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產生方式

當今是互聯網的時代，我(wo)(wo)們仍然對(dui)電力(li)有著持續(xu)增長的需求(qiu)，因為(wei)我(wo)(wo)們發明了電腦、家電等更多使(shi)用(yong)電力(li)的產品。不可否認(ren)新技術的不斷出現使(shi)得(de)電力(li)成(cheng)為(wei)人們的必(bi)需品。

電(dian)力(li)的產生方式(shi)主要有：火力(li)發電(dian)（煤(mei)等(deng)(deng)可燃(ran)燒物）、太陽(yang)能發電(dian)、大容(rong)量(liang)風力(li)發電(dian)技術、核能發電(dian)、氫能發電(dian)、水(shui)利發電(dian)等(deng)(deng)。

21世紀(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源科學(xue)將(jiang)為人類(lei)文明(ming)再創輝(hui)煌，例如，燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)將(jiang)氫、天然氣(qi)、煤氣(qi)、甲醇、肼等燃(ran)料(liao)的(de)化學(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)直接(jie)轉(zhuan)換成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)一類(lei)化學(xue)電(dian)(dian)源；生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)以生(sheng)物質為載體(ti)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量，生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)高(gao)效(xiao)和清潔(jie)利用(yong)技術也(ye)得到極大(da)發展。

發電方式

火力發電

一、優勢：

燃料容(rong)易獲取，熱機效率高，調峰較易實現，建設成本低(di)，容(rong)易與冶金(jin)、化工(gong)、水泥等(deng)高能耗(hao)工(gong)業(ye)形(xing)成共生產業(ye)鏈。

二、弊端：

煙(yan)氣污染：煤(mei)炭直接(jie)燃燒排放的SO2、NOx等酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)氣體不斷(duan)增(zeng)長，使我國(guo)很(hen)多地區酸(suan)(suan)雨(yu)量(liang)增(zeng)加。全國(guo)每年產生(sheng)140萬(wan)噸SO2。

粉塵污染：對電站附近環(huan)境造(zao)成粉煤灰污染，對人(ren)們的(de)生活及植物的(de)生長造(zao)成不(bu)良影響。全國每年產生1500萬噸煙塵。

資源(yuan)消耗：發電的(de)汽輪機通常選用水(shui)作(zuo)為(wei)冷卻介(jie)質(zhi)，一座100萬千(qian)瓦火(huo)力發電廠(chang)每日(ri)的(de)耗水(shui)量約(yue)為(wei) 十萬噸(dun)。全國每年消耗5000萬噸(dun)標準。

核能發電

一、優勢：基本(ben)(ben)不(bu)受自然資(zi)源產地限制，運行成本(ben)(ben)低(di)，無(wu)溫室氣體排放。

二(er)、要用反(fan)應堆產生核能，需(xu)要解決以下10個問題：

為(wei)核(he)裂(lie)變鏈式(shi)反應提供必要的(de)條件，使之得以進行。

鏈(lian)式反應必須(xu)能(neng)由人通(tong)過一定(ding)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)控制(zhi)。失去控制(zhi)的裂變(bian)能(neng)不(bu)(bu)僅不(bu)(bu)能(neng)用于發電(dian)，還會釀成災害(hai)。

裂變反應(ying)產生(sheng)的能量(liang)要能從反應(ying)堆中安(an)全取出。

裂(lie)變(bian)反應中產生的(de)中子和放射(she)性物(wu)質對人(ren)體危害很大，必須設法避免它們對核(he)電站工作人(ren)員和附近居民的(de)傷害。

核(he)能(neng)電廠會產生高低階放射(she)性(xing)廢料，或者是使(shi)用過之核(he)燃(ran)料，雖然所占體積不大，但(dan)因(yin)具有放射(she)線，故必須慎重處理，且(qie)需面(mian)對相當大的政治困擾。

核能發電廠(chang)熱(re)效率較(jiao)低，因(yin)而比一般化石燃料電廠(chang)排放更多(duo)廢熱(re)到環(huan)境里(li)，故(gu)核能電廠(chang)的熱(re)污染較(jiao)嚴重。

核能電(dian)廠投資成本太(tai)大(da)，電(dian)力公(gong)司的(de)財(cai)務風險(xian)較高。

核能(neng)電(dian)廠較(jiao)不適(shi)宜做尖(jian)峰、離峰之隨載(zai)運轉。

興建(jian)核(he)電(dian)廠(chang)較易引發政治歧(qi)見紛爭(zheng)。

核電廠的(de)反(fan)應器內有大量的(de)放射性物質(zhi)，如(ru)果(guo)在事故中(zhong)釋放到外界(jie)環境，會(hui)對生態及民眾(zhong)造成(cheng)傷(shang)害。

核(he)電(dian)(dian)在正(zheng)常情況下(xia)固然是(shi)干凈的，但萬一(yi)發生核(he)泄漏，后果同樣是(shi)可(ke)怕的。前(qian)蘇聯切爾(er)諾(nuo)貝利核(he)電(dian)(dian)站事(shi)故，已使900萬人受到了(le)不同程度的損害，而且這一(yi)影響并未終(zhong)止。

水力發電

優勢：幾乎完全無污(wu)染，運營成本低，便(bian)于調峰，可再生(sheng)，有航運、水利等邊(bian)際效益。

弊端：水力發(fa)電要(yao)淹(yan)沒大(da)量土地，有可能(neng)導致生態環境破壞，而且大(da)型水庫一旦塌崩，后果將不堪(kan)設(she)想。另外，一個國家的水力資(zi)源(yuan)也是有限的，而且還要(yao)受(shou)季節(jie)的影響(xiang)。

風力發電

優勢：無環(huan)境污染，運行(xing)成(cheng)本(ben)低，可再生。

弊端(duan)：噪(zao)聲，視覺(jue)污染。占(zhan)用大(da)片土地及林地，對植被破壞大(da)。不(bu)穩(wen)定，不(bu)可控。成本(ben)仍然(ran)很高(gao)。

太陽能光伏發電

優勢(shi)：運行無(wu)污染(ran)，可再生(sheng)，設備小型(xing)化，適(shi)合非集中供電。

電力輸送

傳輸

電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和(he)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)起(qi)(qi)，構成電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)整(zheng)體功能(neng)(neng)。通過輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，把相(xiang)距甚(shen)遠的(de)(de)（可達數(shu)千千米）發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)負荷中心聯系起(qi)(qi)來，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)開發和(he)利用(yong)超越(yue)地(di)域的(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi)。和(he)其(qi)他能(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)（如輸(shu)(shu)煤、輸(shu)(shu)油(you)等）相(xiang)比，輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)損耗小、效益高、靈活方便、易于(yu)調控、環境(jing)污染少(shao)；輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)還可以將不(bu)同地(di)點的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠連接起(qi)(qi)來，實行峰谷調節。輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)利用(yong)優越(yue)性的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)體現，在現代化社(she)會中，它是(shi)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源動脈。

輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)按結構(gou)形(xing)式可分(fen)為(wei)架空輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)和地(di)(di)下(xia)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)。前者(zhe)由線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)桿塔、導線(xian)(xian)(xian)、絕緣子(zi)等構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，架設(she)在地(di)(di)面上；后者(zhe)主(zhu)要用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，敷設(she)在地(di)(di)下(xia)（或水下(xia)）。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)按所送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)性質可分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和交(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。19世(shi)紀80年代(dai)首先(xian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功地(di)(di)實現了直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后因受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓提不高的限制（輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量大體與輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的平(ping)方成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)比例(li)）19世(shi)紀末(mo)為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所取代(dai)。交(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功，迎(ying)來了20世(shi)紀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化時代(dai)。20世(shi)紀60年代(dai)以(yi)來，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術的發(fa)展，直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又有新發(fa)展，與交(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相配(pei)合，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)交(jiao)直流(liu)混合的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統。

輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)電(dian)壓的(de)高低(di)是輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)技術發展水平的(de)主要標志。到(dao)20世紀90年代，世界(jie)各國常用(yong)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)電(dian)壓有220千伏(fu)(fu)及以(yi)上(shang)的(de)高壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)330～765千伏(fu)(fu)的(de)超(chao)高壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)，1000千伏(fu)(fu)及以(yi)上(shang)的(de)特高壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)。

變電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)將(jiang)(jiang)天然的(de)一次能源轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，向遠方的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為了減小輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路上(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損耗及線(xian)路阻抗壓(ya)(ya)降，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升高；為了滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶安全(quan)的(de)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)，又(you)要(yao)將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降低(di)，并(bing)分配(pei)給各個用(yong)(yong)戶，這就需(xu)(xu)要(yao)能升高和(he)降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，并(bing)能分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)。所(suo)以變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)通(tong)過其(qi)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、接受和(he)分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，它是聯系(xi)(xi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間環節，同時(shi)通(tong)過變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)將(jiang)(jiang)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網聯系(xi)(xi)起(qi)來(lai)，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，傳(chuan)輸和(he)分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、二次系(xi)(xi)統(tong)及必要(yao)的(de)附屬(shu)設備組成。

