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基本結構

電(dian)話機(ji)是(shi)通過電(dian)信號雙向傳(chuan)輸話音的終端設(she)備。

歷史上對電話(hua)(hua)機(ji)的(de)改進和(he)發明包(bao)括(kuo)：碳(tan)粉話(hua)(hua)筒、電話(hua)(hua)人工交(jiao)換(huan)板、撥號盤、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)電話(hua)(hua)交(jiao)換(huan)機(ji)、程(cheng)控電話(hua)(hua)交(jiao)換(huan)機(ji)、雙音多頻撥號、語音數字采樣等。新技術(shu)包(bao)括(kuo)：ISDN、DSL、模(mo)擬移(yi)動(dong)(dong)電話(hua)(hua)和(he)數字移(yi)動(dong)(dong)電話(hua)(hua)機(ji)等。

基本按鍵

電話(hua)電源線(xian)、電話(hua)線(xian)、收線(xian)開(kai)關、受(shou)話(hua)器(qi)、增音(yin)按(an)鈕、送(song)話(hua)器(qi)、本(ben)機號碼片、鈴聲(sheng)及免提(ti)喇叭、記(ji)憶代碼鍵、記(ji)憶號碼片、數字按(an)鍵、記(ji)憶取出鍵、記(ji)憶儲存鍵、重撥鍵、工作指示(shi)燈(deng)、免提(ti)鍵、R鍵、免提(ti)送(song)話(hua)器(qi)、鈴聲(sheng)調節開(kai)關、P/T開(kai)關、免提(ti)接(jie)收音(yin)量調節旋鈕。

工作原理

電(dian)話通(tong)(tong)信是通(tong)(tong)過聲能與電(dian)能相互轉換、并利用“電(dian)”這(zhe)個媒介來(lai)傳(chuan)輸(shu)語言的一(yi)種通(tong)(tong)信技術。兩個用戶要進行(xing)通(tong)(tong)信，最簡單(dan)的形式就是將兩部電(dian)話機用一(yi)對(dui)線(xian)路連接起(qi)來(lai)。

當發話者拿起(qi)電話機對(dui)著(zhu)送話器講(jiang)話時，聲帶的(de)振動(dong)激勵(li)空氣振動(dong)，形成聲波。

聲波作用于送話器上，使(shi)之產生電流，稱(cheng)為(wei)話音電流。

話(hua)音電流沿(yan)著線路傳送到對方(fang)電話(hua)機的受話(hua)器內。

而受話(hua)器(qi)作用(yong)與送話(hua)器(qi)剛好相反——把電(dian)流(liu)轉化為聲波，通(tong)過(guo)空(kong)氣(qi)傳至人的耳(er)朵(duo)中。

這樣(yang)，就完成了(le)最簡單的通話過程。

發展歷史

電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是美國人A.G.貝(bei)爾于(yu)1876年發(fa)明的。他用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兩根(gen)導線連接(jie)兩個(ge)結構完全相同、在電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵上裝有(you)振動膜片(pian)的送(song)話(hua)器和(he)受(shou)話(hua)器，首先實現(xian)兩端(duan)通(tong)話(hua)。但通(tong)話(hua)距(ju)離短、效(xiao)率低。1878年出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)炭精送(song)話(hua)器，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)送(song)話(hua)器效(xiao)率大(da)大(da)提高。受(shou)話(hua)器結構也(ye)有(you)改進。最早的電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是磁(ci)石電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，靠自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)池供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)手(shou)搖發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)送(song)呼叫信號(hao)(hao)。1880年出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，改由共電(dian)(dian)(dian)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)集(ji)(ji)中供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，省去手(shou)播(bo)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。1891年出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)旋(xuan)轉撥(bo)(bo)號(hao)(hao)盤式自動電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，它可以發(fa)出(chu)(chu)(chu)直流撥(bo)(bo)號(hao)(hao)脈(mo)沖，控(kong)制自動交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)動作，選擇被叫用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶，自動完成(cheng)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)功能。從而把電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)通(tong)信推向(xiang)(xiang)一個(ge)新(xin)階段。到20世(shi)紀60年代(dai)末期出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)按(an)鍵式全電(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。除脈(mo)沖發(fa)號(hao)(hao)方(fang)式外(wai)，又(you)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)雙(shuang)(shuang)音(yin)多頻(pin)（DTMF）發(fa)號(hao)(hao)方(fang)式。隨著程控(kong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的發(fa)展(zhan)，雙(shuang)(shuang)音(yin)頻(pin)按(an)鍵電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)已(yi)逐步普及(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)正在向(xiang)(xiang)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)化邁進，話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)已(yi)廣泛用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)各(ge)組成(cheng)部分(fen)。各(ge)種(zhong)多功能電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)應運而生。到20世(shi)紀90年代(dai)初(chu)，已(yi)有(you)了(le)(le)(le)將撥(bo)(bo)號(hao)(hao)、通(tong)話(hua)、振鈴三種(zhong)功能集(ji)(ji)于(yu)一塊集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。隨著話(hua)音(yin)識別技術的發(fa)展(zhan)，直接(jie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)話(hua)音(yin)“撥(bo)(bo)號(hao)(hao)”的新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)正在出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)

