當今是互聯網的時(shi)代,我(wo)們(men)(men)仍(reng)然(ran)對電(dian)力有著持續(xu)增長的需求(qiu),因為我(wo)們(men)(men)發明了電(dian)腦(nao)、家電(dian)等更(geng)多使用(yong)電(dian)力的產(chan)品。不(bu)可否認新(xin)技術的不(bu)斷出現使得(de)電(dian)力成為人們(men)(men)的必(bi)需品。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)的產(chan)生(sheng)方(fang)式主(zhu)要有:火力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(煤(mei)等可燃燒物(wu))、太陽(yang)能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、大(da)容(rong)量風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)、核能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、氫能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、水利發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等。
21世紀能源(yuan)科學將為(wei)人類文明再(zai)創輝煌,例如,燃料(liao)電池是將氫、天(tian)然氣、煤(mei)氣、甲醇、肼(jing)等燃料(liao)的化(hua)學能直接轉換(huan)成(cheng)電能的一類化(hua)學電源(yuan);生(sheng)物質(zhi)能是以生(sheng)物質(zhi)為(wei)載體(ti)的能量,生(sheng)物質(zhi)能的高效(xiao)和(he)清潔利用技術也得到極(ji)大發展(zhan)。
一、優勢:
燃料容(rong)易獲取,熱機(ji)效率高(gao),調峰較(jiao)易實現(xian),建設成(cheng)本低,容(rong)易與冶(ye)金、化工、水泥(ni)等高(gao)能耗工業(ye)形成(cheng)共生產(chan)業(ye)鏈。
二、弊端:
煙氣污染:煤(mei)炭直接燃燒排放的SO2、NOx等酸性氣體(ti)不斷增長,使我國很多地區酸雨量增加。全國每(mei)年產生140萬噸SO2。
粉(fen)塵污染:對電站附近環(huan)境造成粉(fen)煤灰(hui)污染,對人們的(de)生(sheng)活及植物的(de)生(sheng)長造成不良影響。全國(guo)每年(nian)產生(sheng)1500萬噸煙塵。
資源消(xiao)耗(hao):發電(dian)的汽輪機通(tong)常選用(yong)水作(zuo)為(wei)冷卻介(jie)質,一座100萬千瓦火(huo)力發電(dian)廠(chang)每(mei)日的耗(hao)水量約為(wei) 十萬噸。全國每(mei)年消(xiao)耗(hao)5000萬噸標準(zhun)。
一、優勢:基(ji)本(ben)(ben)不受自然資源產地(di)限制(zhi),運行(xing)成本(ben)(ben)低,無溫室氣體排放。
二(er)、要(yao)用反應堆產(chan)生核能,需要(yao)解(jie)決(jue)以下10個問(wen)題:
為核裂變鏈(lian)式(shi)反應提供必要的條(tiao)件,使之(zhi)得以進行。
鏈(lian)式反(fan)應必須能(neng)(neng)由人(ren)通(tong)過一定(ding)裝置進行控制。失去控制的裂變能(neng)(neng)不僅不能(neng)(neng)用(yong)于發電(dian),還會釀(niang)成災害。
裂變反應產生(sheng)的能量要能從反應堆中(zhong)安全取出(chu)。
裂變(bian)反應中產生(sheng)的中子和放射性物質對人(ren)(ren)體危害很大,必(bi)須設法避免它們對核電站工作人(ren)(ren)員和附(fu)近居(ju)民(min)的傷害。
核能電廠會產生高低階放射性廢(fei)料,或者是(shi)使用過(guo)之核燃料,雖然(ran)所占體積不大(da),但因(yin)具(ju)有放射線,故(gu)必(bi)須慎重處(chu)理,且需面對相當大(da)的政治困擾。
核能發電(dian)(dian)廠熱效率較低(di),因而(er)比一般化(hua)石(shi)燃料電(dian)(dian)廠排放更多廢熱到環境里,故核能電(dian)(dian)廠的熱污染(ran)較嚴重。
核(he)能(neng)電廠投資(zi)成本太大,電力(li)公司的財務風險較高。
核能電廠較不適宜做尖峰(feng)、離峰(feng)之隨載運轉。
興建(jian)核電廠較易引發政治歧見紛(fen)爭。
核電廠(chang)的反應器內有大量的放射性物質,如果在事(shi)故中釋放到外界環境,會對生(sheng)態及民眾造成傷(shang)害。
核(he)(he)電(dian)在(zai)正常情況下固然是干凈的,但萬(wan)一發(fa)生核(he)(he)泄(xie)漏(lou),后果同(tong)樣是可(ke)怕的。前(qian)蘇聯切爾諾貝利核(he)(he)電(dian)站事故,已使900萬(wan)人受到了不(bu)同(tong)程(cheng)度的損害(hai),而且(qie)這一影響并未(wei)終止。
優勢:幾乎完(wan)全無污染,運營(ying)成本(ben)低,便于調峰,可(ke)再生,有(you)航運、水(shui)利等邊際效益。
弊(bi)端:水(shui)力發電(dian)要(yao)(yao)淹(yan)沒(mei)大量土地,有(you)可能導(dao)致生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)破(po)壞(huai),而(er)(er)且大型水(shui)庫一旦塌崩,后果(guo)將(jiang)不堪設(she)想。另外,一個(ge)國家的水(shui)力資源(yuan)也是(shi)有(you)限(xian)的,而(er)(er)且還要(yao)(yao)受季(ji)節的影響。
優勢(shi):無(wu)環境污(wu)染,運行成(cheng)本低(di),可再生(sheng)。
弊端:噪聲,視覺污(wu)染。占用(yong)大片土(tu)地及(ji)林(lin)地,對(dui)植(zhi)被破壞大。不穩定,不可控。成本(ben)仍(reng)然很(hen)高。
太陽能光伏發電
優勢(shi):運行無污染(ran),可再生,設(she)備小型化(hua),適合非(fei)集中(zhong)供電(dian)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的傳輸(shu)和變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一起(qi)(qi),構成電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的整體功能(neng)(neng)。通過輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian),把相距甚遠的(可達數千千米)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和負荷(he)中心聯系起(qi)(qi)來,使電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的開發(fa)和利用(yong)超越(yue)(yue)地域(yu)的限制。和其他能(neng)(neng)源的傳輸(shu)(如輸(shu)煤、輸(shu)油(you)等)相比(bi),輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的損耗小、效(xiao)益高、靈活(huo)方便、易于調控、環境(jing)污染少;輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)還可以(yi)將不(bu)同(tong)地點的發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠連接起(qi)(qi)來,實行峰谷(gu)調節。輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)利用(yong)優(you)越(yue)(yue)性的重(zhong)要體現,在現代化社會中,它是(shi)重(zhong)要的能(neng)(neng)源動(dong)脈。
輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路按結(jie)構形式可(ke)分(fen)為架(jia)空輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路和地(di)(di)下輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路。前者由線(xian)路桿塔(ta)、導(dao)線(xian)、絕緣(yuan)子等(deng)構成,架(jia)設(she)在地(di)(di)面上;后者主要(yao)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜,敷設(she)在地(di)(di)下(或水(shui)下)。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)按所送電(dian)(dian)(dian)流性質可(ke)分(fen)為直流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和交流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。19世紀80年代(dai)首先成功地(di)(di)實現了(le)直流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian),后因受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓提不(bu)高的(de)限制(輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)大(da)體與輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)平方成比例)19世紀末(mo)為交流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所取代(dai)。交流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)成功,迎來了(le)20世紀電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化時代(dai)。20世紀60年代(dai)以(yi)來,由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術的(de)發展(zhan),直流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)又有新發展(zhan),與交流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)相配(pei)合(he),形成交直流混合(he)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統。
輸(shu)電(dian)電(dian)壓的(de)高低(di)是輸(shu)電(dian)技術(shu)發展水平(ping)的(de)主要標志。到(dao)20世紀90年代,世界各國常(chang)用輸(shu)電(dian)電(dian)壓有(you)220千(qian)伏(fu)及(ji)以上的(de)高壓輸(shu)電(dian)330~765千(qian)伏(fu)的(de)超高壓輸(shu)電(dian),1000千(qian)伏(fu)及(ji)以上的(de)特(te)高壓輸(shu)電(dian)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong),發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)將天然(ran)的(de)(de)一(yi)次能(neng)源轉變(bian)(bian)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng),向(xiang)遠方的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶送電(dian)(dian)(dian),為(wei)(wei)了(le)減小輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)損耗(hao)及線路阻抗壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang),需(xu)(xu)要(yao)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升(sheng)高;為(wei)(wei)了(le)滿(man)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶安全(quan)的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)要(yao),又(you)要(yao)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)低(di),并(bing)分配(pei)給各(ge)個用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶,這(zhe)就需(xu)(xu)要(yao)能(neng)升(sheng)高和(he)降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),并(bing)能(neng)分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)通(tong)過其變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、接受(shou)和(he)分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工裝置,它是(shi)(shi)聯系(xi)(xi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶的(de)(de)中(zhong)間環(huan)節,同時通(tong)過變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)將各(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等級的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網聯系(xi)(xi)起(qi)來,變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),傳輸和(he)分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置、二次系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)及必要(yao)的(de)(de)附屬設備組成。
變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)的中(zhong)心(xin)設備,變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)利用的是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)磁感應(ying)原(yuan)理。配電(dian)(dian)裝置是(shi)(shi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)中(zhong)所(suo)有的開關電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、載流導體(ti)輔(fu)助設備連(lian)接(jie)在一(yi)起的裝置。其(qi)作用是(shi)(shi)接(jie)受和(he)分配電(dian)(dian)能。配電(dian)(dian)裝置主要由(you)母線(xian)、高壓(ya)斷路(lu)器(qi)開關、電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)線(xian)圈、互感器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、避(bi)雷器(qi)、高壓(ya)熔斷器(qi)、二次設備及必要的其(qi)他輔(fu)助設備所(suo)組(zu)成(cheng)。
二(er)次設備(bei)(bei)是(shi)指一次系(xi)統狀態(tai)測量(liang)、控制、監察和保護的設備(bei)(bei)裝置(zhi)。由這些設備(bei)(bei)構成的回路(lu)叫二(er)次回路(lu),總稱二(er)次系(xi)統。
二次系統的設備(bei)包含測(ce)量裝(zhuang)置、控(kong)(kong)制裝(zhuang)置、繼電保護裝(zhuang)置、自動控(kong)(kong)制裝(zhuang)置、直流系統及必要的附屬設備(bei)。
電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)壓等級有(you)220V、380V(0.4 kV)、3 kV、6 kV、10 kV、20 kV、35 kV、66 kV、110 kV、220 kV、330 kV、500 kV、750kV、1000kV。隨著電(dian)機制造(zao)工藝的提高(gao),10 kV電(dian)動機已批量生(sheng)產,所以(yi)3 kV、6 kV已較少使用(yong),20 kV、66 kV也(ye)很少使用(yong)。供(gong)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)以(yi)10 kV、35 kV為(wei)主(zhu)。輸配電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)以(yi)110 kV以(yi)上為(wei)主(zhu)。發電(dian)廠發電(dian)機有(you)6 kV、10 kV與20kV三種,以(yi)20 kV為(wei)主(zhu),用(yong)戶均為(wei)220V、380V(0.4 kV)低壓系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。