變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)的(de)中心(xin)設(she)(she)(she)備，變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)利用(yong)的(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應(ying)原理。配電(dian)(dian)裝置是(shi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)中所(suo)有的(de)開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、載流導體輔(fu)助(zhu)設(she)(she)(she)備連接(jie)在(zai)一(yi)起的(de)裝置。其作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)接(jie)受(shou)和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)能。配電(dian)(dian)裝置主要由母線(xian)(xian)、高(gao)壓(ya)斷路器(qi)(qi)(qi)開(kai)關(guan)、電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)(qi)線(xian)(xian)圈、互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、避雷器(qi)(qi)(qi)、高(gao)壓(ya)熔斷器(qi)(qi)(qi)、二(er)次設(she)(she)(she)備及必要的(de)其他輔(fu)助(zhu)設(she)(she)(she)備所(suo)組成。

二次(ci)設(she)備(bei)是指一次(ci)系(xi)統狀態測量、控制、監察(cha)和保護(hu)的(de)設(she)備(bei)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。由這(zhe)些設(she)備(bei)構成的(de)回路叫二次(ci)回路，總稱(cheng)二次(ci)系(xi)統。

二次系統(tong)的(de)設(she)備(bei)包含(han)測量裝置、控制(zhi)裝置、繼電保護(hu)裝置、自動控制(zhi)裝置、直流系統(tong)及必要的(de)附屬設(she)備(bei)。

電壓等級

電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統電(dian)(dian)壓等級有220V、380V（0.4 kV）、3 kV、6 kV、10 kV、20 kV、35 kV、66 kV、110 kV、220 kV、330 kV、500 kV、750kV、1000kV。隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)制造工藝(yi)的提高，10 kV電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)已批量生產，所以(yi)(yi)3 kV、6 kV已較少使用，20 kV、66 kV也(ye)很(hen)少使用。供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統以(yi)(yi)10 kV、35 kV為(wei)主。輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統以(yi)(yi)110 kV以(yi)(yi)上為(wei)主。發電(dian)(dian)廠發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有6 kV、10 kV與20kV三種，以(yi)(yi)20 kV為(wei)主，用戶均為(wei)220V、380V（0.4 kV）低壓系(xi)統。

根據《城(cheng)市電力網(wang)規定設計(ji)規則》規定：輸電網(wang)為(wei)1000kV、500 kV、330 kV、220 kV、110kV，高(gao)壓(ya)配(pei)電網(wang)為(wei)110kV、66kV，中壓(ya)配(pei)電網(wang)為(wei)20kV、10kV、6 kV，低壓(ya)配(pei)電網(wang)為(wei)0.4 kV（220V/380V）。

發(fa)電(dian)廠發(fa)出6 kV或(huo)10 kV電(dian)，除發(fa)電(dian)廠自己(ji)用（廠用電(dian)）之外，也可以(yi)用10 kV電(dian)壓(ya)送給發(fa)電(dian)廠附(fu)近用戶，10 kV供(gong)電(dian)范圍(wei)為(wei)(wei)10Km、35 kV為(wei)(wei)20~50Km、66 kV為(wei)(wei)30~100Km、110 kV為(wei)(wei)50~150Km、220 kV為(wei)(wei)100~300Km、330 kV為(wei)(wei)200~600Km、500 kV為(wei)(wei)150~850Km。

變配電站

電(dian)力系統各種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)壓等級均通過電(dian)力變壓器來(lai)轉換，電(dian)壓升高為(wei)(wei)升壓變壓器（變電(dian)站(zhan)為(wei)(wei)升壓站(zhan)），電(dian)壓降低為(wei)(wei)降壓變壓器（變電(dian)站(zhan)為(wei)(wei)降壓站(zhan)）。一種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)壓變為(wei)(wei)另一種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)壓的(de)選用兩個線圈（繞(rao)組）的(de)雙圈變壓器，一種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)壓變為(wei)(wei)兩種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)壓的(de)選用三個線圈（繞(rao)組）的(de)三圈變壓器。

變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)除升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)與降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)之分(fen)外，還以(yi)規模(mo)大小分(fen)為樞(shu)紐站(zhan)，區域(yu)站(zhan)與終端站(zhan)。樞(shu)紐站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)(deng)(deng)級一般(ban)為三個（三圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)），550kV /220kV /110kV。區域(yu)站(zhan)一般(ban)也有三個電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)(deng)(deng)級（三圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)），220 kV /110kV /35kV或110kV /35kV /10kV。終端站(zhan)一般(ban)直(zhi)接接到(dao)用(yong)戶(hu)，大多數為兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)(deng)(deng)級（兩(liang)圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)）110kV /10 kV或35 kV /10 kV。用(yong)戶(hu)本(ben)身的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)一般(ban)只有兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)(deng)(deng)級（雙圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)）110 kV /10kV、35kV /0.4kV、10kV /0.4kV，其中以(yi)10kV /0.4kV為最多。

接線方案

1）一次接線種類

變電(dian)站一次回路接線是(shi)指輸(shu)電(dian)線路進(jin)入變電(dian)站之(zhi)后(hou)，所有電(dian)力設備（變壓器(qi)及進(jin)出線開關(guan)等）的相互連接方(fang)式(shi)。其接線方(fang)案有：線路變壓器(qi)組，橋(qiao)形接線，單(dan)母線，單(dan)母線分(fen)段，雙(shuang)母線，雙(shuang)母線分(fen)段，環網供電(dian)等。

2）線路(lu)變壓(ya)器組

變(bian)(bian)電站只有(you)一路(lu)進線(xian)(xian)與一臺變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)，而且再無發展的情況下采用(yong)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)組接線(xian)(xian)。

3）橋形接線

有(you)兩(liang)路(lu)進線、兩(liang)臺變壓器，而且再(zai)沒有(you)發展的(de)情況下，采用(yong)橋形(xing)接(jie)線。針對變壓器，聯(lian)絡斷路(lu)器在兩(liang)個進線斷路(lu)器之(zhi)內為(wei)內橋接(jie)線，聯(lian)絡斷路(lu)器在兩(liang)個進線斷路(lu)器之(zhi)外為(wei)外橋接(jie)線。

4）單母線

變電站(zhan)進(jin)出線(xian)較(jiao)多時(shi)，采用單母線(xian)，有兩路(lu)進(jin)線(xian)時(shi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)路(lu)供(gong)電、一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)路(lu)備用（不同時(shi)供(gong)電），二者可設(she)備用電源互自(zi)投，多路(lu)出線(xian)均由一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段母線(xian)引出。

5）單母線分段

有兩路以上進線，多路出線時，選用(yong)(yong)單母線分段(duan)，兩路進線分別接(jie)到(dao)兩段(duan)母線上，兩段(duan)母線用(yong)(yong)母聯開(kai)關連接(jie)起來。出線分別接(jie)到(dao)兩段(duan)母線上。

單母線(xian)(xian)分段運行方(fang)式比(bi)較(jiao)多(duo)。一般為一路主(zhu)(zhu)供，一路備用(yong)（不(bu)合(he)閘），母聯(lian)合(he)上，當主(zhu)(zhu)供斷電(dian)時(shi)，備用(yong)合(he)上，主(zhu)(zhu)供、備用(yong)與母聯(lian)互鎖。備用(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)容量(liang)較(jiao)小時(shi)，備用(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)合(he)上后(hou)，要斷開一些出線(xian)(xian)。這是比(bi)較(jiao)常用(yong)的一種運行方(fang)式。

對于特別重要的負荷，兩路進(jin)線均(jun)為主(zhu)供，母聯(lian)開(kai)關斷(duan)開(kai)，當一(yi)路進(jin)線斷(duan)電時，母聯(lian)合(he)上(shang)，來電后(hou)斷(duan)開(kai)母聯(lian)再合(he)上(shang)進(jin)線開(kai)關。

單(dan)母線(xian)分段也有利于變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)內部(bu)檢(jian)修，檢(jian)修時(shi)可以(yi)停掉一段母線(xian)，如果是單(dan)母線(xian)不分段，檢(jian)修時(shi)就(jiu)要全站(zhan)停電(dian)(dian)，利用旁(pang)(pang)路母線(xian)可以(yi)不停電(dian)(dian)，旁(pang)(pang)路母線(xian)只用于電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。

