵上裝有(you)振(zhen)動膜片的(de)送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)和受話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)，首先實現(xian)兩端(duan)通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。但通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)距(ju)離短、效率低。1878年出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了炭(tan)精送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)送(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)效率大(da)大(da)提(ti)高。受話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)結(jie)構也有(you)改進。最早的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)是磁石電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)，靠自(zi)備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)手搖(yao)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)發(fa)送(song)呼(hu)叫(jiao)信號。1880年出(chu)(chu)現(xian)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)，改由共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)交(jiao)(jiao)換機(ji)集中供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，省去手播發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。1891年出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了旋轉撥(bo)號盤式自(zi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)，它可以發(fa)出(chu)(chu)直(zhi)流撥(bo)號脈(mo)沖，控制自(zi)動交(jiao)(jiao)換機(ji)動作，選擇被叫(jiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶，自(zi)動完成(cheng)交(jiao)(jiao)換功(gong)能(neng)。從而(er)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)通信推向(xiang)一個新階(jie)段。到20世(shi)紀(ji)60年代(dai)末期出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了按鍵式全(quan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)。除脈(mo)沖發(fa)號方式外，又出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了雙音(yin)(yin)多頻（DTMF）發(fa)號方式。隨(sui)著程(cheng)控交(jiao)(jiao)換機(ji)的(de)發(fa)展，雙音(yin)(yin)頻按鍵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)已(yi)逐(zhu)步普及(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路正(zheng)在(zai)向(xiang)集成(cheng)化(hua)邁(mai)進，話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)集成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路已(yi)廣泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路各(ge)組成(cheng)部分。各(ge)種多功(gong)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)和特種用(yong)(yong)(yong)途電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)也應(ying)運而(er)生。到20世(shi)紀(ji)90年代(dai)初，已(yi)有(you)了將撥(bo)號、通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、振(zhen)鈴三種功(gong)能(neng)集于(yu)一塊集成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)。隨(sui)著話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音(yin)(yin)識別技術的(de)發(fa)展，直(zhi)接用(yong)(yong)(yong)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音(yin)(yin)“撥(bo)號”的(de)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)也正(zheng)在(zai)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)

最(zui)初的電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)（終端(duan)）是由微(wei)型(xing)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和電(dian)(dian)池構(gou)成(cheng)的磁石式電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)，打電(dian)(dian)話(hua)時(shi)，使用者用手搖(yao)微(wei)型(xing)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發(fa)出電(dian)(dian)信號呼叫對方(fang)，對方(fang)啟機(ji)后構(gou)成(cheng)通(tong)話(hua)回(hui)路(lu)。后來(lai)，1877年(nian)愛迪(di)生（T.E.Edison）發(fa)明(ming)了(le)碳素送(song)話(hua)器和誘導線(xian)路(lu)后通(tong)話(hua)距離延長了(le)。同一年(nian)又發(fa)明(ming)了(le)共電(dian)(dian)式電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)。1891年(nian)終于(yu)發(fa)展到A.B.Strowger發(fa)明(ming)了(le)自(zi)動式電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)。

基本功能

電話(hua)(hua)機設置在電話(hua)(hua)通信(xin)起(qi)點(dian)和(he)終點(dian)的(de)(de)用戶(hu)側，是(shi)電話(hua)(hua)網的(de)(de)用戶(hu)終端設備。現代的(de)(de)電話(hua)(hua)機能夠方便地實現終端用戶(hu)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)呼(hu)叫和(he)通話(hua)(hua)，是(shi)經(jing)過一百多年來許多人(ren)的(de)(de)研(yan)究和(he)無數(shu)次的(de)(de)改進(jin)而形(xing)成的(de)(de)。盡管它們的(de)(de)式(shi)樣(yang)千差(cha)萬(wan)別，但一般(ban)都有如下基本功能：

1、聲電互換

因為要進(jin)行(xing)快速的、遠距離的通信，不能直(zhi)接傳(chuan)送(song)聲(sheng)音(yin)，而必須先(xian)把(ba)聲(sheng)音(yin)變(bian)成電信號（即以(yi)電作(zuo)為載體），到對方后(hou)再把(ba)電信號還(huan)原(yuan)成為聲(sheng)音(yin)。

