實驗室制取時,可(ke)用四氯化碳(tan)與發煙硫(liu)酸反(fan)應。將(jiang)四氯化碳(tan)加(jia)熱(re)至(zhi)55-60℃,滴加(jia)入發煙硫(liu)酸,即發生逸出光(guang)氣,如需(xu)使用液態(tai)光(guang)氣,則將(jiang)發生的光(guang)氣加(jia)以冷(leng)凝(ning)。
反(fan)應方程式:SO3+CCl4→SO2Cl2+COCl2↑
工業上通(tong)常采(cai)用一氧化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)與(yu)氯(lv)氣(qi)的反應得到光(guang)(guang)氣(qi)。這是(shi)一個強烈放熱的反應,裝有(you)活性(xing)炭的合成器(qi)應有(you)水冷卻夾套,控制反應溫(wen)度200℃左右。為(wei)了獲得高質量的光(guang)(guang)氣(qi)和減(jian)少設備的腐蝕,經(jing)過徹底干(gan)燥(zao)的一氧化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)在與(yu)氯(lv)氣(qi)混合時,應保持適當過量。將(jiang)混合氣(qi)從合成器(qi)上部通(tong)入(ru),經(jing)過活性(xing)炭層后(hou),很快(kuai)轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)光(guang)(guang)氣(qi)。當選用規格為(wei)Ф700×2900的合成器(qi)時,每(mei)臺可年產光(guang)(guang)氣(qi)200t。
原料(liao)消耗定額:氯(lv)氣(>99%)925kg/t;氧氣(標準狀況(kuang)下)268(m3)kg/t;焦炭400kg/t。
氯(lv)仿(fang),雙氧水直接反(fan)應:
CHCl3+H2O2=HCl+H2O+COCl2(光氣)——氯仿保管不當易被氧化產生光氣。
也可用雙(shuang)氧(yang)水制(zhi)出氧(yang)氣(qi)后(hou)與氯仿反(fan)應:
2CHCl3+O2=2HCl+2COCl2(光(guang)氣)
光(guang)氣(qi)泄露(lu)后用水霧吸收,光(guang)氣(qi)很容易水解:
COCl2+H2O=2HCl+CO2
也可用(yong)氯氣和一(yi)氧化碳反應
Cl2+CO==光照==活性炭或(huo)Pt==COCl2(見光反應)
三氯甲烷(wan)在空氣和光(guang)照的作用下(xia)也可生成光(guang)氣
CHCl3+O2==光(guang)照==COCl2+HOCl
常用的光氣化產品
光(guang)氣和(he)(he)胺進行(xing)N-酰(xian)化反應(ying),可合成異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、脲(niao)衍生物和(he)(he)氨(an)(an)(an)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)甲(jia)(jia)酰(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。常見重要(yao)產品及用途如(ru)下:甲(jia)(jia)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)二異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(TDI)(聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料)、4,4′-二苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)甲(jia)(jia)烷(wan)二異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(MDI)(聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料)、聚(ju)(ju)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)亞甲(jia)(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)聚(ju)(ju)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(PAPI)(聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料)、六亞甲(jia)(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)二異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(HDI)(聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料)、1,5-萘二異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(NDI)(聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料)、異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)佛爾酮二異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(IPDI)(聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)涂(tu)料)、間(或(huo)對(dui)(dui))-四甲(jia)(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)二甲(jia)(jia)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)二異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(m-TMXDI或(huo)p-TMXDI)(淺色(se)聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)涂(tu)料)、三(san)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)甲(jia)(jia)烷(wan)三(san)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(TTI)(JQ-1膠)、4,4′,4″-三(san)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)磷酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(TPTPTI)(JQ-4膠)、4,4′,4″-三(san)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)硫代磷酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(AR-4膠)、甲(jia)(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(MIC)(氨(an)(an)(an)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)甲(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))、正(zheng)丁基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)磺酰(xian)脲(niao)類(lei)除草劑)、叔丁基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)隆(long)(long)(long)草特)、十八烷(wan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(柔軟劑VS等(deng)(deng)(deng))、環己基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