巴渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)西(xi)漢(han)(han)初年(nian)從西(xi)南地區(qu)賨(cong)人(ren)(板盾蠻)那里(li)傳(chuan)來的舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)(dao)。漢(han)(han)高(gao)祖劉邦在(zai)平定三秦時,招募了(le)(le)一批賨(cong)人(ren)作(zuo)前鋒(feng),賨(cong)人(ren)勇猛善戰(zhan),其風俗(su)又善舞(wu)(wu)(wu),劉邦便命樂(le)工學習(xi)和(he)改(gai)編了(le)(le)他(ta)們的舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)(dao),因為賨(cong)人(ren)生活于(yu)巴郡渝(yu)(yu)水一帶,所以就(jiu)稱此種舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)(dao)為巴渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu).巴渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)傳(chuan)入宮(gong)廷后(hou),成為宮(gong)廷舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)(dao),用來在(zai)宮(gong)廷宴(yan)會上表演軍(jun)旅戰(zhan)斗(dou)的場面(mian),歌頌(song)帝王功德,是(shi)漢(han)(han)代(dai)著名雜舞(wu)(wu)(wu)。表演時,舞(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)自(zi)披盔(kui)甲(jia),手持矛、弩箭,口唱賨(cong)人(ren)古老戰(zhan)歌,樂(le)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)交(jiao)作(zuo),邊歌邊舞(wu)(wu)(wu),舞(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)有36人(ren),是(shi)群舞(wu)(wu)(wu)。由于(yu)這種舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)武樂(le)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)(dao),漢(han)(han)哀帝罷(ba)樂(le)府后(hou),對(dui)巴渝(yu)(yu)鼓員36人(ren)仍認為不可罷(ba),交(jiao)由大(da)樂(le)領(ling)屬,將它列入雅(ya)樂(le)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)(dao)的系統。其伴奏樂(le)器(qi)以銅鼓為主,配(pei)合擊磬(qing)、搖鼗(tao)、撫琴,舞(wu)(wu)(wu)曲(qu)有《矛渝(yu)(yu)本歌曲(qu)》、《安(an)弩渝(yu)(yu)本歌曲(qu)》、《安(an)臺本歌曲(qu)》、《行辭本歌曲(qu)》等(deng)4篇。巴渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)發展到魏(wei)晉,已完全變成廟堂祭祀性(xing)質(zhi)的舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)(dao)。巴渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)我(wo)國古代(dai)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)(dao)藝術中占有較重要的地位。
巴(ba)渝舞(wu):是中國古(gu)代最有影響(xiang)的戰前舞(wu),即(ji)武(wu)舞(wu)。今(jin)和重慶北部(bu)(bu)四(si)川東北部(bu)(bu)嘉陵(ling)江支流渝水(shui)(今(jin)重慶嘉陵(ling)江)一帶居住過一種少數民(min)(min)族人(ren)(ren)(巴(ba)人(ren)(ren)的一支),或稱板木盾蠻,又稱獠人(ren)(ren),創造了一種具有民(min)(min)族特色的舞(wu)蹈,它發源于(yu)巴(ba)郡渝水(shui)流域,故名(ming)為巴(ba)渝舞(wu)。”
巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代最有(you)(you)影響的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)前(qian)(qian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),即武舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。《左傳》載3000年前(qian)(qian)“周武王伐(fa)紂,巴(ba)(ba)(ba)師(shi)勇(yong)銳,歌(ge)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)凌殷人。故(gu)曰:武王伐(fa)紂前(qian)(qian)戈后舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。”這里(li)對“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)師(shi)歌(ge)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”并未命(ming)名,直到秦漢(han)相爭時漢(han)王朝再次(ci)將此舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用于(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),在沖鋒陷陣時“銳氣喜(xi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),武帝善(shan)之(zhi)曰‘此武王伐(fa)紂之(zhi)歌(ge)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye),乃令樂(le)人習學(xue)之(zhi),今所謂巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)。’”這是“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”之(zhi)名在史書(shu)上正(zheng)式提出。漢(han)高(gao)祖為(wei)什么把這種(zhong)戰(zhan)(zhan)前(qian)(qian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)命(ming)名為(wei)“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”?有(you)(you)關巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)源(yuan)(yuan)眾說紛紜(yun)。