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產生方式

當(dang)今是(shi)互聯網的時代，我們(men)仍(reng)然對電(dian)(dian)力(li)有著持續增長的需求(qiu)，因為我們(men)發明了電(dian)(dian)腦、家電(dian)(dian)等更多(duo)使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)的產(chan)品(pin)。不可否認新(xin)技術的不斷出現使(shi)得電(dian)(dian)力(li)成為人們(men)的必需品(pin)。

電(dian)力的產生方式主(zhu)要有(you)：火(huo)力發電(dian)（煤等可(ke)燃燒(shao)物(wu)）、太陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)、大容量風力發電(dian)技術、核能(neng)發電(dian)、氫能(neng)發電(dian)、水利發電(dian)等。

21世紀能(neng)源科學(xue)(xue)將為(wei)人類文明(ming)再(zai)創輝煌，例如，燃(ran)料電池是(shi)(shi)將氫、天然氣、煤氣、甲醇(chun)、肼(jing)等燃(ran)料的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)能(neng)直接轉換成電能(neng)的(de)(de)一類化(hua)學(xue)(xue)電源；生(sheng)物質能(neng)是(shi)(shi)以生(sheng)物質為(wei)載體(ti)的(de)(de)能(neng)量，生(sheng)物質能(neng)的(de)(de)高效和清潔(jie)利用技術也得(de)到極大發展。

發電方式

火力發電

一、優勢：

燃(ran)料容易獲(huo)取，熱(re)機效率(lv)高(gao)，調峰較易實現，建設(she)成本低(di)，容易與(yu)冶金、化工(gong)、水泥等(deng)高(gao)能耗工(gong)業形成共生產(chan)業鏈(lian)。

二、弊端：

煙氣污染：煤炭直接燃燒排(pai)放的SO2、NOx等(deng)酸性氣體不斷(duan)增長(chang)，使(shi)我國(guo)很多地區酸雨量增加。全國(guo)每年產(chan)生140萬噸SO2。

粉塵污染：對(dui)電站附近(jin)環境造(zao)成粉煤灰污染，對(dui)人們(men)的生(sheng)活及植物的生(sheng)長造(zao)成不良影響(xiang)。全國每年(nian)產生(sheng)1500萬噸(dun)煙塵。

資源消耗(hao)：發電的汽輪機(ji)通常(chang)選(xuan)用水(shui)作為(wei)冷卻介(jie)質(zhi)，一座100萬千瓦火力發電廠每(mei)日的耗(hao)水(shui)量約為(wei) 十萬噸(dun)(dun)。全國每(mei)年(nian)消耗(hao)5000萬噸(dun)(dun)標準(zhun)。

核能發電

一、優勢：基本不受自然資(zi)源產地限制(zhi)，運(yun)行(xing)成本低，無溫(wen)室氣體(ti)排放(fang)。

二、要用反應堆產生核能(neng)，需要解決以下10個(ge)問(wen)題：

為核裂變鏈式反(fan)應提供必要的條(tiao)件(jian)，使之得(de)以進行。

鏈式反應必須能(neng)由人(ren)通過一定裝置進行控制。失去(qu)控制的裂變能(neng)不僅不能(neng)用于發電，還會釀成災害。

裂變反(fan)應(ying)產生的能(neng)量要(yao)能(neng)從反(fan)應(ying)堆中安全取出。

裂變反應中產(chan)生的中子和放射性物質(zhi)對人體危害很大，必須設法避免(mian)它們對核電站(zhan)工作人員(yuan)和附近居(ju)民的傷害。

核能電廠會產生高低階放射性廢料，或者是使用過之核燃料，雖然所占體積不大，但(dan)因具有放射線(xian)，故必須(xu)慎(shen)重處理，且需面(mian)對相當大的政治困擾。

核能發(fa)電廠(chang)熱效率較低，因而比一般(ban)化石燃料電廠(chang)排放(fang)更多廢熱到環境里(li)，故核能電廠(chang)的熱污染(ran)較嚴重。

核能電廠(chang)投資成本太(tai)大，電力公(gong)司的財(cai)務風險較高。

核能電廠較(jiao)不適宜(yi)做尖峰、離峰之隨載(zai)運轉。

興建核電廠較易引發政(zheng)治(zhi)歧見紛爭。

核(he)電廠的反應器內有(you)大量的放射性物質(zhi)，如(ru)果在事故中釋放到外界(jie)環境，會對生態及民眾造(zao)成傷害。

核電(dian)在正常情況(kuang)下固然(ran)是干凈(jing)的，但萬一發生核泄漏，后果同樣是可怕(pa)的。前蘇聯切爾諾貝利(li)核電(dian)站事故，已使900萬人受到了不同程(cheng)度的損(sun)害，而且這(zhe)一影響(xiang)并(bing)未(wei)終止。