根據《城市電(dian)力網(wang)(wang)規定(ding)設計規則》規定(ding):輸(shu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)為1000kV、500 kV、330 kV、220 kV、110kV,高(gao)壓配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)為110kV、66kV,中壓配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)為20kV、10kV、6 kV,低壓配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)為0.4 kV(220V/380V)。
發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)發(fa)出(chu)6 kV或10 kV電(dian),除發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)自己用(廠(chang)用電(dian))之外,也可以(yi)用10 kV電(dian)壓(ya)送給(gei)發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)附近用戶,10 kV供電(dian)范圍為(wei)(wei)10Km、35 kV為(wei)(wei)20~50Km、66 kV為(wei)(wei)30~100Km、110 kV為(wei)(wei)50~150Km、220 kV為(wei)(wei)100~300Km、330 kV為(wei)(wei)200~600Km、500 kV為(wei)(wei)150~850Km。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級均通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)來轉換(huan),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升高為(wei)(wei)升壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站為(wei)(wei)升壓(ya)(ya)站),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降低為(wei)(wei)降壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站為(wei)(wei)降壓(ya)(ya)站)。一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)另一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的選(xuan)用兩個(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)(繞組)的雙圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi),一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)兩種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的選(xuan)用三(san)個(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)(繞組)的三(san)圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)。
變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)除升(sheng)壓與降壓之分外,還以(yi)規(gui)模大(da)小(xiao)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)樞(shu)紐(niu)(niu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),區域站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)與終端(duan)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。樞(shu)紐(niu)(niu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級(ji)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)為(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)個(三(san)(san)圈變(bian)壓器),550kV /220kV /110kV。區域站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)也有三(san)(san)個電(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(三(san)(san)圈變(bian)壓器),220 kV /110kV /35kV或110kV /35kV /10kV。終端(duan)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)直接接到用(yong)戶(hu),大(da)多(duo)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)兩(liang)個電(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(兩(liang)圈變(bian)壓器)110kV /10 kV或35 kV /10 kV。用(yong)戶(hu)本身的變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)只有兩(liang)個電(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級(ji)(雙圈變(bian)壓器)110 kV /10kV、35kV /0.4kV、10kV /0.4kV,其中以(yi)10kV /0.4kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)最多(duo)。
1)一次接線種類
變電(dian)站一次(ci)回路(lu)接線(xian)是指(zhi)輸電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)進入變電(dian)站之后,所有電(dian)力設(she)備(變壓(ya)器(qi)及進出線(xian)開關等)的(de)相互連接方式。其接線(xian)方案(an)有:線(xian)路(lu)變壓(ya)器(qi)組(zu),橋形接線(xian),單(dan)母線(xian),單(dan)母線(xian)分段,雙(shuang)母線(xian),雙(shuang)母線(xian)分段,環(huan)網供電(dian)等。
2)線路變(bian)壓器組
變(bian)電站只有一(yi)路(lu)進線(xian)與一(yi)臺變(bian)壓器(qi),而且再無發(fa)展的情況下采用線(xian)路(lu)變(bian)壓器(qi)組接線(xian)。
3)橋形接線
有兩(liang)路(lu)(lu)進線、兩(liang)臺(tai)變壓器(qi)(qi),而且再沒(mei)有發展的(de)情況下,采用橋形接線。針對變壓器(qi)(qi),聯絡斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)進線斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)之內為內橋接線,聯絡斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)進線斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)之外(wai)為外(wai)橋接線。
4)單母線
變電站(zhan)進出(chu)線較多(duo)時,采(cai)用單母(mu)線,有兩路進線時,一(yi)般一(yi)路供電、一(yi)路備用(不同(tong)時供電),二者可設備用電源互自投(tou),多(duo)路出(chu)線均由(you)一(yi)段(duan)母(mu)線引出(chu)。
5)單母線分段
有(you)兩(liang)路以(yi)上(shang)進線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),多路出(chu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時,選(xuan)用單母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)段(duan),兩(liang)路進線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)別接(jie)到兩(liang)段(duan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang),兩(liang)段(duan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用母(mu)(mu)聯(lian)開關連接(jie)起來(lai)。出(chu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)別接(jie)到兩(liang)段(duan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)。
單母線分段運行方(fang)式比(bi)較(jiao)多。一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)一(yi)路(lu)主(zhu)供(gong),一(yi)路(lu)備用(yong)(yong)(yong)(不(bu)合閘),母聯合上(shang),當(dang)主(zhu)供(gong)斷電時,備用(yong)(yong)(yong)合上(shang),主(zhu)供(gong)、備用(yong)(yong)(yong)與母聯互鎖。備用(yong)(yong)(yong)電源(yuan)容量較(jiao)小時,備用(yong)(yong)(yong)電源(yuan)合上(shang)后,要(yao)斷開一(yi)些出線。這是比(bi)較(jiao)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)一(yi)種運行方(fang)式。
對于特別重要的負荷,兩路(lu)進線(xian)均為主供,母(mu)聯(lian)開(kai)關(guan)斷開(kai),當一(yi)路(lu)進線(xian)斷電時,母(mu)聯(lian)合上,來電后斷開(kai)母(mu)聯(lian)再(zai)合上進線(xian)開(kai)關(guan)。
單母(mu)(mu)線(xian)分段(duan)也有利于(yu)變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)內部檢(jian)修(xiu),檢(jian)修(xiu)時(shi)可以(yi)停(ting)掉一段(duan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian),如(ru)果是單母(mu)(mu)線(xian)不(bu)(bu)分段(duan),檢(jian)修(xiu)時(shi)就要全(quan)站(zhan)停(ting)電(dian)(dian),利用旁路(lu)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)可以(yi)不(bu)(bu)停(ting)電(dian)(dian),旁路(lu)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)只用于(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。
6)雙母線
雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)主要用(yong)于(yu)發電廠及(ji)大型變(bian)電站,每路(lu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)都(dou)由一個斷路(lu)器經過(guo)兩個隔離開關分別接到兩條母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)上,這樣(yang)在母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)檢修時,就可以利用(yong)隔離開關將線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)倒在一條件母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)上。雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)也有分段(duan)(duan)與不(bu)分段(duan)(duan)兩種,雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分段(duan)(duan)再加旁路(lu)斷路(lu)器,接線(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)式復雜,但檢修就非常方(fang)(fang)便了,停電范圍可減少。
1)二次回路種類(lei)
變配電站二次回(hui)路(lu)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo):測(ce)量、保(bao)護(hu)、控(kong)制與信(xin)號回(hui)路(lu)部分(fen)。測(ce)量回(hui)路(lu)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo):計量測(ce)量與保(bao)護(hu)測(ce)量。控(kong)制回(hui)路(lu)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo):就地手動合(he)分(fen)閘、防跳聯(lian)(lian)鎖、試驗、互(hu)投聯(lian)(lian)鎖、保(bao)護(hu)跳閘以及合(he)分(fen)閘執(zhi)行部分(fen)。信(xin)號回(hui)路(lu)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)開關運行狀態(tai)信(xin)號、事故跳閘信(xin)號與事故預告信(xin)號。
2)測量回路
測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)回(hui)路(lu)分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)路(lu)與電(dian)(dian)壓回(hui)路(lu)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)路(lu)各種設備串(chuan)聯于電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器二次側(5A),電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器是(shi)將原邊負荷電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)統一(yi)變(bian)為(wei)5A測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。計量(liang)(liang)(liang)與保(bao)護分(fen)別用(yong)各自的互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(計量(liang)(liang)(liang)用(yong)互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器精度(du)要求高),計量(liang)(liang)(liang)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)串(chuan)接于電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)以(yi)及電(dian)(dian)度(du)表(biao),功率表(biao)與功率因數表(biao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)(zi)。保(bao)護測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)串(chuan)接于保(bao)護繼電(dian)(dian)器的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)(zi)。微機保(bao)護一(yi)般將計量(liang)(liang)(liang)及保(bao)護集中(zhong)于一(yi)體,分(fen)別有計量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)(zi)與保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)(zi)。
電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)測量回路,220/380V低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)直接(jie)接(jie)220V或380V,3KV以(yi)上高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)全部經過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)互感(gan)器將(jiang)各(ge)種等級(ji)的高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變為統(tong)一(yi)的100V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)以(yi)及電(dian)(dian)度(du)表(biao)、功率表(biao)與(yu)功率因數表(biao)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)線圈經其端(duan)子并接(jie)在100V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)母線上。微機保護(hu)單元計量電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)與(yu)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)統(tong)一(yi)為一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)端(duan)子。