董其祥教授在《巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)源(yuan)(yuan)流(liu)考》中(zhong)(zhong),把“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”之(zhi)源(yuan)(yuan)結論為(wei):“重慶北部(bu)四川(chuan)東北部(bu)嘉(jia)陵江支流(liu)渝(yu)(yu)水(shui)(今名流(liu)江)一帶居(ju)住過(guo)一種(zhong)少(shao)數民(min)族人(巴(ba)(ba)(ba)人的(de)(de)一支),或稱(cheng)板木(mu)盾(dun)蠻,又稱(cheng)獠(liao)人,創(chuang)造了一種(zhong)具有(you)(you)民(min)族特色的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈,它發源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)郡(jun)渝(yu)(yu)水(shui)流(liu)域,故(gu)名為(wei)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。”另有(you)(you)胡宏基(ji)先生《解讀巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》認定“閬中(zhong)(zhong)市保寧鎮為(wei)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)鄉。”晉人郭注釋“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)”一辭說:“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)西閬中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)渝(yu)(yu)水(shui),獠(liao)人居(ju)其上,皆剛勇(yong)好舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),漢(han)高(gao)祖之(zhi)以(yi)(yi)平三秦,后使(shi)樂(le)府習之(zhi)因名巴(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)。”
“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming),既不是(shi)(shi)以巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)郡、巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)西(xi)(xi)郡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)”和渝(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“渝(yu)(yu)”為(wei)(wei)其(qi)命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming),也(ye)(ye)不是(shi)(shi)以族名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)其(qi)命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming)。若以渝(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)左右聚居人為(wei)(wei)其(qi)命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming),巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞應命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)“渝(yu)(yu)舞”也(ye)(ye)。《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)文化(hua)百科(ke)》在(zai)(zai)(zai)《巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞》辭條中(zhong)(zhong)認定“由(you)于(yu)人居住在(zai)(zai)(zai)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu),所以叫(jiao)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞”。那(nei)么秦(qin)漢時(shi)(shi)的“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)”又在(zai)(zai)(zai)何處?據考(kao):古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)應是(shi)(shi)東(dong)漢時(shi)(shi)漢昌(chang)縣轄(xia)地(di)(di),前(qian)屬(shu)梁州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(治今(jin)(jin)陜西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)鄭(zheng)(zheng)回軍壩天池(chi)梁),后屬(shu)益州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)西(xi)(xi)郡(治今(jin)(jin)閬(lang)中(zhong)(zhong))直至民國(guo)時(shi)(shi)期,即(ji)今(jin)(jin)四(si)川(chuan)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)市(shi)(shi)所轄(xia)的巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)區(qu)(qu)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、通江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、平昌(chang)的巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、渝(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)域(yu)。“在(zai)(zai)(zai)四(si)川(chuan)東(dong)北(bei)部有(you)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),出(chu)自陜西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)鄭(zheng)(zheng)、鎮巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)境(jing)內米(mi)倉山,南(nan)(nan)(nan)流(liu)至通江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)縣南(nan)(nan)(nan)會合,西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)流(liu)至平昌(chang)注(zhu)(zhu)入渠(qu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)”(《水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)經注(zhu)(zhu)》)。《巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)志(zhi)(zhi)·巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)流(liu)圖》考(kao):“州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)三(san)派,其(qi)自蟒潭河(he)入者(zhe)北(bei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),即(ji)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)渝(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也(ye)(ye)(今(jin)(jin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)河(he),發(fa)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)陜西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)鄭(zheng)(zheng),經米(mi)倉山、南(nan)(nan)(nan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)入巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)中(zhong)(zhong));……自通巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)河(he)入者(zhe),巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也(ye)(ye)(今(jin)(jin)通江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)河(he),發(fa)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)陜西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)鄭(zheng)(zheng)、鎮巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba))。三(san)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)會于(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)口鎮(今(jin)(jin)平昌(chang)縣城)合而為(wei)(wei)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),眾流(liu)皆附之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以達(da)于(yu)渠(qu)河(he)(古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui))”《漢志(zhi)(zhi)》云(yun)“……而巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)、渝(yu)(yu)二水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)自古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)并(bing)稱,地(di)(di)必相近(jin)(巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)二水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)實(shi)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隔)……”《三(san)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)記》云(yun):“閬(lang)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)渝(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)漢時(shi)(shi)屬(shu)閬(lang)中(zhong)(zhong)境(jing)內,此水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)(wei)民所居,故稱‘巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)’、‘巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)’也(ye)(ye)”,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)史書上首次(ci)提及“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)。化(hua)成縣(治今(jin)(jin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)區(qu)(qu))北(bei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)一(yi)名(ming)(ming)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)嶺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),一(yi)名(ming)(ming)渝(yu)(yu)川(chuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),一(yi)名(ming)(ming)宕渠(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。自集州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang))難江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(今(jin)(jin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)河(he))界流(liu)入北(bei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),即(ji)今(jin)(jin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正流(liu)。從前(qian)未有(you)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱,自《九域(yu)志(zhi)(zhi)》始言化(hua)成縣有(you)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)后,遂與南(nan)(nan)(nan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)派出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)嶺者(zhe)當之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)實(shi)則古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渝(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也(ye)(ye)(巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)志(zhi)(zhi))。