)噻螨(man)酮等(deng)(deng)(deng))、苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)非草隆(long)(long)(long)、環草隆(long)(long)(long)、苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)胺靈等(deng)(deng)(deng))、對(dui)(dui)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(合成抑(yi)菌(jun)劑3,4,4′-三(san)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)二苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)脲(niao)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等(deng)(deng)(deng))、間氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)胺靈等(deng)(deng)(deng))、3,4-二氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)敵草隆(long)(long)(long)、利谷隆(long)(long)(long)、草不隆(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)滅草靈等(deng)(deng)(deng))、3,5-二氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)菌(jun)脲(niao)、菌(jun)核(he)利等(deng)(deng)(deng))、對(dui)(dui)甲(jia)(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殺草隆(long)(long)(long)等(deng)(deng)(deng))、間甲(jia)(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)甜菜寧等(deng)(deng)(deng))、3-氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)-4-甲(jia)(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)綠麥隆(long)(long)(long)等(deng)(deng)(deng))、對(dui)(dui)三(san)氟(fu)甲(jia)(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)氟(fu)隆(long)(long)(long))、間三(san)氟(fu)甲(jia)(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)伏草隆(long)(long)(long))、3-氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)-4-甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)隆(long)(long)(long))、對(dui)(dui)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)丙基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)丙隆(long)(long)(long))、對(dui)(dui)溴苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)秀谷隆(long)(long)(long))、對(dui)(dui)硝基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)滅鼠(shu)安、滅鼠(shu)優)、4-(對(dui)(dui)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)氧(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji))-苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)枯草隆(long)(long)(long))、4-(對(dui)(dui)甲(jia)(jia)氧(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)氧(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji))-苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)枯莠(you)隆(long)(long)(long))、4-(對(dui)(dui)甲(jia)(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)乙(yi)氧(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji))-苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)谷隆(long)(long)(long))、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)磺酰(xian)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)中間體(ti))等(deng)(deng)(deng)。
光氣(qi)和芳香(xiang)環上的(de)碳原(yuan)子可(ke)發生酰化反(fan)應(ying),可(ke)合(he)成二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)甲(jia)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)系列產品(pin),其用(yong)途主要為(wei)紫外線吸收劑、定香(xiang)劑、醫藥中間體(ti)。常(chang)見重要產品(pin)如下:二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)甲(jia)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、4-甲(jia)基二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、4-氯二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、2,4-二(er)(er)(er)(er)羥(qian)基二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(UV-0)、2-羥(qian)基-4-甲(jia)氧基二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(UV-9)、2-羥(qian)基-4-正辛(xin)氧基二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(UV-531)、對(dui)苯(ben)(ben)二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、2-氨(an)基-5-氯二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、2-氨(an)基-5-硝(xiao)基二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、4,4′-二(er)(er)(er)(er)乙氨(an)基二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(合(he)成染(ran)料)、3,4-二(er)(er)(er)(er)氯二(er)(er)(er)(er)苯(ben)(ben)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等(deng)。