水力發電

優勢：幾乎完全無污染，運營成(cheng)本低，便于調峰，可再生，有航運、水利等邊際(ji)效益。

弊端：水力發電要(yao)(yao)淹沒大量土地(di)，有(you)可能(neng)導致(zhi)生態環境破壞，而且(qie)大型水庫一(yi)(yi)旦塌崩，后果(guo)將不堪設想。另外，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)國(guo)家(jia)的(de)水力資源也是有(you)限的(de)，而且(qie)還要(yao)(yao)受(shou)季節的(de)影響。

風力發電

優勢：無環(huan)境(jing)污染，運行(xing)成(cheng)本低，可再生。

弊(bi)端：噪聲，視覺污染。占用(yong)大片土地及林地，對植被破(po)壞大。不(bu)穩定，不(bu)可控。成(cheng)本仍然很高(gao)。

太陽能光伏發電

優勢：運行無污染(ran)，可再(zai)生，設備小型(xing)化，適合非集中(zhong)供電。

電力輸送

傳輸

電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)傳輸和變電(dian)(dian)(dian)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)、用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)起(qi)，構(gou)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的(de)整體功能(neng)。通過輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)，把相距甚遠(yuan)的(de)（可達數千(qian)千(qian)米）發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和負荷中心聯系(xi)起(qi)來(lai)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)開發和利用(yong)超越地(di)域的(de)限(xian)制。和其他(ta)能(neng)源的(de)傳輸（如輸煤、輸油等）相比(bi)，輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)損耗小、效益(yi)高、靈活方便、易于調控、環境污染少；輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)還可以將(jiang)不同(tong)地(di)點的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠連接(jie)起(qi)來(lai)，實行(xing)峰谷(gu)調節。輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)利用(yong)優越性(xing)的(de)重要體現(xian)，在現(xian)代(dai)化社會中，它是重要的(de)能(neng)源動脈。

輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路按結構形式(shi)可(ke)分為架(jia)空(kong)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路和(he)地下輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路。前者(zhe)由(you)線(xian)路桿塔、導(dao)線(xian)、絕(jue)緣子等構成(cheng)(cheng)，架(jia)設在地面(mian)上；后者(zhe)主要用電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，敷設在地下（或水下）。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)按所送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)性質可(ke)分為直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。19世(shi)紀80年代首(shou)先成(cheng)(cheng)功地實現了(le)(le)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后因(yin)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)提不高的(de)限制（輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量大體與(yu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)平方(fang)成(cheng)(cheng)比例(li)）19世(shi)紀末為交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所取代。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)功，迎來(lai)了(le)(le)20世(shi)紀電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化時(shi)代。20世(shi)紀60年代以來(lai)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術的(de)發展，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)又有新發展，與(yu)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)相配(pei)合(he)，形成(cheng)(cheng)交(jiao)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)混合(he)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統。

輸電(dian)電(dian)壓的(de)高(gao)低是輸電(dian)技術發展水平的(de)主要(yao)標志。到20世(shi)紀90年(nian)代，世(shi)界各(ge)國常(chang)用輸電(dian)電(dian)壓有220千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及以(yi)上(shang)的(de)高(gao)壓輸電(dian)330～765千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)的(de)超高(gao)壓輸電(dian)，1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及以(yi)上(shang)的(de)特高(gao)壓輸電(dian)。

變電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統中，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)將天(tian)然的(de)一次能(neng)(neng)(neng)源轉變(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)遠(yuan)方的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)戶(hu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為了(le)(le)減小輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)損(sun)耗(hao)及線路阻抗壓降(jiang)，需要(yao)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升高(gao)；為了(le)(le)滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)戶(hu)安全的(de)需要(yao)，又要(yao)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降(jiang)低，并分配給(gei)各個(ge)用(yong)戶(hu)，這就需要(yao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)升高(gao)和(he)(he)(he)降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，并能(neng)(neng)(neng)分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所。所以變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統中通(tong)過(guo)其變(bian)(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、接受和(he)(he)(he)分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工裝(zhuang)置，它是聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)中間環(huan)節，同時通(tong)過(guo)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所將各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)起來(lai)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所的(de)作用(yong)是變(bian)(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，傳輸(shu)和(he)(he)(he)分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置、二次系(xi)(xi)(xi)統及必要(yao)的(de)附屬設備組成(cheng)。