“渝(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)名(ming)(ming),一(yi)名(ming)(ming)宕渠(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),即(ji)今(jin)(jin)四(si)川(chuan)南(nan)(nan)(nan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)及其(qi)下游渠(qu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)族聚居水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)濱善(shan)歌舞,漢‘巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞’即(ji)出(chu)于(yu)此……”(《辭海》地(di)(di)理分冊)。從以上分析所知,“閬(lang)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)渝(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),人多(duo)居水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)左右……”是(shi)(shi)指在(zai)(zai)(zai)秦(qin)漢時(shi)(shi)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)西(xi)(xi)郡所轄(xia)漢昌(chang)縣的渝(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)《巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)民國(guo)志(zhi)(zhi)》。明楊瞻《四(si)忠祠記》“正德辛未(正德六(liu)年(nian),1512年(nian))以來,鄢(yan)藍(鄢(yan)本(ben)恕、藍延瑞)倡(chang)亂、旗幟千里(li),三(san)省(sheng)煸(bian)動,巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民死(si)亡過半矣(yi)。”這(zhe)里(li)所指“巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民”,即(ji)今(jin)(jin)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)市(shi)(shi)(巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)區(qu)(qu)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、通江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、平昌(chang))、達(da)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)及南(nan)(nan)(nan)充市(shi)(shi)轄(xia)區(qu)(qu)和劍(jian)閣、梓潼等川(chuan)東(dong)北(bei)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民。這(zhe)里(li)再次(ci)提到巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu),以巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)域(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)渝(yu)(yu)舞命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming),那(nei)是(shi)(shi)順(shun)其(qi)自然,俗以為(wei)(wei)常。
一曰矛渝,二曰安弩,三曰安臺(tai),四(si)曰行辭。巴渝舞(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)基(ji)本形(xing)式是“執仗而舞(wu)(wu)”。“仗”,兵(bing)器(qi),“執仗”即(ji)執干戈;伴(ban)(ban)奏則是擊鼓(gu)。班固(gu)《漢書》載:“巴渝鼓(gu)員,三十六(liu)人(ren)”。他講的(de)(de)是宮廷燕樂的(de)(de)巴渝舞(wu)(wu),征伐戰場上(shang)的(de)(de)巴渝舞(wu)(wu),有(you)多少人(ren)戰斗,就有(you)多少人(ren)歌(ge)舞(wu)(wu):在陣(zhen)前拼殺者,執看挺(ting)戈,大(da)聲呼呵,后面伴(ban)(ban)奏者,則擊鼓(gu)頓足,以(yi)增(zeng)威勢(shi),這(zhe)就是史書所為的(de)(de)“前歌(ge)后舞(wu)(wu)”。司馬相如在《子虛賦(fu)》中這(zhe)樣描繪(hui)巴渝舞(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)壯觀場面:“千人(ren)唱,萬人(ren)和(he),山陵為之震動,山谷為之蕩(dang)波。”為了“耀武觀兵(bing)”,朝廷接待(dai)“四(si)夷使者”,便(bian)常常表演巴渝舞(wu)(wu)。
巴(ba)渝(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是閬中(zhong)渝(yu)水土著巴(ba)族賨人所創造的(de)(de)民間(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈。賨人天性(xing)勁勇,俗(su)喜歌舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。漢高祖劉邦(bang)伐(fa)三秦建大漢時(shi),被募為漢軍前鋒。他們那種(zhong)“巴(ba)師(shi)勇銳,歌舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以凌”的(de)(de)氣勢(shi)和(he)戰斗(dou)力(li),贏得了漢高祖的(de)(de)喜愛,并將宗人的(de)(de)戰爭武舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)取名為“巴(ba)渝(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”,引進宮廷(ting),歷(li)經(jing)魏、晉(jin)、南北朝,至唐代,雖(sui)曾數易其名,仍盛演不(bu)(bu)衰。唐以后(hou),“巴(ba)渝(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”在(zai)宮庭中(zhong)銷聲匿(ni)跡,名不(bu)(bu)見經(jing)傳了。但在(zai)民間(jian)仍在(zai)世代承傳,歷(li)經(jing)演變(bian),原(yuan)始的(de)(de)武舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)演變(bian)成祭祀性(xing)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈和(he)慶典性(xing)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈。留傳至今(jin)的(de)(de)“八仙鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)”(又名“巴(ba)象鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)”)即是歷(li)經(jing)演變(bian)的(de)(de)“巴(ba)渝(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”的(de)(de)一種(zhong)表(biao)現形式。“八仙鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)”為長柄雙(shuang)面(mian)獸皮鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)繪有八仙或圖(tu)騰圖(tu)案,直(zhi)徑(jing)約30--40厘米(mi),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)柄約120厘米(mi)。八仙鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多為10人以上的(de)(de)群舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),適宜(yi)廣場表(biao)演。表(biao)演時(shi),沙鑼一道(dao),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)手隨后(hou),一面(mian)擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),一面(mian)吶喊,不(bu)(bu)斷變(bian)換(huan)隊形,浩浩蕩蕩,威武雄壯。
1955年(nian),閬中組隊參(can)加四川(chuan)省(sheng)第(di)二屆民間音樂舞蹈(dao)會演(yan)獲獎(jiang)。1991年(nian),閬中市(shi)組織300人的“八仙鼓”表演(yan)隊伍(wu),參(can)加南充第(di)二屆絲綢節(jie)開(kai)幕式表演(yan),引起(qi)轟動,獲得獎(jiang)勵。2001年(nian)市(shi)群眾藝術館蒲公英少兒藝術團(tuan)演(yan)出(chu)的以(yi)八仙鼓舞為素材的創作舞蹈(dao)《巴(ba)鼓新(xin)韻(yun)》,參(can)加四川(chuan)省(sheng)舞蹈(dao)大賽,獲得編導和(he)表演(yan)兩個一等獎(jiang)。為了研究“巴(ba)渝舞”,1997年(nian)青海人民出(chu)版(ban)社出(chu)版(ban)發(fa)行了由肖善生撰寫的《巴(ba)渝舞初探》。
在三(san)國(guo)演(yan)義32集--周(zhou)瑜(yu)(yu)空設(she)計(ji)中(zhong),有一段周(zhou)瑜(yu)(yu)宴(yan)請劉備的戲,宴(yan)席中(zhong)有一段舞蹈(dao),就(jiu)是《巴(ba)渝舞》。
周瑜瞞著諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)打算在宴(yan)席中(zhong)(zhong)摔杯為號殺死劉備。此時(shi)諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)在江邊聽(ting)到(dao)樂舞(wu)聲中(zhong)(zhong)透出一股(gu)殺氣,說(shuo):“這是巴渝舞(wu)。”問(wen)魯肅“帳中(zhong)(zhong)宴(yan)請何人?”,聽(ting)到(dao)宴(yan)請的(de)是劉備后(hou)不禁大(da)驚(jing)失色驚(jing)呼:“我(wo)主危(wei)矣!”急忙跑去,當看到(dao)劉備身旁站(zhan)立的(de)關(guan)羽時(shi),松了口(kou)氣擦了擦汗(han)說(shuo)道:“我(wo)主無險矣。”周瑜因忌憚(dan)關(guan)羽,計劃(hua)最終沒有得(de)逞。
“巴(ba)渝(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”民(min)間(jian)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“渝(yu)兒(er)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”。此名在(zai)(zai)唐(tang)太(tai)宗大歷年間(jian)仍(reng)在(zai)(zai)漢昌(chang)境地(di)廣為(wei)(wei)流傳(chuan)。梁州(zhou)刺史李勉募中任職的(de)唐(tang)代(dai)詩(shi)人韓弘(河南沁陽縣人)在(zai)(zai)千(qian)山口所寫《送巴(ba)州(zhou)楊(yang)使君(jun)》詩(shi)中留下(xia)“萬里歌鐘相慶時,巴(ba)童聲節渝(yu)兒(er)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”之(zhi)詩(shi)句(ju)(《巴(ba)州(zhou)志(zhi)·藝(yi)文上》)。詩(shi)中“萬里歌鐘”指遼闊的(de)巴(ba)州(zhou)(古稱(cheng)野巴(ba)州(zhou))人民(min)唱歌擊鑼(luo)鼓。“渝(yu)兒(er)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”即(ji)“巴(ba)渝(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”。詩(shi)意為(wei)(wei)楊(yang)使君(jun)到巴(ba)州(zhou)整飭防務(wu)取得成績后,巴(ba)州(zhou)人民(min)定會載歌載舞(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)其慶賀。說明“巴(ba)渝(yu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”在(zai)(zai)唐(tang)代(dai)時仍(reng)在(zai)(zai)巴(ba)州(zhou)廣為(wei)(wei)流傳(chuan)。
《薅草(cao)鑼鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)》是流傳(chuan)于大(da)巴(ba)山南麓巴(ba)中(zhong)市米倉山區(qu)的一(yi)種在薅包(bao)谷草(cao)時(shi)演(yan)唱(chang)的大(da)型連套體(ti)山歌(ge),所(suo)用鑼鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)伴奏源于“巴(ba)渝舞”的伴奏樂器鑼和(he)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),即古代的鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)鉦(zheng)(一(yi)種長(chang)柄鐘的軍樂)。此種民間文藝至今仍在“巴(ba)渝地(di)(di)區(qu)”流傳(chuan)。《巴(ba)州志(zhi)·風(feng)俗篇》有“春(chun)田插秧,選歌(ge)郎二人擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)鳴鉦(zheng)于隴(long)上(shang),曼聲而歌(ge),更唱(chang)迭合(he),麗(li)麗(li)可(ke)聽,使耕者忘其(qi)疲(pi),以齊功(gong)力”之記載,實(shi)為古代集體(ti)勞(lao)作時(shi)的“戰地(di)(di)歌(ge)舞”。其(qi)目的與古戰舞“巴(ba)渝舞”實(shi)為一(yi)致(zhi)。
巴渝(yu)舞是流(liu)傳(chuan)在重(zhong)慶北(bei)部和四(si)川東北(bei)部土著人中之原始(shi)歌舞,按其命名來講,它的具(ju)體流(liu)傳(chuan)出處應(ying)是東漢時(shi)漢昌縣巴渝(yu)地(di)區,即今巴中市兩千年前的地(di)方歌舞。