3)控制回路
(1)合(he)分閘(zha)回路(lu)
合(he)(he)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)通過合(he)(he)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)轉(zhuan)換開(kai)關(guan)(guan)進(jin)(jin)行操作,常規(gui)保護為提示操作人員及事故跳閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)報(bao)警需(xu)要,轉(zhuan)換開(kai)關(guan)(guan)選(xuan)用預(yu)合(he)(he)-合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)-合(he)(he)后及預(yu)分-分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)-分后的多檔(dang)轉(zhuan)換開(kai)關(guan)(guan)。以(yi)使利用不對應(ying)(ying)接線進(jin)(jin)行合(he)(he)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)提示與事故跳閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)報(bao)警,國家已(yi)有標準圖設(she)計。采用微機(ji)保護以(yi)后,要進(jin)(jin)行遠分合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)操作后,還要到就地(di)進(jin)(jin)行轉(zhuan)換開(kai)關(guan)(guan)對位操作,這就失去了遠分操作的意義,所以(yi)應(ying)(ying)取消不對應(ying)(ying)接線,選(xuan)用中(zhong)間(jian)自復位的只有合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)與分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的三檔(dang)轉(zhuan)換開(kai)關(guan)(guan)。
(2)防跳回路
當合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)出現(xian)故(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha),或(huo)(huo)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)事故(gu)未排(pai)除,又進(jin)行(xing)合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(誤操作),這(zhe)時(shi)就會(hui)出現(xian)斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)反復合(he)(he)(he)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha),不(bu)(bu)僅容易引起(qi)(qi)或(huo)(huo)擴(kuo)大事故(gu),還會(hui)引起(qi)(qi)設備損壞或(huo)(huo)人身(shen)事故(gu),所以(yi)高壓開關控制回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)應設計防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)。防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)一般選用電(dian)流(liu)啟動(dong)(dong),電(dian)壓保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)的雙線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)。電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)串接(jie)(jie)(jie)于分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)作為啟動(dong)(dong)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)。電(dian)壓線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)于合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu),作為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan),當分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)時(shi),電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)經分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)。如果合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)有(you)故(gu)障(zhang),或(huo)(huo)處于手動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)位置,電(dian)壓線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)起(qi)(qi)啟動(dong)(dong)并通過其(qi)常開接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)自(zi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi),其(qi)常閉接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)馬(ma)上斷開合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu),保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)在分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)過程中不(bu)(bu)能(neng)馬(ma)上再合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)。防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)的電(dian)流(liu)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)還可(ke)以(yi)通過其(qi)常開接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)將電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)自(zi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi),這(zhe)樣可(ke)以(yi)減(jian)輕保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)的出口接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)斷開負荷,也減(jian)少了保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)時(shi)間(jian)要求。
有(you)些微(wei)機保護裝置(zhi)(zhi)自己(ji)已(yi)具(ju)有(you)防(fang)跳功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),這樣就可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)不(bu)再設(she)計(ji)防(fang)跳回路(lu)。斷路(lu)器(qi)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機構(gou)(gou)選(xuan)用(yong)彈簧儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)時(shi),如(ru)果(guo)選(xuan)用(yong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)后(hou)(hou)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行一次(ci)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)與分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)的彈簧儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機構(gou)(gou)(也有(you)用(yong)于重合(he)閘(zha)(zha)的儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)后(hou)(hou)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行二次(ci)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)與分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)的彈簧儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機構(gou)(gou)),因為(wei)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)一般都要求(qiu)10秒(miao)左右(you),當儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)關經常處于斷開(kai)位置(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),儲(chu)(chu)(chu)一次(ci)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),合(he)完之后(hou)(hou),將儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)關再處于斷開(kai)位置(zhi)(zhi),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)跳一次(ci)閘(zha)(zha);跳閘(zha)(zha)之后(hou)(hou),要手動儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)之后(hou)(hou)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)進(jin)行合(he)閘(zha)(zha),此時(shi),也可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)不(bu)再設(she)計(ji)防(fang)跳回路(lu)。
(3)試(shi)驗(yan)與互投聯鎖與控制
對于手車開(kai)關柜(ju),手車推(tui)出后(hou)要進行(xing)斷路器(qi)合分閘(zha)試驗,應設計合分閘(zha)試驗按鈕。進線與母聯斷路,一般應根(gen)據(ju)要求(qiu)進行(xing)互投(tou)聯鎖或控制(zhi)。
(4)保護跳閘
保(bao)(bao)護(hu)跳閘出(chu)口經過連接片接于跳閘回路,連接片用于保(bao)(bao)護(hu)調試,或運行過程中解除某(mou)些保(bao)(bao)護(hu)功能。
(5)合分閘回路
合分閘(zha)回(hui)路(lu)為(wei)經合分閘(zha)母線為(wei)操作機構提供(gong)電源,以及其控制回(hui)路(lu),一般(ban)都應單獨(du)畫出。
4)信號回路
(1)開(kai)關(guan)運行(xing)狀態(tai)信號由合閘(zha)(zha)與分閘(zha)(zha)指示兩個裝于開(kai)關(guan)柜上(shang)(shang)的信號燈組成:經過操作轉換開(kai)關(guan)不(bu)對應(ying)(ying)接(jie)線后接(jie)到正電源上(shang)(shang)。采用微機保護后,轉換開(kai)關(guan)取消(xiao)了不(bu)對應(ying)(ying)接(jie)線,所以信號燈正極可以直接(jie)接(jie)到正電源上(shang)(shang)。
(2)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)有(you)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘(zha)與事(shi)故(gu)(gu)預告(gao)兩種信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao),事(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘(zha)報警也要(yao)通過轉化(hua)開關不對應后,接(jie)到事(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘(zha)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)母線上(shang),再引到中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。事(shi)故(gu)(gu)預告(gao)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)通過信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器(qi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)引到中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。采用微機(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)后,將斷路器(qi)操作機(ji)構(gou)輔助接(jie)點(dian)(dian)與信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器(qi)的(de)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)分別接(jie)到微機(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)單元的(de)開關量(liang)輸入端(duan)子,需要(yao)有(you)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)時(shi),如(ru)果微機(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)單元可(ke)以提供事(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘(zha)與事(shi)故(gu)(gu)預告(gao)輸出接(jie)點(dian)(dian),可(ke)將其引到中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。否(fou)則,應利(li)用信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器(qi)的(de)另一對接(jie)點(dian)(dian)引到中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。
(3)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)(xin)號系(xi)統為安裝(zhuang)于值班室內的集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)報(bao)警(jing)系(xi)統,由事(shi)故跳閘與事(shi)故預告(gao)兩套聲光(guang)(guang)報(bao)警(jing)組成,光(guang)(guang)報(bao)警(jing)用光(guang)(guang)字(zi)牌(pai),不用信(xin)(xin)號燈(deng),光(guang)(guang)字(zi)牌(pai)分集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)與分散兩種。采(cai)用變電(dian)站綜合(he)自動化系(xi)統后,可以(yi)不再設(she)計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)(xin)號系(xi)統,或將其(qi)簡化,只設(she)計(ji)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)報(bao)警(jing)作為計(ji)算機(ji)報(bao)警(jing)的后備報(bao)警(jing)。