6）雙母線

雙(shuang)母(mu)線主要(yao)用(yong)于發電廠(chang)及大型變(bian)電站，每路(lu)線路(lu)都(dou)由一(yi)個(ge)斷(duan)路(lu)器經(jing)過(guo)兩個(ge)隔離開關分別接到兩條(tiao)母(mu)線上，這(zhe)樣在(zai)母(mu)線檢修(xiu)時，就可以利(li)用(yong)隔離開關將線路(lu)倒在(zai)一(yi)條(tiao)件母(mu)線上。雙(shuang)母(mu)線也有分段(duan)與不分段(duan)兩種，雙(shuang)母(mu)線分段(duan)再加旁路(lu)斷(duan)路(lu)器，接線方(fang)式復雜，但檢修(xiu)就非常方(fang)便了(le)，停電范圍可減少。

二次回路

1）二次(ci)回路種類(lei)

變配電(dian)站二次回路(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)(kuo)：測量、保(bao)護、控制與(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)回路(lu)(lu)部分(fen)(fen)。測量回路(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)(kuo)：計量測量與(yu)(yu)保(bao)護測量。控制回路(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)(kuo)：就地手動合(he)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)、防跳(tiao)聯鎖(suo)、試(shi)驗、互投聯鎖(suo)、保(bao)護跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)以及合(he)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)執(zhi)行(xing)部分(fen)(fen)。信(xin)(xin)號(hao)回路(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)(kuo)開關運行(xing)狀(zhuang)態信(xin)(xin)號(hao)、事故(gu)跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)與(yu)(yu)事故(gu)預告信(xin)(xin)號(hao)。

2）測量回路

測量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)回路(lu)分為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)回路(lu)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓回路(lu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)回路(lu)各種設(she)備(bei)串聯(lian)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)感器(qi)二次(ci)側（5A），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)感器(qi)是將原邊(bian)負(fu)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)統一(yi)變(bian)為(wei)5A測量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)分別(bie)用各自(zi)的(de)互(hu)感器(qi)（計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)用互(hu)感器(qi)精度(du)要求高），計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)測量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)串接于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度(du)表(biao)，功率表(biao)與(yu)(yu)功率因數表(biao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)(zi)(zi)。保(bao)護(hu)測量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)串接于保(bao)護(hu)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)(zi)(zi)。微(wei)機(ji)保(bao)護(hu)一(yi)般將計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)及(ji)保(bao)護(hu)集中于一(yi)體，分別(bie)有計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)(zi)(zi)與(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)(zi)(zi)。

電(dian)壓(ya)測量回(hui)路，220/380V低壓(ya)系(xi)統(tong)直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)220V或380V，3KV以上(shang)高壓(ya)系(xi)統(tong)全部(bu)經過電(dian)壓(ya)互感器將各種等(deng)級(ji)的(de)高電(dian)壓(ya)變為(wei)統(tong)一的(de)100V電(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)壓(ya)表以及(ji)電(dian)度表、功率表與功率因數(shu)表的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)線圈經其端子(zi)并接(jie)(jie)在100V電(dian)壓(ya)母(mu)線上(shang)。微機保護單元(yuan)計量電(dian)壓(ya)與保護電(dian)壓(ya)統(tong)一為(wei)一種電(dian)壓(ya)端子(zi)。

3）控制回路

（1）合分(fen)閘(zha)回路(lu)

合分閘(zha)(zha)通(tong)過(guo)合分閘(zha)(zha)轉換(huan)開關進行操作，常規保護(hu)為提示(shi)操作人員及事故跳閘(zha)(zha)報警需要(yao)，轉換(huan)開關選用(yong)預(yu)合-合閘(zha)(zha)-合后(hou)及預(yu)分-分閘(zha)(zha)-分后(hou)的(de)多檔(dang)轉換(huan)開關。以使(shi)利用(yong)不(bu)對應接線(xian)進行合分閘(zha)(zha)提示(shi)與事故跳閘(zha)(zha)報警，國家(jia)已有標準圖設計(ji)。采用(yong)微機(ji)保護(hu)以后(hou)，要(yao)進行遠分合閘(zha)(zha)操作后(hou)，還要(yao)到就地進行轉換(huan)開關對位(wei)操作，這就失(shi)去了遠分操作的(de)意義，所以應取消不(bu)對應接線(xian)，選用(yong)中(zhong)間自(zi)復位(wei)的(de)只(zhi)有合閘(zha)(zha)與分閘(zha)(zha)的(de)三檔(dang)轉換(huan)開關。

（2）防跳回路

當合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)出(chu)現(xian)故(gu)障時(shi)進行(xing)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，或(huo)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)事故(gu)未排(pai)除，又進行(xing)合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)（誤操作(zuo)），這(zhe)時(shi)就會出(chu)現(xian)斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)反復合(he)(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，不僅容易引起或(huo)擴大事故(gu)，還會引起設備(bei)損(sun)壞或(huo)人身事故(gu)，所以高(gao)壓(ya)開關控制回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)應設計防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)。防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)一般選用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)的(de)雙線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)串接(jie)于(yu)(yu)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)作(zuo)為啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)接(jie)于(yu)(yu)合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)，作(zuo)為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)，當分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)經分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)起動(dong)(dong)(dong)。如(ru)果合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)有故(gu)障，或(huo)處于(yu)(yu)手動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)位置，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)起啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)并通過(guo)其常(chang)開接(jie)點自保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)，其常(chang)閉接(jie)點馬上斷開合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)在分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)過(guo)程中不能馬上再(zai)合(he)(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)。防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)還可以通過(guo)其常(chang)開接(jie)點將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)自保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)，這(zhe)樣可以減輕保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)出(chu)口接(jie)點斷開負荷，也減少(shao)了保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)時(shi)間要求。

有(you)些(xie)微機(ji)保護(hu)裝置(zhi)(zhi)自己已具有(you)防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)功能(neng)，這樣就可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)再(zai)設計防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)回路。斷(duan)(duan)路器操作(zuo)機(ji)構選用彈簧儲(chu)能(neng)時，如果(guo)選用儲(chu)能(neng)后(hou)可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行一次(ci)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)與(yu)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)的彈簧儲(chu)能(neng)操作(zuo)機(ji)構（也有(you)用于(yu)重合(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)的儲(chu)能(neng)后(hou)可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行二次(ci)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)與(yu)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)的彈簧儲(chu)能(neng)操作(zuo)機(ji)構），因為儲(chu)能(neng)一般(ban)都要求(qiu)10秒(miao)左右(you)，當儲(chu)能(neng)開(kai)關經常處于(yu)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)位置(zhi)(zhi)時，儲(chu)一次(ci)能(neng)，合(he)完之后(hou)，將儲(chu)能(neng)開(kai)關再(zai)處于(yu)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)位置(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)以(yi)跳(tiao)一次(ci)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)；跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)之后(hou)，要手動儲(chu)能(neng)之后(hou)才能(neng)進(jin)行合(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)，此(ci)時，也可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)再(zai)設計防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)回路。

（3）試驗與(yu)互投聯鎖與(yu)控制

對于手車開關柜(ju)，手車推出后要進行斷路器(qi)合分閘試驗，應(ying)設計合分閘試驗按(an)鈕。進線與母聯斷路，一般應(ying)根據要求(qiu)進行互投(tou)聯鎖或(huo)控制。

（4）保護跳閘

保(bao)護(hu)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘出口經過(guo)連接(jie)片(pian)接(jie)于跳(tiao)(tiao)閘回路，連接(jie)片(pian)用于保(bao)護(hu)調試，或運行過(guo)程中解除某些保(bao)護(hu)功能。

（5）合分閘回路

合(he)分閘(zha)回路為經(jing)合(he)分閘(zha)母線為操作機構(gou)提供電(dian)源，以(yi)及(ji)其控制回路，一般都應單獨畫(hua)出。

4）信號回路

（1）開關(guan)運行狀態信(xin)(xin)號(hao)由(you)合(he)閘(zha)與分閘(zha)指示兩(liang)個裝于開關(guan)柜上(shang)(shang)的信(xin)(xin)號(hao)燈組成：經過(guo)操作轉換開關(guan)不對應接(jie)(jie)線后接(jie)(jie)到正電源(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)(shang)。采用(yong)微機保護后，轉換開關(guan)取(qu)消了不對應接(jie)(jie)線，所(suo)以信(xin)(xin)號(hao)燈正極可以直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)到正電源(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)(shang)。

（2）事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)有事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘與(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)預告(gao)(gao)兩種信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘報警也(ye)要通過(guo)轉化(hua)開關不對應后(hou)，接(jie)到(dao)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)母線上(shang)，再引到(dao)中央信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統(tong)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)預告(gao)(gao)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)通過(guo)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器接(jie)點引到(dao)中央信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統(tong)。采用微(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)保護后(hou)，將斷路器操作機(ji)(ji)構(gou)輔(fu)助接(jie)點與(yu)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器的接(jie)點分別接(jie)到(dao)微(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)保護單元(yuan)的開關量(liang)輸入端(duan)子，需要有中央信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統(tong)時，如果微(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)保護單元(yuan)可以提供事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘與(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)預告(gao)(gao)輸出接(jie)點，可將其引到(dao)中央信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統(tong)。否(fou)則，應利用信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器的另一對接(jie)點引到(dao)中央信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統(tong)。