變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)變電(dian)(dian)所的(de)(de)中心設(she)備，變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)利用的(de)(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應原理。配電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)是(shi)變電(dian)(dian)所中所有的(de)(de)開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、載流(liu)導體輔助(zhu)設(she)備連(lian)接在一起(qi)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。其作用是(shi)接受和分配電(dian)(dian)能。配電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)主要由母線(xian)、高(gao)壓斷路器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)開關(guan)、電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)線(xian)圈、互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、避雷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、高(gao)壓熔斷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、二次設(she)備及(ji)必要的(de)(de)其他輔助(zhu)設(she)備所組成。

二次設備是指一次系(xi)統(tong)狀態測量(liang)、控制、監察(cha)和保(bao)護的設備裝(zhuang)置。由這(zhe)些設備構成的回(hui)路叫二次回(hui)路，總稱二次系(xi)統(tong)。

二次系統(tong)的設備(bei)包含測(ce)量裝置(zhi)、控制裝置(zhi)、繼電保護裝置(zhi)、自動控制裝置(zhi)、直(zhi)流系統(tong)及必要(yao)的附屬(shu)設備(bei)。

電壓等級

電力(li)系統電壓等(deng)級(ji)有220V、380V（0.4 kV）、3 kV、6 kV、10 kV、20 kV、35 kV、66 kV、110 kV、220 kV、330 kV、500 kV、750kV、1000kV。隨著電機制造工藝的提高，10 kV電動機已(yi)批量生產，所以3 kV、6 kV已(yi)較少使用，20 kV、66 kV也很少使用。供電系統以10 kV、35 kV為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。輸配電系統以110 kV以上(shang)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。發(fa)(fa)電廠(chang)發(fa)(fa)電機有6 kV、10 kV與20kV三(san)種，以20 kV為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，用戶均為(wei)(wei)220V、380V（0.4 kV）低壓系統。

根據《城市(shi)電(dian)力網(wang)規定(ding)(ding)設計規則》規定(ding)(ding)：輸電(dian)網(wang)為(wei)1000kV、500 kV、330 kV、220 kV、110kV，高壓配電(dian)網(wang)為(wei)110kV、66kV，中壓配電(dian)網(wang)為(wei)20kV、10kV、6 kV，低壓配電(dian)網(wang)為(wei)0.4 kV（220V/380V）。

發(fa)電(dian)廠發(fa)出6 kV或(huo)10 kV電(dian)，除發(fa)電(dian)廠自己(ji)用(yong)（廠用(yong)電(dian)）之外(wai)，也可以用(yong)10 kV電(dian)壓送給發(fa)電(dian)廠附近(jin)用(yong)戶，10 kV供電(dian)范(fan)圍為(wei)(wei)10Km、35 kV為(wei)(wei)20~50Km、66 kV為(wei)(wei)30~100Km、110 kV為(wei)(wei)50~150Km、220 kV為(wei)(wei)100~300Km、330 kV為(wei)(wei)200~600Km、500 kV為(wei)(wei)150~850Km。

變配電站

電力(li)系統各(ge)種電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)級均通(tong)過(guo)電力(li)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器來轉換(huan)，電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升高(gao)為(wei)升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器（變(bian)(bian)電站為(wei)升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)站），電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)低為(wei)降(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器（變(bian)(bian)電站為(wei)降(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)站）。一(yi)種電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)另一(yi)種電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的選用(yong)兩個(ge)線圈(quan)（繞組）的雙圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器，一(yi)種電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)兩種電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的選用(yong)三(san)個(ge)線圈(quan)（繞組）的三(san)圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。

變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站除升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)與降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)之分外，還以規模大小分為樞(shu)紐站，區(qu)域(yu)(yu)站與終端站。樞(shu)紐站電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級(ji)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為三(san)個(ge)（三(san)圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器），550kV /220kV /110kV。區(qu)域(yu)(yu)站一(yi)(yi)般(ban)也有三(san)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級(ji)（三(san)圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器），220 kV /110kV /35kV或(huo)110kV /35kV /10kV。終端站一(yi)(yi)般(ban)直接接到用戶(hu)，大多(duo)數為兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級(ji)（兩圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器）110kV /10 kV或(huo)35 kV /10 kV。用戶(hu)本身(shen)的變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站一(yi)(yi)般(ban)只有兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級(ji)（雙圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器）110 kV /10kV、35kV /0.4kV、10kV /0.4kV，其中以10kV /0.4kV為最多(duo)。