最初的電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)（終端）是由微型發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)池構成的磁石式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)，打電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)時，使用者用手搖微型發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號呼(hu)叫(jiao)對方(fang)，對方(fang)啟機(ji)(ji)后(hou)構成通話(hua)回路。后(hou)來(lai)，1877年(nian)愛迪(di)生（T.E.Edison）發(fa)明了碳素送(song)話(hua)器(qi)和誘導(dao)線(xian)路后(hou)通話(hua)距離延長了。同一年(nian)又發(fa)明了共電(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)。1891年(nian)終于發(fa)展到A.B.Strowger發(fa)明了自(zi)動(dong)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)(ji)。

基本功能

電(dian)話(hua)機設(she)置在電(dian)話(hua)通信起點和(he)終點的用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側，是電(dian)話(hua)網的用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)終端(duan)(duan)設(she)備。現代的電(dian)話(hua)機能夠方便(bian)地實現終端(duan)(duan)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)之(zhi)間的呼叫(jiao)和(he)通話(hua)，是經過一百多年來許多人的研究和(he)無數次的改進而形成的。盡管它們的式樣千差萬(wan)別(bie)，但一般都有如下基(ji)本功能：

1、聲電互換

因為要進行快速的、遠距離的通信(xin)，不能直接傳送(song)聲(sheng)音，而(er)必須(xu)先把聲(sheng)音變成電(dian)信(xin)號(hao)（即以電(dian)作為載體），到對方后再把電(dian)信(xin)號(hao)還(huan)原成為聲(sheng)音。

2、摘機識別

當主叫方拿起電話機(ji)時，交(jiao)換機(ji)應有能知道(dao)“有人要打電話”的功(gong)能，以便交(jiao)換機(ji)做好(hao)接續準備。

3、發送信號

自動電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)正是通過發(fa)送撥號信號來(lai)指揮電(dian)(dian)話(hua)交(jiao)換機(ji)的(de)(de)工作，并(bing)進而建立兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)之間(jian)的(de)(de)連接(jie)的(de)(de)。

4、響鈴

即在對方(fang)來電(dian)話(hua)(hua)時，電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)能(neng)以鈴聲告訴主人(ren)：“有人(ren)來電(dian)話(hua)(hua)了。”

5、電接續

電話(hua)機中，實現這五大功能的部件(jian)依(yi)次是(shi)：送受話(hua)器(qi)、叉簧、撥號盤（或按鍵盤）、電話(hua)鈴和電話(hua)回路。

主要分類

有線電話

電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)具有將(jiang)終端的(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)波(bo)轉換(huan)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)信(xin)號(hao)，通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)線(xian)(xian)傳送到遠距離的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)，同(tong)時(shi)將(jiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)傳送來的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)信(xin)號(hao)再生(sheng)為(wei)語音(yin)(yin)(yin)（音(yin)(yin)(yin)波(bo)），使其通話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能，以及(ji)發(fa)送可從多個對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)中選(xuan)擇的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)（撥(bo)號(hao)脈沖），告知對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)呼叫音(yin)(yin)(yin)等功(gong)(gong)能。電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)由將(jiang)語音(yin)(yin)(yin)轉換(huan)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流發(fa)送到電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)送話(hua)機(ji)、將(jiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)傳送來的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流還(huan)原(yuan)為(wei)語音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)受(shou)話(hua)機(ji)、呼叫對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)撥(bo)號(hao)或(huo)按鈕(niu)、發(fa)送呼叫音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)鈴聲、將(jiang)這些連(lian)接在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)執行(xing)其功(gong)(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)網等組成。送話(hua)機(ji)內有裝滿碳(tan)(tan)素(su)顆(ke)粒(li)的(de)(de)(de)小箱子(zi)，其前方(fang)(fang)有薄(bo)硬鋁合金振動(dong)(dong)板(ban)。振動(dong)(dong)板(ban)根據(ju)語音(yin)(yin)(yin)振動(dong)(dong)，振動(dong)(dong)碳(tan)(tan)素(su)顆(ke)粒(li)，碳(tan)(tan)素(su)顆(ke)粒(li)傳導電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，隨著顆(ke)粒(li)的(de)(de)(de)接觸(chu)程度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻發(fa)生(sheng)變化，生(sheng)成語音(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。受(shou)話(hua)機(ji)接受(shou)對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)語音(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流后，在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)上(shang)生(sheng)成語音(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流引起的(de)(de)(de)磁力(li)，振動(dong)(dong)鐵(tie)振動(dong)(dong)板(ban)，發(fa)出聲音(yin)(yin)(yin)。