（3）中(zhong)(zhong)央信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統為安裝于值班室(shi)內的集中(zhong)(zhong)報(bao)警(jing)系(xi)(xi)統，由(you)事故(gu)跳閘與事故(gu)預告兩(liang)套聲光報(bao)警(jing)組(zu)成，光報(bao)警(jing)用光字牌，不(bu)用信號(hao)燈，光字牌分集中(zhong)(zhong)與分散兩(liang)種。采用變電站綜合自動化系(xi)(xi)統后(hou)，可以不(bu)再設計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)央信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統，或將其(qi)簡(jian)化，只設計(ji)集中(zhong)(zhong)報(bao)警(jing)作為計(ji)算(suan)機報(bao)警(jing)的后(hou)備報(bao)警(jing)。

歷史沿革

發展歷史

1875年(nian)(nian)，巴(ba)黎北火車(che)站(zhan)建成(cheng)世界(jie)上第(di)一座火電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)，為附近照明(ming)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國舊金山實驗電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)開始發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，是世界(jie)上最早出(chu)售電(dian)(dian)(dian)力的電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。80年(nian)(nian)代，在英國和(he)美國建成(cheng)世界(jie)上第(di)一批水電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)，全世界(jie)的年(nian)(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量達 500億千瓦時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業已作為一個獨立的工業部門(men)，進入人類的生產活動領域。

20世(shi)紀30、40年(nian)(nian)代，美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)的(de)(de)先進國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)，擁(yong)有20萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)的(de)(de)機組(zu)(zu)31臺，容量(liang)(liang)(liang)為30萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)的(de)(de)中(zhong)型火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠9座(zuo)。同一(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)，水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)(zu)達5～10萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)。1934年(nian)(nian)，美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)開工興建的(de)(de)大古力(li)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，計劃容量(liang)(liang)(liang)是 888萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)，1941年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到1980年(nian)(nian)裝機容量(liang)(liang)(liang)達649萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa) ，至(zhi)80年(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)直是世(shi)界(jie)上最(zui)大的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。1950年(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)界(jie)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)至(zhi)9589億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi) ，是1913年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)19倍。50 、60、70年(nian)(nian)代，平(ping)均年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)長(chang)率分別為9.4%、8.0%、5.3% 。1950～1980年(nian)(nian)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)長(chang)7.9倍，平(ping)均年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)長(chang)率7.6%，約相當于(yu)每10年(nian)(nian)翻一(yi)(yi)番。1986年(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)界(jie)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 20.3% ，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)63.7%，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)15.6%；美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)11.4%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)72.1%， 核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.0%；前蘇(su)聯水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 13.5%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)76.4%，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)10.1%；日(ri)本水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)12.9%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)61.8%，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25.1%；中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)21.0%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)79.0%。世(shi)界(jie)上核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比重最(zui)大的(de)(de)是法(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，1989年(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)74.6%。

電(dian)(dian)網、水(shui)(shui)、火(huo)電(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)速差異(yi)顯著(zhu)。國家統(tong)計局(ju)于公布了2010年(nian)1-8月(yue)工業(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)數(shu)據，電(dian)(dian)力(li)生(sheng)產與(yu)供應業(ye)(ye)整體(ti)(ti)實現(xian)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總額936.1億，同(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)119%；細(xi)分行(xing)業(ye)(ye)來看(kan)(kan)(kan)，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總額為(wei)220.0億，同(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)-17.8%；水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總額248.4億，同(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)45.9%；電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總額380.0億，同(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)655%。從環比(bi)(bi)數(shu)據看(kan)(kan)(kan)，2010年(nian)6-8月(yue)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)生(sheng)產與(yu)供應業(ye)(ye)整體(ti)(ti)實現(xian)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總額462億，環比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)37%；細(xi)分行(xing)業(ye)(ye)看(kan)(kan)(kan)，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總額50.5億，環比(bi)(bi)下(xia)降56%；水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總額206.4億，環比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)307%；電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總額168.1億，環比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)28%。電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)速的(de)大幅度提高主要由于09年(nian)四季度銷售電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)調(diao)整以及(ji)銷售電(dian)(dian)量逐(zhu)季增(zeng)加所導致。從下(xia)游(you)主要耗(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)來看(kan)(kan)(kan)，除(chu)(chu)鋼鐵外(wai)，化(hua)工、建材、有色行(xing)業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總額均顯著(zhu)超過07-08年(nian)的(de)同(tong)(tong)期水(shui)(shui)平(ping)，特別是建材。從環比(bi)(bi)數(shu)據看(kan)(kan)(kan)，除(chu)(chu)建材行(xing)業(ye)(ye)外(wai)，其他高耗(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總額環比(bi)(bi)有所下(xia)滑。

2010三(san)季(ji)度(du)水(shui)電(dian)利潤大幅度(du)增長。由于2010年(nian)三(san)季(ji)度(du)來水(shui)好于往年(nian)，水(shui)電(dian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)量也明(ming)顯增加，2010年(nian)6-8月水(shui)電(dian)利潤總額206億，同(tong)比增長96%。隨著國(guo)家對(dui)水(shui)電(dian)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)正面態度(du)的明(ming)朗，我(wo)們(men)預計國(guo)家對(dui)水(shui)電(dian)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)的支(zhi)持(chi)政策(ce)將(jiang)逐步出臺，水(shui)電(dian)企業(ye)投資(zi)價(jia)值也將(jiang)逐步明(ming)晰。

20世紀70年(nian)代(dai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業進入(ru)以(yi)(yi)大(da)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)、大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、超(chao)高壓以(yi)(yi)至特(te)高壓輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，形成以(yi)(yi)聯合系(xi)統為特(te)點的(de)(de)新時期。1973年(nian)，瑞士BBC公(gong)司制(zhi)造(zao)的(de)(de)130萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)雙(shuang)軸發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)在美國肯(ken)勃(bo)蘭電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)投入(ru)運(yun)行。蘇聯于(yu)1981年(nian)制(zhi)造(zao)并投運(yun)世界(jie)(jie)(jie)上(shang)(shang)容(rong)量(liang)最大(da)的(de)(de)120萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)單軸汽輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。到1977年(nian)，美國已(yi)有120座裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)百(bai)(bai)(bai)萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)大(da)型火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。1985年(nian)，蘇聯有百(bai)(bai)(bai)萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)59座。1983年(nian)，日本(ben)有百(bai)(bai)(bai)萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)32座，其中鹿兒島電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)總容(rong)量(liang)440萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa) ，是(shi)世界(jie)(jie)(jie)上(shang)(shang)最大(da)的(de)(de)燃油電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。世界(jie)(jie)(jie)上(shang)(shang)設計容(rong)量(liang)最大(da)的(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)是(shi)巴(ba)西和巴(ba)拉(la)圭合建的(de)(de)伊(yi)泰普水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，設計容(rong)量(liang)1260萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)，采用70萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，與運(yun)行中的(de)(de)世界(jie)(jie)(jie)最大(da)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)美國大(da)古力水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)世界(jie)(jie)(jie)最大(da)水(shui)輪(lun)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)70萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)容(rong)量(liang)相(xiang)等。世界(jie)(jie)(jie)上(shang)(shang)最大(da)的(de)(de)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)是(shi)日本(ben)福島核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，容(rong)量(liang)是(shi)909.6萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)。

總裝機容量幾百萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦的(de)大(da)型水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、大(da)型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)建(jian)成，促進了超高(gao)、特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、直流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)發展。1935年(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)首(shou)次將(jiang)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級(ji)從110～220千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)提高(gao)到287千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)，出現了超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1952年(nian)，瑞典建(jian)成二分裂導線的(de)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1959年(nian)，蘇(su)(su)(su)聯(lian)建(jian)成500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)，長850千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)的(de)三(san)分裂導線輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1965～1969年(nian)，加拿大(da)、蘇(su)(su)(su)聯(lian)和(he)美國(guo)(guo)先后建(jian)成735 、750和(he)765千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1985年(nian)，蘇(su)(su)(su)聯(lian)首(shou)次建(jian)成1150 千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)，輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離890千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)，美國(guo)(guo)正研究1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)和(he)1500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，意(yi)大(da)利研究1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，日(ri)本建(jian)設(she)250千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)長1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)。高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（HVDC），瑞典、美國(guo)(guo)、蘇(su)(su)(su)聯(lian)分別(bie)采(cai)用±100、±450 、±750千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，后者輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離2414千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)，輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)600萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。到1985年(nian)，全(quan)世界已有18個國(guo)(guo)家、32個直流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)投運，總輸(shu)(shu)送容量2000萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。