接線方案

1）一次接線種類

變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)一次回路接線(xian)(xian)(xian)是指(zhi)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路進入變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)之后，所有電(dian)(dian)(dian)力設備（變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器及進出線(xian)(xian)(xian)開關(guan)等）的相(xiang)互連接方式。其接線(xian)(xian)(xian)方案有：線(xian)(xian)(xian)路變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器組，橋形接線(xian)(xian)(xian)，單(dan)母線(xian)(xian)(xian)，單(dan)母線(xian)(xian)(xian)分段(duan)，雙母線(xian)(xian)(xian)，雙母線(xian)(xian)(xian)分段(duan)，環網供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等。

2）線路變壓器組

變電(dian)站只(zhi)有一路(lu)進線與一臺變壓器，而且再無發展的情況下采用線路(lu)變壓器組(zu)接線。

3）橋形接線

有(you)兩路(lu)進(jin)線(xian)(xian)、兩臺變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)，而且再(zai)沒有(you)發(fa)展的情況下，采用橋形接線(xian)(xian)。針對變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)，聯(lian)絡(luo)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)在兩個(ge)進(jin)線(xian)(xian)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)之內(nei)為內(nei)橋接線(xian)(xian)，聯(lian)絡(luo)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)在兩個(ge)進(jin)線(xian)(xian)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)之外(wai)為外(wai)橋接線(xian)(xian)。

4）單母線

變(bian)電站進(jin)出線(xian)(xian)較多時(shi)，采(cai)用單母(mu)線(xian)(xian)，有(you)兩(liang)路進(jin)線(xian)(xian)時(shi)，一般(ban)一路供(gong)電、一路備(bei)用（不(bu)同時(shi)供(gong)電），二者可設(she)備(bei)用電源互自(zi)投，多路出線(xian)(xian)均由一段母(mu)線(xian)(xian)引(yin)出。

5）單母線分段

有(you)兩(liang)路(lu)(lu)以(yi)上(shang)進線(xian)，多路(lu)(lu)出線(xian)時，選用(yong)單母線(xian)分段(duan)(duan)，兩(liang)路(lu)(lu)進線(xian)分別(bie)接到兩(liang)段(duan)(duan)母線(xian)上(shang)，兩(liang)段(duan)(duan)母線(xian)用(yong)母聯開(kai)關連接起來。出線(xian)分別(bie)接到兩(liang)段(duan)(duan)母線(xian)上(shang)。

單母(mu)線分段運行方(fang)式(shi)比較多。一般為一路主供，一路備(bei)用(yong)（不合(he)閘），母(mu)聯合(he)上(shang)，當主供斷電(dian)時(shi)，備(bei)用(yong)合(he)上(shang)，主供、備(bei)用(yong)與母(mu)聯互鎖。備(bei)用(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)容量較小時(shi)，備(bei)用(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)合(he)上(shang)后，要(yao)斷開一些出(chu)線。這是比較常用(yong)的一種運行方(fang)式(shi)。

對于特別重要的負(fu)荷，兩路進線均(jun)為主供(gong)，母(mu)聯(lian)開關(guan)斷開，當(dang)一(yi)路進線斷電(dian)時，母(mu)聯(lian)合(he)上，來電(dian)后斷開母(mu)聯(lian)再合(he)上進線開關(guan)。

單(dan)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)分(fen)段(duan)也有利于(yu)變電(dian)站(zhan)內(nei)部檢(jian)修，檢(jian)修時可以停(ting)掉一段(duan)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)，如果是單(dan)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)不(bu)分(fen)段(duan)，檢(jian)修時就要全站(zhan)停(ting)電(dian)，利用旁(pang)路(lu)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)可以不(bu)停(ting)電(dian)，旁(pang)路(lu)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)只(zhi)用于(yu)電(dian)力(li)系統變電(dian)站(zhan)。

6）雙母線

雙(shuang)(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)主要用于(yu)發電廠及(ji)大(da)型變電站，每路線(xian)(xian)路都由一個斷(duan)路器(qi)經過兩(liang)個隔離(li)開關分(fen)別接到兩(liang)條母(mu)線(xian)(xian)上，這樣在母(mu)線(xian)(xian)檢修(xiu)時，就可以利用隔離(li)開關將線(xian)(xian)路倒在一條件(jian)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)上。雙(shuang)(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)也有分(fen)段(duan)(duan)與不分(fen)段(duan)(duan)兩(liang)種，雙(shuang)(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)分(fen)段(duan)(duan)再(zai)加旁路斷(duan)路器(qi)，接線(xian)(xian)方(fang)式復雜，但檢修(xiu)就非常方(fang)便了，停電范圍可減少。