2、摘機識別

當主叫方拿起電話機時(shi)，交(jiao)換機應有能(neng)知道“有人要打電話”的(de)功能(neng)，以(yi)便(bian)交(jiao)換機做好接續準備(bei)。

3、發送信號

自動(dong)電話(hua)機(ji)正是(shi)通過發(fa)送(song)撥(bo)號信號來指揮電話(hua)交換(huan)機(ji)的工作，并進而(er)建立(li)兩個電話(hua)機(ji)之間的連(lian)接的。

4、響鈴

即在對(dui)方(fang)來(lai)電(dian)話(hua)時，電(dian)話(hua)機能以鈴聲(sheng)告訴主人：“有人來(lai)電(dian)話(hua)了。”

5、電接續

電話(hua)(hua)機中(zhong)，實現這五大功(gong)能的部件依次是：送受話(hua)(hua)器、叉簧、撥號盤(pan)（或按鍵盤(pan)）、電話(hua)(hua)鈴(ling)和電話(hua)(hua)回(hui)路。

主要分類

有線電話

電話(hua)機(ji)具有(you)將(jiang)(jiang)終(zhong)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)波(bo)轉(zhuan)換為電子信(xin)號(hao)，通(tong)過電話(hua)線(xian)(xian)傳送(song)到(dao)遠距離的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)，同時將(jiang)(jiang)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)傳送(song)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電子信(xin)號(hao)再生(sheng)為語音(yin)(yin)（音(yin)(yin)波(bo)），使其(qi)通(tong)話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能，以及發(fa)送(song)可從多(duo)個對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)中選擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)（撥號(hao)脈(mo)沖(chong)），告(gao)知對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼(hu)叫音(yin)(yin)等功(gong)能。電話(hua)機(ji)由將(jiang)(jiang)語音(yin)(yin)轉(zhuan)換為電流(liu)發(fa)送(song)到(dao)電話(hua)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)送(song)話(hua)機(ji)、將(jiang)(jiang)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)傳送(song)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電流(liu)還原(yuan)為語音(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)話(hua)機(ji)、呼(hu)叫對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撥號(hao)或按鈕、發(fa)送(song)呼(hu)叫音(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鈴聲、將(jiang)(jiang)這些連接(jie)在電話(hua)線(xian)(xian)上執行其(qi)功(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)路網等組成。送(song)話(hua)機(ji)內有(you)裝滿碳(tan)素顆(ke)粒(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小箱子，其(qi)前方(fang)(fang)有(you)薄硬(ying)鋁合(he)金振(zhen)動(dong)板(ban)。振(zhen)動(dong)板(ban)根據語音(yin)(yin)振(zhen)動(dong)，振(zhen)動(dong)碳(tan)素顆(ke)粒(li)(li)，碳(tan)素顆(ke)粒(li)(li)傳導電流(liu)，隨(sui)著顆(ke)粒(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸程(cheng)度，電阻發(fa)生(sheng)變(bian)化，生(sheng)成語音(yin)(yin)電流(liu)。受(shou)話(hua)機(ji)接(jie)受(shou)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語音(yin)(yin)電流(liu)后(hou)，在線(xian)(xian)圈上生(sheng)成語音(yin)(yin)電流(liu)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磁力(li)，振(zhen)動(dong)鐵振(zhen)動(dong)板(ban)，發(fa)出聲音(yin)(yin)。

無線電話

無線環路-無繩電話

電話子母機

數字無繩電話

模擬無繩電話

移動電話手機

小靈通（無線電話）

智能電話

隨著IT技術的不(bu)斷(duan)的飛速發(fa)展，嵌入(ru)式(shi)終端設備的處理能力越來越強，21世紀初出(chu)現了(le)一種帶個人數據助理（PDA）的電話(hua)機“智能電話(hua)”。