光氣(qi)和某些(xie)醇(chun)或(huo)酚羥基進行O-酰化(hua)反(fan)應(亦(yi)稱(cheng)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)反(fan)應),可合(he)成(cheng)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)代(dai)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)及碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系列(lie)產品。常(chang)(chang)見重(zhong)要(yao)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)代(dai)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產品及用途如下:氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)三(san)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(雙(shuang)光氣(qi))(替代(dai)光氣(qi))、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(殺(sha)蟲(chong)劑、引(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)劑)、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)乙(yi)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(殺(sha)蟲(chong)劑、引(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)劑)、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)2-溴乙(yi)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(殺(sha)菌劑)、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)丙(bing)(bing)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(殺(sha)菌劑)、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)異丙(bing)(bing)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(殺(sha)蟲(chong)劑、引(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)劑IPP)、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)苯(ben)氧乙(yi)基酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(引(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)劑BPPD)、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)辛(xin)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(引(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)劑EHP)、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)環(huan)己酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(引(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)劑DCPD)、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)4-叔丁基環(huan)己酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(引(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)劑TBCP)、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)十六烷基酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(引(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)劑DCP)、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)苯(ben)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(醫(yi)藥(yao))、氯(lv)(lv)(lv)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)芐酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。常(chang)(chang)見重(zhong)要(yao)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系列(lie)產品及用途如下:碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)二(er)苯(ben)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(工(gong)程塑料)、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)二(er)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(醫(yi)藥(yao)、農藥(yao))、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)二(er)乙(yi)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(醫(yi)藥(yao)、農藥(yao))、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)乙(yi)撐酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(溶劑、醫(yi)藥(yao))、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)丙(bing)(bing)烯酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(溶劑、分散劑)、二(er)甘(gan)醇(chun)雙(shuang)烯丙(bing)(bing)基碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(光學塑料)、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)二(er)辛(xin)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(增塑劑)等。