二次回路

1）二次回路種(zhong)類

變配電站二次回(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)：測量(liang)、保護(hu)、控制與信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)回(hui)路(lu)部分。測量(liang)回(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)：計量(liang)測量(liang)與保護(hu)測量(liang)。控制回(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)：就地手動合(he)分閘、防跳聯鎖、試驗、互投(tou)聯鎖、保護(hu)跳閘以(yi)及(ji)合(he)分閘執行(xing)部分。信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)回(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)開關運(yun)行(xing)狀(zhuang)態信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)、事故跳閘信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)與事故預告信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)。

2）測量回路

測(ce)量(liang)(liang)回(hui)路分為電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)路與(yu)電(dian)(dian)壓回(hui)路。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)路各(ge)種設備(bei)串(chuan)聯于(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)二次側（5A），電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)是將原邊負荷電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)統一變為5A測(ce)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。計量(liang)(liang)與(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)分別用各(ge)自(zi)的(de)互(hu)(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)（計量(liang)(liang)用互(hu)(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)精(jing)度(du)要求高），計量(liang)(liang)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)串(chuan)接于(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)以及電(dian)(dian)度(du)表(biao)，功率表(biao)與(yu)功率因數表(biao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)串(chuan)接于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子。微機保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)一般將計量(liang)(liang)及保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)集(ji)中于(yu)一體，分別有計量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子與(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子。

電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)測量回路，220/380V低壓(ya)(ya)系統(tong)(tong)直接接220V或380V，3KV以(yi)(yi)上(shang)高壓(ya)(ya)系統(tong)(tong)全部經過(guo)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)互感器將各種(zhong)等級的高電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)為(wei)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)的100V電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)電(dian)度表(biao)(biao)、功(gong)率(lv)表(biao)(biao)與(yu)功(gong)率(lv)因數表(biao)(biao)的電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)線圈經其端(duan)子并接在100V電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)母線上(shang)。微機保護單元計量電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與(yu)保護電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)為(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)端(duan)子。

3）控制回路

（1）合分閘回(hui)路

合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)通過(guo)合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)轉(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)(kai)關進(jin)(jin)行(xing)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)，常(chang)規保護為(wei)提示操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)人員及事(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)報警(jing)需(xu)要，轉(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)(kai)關選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)預(yu)合(he)(he)-合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)-合(he)(he)后及預(yu)分(fen)-分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)-分(fen)后的(de)多檔(dang)轉(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)(kai)關。以(yi)使(shi)利用(yong)(yong)不對(dui)應接(jie)線進(jin)(jin)行(xing)合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)提示與事(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)報警(jing)，國家(jia)已有(you)標(biao)準(zhun)圖(tu)設計(ji)。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)微(wei)機(ji)保護以(yi)后，要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)遠(yuan)分(fen)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)后，還要到就(jiu)地進(jin)(jin)行(xing)轉(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)(kai)關對(dui)位(wei)(wei)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)，這就(jiu)失去了遠(yuan)分(fen)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)意(yi)義，所以(yi)應取消不對(dui)應接(jie)線，選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)中間自復(fu)位(wei)(wei)的(de)只有(you)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)與分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)的(de)三檔(dang)轉(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)(kai)關。

（2）防跳回路

當合閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)出(chu)現(xian)故(gu)障時進(jin)行分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)，或短路(lu)(lu)(lu)事故(gu)未排除(chu)，又進(jin)行合閘(zha)(zha)（誤操作(zuo)），這(zhe)時就會出(chu)現(xian)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)反復合分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)，不(bu)僅容易引起(qi)(qi)或擴(kuo)大事故(gu)，還(huan)會引起(qi)(qi)設備(bei)損壞或人身事故(gu)，所(suo)以(yi)高(gao)壓開(kai)(kai)關控制回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)應設計(ji)防跳。防跳一般選(xuan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流啟(qi)動，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)線(xian)圈(quan)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流線(xian)圈(quan)串接(jie)(jie)(jie)于分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)作(zuo)為啟(qi)動線(xian)圈(quan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓線(xian)圈(quan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)于合閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，作(zuo)為保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)線(xian)圈(quan)，當分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流線(xian)圈(quan)經(jing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)起(qi)(qi)動。如果合閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)有故(gu)障，或處于手動合閘(zha)(zha)位(wei)置，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓線(xian)圈(quan)起(qi)(qi)啟(qi)動并通過其常(chang)開(kai)(kai)接(jie)(jie)(jie)點自(zi)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)，其常(chang)閉接(jie)(jie)(jie)點馬上(shang)(shang)斷開(kai)(kai)合閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，保(bao)(bao)證斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)過程(cheng)中不(bu)能馬上(shang)(shang)再合閘(zha)(zha)。防跳繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)還(huan)可以(yi)通過其常(chang)開(kai)(kai)接(jie)(jie)(jie)點將電(dian)(dian)(dian)流線(xian)圈(quan)自(zi)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)，這(zhe)樣可以(yi)減輕保(bao)(bao)護繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)出(chu)口接(jie)(jie)(jie)點斷開(kai)(kai)負荷，也減少(shao)了保(bao)(bao)護繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)時間要求。