1875年(nian)(nian)(nian),巴黎北火車站建成(cheng)世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)第(di)一(yi)座火電廠(chang)(chang),為附近(jin)照(zhao)明供電。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian),美國舊金山實驗(yan)電廠(chang)(chang)開始發電,是世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)最早出售電力的(de)(de)電廠(chang)(chang)。80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代,在英(ying)國和美國建成(cheng)世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)第(di)一(yi)批水電站。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian),全世(shi)界的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)發電量(liang)達 500億千瓦時,電力工業(ye)已作(zuo)為一(yi)個獨立(li)的(de)(de)工業(ye)部門,進入人類的(de)(de)生產活(huo)動(dong)領(ling)域。
20世紀30、40年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai),美國(guo)成為電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業的先進國(guo)家,擁(yong)有20萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)的機組31臺(tai),容量(liang)為30萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)的中型(xing)火電(dian)(dian)廠9座。同一(yi)時期,水電(dian)(dian)機組達5~10萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。1934年(nian)(nian)(nian),美國(guo)開工(gong)興(xing)建(jian)的大古力水電(dian)(dian)站,計劃(hua)容量(liang)是(shi) 888萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa),1941年(nian)(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian),到(dao)1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)裝機容量(liang)達649萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa) ,至80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)中期一(yi)直是(shi)世界上最(zui)(zui)大的水電(dian)(dian)站。1950年(nian)(nian)(nian),全世界發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)增至9589億千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時 ,是(shi)1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)的19倍(bei)。50 、60、70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai),平(ping)均(jun)(jun)年(nian)(nian)(nian)增長(chang)率分別為9.4%、8.0%、5.3% 。1950~1980年(nian)(nian)(nian),發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)增長(chang)7.9倍(bei),平(ping)均(jun)(jun)年(nian)(nian)(nian)增長(chang)率7.6%,約相當于每10年(nian)(nian)(nian)翻一(yi)番。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian),全世界水電(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 20.3% ,火電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)63.7%,核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)15.6%;美國(guo)水電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)11.4%,火電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)72.1%, 核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.0%;前蘇聯水電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 13.5%,火電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)76.4%,核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)10.1%;日本水電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)12.9%,火電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)61.8%,核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25.1%;中國(guo)水電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)21.0%,火電(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)79.0%。世界上核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)比重最(zui)(zui)大的是(shi)法國(guo),1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的74.6%。
電(dian)網、水(shui)、火電(dian)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)(zeng)速差異顯著。國(guo)家統計局(ju)于公布了2010年1-8月(yue)(yue)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)數(shu)據(ju),電(dian)力(li)(li)生產與供(gong)應業(ye)(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體實現利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)936.1億(yi)(yi),同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長119%;細分(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)來(lai)(lai)看(kan),火電(dian)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)為220.0億(yi)(yi),同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長-17.8%;水(shui)電(dian)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)248.4億(yi)(yi),同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長45.9%;電(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)380.0億(yi)(yi),同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長655%。從環比(bi)數(shu)據(ju)看(kan),2010年6-8月(yue)(yue),電(dian)力(li)(li)生產與供(gong)應業(ye)(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體實現利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)462億(yi)(yi),環比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長37%;細分(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)看(kan),火電(dian)6-8月(yue)(yue)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)50.5億(yi)(yi),環比(bi)下降56%;水(shui)電(dian)6-8月(yue)(yue)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)206.4億(yi)(yi),環比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長307%;電(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應6-8月(yue)(yue)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)168.1億(yi)(yi),環比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長28%。電(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)(zeng)速的(de)(de)大幅度(du)提高(gao)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)由于09年四季(ji)度(du)銷售(shou)電(dian)價的(de)(de)調整(zheng)以及銷售(shou)電(dian)量逐季(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)所(suo)導致。從下游主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)耗(hao)電(dian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)來(lai)(lai)看(kan),除鋼(gang)鐵(tie)外,化工、建材、有色行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)均顯著超(chao)過07-08年的(de)(de)同期水(shui)平,特別是建材。從環比(bi)數(shu)據(ju)看(kan),除建材行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)外,其他高(gao)耗(hao)電(dian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)環比(bi)有所(suo)下滑。
2010三(san)季度(du)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)利潤(run)大幅度(du)增長。由于2010年(nian)三(san)季度(du)來(lai)水(shui)(shui)好于往年(nian),水(shui)(shui)電(dian)發電(dian)量也明(ming)顯增加(jia),2010年(nian)6-8月水(shui)(shui)電(dian)利潤(run)總額206億,同(tong)比增長96%。隨(sui)著國家對(dui)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)開發正面態度(du)的(de)明(ming)朗(lang),我們預計國家對(dui)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)開發的(de)支持政策將逐步出臺(tai),水(shui)(shui)電(dian)企業投資價值也將逐步明(ming)晰。
20世(shi)紀70年(nian)(nian)代,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業進入(ru)(ru)以(yi)大機(ji)組(zu)、大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、超高壓(ya)以(yi)至特高壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),形成以(yi)聯合(he)系統(tong)為特點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)時(shi)期。1973年(nian)(nian),瑞士BBC公司制造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)130萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)雙軸發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)在美(mei)國(guo)肯(ken)勃蘭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)投(tou)入(ru)(ru)運(yun)行。蘇聯于1981年(nian)(nian)制造并投(tou)運(yun)世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)120萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)單軸汽輪發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)。到1977年(nian)(nian),美(mei)國(guo)已有(you)(you)120座裝機(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。1985年(nian)(nian),蘇聯有(you)(you)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)以(yi)上(shang)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)59座。1983年(nian)(nian),日本有(you)(you)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)32座,其中鹿兒(er)島(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)總容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)440萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa) ,是世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燃油(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)設計容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是巴西和巴拉圭合(he)建的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伊(yi)泰普水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan),設計容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)1260萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa),采用70萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)機(ji)組(zu),與運(yun)行中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)界(jie)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)美(mei)國(guo)大古力水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)界(jie)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大水(shui)輪機(ji)組(zu)70萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)相等。世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是日本福島(dao)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan),容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)是909.6萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)。