光氣和熔(rong)融態(tai)羧酸反應可合(he)成酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)系列產品(pin),其主要用途是作為(wei)農藥、醫藥、染料合(he)成的中間(jian)體。常見重(zhong)要產品(pin)如下:苯(ben)(ben)(ben)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、鄰甲(jia)(jia)(jia)基(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、間(jian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)基(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、鄰氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、對(dui)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、3,4-二氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、對(dui)硝基(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、十八酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、3,4,5-三甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)基(ji)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、苯(ben)(ben)(ben)乙酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、2-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)基(ji)-5-氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)新戊酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、間(jian)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)二酰(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)等。
需要重點研究開(kai)發的光氣(qi)化產(chan)品(pin)
聚氨(an)酯(zhi)原料異氰酸酯(zhi)
我國TDI、MDI、PAPI等異氰(qing)酸酯已經大批量(liang)生產(chan),需進一步擴(kuo)大產(chan)量(liang)、提高質量(liang)及降(jiang)低成本。IPDI、NDI、HDI等還未能(neng)在我國實現工業(ye)化生產(chan),須(xu)重點(dian)研究開發。德國拜耳計劃在未來3年內在上海化工區投資(zi)建設30000t/aHDI裝置。
用作(zuo)農藥和醫(yi)藥中間體的異氰酸酯
正丁基(ji)(ji)異氰(qing)酸酯、苯(ben)基(ji)(ji)異氰(qing)酸酯、環己基(ji)(ji)異氰(qing)酸酯和氯磺酰異氰(qing)酸酯等下游(you)產品(pin)多(duo),市場容量大,值得重(zhong)點研究開發。要求主含量≥99%,產品(pin)穩定(ding)性好(hao)。
氯代甲酸酯
氯代甲酸(suan)酯類產品是醫藥(yao)、農藥(yao)中(zhong)間體和有機(ji)過氧(yang)化物、PVC等塑料(liao)引發劑的(de)主要(yao)原料(liao),有較大(da)(da)市場。市場對引發劑穩定性要(yao)求較高,需(xu)要(yao)純度(du)高分子(zi)量較大(da)(da)的(de)氯代甲酸(suan)酯作原料(liao),值得重(zhong)點開(kai)發。
特殊用途光氣化中間體(ti)
在一(yi)些醫(yi)藥(yao)、農藥(yao)等合成環節中某一(yi)步反應需(xu)要光氣化,此類合成一(yi)般技術要求高、產(chan)品(pin)應用范圍小(xiao)、市場(chang)需(xu)求量不大,但產(chan)品(pin)附加值(zhi)高、市場(chang)較穩定,值(zhi)得深入開發,須同時注意廣泛收集(ji)市場(chang)信息。
概述
本品是(shi)典型的暫(zan)時性(xing)毒劑(ji)。吸(xi)入中(zhong)毒的半致命劑(ji)量(liang)(liang)LD50為3200mg/kg,半失能劑(ji)量(liang)(liang)1600mg·min/m3。吸(xi)入后,經(jing)幾小(xiao)時的潛伏期(qi)出現癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang),表現為呼(hu)吸(xi)困難、胸部壓痛(tong)、血壓下降,嚴重時昏(hun)迷以至死亡。防毒面具可(ke)有效地(di)防護(hu),通常不需消毒。抗毒藥(yao)有烏洛托品等(deng)。出現肺(fei)水腫癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)者禁止人工呼(hu)吸(xi)。
健康危害
侵入途徑:吸(xi)入、經皮吸(xi)收。健康危害:主(zhu)要損(sun)害呼(hu)吸(xi)道,導致化學(xue)性支氣管炎、肺炎、肺水(shui)腫。
急(ji)性(xing)中(zhong)毒:輕(qing)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)毒,患(huan)者(zhe)有(you)(you)流淚、畏(wei)光、咽部(bu)不適、咳(ke)嗽、胸悶等;中(zhong)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)毒,除上述癥狀加重外,患(huan)者(zhe)出(chu)現輕(qing)度(du)(du)(du)呼(hu)吸(xi)困難、輕(qing)度(du)(du)(du)紫紺;重度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)毒出(chu)現肺(fei)水腫或(huo)成人呼(hu)吸(xi)窘迫綜合(he)征(zheng),患(huan)者(zhe)劇烈咳(ke)嗽、咯大量泡沫痰、呼(hu)吸(xi)窘迫、明顯紫紺。肺(fei)水腫發生前有(you)(you)一(yi)段時間的癥狀緩解期(qi)(一(yi)般(ban)1-24小時)。可并發縱隔及(ji)皮(pi)下(xia)氣腫。
毒理與環境
急性毒性:LC50 1400mg/m3,1/2小時(shi)(大(da)鼠吸入);人(ren)吸入3200mg/m3,致死;人(ren)吸入25ppm×30分鐘,最小致死濃度。
亞急性(xing)(xing)(xing)和慢(man)性(xing)(xing)(xing)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing):動物吸入0.0008mg/L,5小時(5天),40%出現肺氣腫。
污染來源:光氣用作(zuo)聚(ju)(ju)氨酯制品處(chu)理劑(ji)、增塑(su)劑(ji)、聚(ju)(ju)碳酸(suan)酯原料,纖維處(chu)理劑(ji)、除草劑(ji)、炸藥(yao)(yao)穩定劑(ji)、染料、染料中間體和藥(yao)(yao)品原料,在(zai)生產(chan)中的跑(pao)、冒、滴、漏(lou)或意外泄(xie)漏(lou)。
危險(xian)特性(xing):不燃。化學反應(ying)活性(xing)較高,遇水(shui)后有(you)強烈腐蝕性(xing)。
燃燒(shao)(分解)產物:氯化(hua)氫。
3.現場應急監測(ce)方法(fa):
快速化學(xue)分析方法:對硝(xiao)基芐基吡啶檢測管、二甲基苯胺指示紙法《突發性環境污染事故應急監測與(yu)處理處置(zhi)技術》萬本(ben)太(tai)主編
氣體速測管(guan)(北京(jing)勞保所產(chan)品(pin)、德國德爾格(ge)公司產(chan)品(pin))
4.實(shi)驗室監(jian)測方法(fa):
紫外分光光度(du)法(HJ/T31-1999,固定污染源排氣)
碘(dian)量法(fa)《空氣和廢氣監測分析方法(fa)》,國家環保局編(bian)
用硝(xiao)酸酸化(hua)的硝(xiao)酸銀來檢測。
5.環境標準:
a.中(zhong)華人民共和國(guo)國(guo)家職業衛生標(biao)準(zhun)GBZ2.1-2007工作場所有害因(yin)素職業接(jie)觸限值(zhi)化學有害因(yin)素
車間空(kong)氣中(zhong)有害物質的最高容(rong)許濃度MAC0.5mg/m3
b.中國(GB16297-1996)大氣污染物綜(zong)合排放標準
①最高(gao)允許排放濃度(mg/m3):