智能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)除了(le)有完整的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定電(dian)話(hua)(hua)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)外，通(tong)常還具有大(da)容量的(de)(de)(de)名片管理(li)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、來去電(dian)管理(li)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、防(fang)止電(dian)話(hua)(hua)騷(sao)擾（電(dian)話(hua)(hua)防(fang)火墻）功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、企(qi)業集團電(dian)話(hua)(hua)名片（內部名片）管理(li)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，以及輔助(zhu)辦(ban)公的(de)(de)(de)許(xu)多功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，比如(ru)：日(ri)程安排、便(bian)箋、日(ri)歷、計算器(qi)等功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。早期的(de)(de)(de)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)通(tong)過撥號(hao)上網，具有一定的(de)(de)(de)信息交換能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，實現了(le)發送短信、接收(shou)文字信息的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。隨(sui)著固(gu)網智能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)在(zai)中國近十(shi)年的(de)(de)(de)發展，其處理(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)加(jia)強，逐漸地增加(jia)了(le)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)手機（Smartphone）具有的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。

智能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)話已有(you)通過因特網上網的能(neng)(neng)(neng)力及較強(qiang)的多媒的體(ti)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。可以進行網絡(luo)瀏覽、音視頻的播放、具有(you)電(dian)子書、電(dian)子相框等(deng)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。同時智能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)話在輔助(zhu)辦(ban)公、輔助(zhu)營銷(xiao)、娛樂等(deng)方面(mian)的功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)也有(you)了大大的加強(qiang)。在對傳(chuan)統(tong)固定電(dian)話顛覆的基礎上，實(shi)現了更多的商務(wu)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和PDA功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。

使用環境

使用條件

環(huan)境溫(wen)度：-10℃~40℃

相對(dui)濕度：45%~95%

大(da)氣壓力(li)：860~1060mbar

環(huan)境噪聲：≤60dB(A)

技術性能

1、工作頻(pin)率(lv)：300~3400HZ

2、脈(mo)沖通(tong)斷(duan)比：1.6±0.2∶1

3、雙音頻撥(bo)號(hao)頻偏：≤±1.5%

4、雙音頻信號(hao)電平(ping)：①低(di)(di)頻群(qun)：-9±3dB；②高頻群(qun)：-7±3dB；③頻率組(zu)合(he)中高頻分(fen)量比低(di)(di)頻分(fen)量高2±1dB

5、振鈴聲級(ji)：≥70dB(A)

6、電聲性能：

①在(zai)0公里時(shi)，客(ke)觀(guan)發送(song)參考當(dang)量≥+3；在(zai)3公里時(shi)，客(ke)觀(guan)發送(song)參考當(dang)量≤+15；在(zai)5公里時(shi)，客(ke)觀(guan)發送(song)參考當(dang)量≤+15。

②在(zai)0公里(li)時(shi)，客觀接(jie)收(shou)參(can)考當(dang)量(liang)≥－5；在(zai)3公里(li)時(shi)，客觀接(jie)收(shou)參(can)考當(dang)量(liang)≤+2；在(zai)5公里(li)時(shi)，客觀接(jie)收(shou)摻考當(dang)量(liang)≤+2。

③在0公里時，客(ke)(ke)觀側(ce)音參考當(dang)量(liang)≥+3；在3公里時，客(ke)(ke)觀側(ce)音參考當(dang)量(liang)≥+10；在5公里時，客(ke)(ke)觀側(ce)音參考當(dang)量(liang)≥+10。

未來發展

高科(ke)技電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)都(dou)是隨著無線(xian)通(tong)信的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)達而形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)趨(qu)勢經過Digital電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機和PCS后發(fa)展(zhan)到可以用衛星通(tong)信的(de)(de)(de)(de)IMT-200服務(wu)。IMT-200支持信息的(de)(de)(de)(de)高速(su)傳送，Packet，畫像等多媒體的(de)(de)(de)(de)服務(wu)，將來世界各個地(di)方都(dou)可以使用所有(you)聲(sheng)音電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報用戶直通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，傳呼和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子郵件；隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子郵件的(de)(de)(de)(de)普及，網絡(luo)也日益化(hua)，網絡(luo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)已(yi)是不(bu)可阻(zu)擋的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)趨(qu)勢。現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)，已(yi)經不(bu)能(neng)提供人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要了。未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)講裝備攝像頭，帶有(you)色彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)液晶顯(xian)示(shi)器，我們在接固(gu)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，都(dou)能(neng)夠(gou)看到雙方。