中國電力發展階段

一、第一階段計(ji)劃經濟時期（1949-1978年）

自(zi)1949年到(dao)1978年，中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)力(li)歷(li)史分(fen)別(bie)有燃料工(gong)(gong)業(ye)部、電(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)部、水(shui)利(li)電(dian)力(li)部三(san)個(ge)階段。在燃料部與(yu)電(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)部階段，電(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)執行集中(zhong)管(guan)理(li)的方法；時至水(shui)利(li)電(dian)力(li)部，電(dian)力(li)與(yu)水(shui)利(li)又(you)經歷(li)了分(fen)散與(yu)集中(zhong)各兩次不同管(guan)理(li)，卻(que)始終擺脫不了一個(ge)魔(mo)咒-----一分(fen)就亂，一收(shou)就危。

1、燃(ran)料工(gong)業部(bu)時(shi)期（1949-1955年）。建國后，在(zai)中央領導下，電力(li)實行集中管制(zhi)與統一調(diao)控。成(cheng)立了電力(li)工(gong)業部(bu)。但是當時(shi)的電力(li)工(gong)業部(bu)只能直接管理(li)少數電廠，大部(bu)分(fen)電廠都(dou)實行軍官。有地(di)方各大軍區管理(li)。

1950年左右，各地軍管(guan)電(dian)廠逐步將權力(li)回歸到電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部(bu)。電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部(bu)成立六大(da)區域電(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)部(bu)門，對電(dian)力(li)集(ji)中壟斷垂(chui)直管(guan)理(li)，政企(qi)合一。

2、電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業部時期(qi)（1955年(nian)-1958年(nian)）。1955年(nian)7月，全國人大(da)一(yi)致通過(guo)撤銷老燃料工業部，成立煤炭(tan)、電(dian)(dian)力(li)、石油工業部。電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業部成立以后(hou)，各(ge)地方(fang)成立輔助機構。加強(qiang)管理(li)體制。并將水利(li)部門(men)的一(yi)些權力(li)集中過(guo)來。從(cong)而形成中央跟(gen)地方(fang)雙重(zhong)領導的格局。

3、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)電力(li)部(bu)時(shi)期（1958-1966年(nian)）。1958年(nian)黨中央召開會議，定了(le)調調。要大力(li)發展(zhan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)工程。在長(chang)期發展(zhan)來(lai)看，認為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)比電力(li)還(huan)要重要。于是順(shun)乎(hu)時(shi)勢(shi)，將水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)部(bu)與電力(li)部(bu)合并為(wei)電力(li)工業部(bu)。

4、"文化大(da)革命"時期（1966年(nian)-1978年(nian)）。1966年(nian)"文化大(da)革命"開始后，水利電力(li)部(bu)再次實行軍(jun)(jun)管(guan)，電力(li)管(guan)理權力(li)再一次落入地方手中。1970年(nian)，軍(jun)(jun)官結束。水利電力(li)部(bu)有革命委員(yuan)會領(ling)導。1975年(nian)革委會結束領(ling)導，權力(li)再一次恢(hui)復到水利電力(li)部(bu)。

文革對電力造(zao)成的破壞應(ying)驗了一放(fang)就亂(luan)的魔咒。對中國電力工業(ye)近乎(hu)造(zao)成了不(bu)可逆轉的傷害。

1975年水利電(dian)(dian)力部恢復后，周總理提出加快發(fa)展電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)的倡導。為祖國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力事業(ye)撥亂反正，從(cong)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)再次集中(zhong)的中(zhong)央。

二、第二階段，摸著(zhu)石頭過(guo)河（1979-1997年(nian)）

從1978年(nian)黨的十一(yi)屆三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)全會(hui)以后，中(zhong)(zhong)國的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業體制進(jin)入了(le)(le)改(gai)革探索(suo)時期(qi)。在此期(qi)間中(zhong)(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管理(li)部(bu)(bu)門又經(jing)過四次變(bian)更，即第二(er)次成(cheng)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)，第二(er)次成(cheng)立(li)水(shui)利電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)(bu)，成(cheng)立(li)能(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)，最后第三(san)次成(cheng)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業管理(li)體制改(gai)革方(fang)面(mian)。曾研究過全面(mian)包干經(jing)濟責(ze)任制，簡(jian)政(zheng)放權、自(zi)負(fu)盈(ying)虧(kui)、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)方(fang)案，最后成(cheng)立(li)了(le)(le)華能(neng)集(ji)團公司及各大區的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)團公司，這一(yi)時期(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)改(gai)革朝著國務(wu)院提出的"政(zheng)企分(fen)開，省為實體，聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，統(tong)一(yi)調度，集(ji)資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)"的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體制改(gai)革原(yuan)則(ze)進(jin)行。

1、第二(er)次(ci)成立電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部(bu)（1979-1982年(nian)）1979年(nian)2月(yue)，國務院(yuan)決定撤消(xiao)水利電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)，成立電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部(bu)和水利部(bu)，這是我國第二(er)次(ci)成立電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部(bu)。

2、第二(er)次成(cheng)立水(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部（1982-1988年）1982年3月，五屆四次全國(guo)人(ren)民代表大會再次將水(shui)利、電(dian)力(li)兩部合(he)并成(cheng)立水(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部。這次合(he)并之后，接(jie)受以往的經(jing)驗教(jiao)訓，繼(ji)續沿著電(dian)力(li)工業集中統(tong)一的方(fang)向發展。

在水利(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)期間，黨(dang)中央、國(guo)務院十分(fen)重視電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)和(he)發展，1986年5月國(guo)務院召開會議研(yan)究電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)問題，6月電(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)小組提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了《加快電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)發展的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)方(fang)案(an)（草(cao)案(an)）》的(de)(de)(de)報告，提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了五項(xiang)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)措施和(he)五項(xiang)政策。1987年9月14日(ri)，李鵬副總(zong)理提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)原則是："政企(qi)分(fen)開，省為實(shi)體(ti)，聯合電(dian)(dian)網，統一(yi)調度，集資辦電(dian)(dian)”和(he)因地制(zhi)宜的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)針。在此之前(qian)，水利(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)曾提(ti)出(chu)(chu)全面包干的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)責任制(zhi)，簡政放權以(yi)及自負盈虧、以(yi)電(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議。1988年7月1日(ri)起進行華(hua)東電(dian)(dian)網體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)試(shi)點，分(fen)別成(cheng)立(li)華(hua)東電(dian)(dian)力(li)聯合公(gong)司和(he)上海市(shi)(shi)、江蘇(su)省、浙(zhe)江省、安(an)徽省電(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司，同時保留華(hua)東電(dian)(dian)業(ye)管(guan)理局(ju)和(he)省（市(shi)(shi)）電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)局(ju)名(ming)稱(cheng)，實(shi)行雙軌制(zhi)運行，以(yi)創(chuang)造條件實(shi)現政企(qi)分(fen)開。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)體制(zhi)改革和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，需要(yao)有相應(ying)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)體制(zhi)改革相配套，在這(zhe)段時間里(li)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設投資(zi)(zi)(zi)體制(zhi)最大的變化是由(you)撥款(kuan)改為貸(dai)款(kuan)；由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價嚴重(zhong)偏低(di)，為了解決電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)不足，主(zhu)要(yao)采取了建(jian)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設基金、賣用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)權(quan)和集資(zi)(zi)(zi)辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)辦法。為節(jie)約(yue)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設中普通(tong)開(kai)展(zhan)了降低(di)造價，縮短建(jian)設周期；基本建(jian)設項目投資(zi)(zi)(zi)包干責(ze)任制(zhi)和招投標(biao)制(zhi)度。為彌補投資(zi)(zi)(zi)不足，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)還率(lv)先利用外資(zi)(zi)(zi)，成立(li)華能國際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)公司；發(fa)(fa)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設債券和適(shi)當提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)折舊。這(zhe)些措施打破了獨家辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的局(ju)面，出(chu)現了多渠道、多元化投資(zi)(zi)(zi)辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的局(ju)面，加(jia)快了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。

3、能源部時期（1988-1993年(nian)）

1988年5月，七屆一次全國人民代表大會決定，撤消水(shui)利(li)電力(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)，把電力(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工作并入新成(cheng)立(li)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)，能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)承擔(dan)電力(li)(li)行政和企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)職能(neng)(neng)。1988年5月22日，能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)正式(shi)成(cheng)立(li)，同年12月成(cheng)立(li)中(zhong)國電力(li)(li)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)聯合會，在(zai)網(wang)省(sheng)電力(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)局(ju)(ju)、電力(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)局(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)基礎上成(cheng)立(li)電力(li)(li)集團公司和省(sheng)電力(li)(li)公司。由此，實現了電力(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)行政管(guan)(guan)理(li)、企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)和行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自律(lv)性管(guan)(guan)理(li)職能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)初步分開(kai)，在(zai)電力(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體制改革(ge)中(zhong)邁出(chu)了堅實的(de)(de)一步。