5.0(表1);3.0(表2)
②最高允(yun)許排放(fang)速率(lv)(kg/h):
二級0.12~1.2(表1);0.10~1.0(表2)
三級0.18~1.8(表(biao)1);0.15~1.5(表(biao)2)
③無組織排放監控濃度(du)限(mg/m3):
0.080(表2);0.10(表1)
中毒機理
光氣吸入中毒后的主要病變是中毒性肺水腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。肺水腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是肺毛細血(xue)管滲透性增強的結果。對(dui)于肺水腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產生(sheng)的原因(yin),學說頗多,諸(zhu)如酰化(hua)作用、直(zhi)接作用、鹽酸作用、神經反(fan)射作用、肺血(xue)流(liu)動力學改變等(deng)等(deng),各有實驗依據(ju)。但任何一種假說都不能完滿地解釋肺水腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發生(sheng)與發展過程
一(yi)般認為(wei)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)毛細血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)壁通透(tou)性(xing)增強與(yu)光(guang)氣的(de)(de)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)化(hua)作用(acylation)有(you)密切關系。光(guang)氣為(wei)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)鹵(lu)類化(hua)合物(wu)(wu),活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)基(ji)(ji)團是(shi)羰基(ji)(ji)(O=C),化(hua)學性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei)常活(huo)(huo)(huo)潑,它與(yu)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)組織蛋白(bai)中的(de)(de)氨基(ji)(ji)、巰基(ji)(ji)、羥基(ji)(ji)等重(zhong)要功(gong)(gong)能基(ji)(ji)團發生酰(xian)(xian)(xian)化(hua)反(fan)應(ying),引起肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)酶(mei)系統的(de)(de)廣泛抑制,從(cong)而影響(xiang)細胞(bao)正(zheng)常代謝及(ji)其功(gong)(gong)能,使肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)氣-血(xue)(xue)(xue)屏障受(shou)損,導致(zhi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)毛細血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)通透(tou)性(xing)增高,引起肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水腫(zhong)。此外,光(guang)氣中毒(du)時(shi),肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)受(shou)損也是(shi)重(zhong)要因(yin)(yin)素(su)之一(yi)。正(zheng)常時(shi),在肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)表面(mian)覆蓋一(yi)層(ceng)由肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)Ⅱ型上皮細胞(bao)分泌出(chu)來的(de)(de)表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),該(gai)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)降低肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)內(nei)液體表面(mian)張力的(de)(de)作用,使肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)在呼氣時(shi)不致(zhi)萎陷,并保持(chi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)內(nei)的(de)(de)干燥(zao)。二棕櫚(lv)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)磷(lin)脂酰(xian)(xian)(xian)膽堿(dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline,DPPC)是(shi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)主要成分之一(yi)。在其生物(wu)(wu)合成中需要脂酰(xian)(xian)(xian)輔(fu)酶(mei)A酯(zhi)酰(xian)(xian)(xian)轉移(yi)酶(mei)的(de)(de)參與(yu)。光(guang)氣中毒(du)后,該(gai)酶(mei)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)下降,因(yin)(yin)而DPPC在肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)壁的(de)(de)含量(liang)減少,使肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)(gong)能下降,從(cong)而肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)內(nei)液體表面(mian)張力增大(da)而致(zhi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)萎陷,肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)泡(pao)壓明(ming)顯降低,與(yu)其相抗衡的(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)毛細血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)流(liu)體靜力壓就增高,液體由血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)內(nei)大(da)量(liang)外滲,導致(zhi)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水腫(zhong)的(de)(de)產生。
病理變化
光(guang)(guang)氣、雙(shuang)光(guang)(guang)氣中(zhong)毒的(de)病理(li)生理(li)改變(bian)主要由肺水腫所引起(qi)。