有些微機(ji)(ji)保護(hu)裝置(zhi)自(zi)己已具(ju)有防跳(tiao)(tiao)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，這樣就可(ke)以不再(zai)(zai)設計(ji)防跳(tiao)(tiao)回路。斷(duan)路器操作機(ji)(ji)構選用(yong)彈簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)時(shi)，如果選用(yong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)后(hou)可(ke)以進(jin)行一次(ci)合閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)與(yu)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的彈簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)操作機(ji)(ji)構（也(ye)有用(yong)于(yu)重合閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)后(hou)可(ke)以進(jin)行二次(ci)合閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)與(yu)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的彈簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)操作機(ji)(ji)構），因(yin)為(wei)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)一般都要求10秒左右(you)，當(dang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)關(guan)經(jing)常處于(yu)斷(duan)開(kai)位置(zhi)時(shi)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)一次(ci)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，合完之(zhi)后(hou)，將儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)關(guan)再(zai)(zai)處于(yu)斷(duan)開(kai)位置(zhi)，可(ke)以跳(tiao)(tiao)一次(ci)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)；跳(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)之(zhi)后(hou)，要手動儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)后(hou)才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)進(jin)行合閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，此時(shi)，也(ye)可(ke)以不再(zai)(zai)設計(ji)防跳(tiao)(tiao)回路。

（3）試驗與(yu)互投聯鎖與(yu)控制

對于手車開關柜，手車推出后要進(jin)行斷路器合分閘試(shi)驗(yan)，應(ying)(ying)設計合分閘試(shi)驗(yan)按鈕。進(jin)線與母聯斷路，一般應(ying)(ying)根據要求進(jin)行互(hu)投聯鎖或控制。

（4）保護跳閘

保護跳閘出(chu)口(kou)經(jing)過(guo)連接片接于跳閘回路，連接片用于保護調(diao)試，或運行過(guo)程中解(jie)除某些保護功能。

（5）合分閘回路

合分閘回路為經合分閘母線為操作機構提供電源，以及其控制回路，一般都應單獨畫出(chu)。

4）信號回路

（1）開(kai)關運行狀態(tai)信(xin)號(hao)由合閘(zha)與(yu)分閘(zha)指示兩個裝(zhuang)于開(kai)關柜(ju)上的(de)信(xin)號(hao)燈(deng)組成(cheng)：經過操(cao)作轉換(huan)開(kai)關不對(dui)應接線(xian)后接到正(zheng)(zheng)電(dian)源(yuan)上。采用微機保護后，轉換(huan)開(kai)關取消(xiao)了不對(dui)應接線(xian)，所以信(xin)號(hao)燈(deng)正(zheng)(zheng)極可以直接接到正(zheng)(zheng)電(dian)源(yuan)上。

（2）事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)有事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)跳閘(zha)與事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)預(yu)告兩種(zhong)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)跳閘(zha)報警也要通(tong)過轉化開(kai)關(guan)不對應后(hou)，接(jie)到(dao)(dao)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)跳閘(zha)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)母線上，再引到(dao)(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)預(yu)告信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)通(tong)過信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電(dian)器接(jie)點(dian)(dian)引到(dao)(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。采(cai)用微機(ji)(ji)保護后(hou)，將(jiang)斷路器操作機(ji)(ji)構輔助接(jie)點(dian)(dian)與信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電(dian)器的接(jie)點(dian)(dian)分別(bie)接(jie)到(dao)(dao)微機(ji)(ji)保護單元(yuan)的開(kai)關(guan)量(liang)輸入端子，需要有中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)時，如果微機(ji)(ji)保護單元(yuan)可(ke)以(yi)提供事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)跳閘(zha)與事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)預(yu)告輸出接(jie)點(dian)(dian)，可(ke)將(jiang)其引到(dao)(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。否則，應利用信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電(dian)器的另一對接(jie)點(dian)(dian)引到(dao)(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。