最(zui)早組建的(de)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)是中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)是全民(min)所(suo)有制的(de)實業(ye)(ye)、金融(rong)、貿(mao)易(yi)、科(ke)技(ji)(ji)和(he)服務(wu)相結(jie)合的(de)多功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、綜合性(xing)的(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)集團(tuan)。是由(you)華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)電(dian)力(li)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)精煤(mei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)原材料公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、中國(guo)(guo)（華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)）工程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術開發(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)金融(rong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)綜合利用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)實業(ye)(ye)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)服務(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)等九個(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)以(yi)及原水電(dian)部(bu)歸口(kou)管(guan)理的(de)華(hua)(hua)電(dian)技(ji)(ji)術開發(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)電(dian)綜合利用(yong)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)電(dian)工程(cheng)建設公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)電(dian)南方（集團(tuan)）等四(si)個(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)的(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)聯(lian)合組建的(de)。這個(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)由(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)與國(guo)(guo)家計委共同管(guan)理，以(yi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)為主，是我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)1988年(nian)組建的(de)第一(yi)個(ge)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。

大區和(he)(he)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)力工業的(de)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)化(hua)改組(zu)分兩步進行(xing)(xing)。第一步是(shi)從1988年(nian)開始到1990年(nian)止，將大區電(dian)業管理局改組(zu)為聯(lian)合電(dian)力公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)，將省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)力工業局改組(zu)為省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)力公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。國務院電(dian)力工業管理體(ti)制改革(ge)方案(an)明確規定(ding)：省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)力公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)和(he)(he)聯(lian)合電(dian)力公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)都是(shi)獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)核算、自負(fu)盈虧的(de)實體(ti)，具有法人地位。電(dian)網內各(ge)發供電(dian)單位的(de)資產(chan)關系(xi)不變。聯(lian)合電(dian)力公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)由能源部歸口管理，在(zai)國家計劃中實行(xing)(xing)單列。非(fei)跨省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)網的(de)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)力局，要逐(zhu)(zhu)步改建為省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)力公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)，獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)經營(ying)，由能源部和(he)(he)省(sheng)(sheng)人民政府(fu)雙重(zhong)領(ling)導(dao)，并(bing)接受(shou)委(wei)托行(xing)(xing)使所在(zai)地區電(dian)力工業行(xing)(xing)業管理職能。改革(ge)方案(an)要求各(ge)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)要落實，健全各(ge)種形式的(de)承包經營(ying)責任制，逐(zhu)(zhu)步實行(xing)(xing)股份(fen)制，采用售(shou)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)物質消耗工資含量(liang)(liang)包干辦法。獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)電(dian)廠均可獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)核算，與(yu)電(dian)網訂立(li)(li)經濟合同，接受(shou)電(dian)網統一調度，非(fei)獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)電(dian)廠按現行(xing)(xing)規定(ding)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)。這項改革(ge)到1990年(nian)6月(yue)基本完成。

第(di)二步(bu)是1991年(nian)(nian)底到1993年(nian)(nian)初，組建(jian)大型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)。1991年(nian)(nian)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)14日國務(wu)院(yuan)批(pi)準的(de)(de)第(di)一批(pi)試點(dian)的(de)(de)55個大型(xing)企業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，能源(yuan)部(bu)有7個，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)占6個，即華(hua)能集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、東(dong)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)東(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)和西(xi)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)，全部(bu)都是跨地區的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公司。1992年(nian)(nian)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)10日，能源(yuan)部(bu)向國家計委(wei)、國家體(ti)改委(wei)、國務(wu)院(yuan)經(jing)貿(mao)辦(ban)上報關(guan)于(yu)同意(yi)組建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國東(dong)北(bei)、華(hua)東(dong)、華(hua)北(bei)、華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)的(de)(de)函，隨(sui)后又(you)報送了同意(yi)組建(jian)西(xi)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)的(de)(de)函，經(jing)批(pi)準后，于(yu)1993年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)11日華(hua)北(bei)、東(dong)北(bei)、華(hua)東(dong)、華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西(xi)北(bei)五(wu)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)宣告(gao)成立。

4、第三次成立電力工業(ye)部（1993-1997年(nian)）

1993年3月，八屆第一(yi)次全國(guo)人(ren)(ren)民代表大會通過決議，撤消能(neng)源部(bu)，第三次成立電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)部(bu)。國(guo)務(wu)院批準(zhun)的組(zu)建電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)的指導思想是(shi)："政(zheng)企職責分開，大力(li)(li)簡政(zheng)放權(quan)，由(you)部(bu)門管理(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)向行業(ye)管理(li)(li)(li)，加強(qiang)規劃、協調、監(jian)督、服務(wu)職能(neng)；精簡內(nei)設機構和編制(zhi)(zhi)，合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)配置職能(neng)，提(ti)高宏觀(guan)管理(li)(li)(li)水平；實(shi)事求(qiu)是(shi)，平穩過渡，合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)分流富裕人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)。"要(yao)求(qiu)在堅(jian)持(chi)"政(zheng)企分開，省為實(shi)體(ti)，聯(lian)合(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，統一(yi)調度，集資辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)"和"因(yin)地因(yin)網制(zhi)(zhi)宜"的方針指引下，下放和轉(zhuan)移對企業(ye)人(ren)(ren)、財、物及經營管理(li)(li)(li)的職能(neng)，加強(qiang)宏觀(guan)管理(li)(li)(li)的職能(neng)，由(you)于國(guo)務(wu)院批準(zhun)的文(wen)件(jian)明確要(yao)求(qiu)支持(chi)辦(ban)好五大電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集團，各電(dian)(dian)(dian)管局(ju)(ju)和省電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局(ju)(ju)仍維(wei)持(chi)現行體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)，所以在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)部(bu)時期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改革沒有顯著的變化。

電(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部成(cheng)立后(hou)，繼續保留中國電(dian)力企業(ye)(ye)聯合會，作為(wei)全國電(dian)力企業(ye)(ye)、事業(ye)(ye)電(dian)位的(de)(de)聯合組織，其(qi)性質不變，由電(dian)力部歸口管理(li)。華能(neng)集團實(shi)行以電(dian)力部為(wei)主(zhu)與(yu)國家計(ji)委雙重領導(dao)的(de)(de)體(ti)制。另(ling)外(wai)，在葛洲壩(ba)(ba)工(gong)程局的(de)(de)基礎上，成(cheng)立了(le)葛洲壩(ba)(ba)集團公司。

為(wei)確保三(san)峽(xia)工程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設的順利進(jin)行，1993年1月(yue)3日國(guo)務院決定成立國(guo)務院三(san)峽(xia)工程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設委員會(hui)，同時(shi)成立中國(guo)長江三(san)峽(xia)工程(cheng)開發總公司，全面負責三(san)峽(xia)工程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設和經營。1994年12月(yue)14日，三(san)峽(xia)工程(cheng)正式開工建(jian)(jian)設。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部成立后，根據(ju)國(guo)家體(ti)改委(wei)等部門有關(guan)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)試點辦法的(de)(de)規(gui)定，于1993年9月(yue)印發了《電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)試點暫(zan)行(xing)(xing)規(gui)定》，規(gui)定明確電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和發電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)都可(ke)以(yi)進行(xing)(xing)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)改造(zao)，具備條件的(de)(de)經主管部門同意后，可(ke)以(yi)到國(guo)（境）外(wai)發行(xing)(xing)股(gu)票，債券；但電(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司(si)（指(zhi)發、供電(dian)(dian)一(yi)體(ti)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)）實行(xing)(xing)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)應以(yi)公(gong)有制(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主體(ti)，保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)力(li)集團公(gong)司(si)、省(sheng)（區、市）電(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司(si)在企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)控股(gu)地(di)位(wei)。1994年8月(yue)4日，山(shan)東華能發電(dian)(dian)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)有限公(gong)司(si)股(gu)票在美國(guo)紐約(yue)(yue)證券交易所掛(gua)牌上市，成為(wei)中國(guo)首家直接去美國(guo)紐約(yue)(yue)上市的(de)(de)大(da)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，隨(sui)后中國(guo)有一(yi)大(da)批(pi)發電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在國(guo)內外(wai)上市。

中國電力工(gong)業經(jing)過(guo)30年(nian)碰壁，與20年(nian)摸著石頭過(guo)河，最后終于走上(shang)了穩(wen)定發展的道路。時(shi)至2013年(nian)，電監會又并(bing)入(ru)了能源(yuan)局。電網已拆(chai)分(fen)為國家(jia)電網與南方電網兩家(jia)。已經(jing)走上(shang)了改(gai)放給(gei)(gei)市(shi)場的權力放給(gei)(gei)市(shi)場，政企分(fen)離的合理發展道路。 