吸(xi)(xi)入中毒時,先出(chu)現短暫的(de)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)變(bian)慢,繼之呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)淺(qian)而快(kuai)。在出(chu)現早期肺水腫(zhong)后(hou),由于肺泡(pao)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)表面積減少,肺泡(pao)壁增(zeng)(zeng)厚(hou),影(ying)響(xiang)了肺泡(pao)內(nei)氣(qi)體交(jiao)換。加(jia)上水腫(zhong)液(ye)充塞(sai)呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)道,支氣(qi)管(guan)痙攣(luan)及其粘(zhan)膜腫(zhong)脹所引起的(de)支氣(qi)管(guan)狹窄,造成肺通氣(qi)障礙,結果出(chu)現呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)性(xing)(xing)血缺(que)氧,導致血氧含量降低,CO2含量增(zeng)(zeng)多,皮膚粘(zhan)膜呈青紫(zi)色。此時呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)循環功能有(you)(you)代(dai)償性(xing)(xing)變(bian)化,如呼(hu)吸(xi)(xi)加(jia)快(kuai)、肋間(jian)肌活動增(zeng)(zeng)強、心跳快(kuai)而有(you)(you)力、血壓微升等(deng)。
肺水腫晚期(qi),由于①肺泡內含有大(da)(da)量液體,肺內壓(ya)力增(zeng)加(jia),使右心負(fu)荷(he)增(zeng)加(jia);②血(xue)(xue)(xue)漿大(da)(da)量滲入肺內使血(xue)(xue)(xue)循環(huan)內血(xue)(xue)(xue)容量減少(shao)、血(xue)(xue)(xue)液濃縮、粘稠度增(zeng)加(jia)。外周阻(zu)力增(zeng)加(jia),使左(zuo)心負(fu)荷(he)加(jia)重;③長時(shi)期(qi)嚴(yan)重的血(xue)(xue)(xue)缺氧(yang)使肌營養不良(liang),因此(ci)可(ke)出現(xian)心收縮力減弱、心律失(shi)常、循環(huan)減慢、血(xue)(xue)(xue)壓(ya)逐漸(jian)(jian)降低等心功能(neng)衰竭表現(xian)。后者又可(ke)加(jia)重組織缺氧(yang),體內氧(yang)化不全產物(wu)增(zeng)加(jia),發(fa)生酸(suan)中毒(du)和(he)電解質紊(wen)亂。血(xue)(xue)(xue)內CO2含量逐漸(jian)(jian)降低,內臟(zang)毛細血(xue)(xue)(xue)管擴(kuo)張,外周毛細血(xue)(xue)(xue)管收縮,皮膚粘膜轉為蒼白(bai),血(xue)(xue)(xue)壓(ya)急劇下降,出現(xian)急性循環(huan)衰竭,進入休(xiu)克狀態(tai)。此(ci)期(qi)因肺水腫合并(bing)循環(huan)衰竭,機體失(shi)去代償能(neng)力。
隨著肺水(shui)腫(zhong)的發展,血(xue)(xue)(xue)漿從肺毛(mao)細血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)大量外滲,造成血(xue)(xue)(xue)漿容(rong)量降低,血(xue)(xue)(xue)液濃縮,出現(xian)血(xue)(xue)(xue)漿蛋(dan)白減少,紅、白細胞數及血(xue)(xue)(xue)紅蛋(dan)白增(zeng)加(jia),血(xue)(xue)(xue)球比積增(zeng)高(gao)。這些變(bian)化與肺水(shui)腫(zhong)程度相一致。由(you)于血(xue)(xue)(xue)液粘稠、血(xue)(xue)(xue)流緩慢,加(jia)上組(zu)織(zhi)的破壞,使血(xue)(xue)(xue)液凝固(gu)性增(zeng)加(jia)。由(you)此,可形(xing)成血(xue)(xue)(xue)栓和栓塞。
中樞(shu)神經系統對缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)很敏感。缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)初期大腦皮質興(xing)奮(fen),出現(xian)煩躁不安、頭痛、頭暈等(deng);缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)嚴重(zhong)時,逐漸轉(zhuan)入(ru)抑制(zhi),表(biao)情淡漠(mo),乏力等(deng)。缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)進一步發展(zhan),大腦皮層(ceng)抑制(zhi)加(jia)深,并向皮層(ceng)下擴散,呼(hu)吸(xi)、循(xun)環中樞(shu)可由興(xing)奮(fen)轉(zhuan)為抑制(zhi),呼(hu)吸(xi)、心跳減弱,以至出現(xian)中樞(shu)麻(ma)痹(bi),導(dao)致呼(hu)吸(xi)、心跳停止而死亡。
病理解剖可見皮膚蒼白、胸廓擴大、肋間(jian)隙消失(shi)、口鼻有(you)粉紅(hong)色泡沫狀(zhuang)分泌物排出,擠(ji)壓胸腔時流出更多。肺(fei)(fei)部因肺(fei)(fei)水腫、肺(fei)(fei)氣腫、肺(fei)(fei)充血(xue)、肺(fei)(fei)不張(zhang)及輕度出血(xue)等各種(zhong)病變彌(mi)漫相(xiang)間(jian)而呈現“大理石樣”。
臨床表現
光(guang)氣(雙光(guang)氣)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du),根據中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du),臨床上(shang)可(ke)分輕(qing)度(du)(du)(du)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)(du)、重(zhong)度(du)(du)(du)及閃電(dian)型四型。輕(qing)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)、癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)很輕(qing),分期不明顯,僅表(biao)現為(wei)消化不良和支氣管炎癥(zheng)狀(zhuang),一周內即可(ke)恢復。閃電(dian)型中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)極為(wei)少見,多發生(sheng)在(zai)吸入(ru)毒(du)劑濃度(du)(du)(du)極高時,在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)后幾分鐘內,可(ke)因(yin)反射性(xing)呼吸、心跳停止而死亡。
光氣可以用(yong)于制備(bei)活化聚乙二醇,用(yong)于修飾蛋白藥物,增加蛋白藥物的穩定性
毒理數據
文獻、期(qi)刊(kan)報道的毒性作用(yong)試驗數據
1.肺部(bu)、胸部(bu)或(huo)者(zhe)呼吸毒性(xing)——氣管(guan)、支氣管(guan)的結(jie)構(gou)、功能發(fa)生變化
2.肺(fei)部(bu)、胸部(bu)或者呼(hu)吸毒性——肺(fei)重量(liang)發生變化
3.營養和代謝系統(tong)毒性——體(ti)重下(xia)降或體(ti)重增(zeng)加速(su)率下(xia)降
應急處理
迅(xun)速(su)撤離(li)泄漏(lou)污染(ran)區人員至上(shang)風(feng)處,并立即進行隔(ge)離(li),小泄漏(lou)時隔(ge)離(li)150米(mi),大泄漏(lou)時隔(ge)離(li)450米(mi),嚴格(ge)限制(zhi)出入(ru)。建議應急處理(li)人員戴自給正壓式呼吸器,穿防(fang)毒服(fu)。從上(shang)風(feng)處進入(ru)現場。盡可能切(qie)斷(duan)泄漏(lou)源。合理(li)通(tong)風(feng),加速(su)擴散。噴氨水(shui)或其它稀堿(jian)液中和。構(gou)筑圍(wei)堤或挖坑收容產生的大量(liang)廢水(shui)。漏(lou)氣容器要妥善處理(li),修復、檢驗(yan)后(hou)再用(yong)。