總裝機(ji)容量幾百(bai)萬(wan)千(qian)瓦的(de)大型水(shui)電(dian)站、大型火電(dian)廠和(he)(he)核電(dian)站的(de)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng),促進(jin)了超(chao)高(gao)(gao)、特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電(dian)、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸電(dian)和(he)(he)聯(lian)(lian)合電(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)發展。1935年(nian),美(mei)(mei)國首次(ci)將輸電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級從(cong)110~220千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)提高(gao)(gao)到(dao)287千(qian)伏(fu)(fu),出現(xian)了超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)。1952年(nian),瑞(rui)典(dian)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)二分(fen)裂導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)380千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)。1959年(nian),蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)500千(qian)伏(fu)(fu),長850千(qian)米的(de)三分(fen)裂導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)輸電(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)。1965~1969年(nian),加拿大、蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)和(he)(he)美(mei)(mei)國先后建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)735 、750和(he)(he)765千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)。1985年(nian),蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)首次(ci)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)1150 千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu),輸電(dian)距離890千(qian)米,美(mei)(mei)國正研(yan)究(jiu)1100千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)和(he)(he)1500千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電(dian),意(yi)大利研(yan)究(jiu)1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)輸電(dian),日本(ben)建(jian)設250千(qian)米長1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸電(dian)(HVDC),瑞(rui)典(dian)、美(mei)(mei)國、蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)分(fen)別采用±100、±450 、±750千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya),后者輸電(dian)距離2414千(qian)米,輸電(dian)600萬(wan)千(qian)瓦。到(dao)1985年(nian),全世界已有18個國家、32個直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸電(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)投運,總輸送(song)容量2000萬(wan)千(qian)瓦。
一、第一階段計劃經濟時期(qi)(1949-1978年)
自1949年(nian)到1978年(nian),中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)歷史分別有(you)燃料(liao)工(gong)業部、電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業部、水(shui)(shui)利電(dian)(dian)力(li)部三個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)。在燃料(liao)部與電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業部階(jie)(jie)段(duan),電(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)理執(zhi)行集中(zhong)管(guan)理的(de)方法;時至水(shui)(shui)利電(dian)(dian)力(li)部,電(dian)(dian)力(li)與水(shui)(shui)利又(you)經歷了(le)分散與集中(zhong)各兩次不同管(guan)理,卻始(shi)終擺脫不了(le)一(yi)個魔咒(zhou)-----一(yi)分就亂,一(yi)收就危(wei)。
1、燃料工業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)時期(1949-1955年)。建(jian)國后,在中央(yang)領導下,電(dian)(dian)力(li)實(shi)行(xing)集中管制與(yu)統一調控。成立(li)了電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)。但是當時的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)只(zhi)能直接管理少數(shu)電(dian)(dian)廠,大部(bu)(bu)分電(dian)(dian)廠都(dou)實(shi)行(xing)軍官。有(you)地方各大軍區(qu)管理。
1950年(nian)左右(you),各地軍管(guan)(guan)電(dian)廠逐步將權(quan)力(li)(li)(li)回歸到電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)。電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)成立六(liu)大區域電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)(bu)門,對電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)集中壟斷垂(chui)直管(guan)(guan)理,政(zheng)企合一。
2、電力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部時期(qi)(1955年(nian)-1958年(nian))。1955年(nian)7月(yue),全國(guo)人大(da)一(yi)致(zhi)通過(guo)撤銷老燃(ran)料工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部,成立煤炭(tan)、電力(li)(li)、石油工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部。電力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部成立以后,各地方成立輔(fu)助機構。加(jia)強管理(li)體制。并將水利部門的一(yi)些權(quan)力(li)(li)集中(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)來。從而形成中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)跟(gen)地方雙重領導的格(ge)局。
3、水利(li)電力(li)(li)部時(shi)期(qi)(1958-1966年)。1958年黨中央(yang)召開會議(yi),定了調調。要(yao)大力(li)(li)發展水利(li)工程(cheng)。在長(chang)期(qi)發展來看,認為水利(li)比電力(li)(li)還要(yao)重要(yao)。于是順(shun)乎時(shi)勢,將水利(li)部與(yu)電力(li)(li)部合并為電力(li)(li)工業部。
4、"文化(hua)大(da)革命(ming)(ming)"時(shi)期(1966年(nian)(nian)-1978年(nian)(nian))。1966年(nian)(nian)"文化(hua)大(da)革命(ming)(ming)"開(kai)始后,水利電(dian)力部(bu)再次(ci)實行軍管(guan),電(dian)力管(guan)理權力再一次(ci)落入地方手(shou)中。1970年(nian)(nian),軍官結束。水利電(dian)力部(bu)有革命(ming)(ming)委員會領導。1975年(nian)(nian)革委會結束領導,權力再一次(ci)恢復到水利電(dian)力部(bu)。
文革(ge)對(dui)電力造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)的破壞應驗了一放就亂(luan)的魔咒。對(dui)中國電力工業近乎造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)了不可逆轉的傷害(hai)。
1975年水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部恢(hui)復后,周總(zong)理提(ti)出加(jia)快發展電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)的(de)倡導。為祖(zu)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力事業(ye)撥亂反正,從此電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)再(zai)次(ci)集中(zhong)的(de)中(zhong)央。
二、第二階(jie)段,摸著石頭過河(he)(1979-1997年)
從1978年(nian)黨的(de)(de)十一屆三中(zhong)全會以后,中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)進入了改革探(tan)索時期(qi)。在(zai)此期(qi)間中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)管理部(bu)門又經過四次變更,即第二(er)次成(cheng)立(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu),第二(er)次成(cheng)立(li)(li)水利(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu),成(cheng)立(li)(li)能(neng)源部(bu),最后第三次成(cheng)立(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業管理體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改革方面。曾研究過全面包干經濟責(ze)任(ren)制(zhi),簡(jian)政放權、自(zi)負盈虧、以電(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)等(deng)方案,最后成(cheng)立(li)(li)了華(hua)能(neng)集團公司及各大區的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集團公司,這一時期(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)改革朝(chao)著(zhu)國(guo)務院提出(chu)的(de)(de)"政企分開,省為實體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)網,統(tong)一調度(du),集資辦電(dian)(dian)"的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改革原則(ze)進行(xing)。
1、第二(er)次(ci)成(cheng)立電力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(1979-1982年(nian))1979年(nian)2月(yue),國務院決定(ding)撤(che)消水利(li)電力(li)部(bu),成(cheng)立電力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)和水利(li)部(bu),這(zhe)是(shi)我國第二(er)次(ci)成(cheng)立電力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)。
2、第(di)二次(ci)成(cheng)立(li)(li)水(shui)利(li)電力部(bu)(bu)(1982-1988年(nian))1982年(nian)3月,五屆四(si)次(ci)全國人(ren)民代表大會再(zai)次(ci)將(jiang)水(shui)利(li)、電力兩部(bu)(bu)合(he)并成(cheng)立(li)(li)水(shui)利(li)電力部(bu)(bu)。這次(ci)合(he)并之后,接受以往的經(jing)驗教訓,繼續(xu)沿著電力工業集中統一的方向發展。
在水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部期間,黨中央、國務院十分(fen)重視電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的改(gai)(gai)革和(he)發展,1986年(nian)5月國務院召開(kai)會議(yi)研(yan)究電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革問題,6月電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革小(xiao)組(zu)提(ti)出(chu)了《加快電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)發展的改(gai)(gai)革方案(草(cao)案)》的報告,提(ti)出(chu)了五項改(gai)(gai)革措施和(he)五項政(zheng)(zheng)策。1987年(nian)9月14日(ri),李鵬副(fu)總理提(ti)出(chu)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革的原則是:"政(zheng)(zheng)企分(fen)開(kai),省為實體(ti),聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang),統一(yi)調度,集資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)”和(he)因(yin)地制(zhi)(zhi)宜的方針(zhen)。在此之前,水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部曾(ceng)提(ti)出(chu)全面包干的經濟責任(ren)制(zhi)(zhi),簡政(zheng)(zheng)放權以及自負盈虧(kui)、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)(dian)的建議(yi)。1988年(nian)7月1日(ri)起進行華(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革試點(dian),分(fen)別成立(li)華(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)聯(lian)合公司(si)和(he)上海市(shi)、江蘇省、浙江省、安(an)徽省電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si),同時保留華(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)管理局(ju)和(he)省(市(shi))電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)局(ju)名(ming)稱,實行雙軌制(zhi)(zhi)運行,以創造(zao)條(tiao)件實現政(zheng)(zheng)企分(fen)開(kai)。