2015年9月中國與伊朗簽署了大(da)宗電力和能(neng)源(yuan)合作協議，進(jin)一步推(tui)動雙邊合作，尤(you)其是加(jia)強在電力和能(neng)源(yuan)領域的合作。 

2015年11月18日，中國電機工(gong)程學會發布(bu)了“十(shi)三五(wu)”電力科(ke)(ke)技重(zhong)大技術(shu)方向研究(jiu)(jiu)報告，提出未來5年中國電力科(ke)(ke)技領域將重(zhong)點(dian)開展(zhan)9個重(zhong)大技術(shu)方向、38項(xiang)關(guan)鍵技術(shu)研究(jiu)(jiu)工(gong)作。

相關政策

2014年中國電(dian)力市(shi)場發展(zhan)戰(zhan)略(lve)

進(jin)入21世(shi)紀以來，電(dian)力(li)(li)市場就面(mian)臨著(zhu)巨大的沖擊，尤其是在全(quan)球金融危機的影(ying)響下(xia)，電(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)業所面(mian)對(dui)的機遇和挑戰(zhan)也(ye)變(bian)得(de)(de)更多。為了提高電(dian)力(li)(li)銷(xiao)量(liang)，保證企業在競爭中(zhong)立于不(bu)敗之(zhi)(zhi)地，并對(dui)企業進(jin)行(xing)具有前(qian)瞻性的分析，國(guo)家(jia)采取有效策略不(bu)斷擴(kuo)寬電(dian)力(li)(li)市場就顯得(de)(de)尤為重要(yao)。據(ju)中(zhong)國(guo)產業洞(dong)察(cha)網了解，國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)門已經逐步認(ren)識(shi)到了電(dian)力(li)(li)市場實(shi)現擴(kuo)大的重要(yao)意義，明確了電(dian)力(li)(li)是國(guo)家(jia)基礎行(xing)業之(zhi)(zhi)一，并盡可能的采取行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)有效的對(dui)策予以完(wan)善。

一、轉變思(si)想，樹立競爭意識

企(qi)業(ye)(ye)生存的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)是市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)，思想(xiang)又是行(xing)動的(de)先導，為了(le)(le)擴(kuo)展電力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)一定(ding)要轉變以(yi)往的(de)思想(xiang)觀(guan)念，明確以(yi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)為主體的(de)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)策略，堅持(chi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)導向作用(yong)。在(zai)(zai)此基(ji)礎(chu)上，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)還(huan)要樹立競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)意識，培養(yang)效益(yi)觀(guan)念，加強(qiang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)管(guan)理，并結合黨中央的(de)政策規章，使企(qi)業(ye)(ye)形成良好的(de)信譽和形象，增(zeng)強(qiang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)凝聚力，讓市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)消費者(zhe)信任企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，從而最大(da)限度的(de)拓寬電力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)。例如，在(zai)(zai)國家提(ti)出西(xi)部大(da)開發(fa)戰略后，云南某(mou)電力企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就立足整體，抓(zhua)住(zhu)機(ji)遇，樹立了(le)(le)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)意識，并不斷(duan)完善自身(shen)的(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)形象，在(zai)(zai)機(ji)遇面(mian)前(qian)沒有錯過，準(zhun)確掌握了(le)(le)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)定(ding)位，擴(kuo)寬了(le)(le)電力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)，取得了(le)(le)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)經濟效益(yi)。

二、健(jian)全完善電(dian)力市場規(gui)章制度

想要(yao)做(zuo)好任(ren)何事情都要(yao)有健全(quan)完善的規(gui)(gui)章(zhang)制度作基礎(chu)，電(dian)力市場(chang)的有效擴展(zhan)(zhan)也是如此(ci)。由(you)于以往(wang)計劃經濟體(ti)(ti)(ti)制的束縛，再加上(shang)人們思想觀(guan)念的局限性，就使得我國(guo)(guo)有關電(dian)力市場(chang)的規(gui)(gui)章(zhang)制度不夠健全(quan)。在新時(shi)期背景下(xia)，為(wei)了(le)有效拓(tuo)展(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)力市場(chang)，黨和(he)國(guo)(guo)家一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)健全(quan)完善相應的規(gui)(gui)章(zhang)制度，以《電(dian)力法》和(he)相關法律為(wei)依據，結合當前的具體(ti)(ti)(ti)情況予以進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)完善。具體(ti)(ti)(ti)來說(shuo)，要(yao)細化(hua)電(dian)力市場(chang)的準入規(gui)(gui)則，明(ming)確電(dian)價，規(gui)(gui)范企業(ye)的行為(wei)，并制定配(pei)套的監督管理(li)法規(gui)(gui)，明(ming)確違法的具體(ti)(ti)(ti)懲罰措施(shi)，從而規(gui)(gui)范企業(ye)行為(wei)，保(bao)證市場(chang)的公開性和(he)科學(xue)性，凈(jing)化(hua)電(dian)力市場(chang)，確保(bao)其進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)拓(tuo)展(zhan)(zhan)。

三(san)、建立以用戶為(wei)核心的電力市(shi)場(chang)并拓展新市(shi)場(chang)

想(xiang)要(yao)增加社會用電數(shu)量，并逐步拓展電力市場，就要(yao)堅持(chi)供電以客(ke)戶(hu)為(wei)(wei)核心(xin)，根據用戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)需求構(gou)建電力市場。首先，電力企(qi)(qi)業要(yao)保(bao)證供電質量，質量是市場得以拓寬的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)因素(su)之一，質量過硬，才(cai)能爭取(qu)到(dao)更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)用戶(hu)；其次，在工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，要(yao)堅持(chi)“預防為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，安(an)(an)全第(di)一”的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則，在保(bao)證電能質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，也要(yao)確(que)保(bao)安(an)(an)全生產，定(ding)期對供電設施(shi)進行(xing)檢(jian)查(cha)維修，避免出現(xian)安(an)(an)全隱患，逐步提(ti)高(gao)設施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用年限；最(zui)后，要(yao)完善(shan)企(qi)(qi)業自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)水平，樹立為(wei)(wei)用戶(hu)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)念，創新服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)意識，并定(ding)期對客(ke)戶(hu)進行(xing)走訪調查(cha)，了解(jie)他們對電能供應的(de)(de)(de)(de)滿意度，從而找到(dao)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)不足，滿足客(ke)戶(hu)需要(yao)。

眾(zhong)所(suo)周知(zhi)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)區(qu)域(yu)分配不(bu)協調(diao)(diao)，各地區(qu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)數量存在(zai)(zai)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)東(dong)部和東(dong)南(nan)沿海地區(qu)。想要拓展(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場，就一定要打破這種不(bu)平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)結構(gou)，開(kai)辟新興市場。對此(ci)，企(qi)業(ye)可(ke)(ke)以建立(li)跨區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)不(bu)同區(qu)域(yu)間進(jin)行有(you)效(xiao)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)，并加大宏(hong)觀調(diao)(diao)控力度來(lai)平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)價。此(ci)外(wai)，企(qi)業(ye)也可(ke)(ke)以借鑒(jian)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)經驗(yan)，開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)政策(ce)促銷活動(dong)，實行以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代油、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代柴(chai)、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代煤等形(xing)式，并加強對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)、熱泵設備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)熱鍋爐等產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣，從而逐(zhu)步增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)市場消費(fei)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占有(you)率。例如，一旦進(jin)入(ru)夏季(ji)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)長江(jiang)以南(nan)地區(qu)使(shi)用空調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量就會大幅提高(gao)，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)也會增加。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)針對這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)，對蓄冰制冷空調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價方面實行了相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)惠政策(ce)，企(qi)業(ye)可(ke)(ke)以利用這一特點逐(zhu)步拓寬市場，提高(gao)經濟效(xiao)益。

四、提高員工素質能力

電力(li)(li)(li)市場(chang)的(de)有(you)效拓展要依靠(kao)企業(ye)員(yuan)工的(de)業(ye)務能力(li)(li)(li)和綜(zong)合素質(zhi)來完成，隨(sui)著社會主義市場(chang)經(jing)濟的(de)全面(mian)開放(fang)，以及(ji)現代化技術的(de)逐步興起，給(gei)電力(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)員(yuan)工素質(zhi)能力(li)(li)(li)提出了更高(gao)的(de)要求(qiu)。想要有(you)效拓寬電力(li)(li)(li)市場(chang)，企業(ye)就一(yi)定要培(pei)養高(gao)素質(zhi)、高(gao)能力(li)(li)(li)的(de)員(yuan)工。