光(guang)氣(qi)很(hen)(hen)容易水解,即(ji)使在冷水中,光(guang)氣(qi)的(de)水解速(su)度也很(hen)(hen)快(kuai)(kuai)。水源、含水食(shi)物以及(ji)易吸(xi)水的(de)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)均(jun)不會染毒(du)。光(guang)氣(qi)與氨很(hen)(hen)快(kuai)(kuai)反(fan)應,主要生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)尿素和(he)氯化銨等無毒(du)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),因(yin)此,濃(nong)氨水可對光(guang)氣(qi)消毒(du)。光(guang)氣(qi)與有機胺作(zuo)用,生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)二(er)苯脲白色沉淀和(he)苯胺鹽酸鹽。可用此反(fan)應來檢驗光(guang)氣(qi)。光(guang)氣(qi)在堿(jian)(jian)溶液中很(hen)(hen)快(kuai)(kuai)被分解,生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)無毒(du)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。各種(zhong)堿(jian)(jian)、堿(jian)(jian)性物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)均(jun)可對光(guang)氣(qi)進行(xing)消毒(du)。
防護措施
呼(hu)吸系統(tong)防(fang)(fang)護:正常(chang)作(zuo)業時,應該佩戴過濾式防(fang)(fang)毒面(mian)具(全面(mian)罩)。緊急(ji)事態(tai)搶救或撤離(li)時,建議佩戴空(kong)氣呼(hu)吸器。眼(yan)睛防(fang)(fang)護:呼(hu)吸系統(tong)防(fang)(fang)護中(zhong)已(yi)作(zuo)防(fang)(fang)護。
身(shen)體(ti)防(fang)護:穿膠(jiao)布(bu)防(fang)毒衣。
手(shou)防護:戴橡膠手(shou)套。
其它:工作現(xian)場禁止(zhi)吸煙、進食(shi)和(he)(he)飲水。實行就(jiu)業前(qian)和(he)(he)定期的體檢。
急救措施
皮膚接觸:脫去被污(wu)染的衣著,用流動清水沖洗。
眼睛接觸:提起眼瞼,用流動清(qing)水(shui)或生理鹽水(shui)沖洗。就醫。
吸(xi)(xi)(xi)入:迅(xun)速(su)脫離現(xian)場至(zhi)空氣新鮮(xian)處。保持呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)道通(tong)暢。如呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)困(kun)難,給輸氧。如呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)停(ting)止,立即進行人工呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)。就醫。
滅(mie)火(huo)方法:本品不(bu)燃。消防人員必須佩戴(dai)過濾式(shi)防毒面(mian)具(全(quan)面(mian)罩)或隔離(li)式(shi)呼吸(xi)器(qi)、穿全(quan)身防火(huo)防毒服,在上風處(chu)(chu)滅(mie)火(huo)。切斷氣源。噴(pen)水(shui)冷(leng)卻容器(qi),可(ke)能的話將容器(qi)從火(huo)場移至空(kong)曠處(chu)(chu)。萬一(yi)有光氣漏逸,微量時可(ke)用水(shui)蒸氣沖散(san),較大時,可(ke)用液氨噴(pen)霧沖洗(xi)。滅(mie)火(huo)劑:霧狀水(shui)、干粉、二氧化碳。
中、重度中毒(du)病(bing)情發展迅(xun)速而嚴重,典型的臨(lin)床表現(xian)可(ke)分為(wei)四期:
吸入(ru)光氣(qi)立(li)即出現(xian)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)激癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),主要(yao)表(biao)現(xian)有:眼(yan)(yan)和呼吸道刺(ci)(ci)(ci)激癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)出現(xian)早,有眼(yan)(yan)痛、流淚、咳嗽、胸悶氣(qi)憋、呼吸率改變、嗅覺異常或久存光氣(qi)味,咽(yan)喉部(bu)及(ji)胸骨后(hou)疼(teng)痛等;植物(wu)神經和中(zhong)樞神經系統癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)有頭痛、頭暈、乏力、不安或少言(yan)、淡漠、惡心、嘔吐、上腹(fu)疼(teng)痛等。在光氣(qi)吸入(ru)劑(ji)量相等的情(qing)況下,高(gao)濃(nong)度短(duan)時(shi)間中(zhong)毒,刺(ci)(ci)(ci)激癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)重(zhong);低濃(nong)度長時(shi)間中(zhong)毒刺(ci)(ci)(ci)激癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)較輕。但(dan)吸入(ru)劑(ji)量較大(da)時(shi),呼吸道的刺(ci)(ci)(ci)激癥(zheng)(zheng)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)明顯,持續時(shi)間也較長。
刺激癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)消失或減輕,自覺癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)好(hao)轉,但病理(li)過程仍在(zai)發(fa)展,肺(fei)水腫在(zai)逐漸形(xing)成中。潛伏期一(yi)般為(wei)2~13小(xiao)時(shi)。重度中毒2~4小(xiao)時(shi),甚至(zhi)1小(xiao)時(shi);中度中毒為(wei)8~12小(xiao)時(shi),有時(shi)長至(zhi)24小(xiao)時(shi)。
從潛(qian)伏(fu)期到肺水腫期可(ke)突然(ran)發(fa)生(sheng)或緩慢發(fa)生(sheng),此期一般為1~3天。
肺(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)腫(首先出現(xian)間質性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)腫)的早期(qi)癥狀(zhuang)有:全(quan)身(shen)疲倦、頭痛、胸悶、呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)淺快(kuai)、脈(mo)搏增(zeng)加、咳嗽、煩(fan)躁不安等(deng)(deng)。聽診呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)音(yin)減弱,肺(fei)(fei)(fei)底部有細濕性(xing)(xing)啰(luo)音(yin)或捻發音(yin)。胸部影象學檢查(cha)有肺(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)腫征象。繼之(zhi),全(quan)身(shen)狀(zhuang)況惡化、很快(kuai)出現(xian)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)泡性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)腫。