（3）中(zhong)央(yang)信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)為安裝于值班室內的集(ji)中(zhong)報(bao)警(jing)(jing)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，由(you)事(shi)故(gu)跳閘(zha)與事(shi)故(gu)預告兩(liang)套聲(sheng)光報(bao)警(jing)(jing)組成，光報(bao)警(jing)(jing)用(yong)光字(zi)牌(pai)，不用(yong)信號(hao)燈(deng)，光字(zi)牌(pai)分集(ji)中(zhong)與分散兩(liang)種。采用(yong)變(bian)電站綜(zong)合自(zi)動化系(xi)(xi)統(tong)后(hou)，可以不再設計(ji)(ji)中(zhong)央(yang)信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，或將其簡化，只(zhi)設計(ji)(ji)集(ji)中(zhong)報(bao)警(jing)(jing)作為計(ji)(ji)算機報(bao)警(jing)(jing)的后(hou)備報(bao)警(jing)(jing)。

歷史沿革

發展歷史

1875年(nian)(nian)，巴黎北火車站建成世(shi)界(jie)上第(di)一座火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)，為(wei)附近照明(ming)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)舊(jiu)金山實驗電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)開始發電(dian)(dian)，是世(shi)界(jie)上最早(zao)出售電(dian)(dian)力(li)的電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)。80年(nian)(nian)代，在英國(guo)(guo)和美國(guo)(guo)建成世(shi)界(jie)上第(di)一批水電(dian)(dian)站。1913年(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)界(jie)的年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)量達 500億千瓦時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)已作為(wei)一個獨(du)立(li)的工業(ye)部門(men)，進入人類的生(sheng)產(chan)活動領域。

20世(shi)紀30、40年(nian)(nian)代(dai)，美國(guo)(guo)成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)的(de)先進國(guo)(guo)家(jia)，擁有20萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)機組31臺，容(rong)量(liang)(liang)為30萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)中(zhong)型(xing)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠9座。同一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期，水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組達(da)5～10萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)。1934年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)開工(gong)興建的(de)大(da)(da)古(gu)力水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，計劃容(rong)量(liang)(liang)是 888萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，1941年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到1980年(nian)(nian)裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)達(da)649萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa) ，至80年(nian)(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)期一(yi)(yi)直是世(shi)界(jie)上最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。1950年(nian)(nian)，全(quan)世(shi)界(jie)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)至9589億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi) ，是1913年(nian)(nian)的(de)19倍。50 、60、70年(nian)(nian)代(dai)，平均年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)長率(lv)分(fen)別為9.4%、8.0%、5.3% 。1950～1980年(nian)(nian)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)增(zeng)長7.9倍，平均年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)長率(lv)7.6%，約相(xiang)當于每10年(nian)(nian)翻一(yi)(yi)番。1986年(nian)(nian)，全(quan)世(shi)界(jie)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 20.3% ，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)63.7%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)15.6%；美國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)11.4%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)72.1%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.0%；前蘇聯(lian)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 13.5%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)76.4%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)10.1%；日本(ben)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)12.9%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)61.8%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25.1%；中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)21.0%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)79.0%。世(shi)界(jie)上核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比重最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)是法國(guo)(guo)，1989年(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)74.6%。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、水、火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速(su)差異顯著(zhu)。國家(jia)統計局于(yu)公布了2010年1-8月工(gong)業企業利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)數據(ju)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力生(sheng)產與(yu)供(gong)應業整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額936.1億，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長119%；細(xi)分行(xing)業來看(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額為220.0億，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長-17.8%；水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額248.4億，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長45.9%；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額380.0億，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長655%。從環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)數據(ju)看(kan)，2010年6-8月，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力生(sheng)產與(yu)供(gong)應業整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額462億，環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長37%；細(xi)分行(xing)業看(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)6-8月利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額50.5億，環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)降56%；水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)6-8月利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額206.4億，環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長307%；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應6-8月利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額168.1億，環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長28%。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應業利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速(su)的(de)大幅度提高主(zhu)要由于(yu)09年四季度銷售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價的(de)調整(zheng)(zheng)以及銷售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)逐季增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加所導(dao)致。從下(xia)(xia)游主(zhu)要耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業來看(kan)，除鋼鐵外，化工(gong)、建材、有色(se)行(xing)業利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額均顯著(zhu)超過07-08年的(de)同(tong)期水平，特別(bie)是建材。從環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)數據(ju)看(kan)，除建材行(xing)業外，其他(ta)高耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)有所下(xia)(xia)滑。