電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)體制(zhi)改(gai)革和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)發展,需要有相應的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)投資體制(zhi)改(gai)革相配套,在這段時間里(li),電(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)投資體制(zhi)最大(da)的(de)變化(hua)是(shi)由(you)撥款改(gai)為(wei)貸款;由(you)于電(dian)(dian)價(jia)嚴(yan)重偏低,為(wei)了(le)解決電(dian)(dian)力(li)投資不足,主要采(cai)取(qu)了(le)建(jian)立(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)基(ji)金、賣用電(dian)(dian)權和(he)(he)集資辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)等(deng)辦(ban)法。為(wei)節約投資,在電(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)普通開展了(le)降低造價(jia),縮短建(jian)設(she)(she)周期(qi);基(ji)本建(jian)設(she)(she)項目投資包干責任制(zhi)和(he)(he)招投標制(zhi)度。為(wei)彌補(bu)投資不足,電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)還率先利用外(wai)資,成立(li)華能國際電(dian)(dian)力(li)開發公司;發行電(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)債券和(he)(he)適當提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)力(li)折舊。這些措施打破了(le)獨家辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)的(de)局面(mian)(mian),出現了(le)多(duo)(duo)渠(qu)道、多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)投資辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)的(de)局面(mian)(mian),加快(kuai)了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)發展。
3、能源部時(shi)期(qi)(1988-1993年)
1988年(nian)5月,七(qi)屆一次全國(guo)人民代表(biao)大會決定,撤消(xiao)水利(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu),把電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作并入新成立的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)部(bu),能(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)承(cheng)擔(dan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)行政和企(qi)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)職能(neng)。1988年(nian)5月22日,能(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)正式成立,同年(nian)12月成立中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)聯合會,在網省電(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)局、電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)局的(de)基礎上成立電(dian)(dian)力(li)集團(tuan)公司(si)和省電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)。由此,實(shi)現了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)的(de)行政管(guan)(guan)理(li)、企(qi)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)和行業(ye)自(zi)律性管(guan)(guan)理(li)職能(neng)的(de)初步(bu)分開(kai),在電(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)制改革中邁出了(le)堅實(shi)的(de)一步(bu)。
最早組建(jian)的(de)(de)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)全民所有制的(de)(de)實業(ye)(ye)、金(jin)融(rong)、貿易、科技和服務相結合(he)的(de)(de)多功(gong)能(neng)(neng)、綜(zong)合(he)性的(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)集(ji)團。是(shi)由華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)國(guo)際電(dian)力(li)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)精煤公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)原材料公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、中(zhong)國(guo)(華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng))工(gong)程技術開(kai)發(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)科技發(fa)(fa)展公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)金(jin)融(rong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)綜(zong)合(he)利(li)用公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)實業(ye)(ye)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)服務公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)等九個(ge)(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)以(yi)及原水(shui)電(dian)部(bu)(bu)歸口管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)華(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)技術開(kai)發(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)綜(zong)合(he)利(li)用開(kai)發(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)工(gong)程建(jian)設公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)南方(集(ji)團)等四個(ge)(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)基礎上聯(lian)合(he)組建(jian)的(de)(de)。這個(ge)(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)由能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)與國(guo)家(jia)計委(wei)共同管(guan)理(li),以(yi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)為主,是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)1988年組建(jian)的(de)(de)第一個(ge)(ge)(ge)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。
大(da)區和(he)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)公(gong)司(si)(si)化改(gai)(gai)組(zu)分兩步(bu)(bu)進行。第(di)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)是(shi)從1988年開始(shi)到(dao)(dao)1990年止,將(jiang)(jiang)大(da)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)管理(li)局(ju)改(gai)(gai)組(zu)為聯(lian)(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si),將(jiang)(jiang)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)局(ju)改(gai)(gai)組(zu)為省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)。國務院電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)管理(li)體制改(gai)(gai)革(ge)方(fang)案明確規定:省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)和(he)聯(lian)(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)都是(shi)獨(du)立(li)核(he)算、自(zi)負(fu)盈虧的(de)實(shi)(shi)體,具(ju)有法人(ren)地(di)位(wei)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網內各發供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單位(wei)的(de)資產關系不變。聯(lian)(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)由能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部歸口管理(li),在(zai)國家計(ji)劃中實(shi)(shi)行單列。非跨(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)局(ju),要(yao)逐步(bu)(bu)改(gai)(gai)建為省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si),獨(du)立(li)經營,由能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部和(he)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)民(min)政府雙重領導(dao),并接受委托(tuo)行使所在(zai)地(di)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)行業(ye)管理(li)職能(neng)(neng)。改(gai)(gai)革(ge)方(fang)案要(yao)求(qiu)各公(gong)司(si)(si)要(yao)落實(shi)(shi),健全各種形式的(de)承包經營責任制,逐步(bu)(bu)實(shi)(shi)行股(gu)份制,采用(yong)售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和(he)物質消耗工(gong)資含量包干(gan)辦(ban)法。獨(du)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠均可獨(du)立(li)核(he)算,與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網訂立(li)經濟合同,接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網統一(yi)調度,非獨(du)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠按現行規定執行。這項改(gai)(gai)革(ge)到(dao)(dao)1990年6月基(ji)本完成。
第二(er)步是1991年底(di)到1993年初,組建(jian)大型電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)。1991年12月(yue)14日國(guo)務院(yuan)批準的(de)第一批試點的(de)55個大型企(qi)(qi)業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)中(zhong),能(neng)源(yuan)部有7個,其中(zhong)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)占6個,即華(hua)(hua)能(neng)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)北(bei)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)東(dong)(dong)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)中(zhong)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)和西(xi)北(bei)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan),全(quan)部都是跨地區的(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)公司。1992年10月(yue)10日,能(neng)源(yuan)部向國(guo)家(jia)(jia)計委、國(guo)家(jia)(jia)體改委、國(guo)務院(yuan)經(jing)貿辦上報(bao)關于(yu)(yu)同(tong)意組建(jian)中(zhong)國(guo)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)、華(hua)(hua)東(dong)(dong)、華(hua)(hua)北(bei)、華(hua)(hua)中(zhong)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)的(de)函,隨后又報(bao)送了同(tong)意組建(jian)西(xi)北(bei)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)的(de)函,經(jing)批準后,于(yu)(yu)1993年1月(yue)11日華(hua)(hua)北(bei)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)、華(hua)(hua)東(dong)(dong)、華(hua)(hua)中(zhong)、西(xi)北(bei)五大電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)宣(xuan)告成(cheng)立。
4、第三次(ci)成立電力工業部(1993-1997年)
1993年(nian)3月,八屆第一次全(quan)國(guo)(guo)人民代表大會通過(guo)決(jue)議,撤消(xiao)能源部,第三次成立(li)電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部。國(guo)(guo)務院批(pi)準的(de)組建電力(li)(li)部的(de)指導思(si)想是:"政(zheng)企(qi)(qi)職(zhi)責分(fen)開,大力(li)(li)簡政(zheng)放權(quan),由部門管(guan)(guan)理(li)轉向(xiang)行業管(guan)(guan)理(li),加強規劃、協調、監(jian)督、服務職(zhi)能;精簡內(nei)設機構和(he)編制,合(he)理(li)配置職(zhi)能,提高宏觀管(guan)(guan)理(li)水(shui)平(ping);實(shi)事求是,平(ping)穩過(guo)渡,合(he)理(li)分(fen)流富裕人員。"要求在(zai)(zai)堅持(chi)"政(zheng)企(qi)(qi)分(fen)開,省(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)實(shi)體(ti),聯合(he)電網(wang),統(tong)一調度,集資(zi)辦(ban)電"和(he)"因(yin)地因(yin)網(wang)制宜"的(de)方針(zhen)指引(yin)下,下放和(he)轉移(yi)對企(qi)(qi)業人、財、物及經(jing)營管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)職(zhi)能,加強宏觀管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)職(zhi)能,由于國(guo)(guo)務院批(pi)準的(de)文(wen)件明確(que)要求支持(chi)辦(ban)好五(wu)大電力(li)(li)集團,各電管(guan)(guan)局和(he)省(sheng)(sheng)電力(li)(li)局仍維持(chi)現行體(ti)制,所以在(zai)(zai)電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部時(shi)期,電力(li)(li)工(gong)業體(ti)制改(gai)革(ge)沒有顯著的(de)變(bian)化。
電(dian)力工(gong)(gong)業部(bu)成立(li)后,繼續保留中國(guo)電(dian)力企(qi)業聯合會,作為(wei)全國(guo)電(dian)力企(qi)業、事業電(dian)位(wei)的(de)聯合組織,其性質不(bu)變,由電(dian)力部(bu)歸口管理。華(hua)能(neng)集團實行以電(dian)力部(bu)為(wei)主(zhu)與(yu)國(guo)家計委雙重領導的(de)體制(zhi)。另外,在葛(ge)洲壩(ba)工(gong)(gong)程局的(de)基礎上,成立(li)了(le)葛(ge)洲壩(ba)集團公(gong)司。