典型的癥狀(zhuang)和(he)體征為氣喘、呼(hu)(hu)吸(xi)(xi)困(kun)難、頻繁咳嗽、咯出大量(liang)粉紅色(se)泡沫痰液(ye)、脈(mo)快(kuai)、惡心(xin)、嘔吐及上(shang)腹部疼痛等(deng)(deng)。叩(kou)診胸部可聽到鼓音(yin)及濁(zhuo)(zhuo)音(yin)。肺(fei)(fei)(fei)下界降低,心(xin)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)音(yin)界消失;聽診時(shi)全(quan)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)滿(man)布(bu)干(gan)性(xing)(xing)及濕性(xing)(xing)啰(luo)音(yin)。血液(ye)檢查(cha)表(biao)現(xian)為血液(ye)濃縮(suo)征象,動脈(mo)血氧分壓、血氧飽和(he)度降低。肺(fei)(fei)(fei)泡性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)腫進展很快(kuai),一般在24小時(shi)內達到高峰。肺(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)腫期(qi)以循環系統功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)否良(liang)好又(you)可分為兩個階段。
1.紫(zi)紺型缺氧階段(duan):此階段(duan)血(xue)氧含量下降,皮膚粘膜紫(zi)紺、但循(xun)環(huan)功(gong)能尚能代償。血(xue)壓正(zheng)常或稍高,脈搏快而有力。神志清(qing)楚,體溫升高可達38~39℃。由于肺(fei)水腫使CO2排出障(zhang)礙,血(xue)中(zhong)碳酸增高,導(dao)致(zhi)呼(hu)吸性(xing)酸中(zhong)毒;也可因過度(du)換氣使CO2排出過多,造成呼(hu)吸性(xing)堿(jian)中(zhong)毒。
2.蒼(cang)白(bai)(或(huo)休克)型缺氧(yang)階段:病情繼續惡化,呼吸(xi)極(ji)度困(kun)難(nan)。嚴重時全(quan)(quan)部(bu)呼吸(xi)輔助肌均參加運動,逐(zhu)漸出現(xian)循環(huan)衰竭(jie):脈細數(shu)不規則、血壓下降、皮膚粘膜蒼(cang)白(bai)、出冷(leng)汗(han)、逐(zhu)漸陷(xian)入昏迷。此時,血氧(yang)含(han)量更(geng)低,氧(yang)化不全(quan)(quan)產物增加,導(dao)致代謝性酸(suan)中毒。
光(guang)氣(雙光(guang)氣)中毒后(hou)的癥狀(zhuang)和(he)體征24~48小時(shi)達到(dao)高峰,如不及時(shi)救治,可(ke)在1~3天(tian)內死(si)亡,重度中毒可(ke)能在5天(tian)內死(si)亡。因此,凡吸入光(guang)氣者至少需嚴密觀察3~4天(tian)。
中毒(du)較(jiao)輕或經治療后(hou)肺水腫(zhong)液可(ke)(ke)于發病(bing)后(hou)2~4天(tian)內吸(xi)收,全身情況好轉。咳嗽、氣(qi)短減(jian)輕、痰量減(jian)少(shao)、體溫下降,肺部啰音減(jian)少(shao)或消失。X線檢查,肺功能(neng)及血(xue)氣(qi)分析結果逐漸恢復(fu)正常。一般在中毒(du)后(hou)5~7天(tian)基(ji)本(ben)痊(quan)愈,2~3周可(ke)(ke)恢復(fu)健康。但(dan)數周內仍有頭暈、咽干、食欲不振、呼吸(xi)循環功能(neng)不穩定(ding)等。
如(ru)有繼發(fa)感染(ran),一般(ban)在(zai)中毒(du)后第3~4天病情惡化。體溫繼續升高,肺(fei)水腫吸收遲緩,可(ke)在(zai)中毒(du)后8~15天因支氣管(guan)肺(fei)炎而死(si)亡。此外,還(huan)可(ke)能發(fa)生其它(ta)并發(fa)癥,如(ru)胸膜炎、支氣管(guan)炎,偶見(jian)肺(fei)栓塞、肺(fei)壞(huai)疽、肺(fei)膿腫以(yi)及下肢、腦、心、視網膜等處(chu)栓塞。
主要(yao)有慢性支氣(qi)管炎、肺(fei)(fei)氣(qi)腫(zhong)、支氣(qi)管擴(kuo)張、晚(wan)期肺(fei)(fei)膿(nong)腫(zhong)、結核病(bing)(bing)體質等。光氣(qi)中(zhong)毒的預后(hou)取決于吸入的劑量、病(bing)(bing)情、救治情況及并發癥。潛伏期中(zhong)難以判斷(duan)預后(hou)。出現蒼白型窒息(xi)者多預后(hou)不良。死(si)(si)亡時間大多在(zai)中(zhong)毒后(hou)1~2天內。能(neng)度過48小時以上者,一般(ban)可恢復健康而留后(hou)遺癥。死(si)(si)亡原因主要(yao)是(shi)肺(fei)(fei)水(shui)腫(zhong)引起(qi)的嚴重缺氧(yang)及循環衰竭。晚(wan)期多半死(si)(si)于支氣(qi)管肺(fei)(fei)炎。
補充:
光氣有(you)(you)劇毒,是(shi)一種(zhong)強刺(ci)激;刺(ci)激性氣體,具有(you)(you)爛干草氣味。吸入(ru)光氣引起肺(fei)(fei)水腫;肺(fei)(fei)炎等,具有(you)(you)致死危險(xian)。
補充:
光(guang)氣具有(you)爛干(gan)草氣味,劇毒,吸入后(hou)肺部出現液(ye)化現象,吸入過多導(dao)致窒(zhi)息性死亡(wang)。
據長期人(ren)體吸入微量(liang)光氣(qi)實驗證明:該氣(qi)體可使人(ren)體發胖,因此生產光氣(qi)的(de)(de)車間(jian)的(de)(de)工人(ren)可能(neng)出現(xian)發胖癥狀,與吸入的(de)(de)微量(liang)光氣(qi)有關(guan)。
光(guang)氣(qi)是(shi)一種毒害作用巨大的化學(xue)戰劑,用于制造毒氣(qi)彈(dan)。光(guang)氣(qi)毒劑最早(zao)在一戰中(zhong)應(ying)用。
自從伊普爾(er)毒(du)氣(qi)戰(zhan)(zhan)后,戰(zhan)(zhan)爭雙方的(de)(de)決策(ce)者(zhe)(zhe)、指揮者(zhe)(zhe)開始熱衷(zhong)化學戰(zhan)(zhan)。戰(zhan)(zhan)爭促進了化學武器的(de)(de)發展,一戰(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)出現了多種毒(du)劑(ji),除(chu)了氯氣(qi)外,又(you)出現了光氣(qi),是殘害生靈的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)場(chang)毒(du)魔。
光氣是一氧(yang)化碳與氯氣在日(ri)光下合成,為無色氣體(ti),它能傷害人體(ti)呼吸(xi)器官,嚴重時導(dao)致人體(ti)死亡。1915年12月19日(ri),德軍發(fa)射裝(zhuang)填光氣的火箭(jian)彈。英(ying)軍陣(zhen)地(di)上有1000多人中毒,100多人死亡。
在一戰中,光氣這種(zhong)毒劑(ji)得到(dao)廣(guang)泛應用(yong),交戰雙(shuang)方都(dou)使用(yong)了光氣這種(zhong)毒劑(ji),使用(yong)量(liang)達到(dao)10萬(wan)噸之(zhi)多。
二戰時(shi),日(ri)軍(jun)鑒于芥(jie)子氣毒(du)(du)性過(guo)大,自(zi)己也無法(fa)防護。于是瞄(miao)準了光(guang)氣,因為(wei)光(guang)氣只能通過(guo)呼吸道(dao)中毒(du)(du),而我軍(jun)又無防護,所以(yi)大量使用光(guang)氣,并將其稱為(wei)“特種煙”(為(wei)日(ri)軍(jun)對窒息性毒(du)(du)氣的隱敝稱呼)
一名光(guang)氣重度中毒患(huan)者在福(fu)建省(sheng)立醫院急救中心搶救。位于福(fu)州市(shi)楊橋路上的(de)福(fu)建省(sheng)物質結構研究所(簡稱(cheng)物構所)一下屬企業因(yin)實驗操(cao)作不當,造成(cheng)有毒光(guang)氣泄(xie)漏事故。已造成(cheng)1人(ren)死亡,260多人(ren)送醫院救治。