第一，企(qi)業要提高企(qi)業人員的技(ji)術水平(ping)，堅(jian)持(chi)先進(jin)設備的引進(jin)，并逐(zhu)步完善(shan)他(ta)們的技(ji)術能(neng)力。第二(er)，堅(jian)持(chi)實(shi)施“引進(jin)來與走(zou)出去”并存的發(fa)展(zhan)戰略，加(jia)強員工(gong)之間的交(jiao)流(liu)和合作(zuo)，派遣有能(neng)力的員工(gong)對(dui)外學習交(jiao)流(liu)。第三，企(qi)業要定(ding)期組織人員培訓，做好(hao)崗位(wei)選拔工(gong)作(zuo)，在保證員工(gong)具有高能(neng)力的基礎上，還要完善(shan)他(ta)們的道(dao)德(de)素質，樹立他(ta)們為企(qi)業服(fu)務的理念，從(cong)而進(jin)一步拓展(zhan)電力市場。 [4]

電力發展“十(shi)三五”規劃

11月7日(ri)，《電(dian)力發(fa)展“十(shi)三(san)五”規劃(hua)》發(fa)布，對我們有以下指導意義。

要科學認識(shi)我國的(de)電力(li)發展(zhan)空間：根據《規(gui)劃》，到(dao)2020年，我國人均(jun)裝(zhuang)機突破1.4千(qian)(qian)瓦，人均(jun)用電量5000千(qian)(qian)瓦時(shi)(shi)左右(you)，接(jie)近中等發達國家(jia)水平。電力(li)在能(neng)(neng)源中的(de)比重應(ying)該越(yue)來越(yue)大，也就是能(neng)(neng)源要走向電氣化，特別在終端能(neng)(neng)源中，以(yi)電的(de)形(xing)式用能(neng)(neng)比重要提(ti)(ti)高，而非電的(de)形(xing)式如直(zhi)接(jie)燃煤等則不(bu)斷減少。《規(gui)劃》提(ti)(ti)出的(de)2020年人均(jun)用電量5000千(qian)(qian)瓦時(shi)(shi)左右(you)與(yu)2020年GDP水平相適應(ying)，今后還有一定的(de)發展(zhan)空間。

未來煤電(dian)發展應趨嚴：在經濟(ji)新常態(tai)下，能(neng)源(yuan)也進入(ru)新常態(tai)，表現是能(neng)源(yuan)隨著經濟(ji)的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)也在增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)，但(dan)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)速度趨緩。我們要認識到，可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)、核(he)電(dian)以及天然(ran)氣發電(dian)等低碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)能(neng)力(li)的(de)提高，應該能(neng)滿足(zu)新常態(tai)下電(dian)力(li)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)需(xu)求。退一步而言，假(jia)若低碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)能(neng)力(li)不足(zu)，仍需(xu)增(zeng)(zeng)加煤電(dian)的(de)發電(dian)量，提升煤電(dian)的(de)發電(dian)小時數也能(neng)做到。

把儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)基礎(chu)研究做扎實(shi)(shi)：儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)在能(neng)(neng)源科技(ji)上堪稱(cheng)顛覆性的(de)(de)且(qie)是(shi)占領戰略制高(gao)點(dian)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)。儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)如(ru)果在未來有(you)實(shi)(shi)質性的(de)(de)進展(zhan)，就可(ke)以有(you)效解決棄(qi)風(feng)、棄(qi)光甚(shen)至(zhi)棄(qi)水的(de)(de)問(wen)題。要使間歇(xie)式的(de)(de)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源實(shi)(shi)現規模化發展(zhan)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)關鍵，而且(qie)高(gao)能(neng)(neng)量、高(gao)密度的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)非常(chang)利(li)于新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源汽車(che)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)。另(ling)外，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)對微網(wang)建設也至(zhi)關重(zhong)要。至(zhi)此，我們應(ying)該充(chong)分認識到：儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)可(ke)以實(shi)(shi)現多方面(mian)用途的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)。

清潔、低(di)(di)碳(tan)、綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)是(shi)這輪變(bian)革(ge)的(de)主要(yao)(yao)方向：“十二(er)五”期(qi)間我(wo)國提出(chu)了能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)革(ge)命，經(jing)過(guo)兩年的(de)時間，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)革(ge)命已經(jing)取得了重大的(de)進(jin)展。因此，“十三五”將在這一基礎之(zhi)上(shang)不(bu)斷(duan)推進(jin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)域的(de)變(bian)革(ge)，基本的(de)要(yao)(yao)求就是(shi)使能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)更(geng)加清潔、綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)、低(di)(di)碳(tan)。而且(qie)，這一變(bian)革(ge)不(bu)僅是(shi)中國發展到現階段提出(chu)的(de)必然要(yao)(yao)求，也是(shi)全球能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)變(bian)革(ge)的(de)方向。在我(wo)看來(lai)，電(dian)力的(de)清潔、低(di)(di)碳(tan)、綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)包(bao)含兩層(ceng)含義：一是(shi)對煤(mei)電(dian)的(de)清潔化利用和改造(zao)；二(er)是(shi)盡(jin)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)多地增加可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)量。總體而言(yan)，對煤(mei)炭進(jin)行清潔化利用是(shi)較低(di)(di)層(ceng)次(ci)的(de)解(jie)決(jue)方案，更(geng)高層(ceng)次(ci)的(de)解(jie)決(jue)方案是(shi)發展綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)低(di)(di)碳(tan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)替代煤(mei)炭。不(bu)過(guo)，從(cong)較低(di)(di)層(ceng)次(ci)轉(zhuan)向更(geng)高層(ceng)次(ci)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)一個過(guo)程，這中間需(xu)要(yao)(yao)適度增加天然氣(qi)發電(dian)來(lai)作為過(guo)渡(du)，再發展到大規模的(de)可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，逐步形成綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)低(di)(di)碳(tan)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)體系。

碳(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)將(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)重要控制指標：碳(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)將(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)業一個(ge)很(hen)重要的(de)控制指標。《規劃》中提出了煤電(dian)(dian)機組二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)強度降至865克(ke)/千瓦(wa)時(shi)的(de)目標。此外，《“十三五(wu)”控制溫室氣體排(pai)放(fang)工作方(fang)案(an)》里也提到(dao)，到(dao)2020年(nian)(nian)，大(da)型發電(dian)(dian)集團(tuan)單位供電(dian)(dian)二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)控制在550克(ke)二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)(tan)/千瓦(wa)時(shi)以(yi)內(nei)。這意味著我國一大(da)部分發電(dian)(dian)企業的(de)煤電(dian)(dian)比例不能超過(guo)50%，這個(ge)要求是很(hen)高的(de)。總體來(lai)(lai)看，五(wu)大(da)發電(dian)(dian)集團(tuan)由于近年(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai)已經在大(da)力(li)(li)布局可(ke)再生能源，要完(wan)成(cheng)這個(ge)任務(wu)(wu)基本沒有太大(da)難度，但一些地方(fang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司可(ke)能就(jiu)壓力(li)(li)比較(jiao)大(da)。如果完(wan)不成(cheng)，到(dao)時(shi)候就(jiu)要通(tong)過(guo)購買碳(tan)(tan)指標、參(can)與(yu)碳(tan)(tan)交(jiao)易的(de)方(fang)式來(lai)(lai)完(wan)成(cheng)任務(wu)(wu)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替代是(shi)時代進(jin)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)：《規劃》重(zhong)點提(ti)(ti)到，到2020年電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)占(zhan)終端(duan)(duan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消費比重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)提(ti)(ti)升至27%。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，燃燒(shao)煤(mei)炭(tan)、石油是(shi)造成大(da)(da)氣污染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)因素(su)，尤其散煤(mei)燃燒(shao)危害更(geng)大(da)(da)。每(mei)噸散煤(mei)燃燒(shao)排放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)物是(shi)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)燃煤(mei)排放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)5~10倍，對大(da)(da)氣污染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻率高達(da)50%左右。另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，天然(ran)氣雖然(ran)較煤(mei)炭(tan)而言更(geng)為清潔，但它在(zai)(zai)利用(yong)過程中也(ye)會(hui)(hui)釋放(fang)一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)氮氧(yang)化(hua)物，氮氧(yang)化(hua)物也(ye)是(shi)形成灰霾(mai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)原因之一(yi)(yi)。因此，提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)終端(duan)(duan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)，對防治大(da)(da)氣污染(ran)確實大(da)(da)有裨益(yi)。另外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替代不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)在(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消費終端(duan)(duan)比重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，更(geng)是(shi)時代進(jin)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)。從發達(da)國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)終端(duan)(duan)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)來看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)比也(ye)非常高。我國(guo)要(yao)(yao)進(jin)入現(xian)代化(hua)社會(hui)(hui)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源系統(tong)、用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)方(fang)(fang)式也(ye)要(yao)(yao)和發達(da)國(guo)家接(jie)近。“十一(yi)(yi)五(wu)”、“十二五(wu)”時期，我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)精力(li)是(shi)解決用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)已經做(zuo)到了寬裕(yu)，這個(ge)時候提(ti)(ti)出(chu)大(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替代也(ye)具備現(xian)實基(ji)礎。