無線電話

無(wu)線環路(lu)-無(wu)繩(sheng)電話

電話子母機

數字無繩電話

模擬無繩電話

移動電話手機

小靈(ling)通（無(wu)線電話）

智能電話

隨著IT技術的(de)不斷的(de)飛(fei)速發展，嵌入(ru)式終端(duan)設備的(de)處理能(neng)力越(yue)來越(yue)強，21世紀初出現了一種帶個人(ren)數據助(zhu)理（PDA）的(de)電話機“智能(neng)電話”。

智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)話除(chu)了有完整的固定(ding)電(dian)話功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)外，通(tong)常還具有大容量的名片管理(li)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、來去電(dian)管理(li)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、防止電(dian)話騷擾（電(dian)話防火墻）功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、企業集團(tuan)電(dian)話名片（內部名片）管理(li)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，以及輔助辦公(gong)的許多功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，比如：日程(cheng)安(an)排、便箋、日歷、計算(suan)器(qi)等(deng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。早期的智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)話通(tong)過撥號上網，具有一(yi)定(ding)的信(xin)息交換能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，實(shi)現了發(fa)送短信(xin)、接收文字信(xin)息的功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。隨著固網智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)話在(zai)中國近十年的發(fa)展，其處理(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力加強，逐漸地(di)增加了智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)手機（Smartphone）具有的功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。

智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)話已(yi)有通過因特網上網的(de)能(neng)力(li)及較強(qiang)的(de)多媒的(de)體功(gong)能(neng)。可(ke)以進行網絡瀏覽、音視頻(pin)的(de)播放、具有電(dian)子(zi)書、電(dian)子(zi)相框(kuang)等功(gong)能(neng)。同時智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)話在(zai)輔助辦公、輔助營銷、娛樂(le)等方(fang)面的(de)功(gong)能(neng)也有了大大的(de)加強(qiang)。在(zai)對傳(chuan)統(tong)固定電(dian)話顛覆(fu)的(de)基礎(chu)上，實現了更(geng)多的(de)商務功(gong)能(neng)和PDA功(gong)能(neng)。

使用環境

使用條件

環境溫度：-10℃~40℃

相對濕度：45%~95%

大氣壓(ya)力：860~1060mbar

環境噪聲：≤60dB(A)

技術性能

1、工作(zuo)頻率(lv)：300~3400HZ

2、脈沖通斷(duan)比：1.6±0.2∶1

3、雙(shuang)音頻撥號(hao)頻偏：≤±1.5%

4、雙音頻(pin)信號電平：①低頻(pin)群：-9±3dB；②高(gao)頻(pin)群：-7±3dB；③頻(pin)率組合中(zhong)高(gao)頻(pin)分量比低頻(pin)分量高(gao)2±1dB

5、振鈴聲(sheng)級(ji)：≥70dB(A)

6、電聲性能：

①在(zai)0公(gong)里時(shi)，客觀(guan)(guan)發送參(can)考當(dang)量≥+3；在(zai)3公(gong)里時(shi)，客觀(guan)(guan)發送參(can)考當(dang)量≤+15；在(zai)5公(gong)里時(shi)，客觀(guan)(guan)發送參(can)考當(dang)量≤+15。

②在0公里(li)(li)時，客觀(guan)接(jie)收參考當量(liang)(liang)≥－5；在3公里(li)(li)時，客觀(guan)接(jie)收參考當量(liang)(liang)≤+2；在5公里(li)(li)時，客觀(guan)接(jie)收摻考當量(liang)(liang)≤+2。

③在(zai)0公(gong)里時，客(ke)觀側音參考當量≥+3；在(zai)3公(gong)里時，客(ke)觀側音參考當量≥+10；在(zai)5公(gong)里時，客(ke)觀側音參考當量≥+10。

未來發展

高科技電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)都是隨著無線通信的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)達而形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢(shi)(shi)經(jing)過Digital電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)機(ji)和PCS后(hou)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)可(ke)以用(yong)衛星通信的(de)(de)(de)(de)IMT-200服(fu)務。IMT-200支持信息的(de)(de)(de)(de)高速傳(chuan)送，Packet，畫像等多媒體的(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務，將來世界各個地方(fang)都可(ke)以使用(yong)所(suo)有(you)聲音電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)用(yong)戶直通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，傳(chuan)呼和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子郵件；隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子郵件的(de)(de)(de)(de)普及，網(wang)(wang)絡也日(ri)益化，網(wang)(wang)絡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)已(yi)是不可(ke)阻擋的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢(shi)(shi)。現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)，已(yi)經(jing)不能(neng)提供人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要了。未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)講裝備攝像頭(tou)，帶(dai)有(you)色彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)晶顯示器，我們在接(jie)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，都能(neng)夠看(kan)到(dao)雙方(fang)。