為確保(bao)三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的順利進(jin)行,1993年1月(yue)3日(ri)國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院決(jue)定成(cheng)立國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)委員(yuan)會,同時(shi)成(cheng)立中國(guo)長江三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)開(kai)(kai)發總(zong)公司,全面負責(ze)三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)和經營。1994年12月(yue)14日(ri),三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)正式(shi)開(kai)(kai)工(gong)建(jian)設(she)(she)。
電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部成立(li)后(hou),根據國(guo)家體(ti)改(gai)委(wei)等(deng)部門有(you)關股(gu)(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)試點辦(ban)法(fa)的(de)規(gui)定,于(yu)1993年(nian)9月印(yin)發(fa)(fa)了《電(dian)(dian)力行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)股(gu)(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)試點暫行(xing)(xing)規(gui)定》,規(gui)定明確電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)都可(ke)以進(jin)行(xing)(xing)股(gu)(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)改(gai)造(zao),具備條件的(de)經主管部門同意(yi)后(hou),可(ke)以到國(guo)(境)外(wai)發(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)股(gu)(gu)票(piao),債券(quan);但(dan)電(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司(指發(fa)(fa)、供電(dian)(dian)一體(ti)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye))實行(xing)(xing)股(gu)(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)應以公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)為主體(ti),保證電(dian)(dian)力集團公(gong)司、省(區(qu)、市)電(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司在(zai)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中的(de)控股(gu)(gu)地位。1994年(nian)8月4日,山東華能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)股(gu)(gu)份(fen)有(you)限公(gong)司股(gu)(gu)票(piao)在(zai)美國(guo)紐約(yue)證券(quan)交易所掛牌上市,成為中國(guo)首家直接去美國(guo)紐約(yue)上市的(de)大(da)型電(dian)(dian)力企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),隨后(hou)中國(guo)有(you)一大(da)批發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)國(guo)內外(wai)上市。
中國電(dian)力(li)工業經(jing)過30年(nian)碰壁(bi),與(yu)20年(nian)摸著石頭過河,最后終于走上(shang)(shang)了穩定發(fa)展的道(dao)路(lu)。時至2013年(nian),電(dian)監會又并入了能(neng)源局。電(dian)網(wang)已(yi)(yi)拆分為國家(jia)電(dian)網(wang)與(yu)南(nan)方電(dian)網(wang)兩(liang)家(jia)。已(yi)(yi)經(jing)走上(shang)(shang)了改放(fang)給市場的權力(li)放(fang)給市場,政企分離的合理發(fa)展道(dao)路(lu)。
2015年9月中國(guo)與(yu)伊(yi)朗(lang)簽(qian)署了大宗電力和(he)能源(yuan)合作協議,進一步推動雙邊合作,尤其是加(jia)強在(zai)電力和(he)能源(yuan)領域的合作。
2015年(nian)(nian)11月(yue)18日,中國(guo)電機(ji)工(gong)(gong)程學(xue)會(hui)發布了“十三五”電力(li)科技(ji)重大技(ji)術方(fang)向研(yan)究報告(gao),提出未來5年(nian)(nian)中國(guo)電力(li)科技(ji)領域將(jiang)重點開展9個重大技(ji)術方(fang)向、38項關鍵技(ji)術研(yan)究工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。
2014年中國電力市場發展戰(zhan)略(lve)
進入21世紀以(yi)來,電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市場(chang)就(jiu)面臨著巨大的沖(chong)擊,尤其是在全球金融危機(ji)的影(ying)響下,電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)所面對的機(ji)遇和挑戰也變得(de)更多(duo)。為了(le)提高電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)銷量,保證(zheng)企業(ye)在競爭(zheng)中(zhong)立于(yu)不(bu)敗之(zhi)地,并對企業(ye)進行(xing)具有前瞻性的分析,國(guo)(guo)家采取有效(xiao)策略不(bu)斷擴(kuo)寬電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市場(chang)就(jiu)顯得(de)尤為重要(yao)。據中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)產業(ye)洞察網了(le)解,國(guo)(guo)家電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部門已經(jing)逐步認識到了(le)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市場(chang)實現擴(kuo)大的重要(yao)意義,明確(que)了(le)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)是國(guo)(guo)家基礎行(xing)業(ye)之(zhi)一,并盡可能的采取行(xing)之(zhi)有效(xiao)的對策予以(yi)完(wan)善。
一、轉變思(si)想,樹(shu)立競爭意(yi)識
企(qi)(qi)業(ye)生(sheng)存的(de)(de)基(ji)礎是市(shi)(shi)場,思想(xiang)又(you)是行動的(de)(de)先導,為(wei)了擴展電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場,企(qi)(qi)業(ye)一定要轉變以(yi)往的(de)(de)思想(xiang)觀念,明確(que)以(yi)市(shi)(shi)場為(wei)主體的(de)(de)競(jing)爭策略,堅持市(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)導向作用(yong)。在此基(ji)礎上,企(qi)(qi)業(ye)還要樹(shu)立競(jing)爭意識,培養效(xiao)益(yi)觀念,加強市(shi)(shi)場管理(li),并結合黨中央(yang)的(de)(de)政策規章,使企(qi)(qi)業(ye)形(xing)(xing)成良好的(de)(de)信(xin)譽和形(xing)(xing)象(xiang),增強企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)凝(ning)聚力(li),讓(rang)市(shi)(shi)場消費(fei)者信(xin)任(ren)企(qi)(qi)業(ye),從而最大(da)限度(du)的(de)(de)拓寬(kuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場。例如(ru),在國家提出(chu)西部大(da)開發戰略后,云(yun)南某電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)就(jiu)立足整體,抓住(zhu)機(ji)遇,樹(shu)立了競(jing)爭意識,并不斷完善自身的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang),在機(ji)遇面前沒有(you)錯過,準確(que)掌握了市(shi)(shi)場定位,擴寬(kuan)了電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場,取(qu)得了巨大(da)的(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益(yi)。
二、健全(quan)完(wan)善(shan)電力(li)市場(chang)規(gui)章制度
想要(yao)做(zuo)好任何事情都要(yao)有健全完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)章制度(du)作基礎,電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效擴展也是如此。由于以往計劃(hua)經(jing)濟體制的(de)(de)(de)(de)束(shu)縛,再加上人(ren)們思想觀念的(de)(de)(de)(de)局限(xian)性(xing),就使得我國(guo)有關(guan)電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)章制度(du)不夠健全。在新時期背景下,為(wei)了(le)有效拓(tuo)展電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang),黨和(he)國(guo)家一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)健全完善相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)章制度(du),以《電(dian)力(li)法》和(he)相(xiang)關(guan)法律為(wei)依據,結合當前的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體情況(kuang)予(yu)以進一(yi)步完善。具(ju)體來說,要(yao)細化(hua)電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)入規(gui)(gui)則,明確(que)電(dian)價,規(gui)(gui)范企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei),并制定(ding)配套的(de)(de)(de)(de)監督管理(li)法規(gui)(gui),明確(que)違法的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體懲罰措施(shi),從而規(gui)(gui)范企(qi)業(ye)(ye)行(xing)為(wei),保證市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公開性(xing)和(he)科學性(xing),凈(jing)化(hua)電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang),確(que)保其進一(yi)步拓(tuo)展。
三、建立以用戶為核心的電力市(shi)場并拓(tuo)展新市(shi)場
想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)增加(jia)社會(hui)用(yong)電(dian)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang),并(bing)逐步(bu)拓(tuo)展電(dian)力市場(chang),就要(yao)(yao)堅持供電(dian)以客(ke)戶(hu)為核心,根據用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)具體需求構建電(dian)力市場(chang)。首(shou)先,電(dian)力企業要(yao)(yao)保證供電(dian)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang),質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)是市場(chang)得以拓(tuo)寬的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)因素之一,質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)過(guo)硬,才能爭取到更多的(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu);其次,在工作(zuo)的(de)(de)具體過(guo)程中,要(yao)(yao)堅持“預防為主(zhu),安(an)全(quan)第一”的(de)(de)原則,在保證電(dian)能質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)基礎上,也(ye)要(yao)(yao)確(que)保安(an)全(quan)生產,定期對(dui)供電(dian)設施(shi)進行檢查(cha)維修,避免(mian)出現安(an)全(quan)隱(yin)患,逐步(bu)提高設施(shi)的(de)(de)使用(yong)年限;最后(hou),要(yao)(yao)完善企業自身的(de)(de)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)水平,樹立為用(yong)戶(hu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)觀念,創新服(fu)務(wu)(wu)意識(shi),并(bing)定期對(dui)客(ke)戶(hu)進行走訪調查(cha),了解他們對(dui)電(dian)能供應的(de)(de)滿意度,從而找(zhao)到企業的(de)(de)不足(zu),滿足(zu)客(ke)戶(hu)需要(yao)(yao)。
眾所周知,我國區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)分(fen)配不協(xie)調(diao)(diao),各(ge)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)需求數量存在(zai)(zai)(zai)很大(da)的(de)差異,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)中(zhong)心集中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)部(bu)和東(dong)南沿海(hai)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。想要(yao)拓展電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang),就(jiu)(jiu)一(yi)定要(yao)打破這種不平(ping)衡的(de)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結構,開辟新興市場(chang)。對(dui)此,企業(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)建立(li)跨區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang),使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)不同區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)間進行有效調(diao)(diao)節,并加大(da)宏觀(guan)調(diao)(diao)控(kong)力(li)度來平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價。此外,企業(ye)也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)借鑒(jian)國外的(de)先進經驗,開展政(zheng)策(ce)促銷(xiao)活動,實行以(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代油、以(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代柴、以(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代煤等(deng)形式,并加強對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車、熱泵設備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱鍋爐等(deng)產品(pin)的(de)推廣,從而逐(zhu)步增(zeng)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)市場(chang)消(xiao)費中(zhong)的(de)占(zhan)有率。例如,一(yi)旦進入夏季,我國長江以(yi)(yi)(yi)南地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)的(de)數量就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)大(da)幅提高,用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況也會(hui)增(zeng)加。國家(jia)針對(dui)這樣的(de)現(xian)象,對(dui)蓄冰(bing)制冷(leng)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價方面實行了相關的(de)優(you)惠政(zheng)策(ce),企業(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)利用(yong)(yong)這一(yi)特點(dian)逐(zhu)步拓寬市場(chang),提高經濟效益。
四、提高(gao)員工(gong)素質(zhi)能力(li)
電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)有(you)效拓展要(yao)依靠企業員工(gong)的(de)(de)業務能力和綜合素質(zhi)(zhi)來完成,隨著社會主義市(shi)場(chang)經濟的(de)(de)全面(mian)開放,以(yi)及現代化技術的(de)(de)逐步興起,給電(dian)力企業員工(gong)素質(zhi)(zhi)能力提出(chu)了更(geng)高(gao)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。想要(yao)有(you)效拓寬(kuan)電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang),企業就一定要(yao)培養高(gao)素質(zhi)(zhi)、高(gao)能力的(de)(de)員工(gong)。
第一,企(qi)業(ye)要提高(gao)企(qi)業(ye)人員的(de)(de)(de)技術水(shui)平,堅持先進(jin)(jin)(jin)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)進(jin)(jin)(jin),并(bing)逐步(bu)完(wan)善他們的(de)(de)(de)技術能力(li)。第二(er),堅持實(shi)施“引(yin)進(jin)(jin)(jin)來與走出(chu)去”并(bing)存的(de)(de)(de)發展戰略(lve),加(jia)強員工之間的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流和合作,派遣(qian)有(you)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)員工對外學習交(jiao)流。第三,企(qi)業(ye)要定期組織人員培(pei)訓(xun),做好(hao)崗位選拔(ba)工作,在(zai)保證員工具(ju)有(you)高(gao)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,還要完(wan)善他們的(de)(de)(de)道德素(su)質,樹(shu)立他們為企(qi)業(ye)服務的(de)(de)(de)理(li)念,從而(er)進(jin)(jin)(jin)一步(bu)拓展電力(li)市場。 [4]
電力發展“十三五”規劃
11月7日,《電力發(fa)展“十(shi)三五”規劃》發(fa)布,對我們(men)有以(yi)下指導(dao)意義。
要科學認識我國的電(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)空間(jian):根據《規劃》,到2020年(nian),我國人(ren)均裝機突(tu)破1.4千瓦(wa),人(ren)均用(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)5000千瓦(wa)時(shi)左右(you),接(jie)近(jin)中等(deng)發(fa)達國家(jia)水平。電(dian)(dian)力(li)在能(neng)源中的比重應(ying)該越來(lai)越大,也就是能(neng)源要走向電(dian)(dian)氣化,特別在終端能(neng)源中,以電(dian)(dian)的形(xing)式用(yong)能(neng)比重要提高,而非電(dian)(dian)的形(xing)式如直接(jie)燃(ran)煤等(deng)則不(bu)斷減少。《規劃》提出的2020年(nian)人(ren)均用(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)5000千瓦(wa)時(shi)左右(you)與(yu)2020年(nian)GDP水平相(xiang)適應(ying),今后還有一定的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)空間(jian)。
未來煤(mei)電(dian)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)應趨嚴:在經(jing)(jing)濟新(xin)常(chang)態(tai)(tai)下(xia)(xia),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)也進(jin)入新(xin)常(chang)態(tai)(tai),表(biao)現是能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)隨著經(jing)(jing)濟的增(zeng)(zeng)長也在增(zeng)(zeng)長,但增(zeng)(zeng)長速度趨緩(huan)。我們要認識到,可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)、核電(dian)以及天(tian)然氣發(fa)(fa)電(dian)等低碳能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力的提高,應該能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)滿足(zu)新(xin)常(chang)態(tai)(tai)下(xia)(xia)電(dian)力增(zeng)(zeng)長的需求。退一(yi)步而言,假若低碳能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力不(bu)足(zu),仍需增(zeng)(zeng)加煤(mei)電(dian)的發(fa)(fa)電(dian)量,提升煤(mei)電(dian)的發(fa)(fa)電(dian)小(xiao)時數也能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)做到。
把儲能(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)基(ji)礎(chu)研究(jiu)做扎實(shi):儲能(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)科技(ji)(ji)上(shang)堪稱顛覆性的(de)且是占領戰略制高點的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。儲能(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)如果在未來有實(shi)質性的(de)進展,就可(ke)(ke)以有效解決棄(qi)風、棄(qi)光甚(shen)至棄(qi)水的(de)問題。要(yao)(yao)使(shi)間(jian)歇式的(de)可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)實(shi)現規模化發展,儲能(neng)(neng)是關鍵,而且高能(neng)(neng)量、高密(mi)度(du)的(de)儲能(neng)(neng)非(fei)常利于新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽車的(de)發展。另外,儲能(neng)(neng)對微網建設也至關重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)。至此,我們應該充(chong)分認識到:儲能(neng)(neng)是可(ke)(ke)以實(shi)現多方面用途(tu)的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。
清潔(jie)、低(di)(di)(di)碳、綠色(se)是這輪(lun)變(bian)革(ge)的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang):“十(shi)二五(wu)”期(qi)間(jian)我國提出了能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)革(ge)命,經過(guo)兩(liang)年的(de)(de)時間(jian),能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)革(ge)命已經取得(de)了重大的(de)(de)進展。因(yin)此,“十(shi)三五(wu)”將(jiang)在(zai)這一基礎之上不(bu)斷推進能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領域的(de)(de)變(bian)革(ge),基本(ben)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求就(jiu)是使能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)更(geng)加(jia)清潔(jie)、綠色(se)、低(di)(di)(di)碳。而(er)且,這一變(bian)革(ge)不(bu)僅是中國發(fa)展到(dao)現階(jie)段提出的(de)(de)必(bi)然要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求,也(ye)是全球能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)變(bian)革(ge)的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。在(zai)我看來(lai),電(dian)力的(de)(de)清潔(jie)、低(di)(di)(di)碳、綠色(se)包含兩(liang)層含義(yi):一是對煤(mei)電(dian)的(de)(de)清潔(jie)化利用和(he)改造;二是盡可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)多地(di)增加(jia)可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)量(liang)。總體而(er)言,對煤(mei)炭進行清潔(jie)化利用是較(jiao)低(di)(di)(di)層次(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)解(jie)決方(fang)案,更(geng)高層次(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)解(jie)決方(fang)案是發(fa)展綠色(se)低(di)(di)(di)碳能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)替代煤(mei)炭。不(bu)過(guo),從(cong)較(jiao)低(di)(di)(di)層次(ci)(ci)轉向(xiang)(xiang)更(geng)高層次(ci)(ci)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)一個過(guo)程,這中間(jian)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)適度(du)增加(jia)天然氣(qi)發(fa)電(dian)來(lai)作為過(guo)渡,再(zai)發(fa)展到(dao)大規(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),逐步形成綠色(se)低(di)(di)(di)碳的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)體系(xi)。
碳(tan)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)將(jiang)成(cheng)(cheng)為重要(yao)(yao)控(kong)制指標:碳(tan)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)將(jiang)成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)力(li)行業一(yi)個(ge)很重要(yao)(yao)的(de)控(kong)制指標。《規劃》中(zhong)提出(chu)了(le)煤電(dian)(dian)機組二(er)氧化碳(tan)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)強度降至865克(ke)(ke)/千瓦時的(de)目標。此(ci)外,《“十三五(wu)”控(kong)制溫室氣(qi)體排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)工作(zuo)方案》里也提到,到2020年,大型發電(dian)(dian)集團單位供電(dian)(dian)二(er)氧化碳(tan)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)制在550克(ke)(ke)二(er)氧化碳(tan)/千瓦時以內。這(zhe)意味著我國一(yi)大部分發電(dian)(dian)企業的(de)煤電(dian)(dian)比(bi)例(li)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)超過50%,這(zhe)個(ge)要(yao)(yao)求是很高的(de)。總(zong)體來(lai)看,五(wu)大發電(dian)(dian)集團由于近(jin)年來(lai)已經在大力(li)布局可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源,要(yao)(yao)完成(cheng)(cheng)這(zhe)個(ge)任務基本沒有(you)太大難度,但一(yi)些(xie)地方電(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司可能(neng)(neng)(neng)就壓力(li)比(bi)較大。如果(guo)完不(bu)成(cheng)(cheng),到時候就要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過購買碳(tan)指標、參與(yu)碳(tan)交(jiao)易的(de)方式來(lai)完成(cheng)(cheng)任務。
電能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)是(shi)時代(dai)進步的(de)體現(xian):《規劃》重點提(ti)到(dao),到(dao)2020年電能(neng)(neng)(neng)占終(zhong)端能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消費(fei)比(bi)(bi)重要提(ti)升至27%。一(yi)(yi)方面,燃燒煤(mei)炭、石油(you)是(shi)造成(cheng)(cheng)大(da)氣污(wu)染(ran)的(de)主要因素,尤其(qi)散煤(mei)燃燒危害更大(da)。每噸散煤(mei)燃燒排(pai)(pai)放(fang)的(de)污(wu)染(ran)物是(shi)火電燃煤(mei)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)的(de)5~10倍,對大(da)氣污(wu)染(ran)的(de)貢(gong)獻(xian)率(lv)高(gao)達50%左右。另一(yi)(yi)方面,天然氣雖然較煤(mei)炭而言更為清潔,但它在(zai)利用過程中也(ye)會(hui)釋放(fang)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分氮氧(yang)化物,氮氧(yang)化物也(ye)是(shi)形成(cheng)(cheng)灰(hui)霾的(de)重要原因之一(yi)(yi)。因此,提(ti)高(gao)電能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)終(zhong)端能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)利用,對防治大(da)氣污(wu)染(ran)確實大(da)有裨益。另外,電能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)不僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個提(ti)高(gao)電力(li)在(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消費(fei)終(zhong)端比(bi)(bi)重的(de)問題,更是(shi)時代(dai)進步的(de)體現(xian)。從發達國家的(de)終(zhong)端用能(neng)(neng)(neng)來看,電能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)占比(bi)(bi)也(ye)非常高(gao)。我國要進入現(xian)代(dai)化社會(hui),能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)、用能(neng)(neng)(neng)方式也(ye)要和發達國家接近。“十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)五”、“十(shi)(shi)二五”時期,我們的(de)主要精力(li)是(shi)解決用電問題,電力(li)已(yi)經(jing)做到(dao)了寬裕,這(zhe)個時候提(ti)出大(da)規模的(de)電能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)也(ye)具備(bei)現(xian)實基礎。