2010三(san)季度(du)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)利潤大幅度(du)增長。由于2010年三(san)季度(du)來(lai)水(shui)好(hao)于往年，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量也(ye)明顯增加，2010年6-8月水(shui)電(dian)(dian)利潤總(zong)額206億，同比增長96%。隨著國(guo)家(jia)對水(shui)電(dian)(dian)開發(fa)正面態度(du)的明朗，我們預計(ji)國(guo)家(jia)對水(shui)電(dian)(dian)開發(fa)的支持政策將(jiang)逐步出臺，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)企業投資價值(zhi)也(ye)將(jiang)逐步明晰。

20世(shi)(shi)紀70年(nian)(nian)代，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業進入以(yi)大(da)機(ji)(ji)組、大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)、超(chao)高壓以(yi)至(zhi)特高壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，形成以(yi)聯合系統為特點的(de)(de)(de)新時期。1973年(nian)(nian)，瑞士BBC公司制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)130萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦雙軸發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組在美國肯勃蘭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)投(tou)入運(yun)行(xing)(xing)。蘇聯于1981年(nian)(nian)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)并投(tou)運(yun)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)120萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦單軸汽輪發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組。到1977年(nian)(nian)，美國已(yi)有(you)120座(zuo)裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)。1985年(nian)(nian)，蘇聯有(you)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦以(yi)上(shang)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)59座(zuo)。1983年(nian)(nian)，日本有(you)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)32座(zuo)，其(qi)中鹿兒島電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)總容(rong)量(liang)(liang)440萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦，是(shi)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)燃油電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)。世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)設計容(rong)量(liang)(liang)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是(shi)巴(ba)西和巴(ba)拉(la)圭合建的(de)(de)(de)伊(yi)泰普水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，設計容(rong)量(liang)(liang)1260萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦，采(cai)用70萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦機(ji)(ji)組，與(yu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)中的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)最大(da)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)美國大(da)古力水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)最大(da)水輪機(ji)(ji)組70萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦容(rong)量(liang)(liang)相等。世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是(shi)日本福島核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，容(rong)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)909.6萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。

總裝機容(rong)量(liang)幾百萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦的(de)大型(xing)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、大型(xing)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)建(jian)成，促進了超(chao)高(gao)、特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、直流輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)聯(lian)(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)發展(zhan)。1935年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)首(shou)次將輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級從(cong)110～220千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)提高(gao)到287千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，出(chu)現了超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典(dian)建(jian)成二(er)分(fen)裂導線(xian)的(de)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)。1959年(nian)(nian)(nian)，蘇(su)(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)建(jian)成500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)，長(chang)850千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米的(de)三分(fen)裂導線(xian)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)。1965～1969年(nian)(nian)(nian)，加拿(na)大、蘇(su)(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)和(he)美(mei)國(guo)先(xian)后(hou)(hou)建(jian)成735 、750和(he)765千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)。1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)，蘇(su)(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)首(shou)次建(jian)成1150 千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)，輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離(li)890千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米，美(mei)國(guo)正(zheng)研究(jiu)1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)1500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，意大利研究(jiu)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，日本建(jian)設250千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米長(chang)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)。高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（HVDC），瑞典(dian)、美(mei)國(guo)、蘇(su)(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)分(fen)別(bie)采用±100、±450 、±750千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，后(hou)(hou)者輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離(li)2414千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米，輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)600萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。到1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)，全世界已(yi)有18個(ge)國(guo)家、32個(ge)直流輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)投(tou)運(yun)，總輸(shu)(shu)送(song)容(rong)量(liang)2000萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。

中國電力發展階段

一、第一階段計劃經濟時(shi)期（1949-1978年(nian)）

自1949年到(dao)1978年，中(zhong)國電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)歷(li)史分別(bie)有燃(ran)料(liao)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)、電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)、水(shui)利電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)三(san)個階(jie)段。在燃(ran)料(liao)部(bu)(bu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)階(jie)段，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)管理(li)執(zhi)行集中(zhong)管理(li)的方法；時(shi)至水(shui)利電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)與(yu)水(shui)利又經歷(li)了分散與(yu)集中(zhong)各兩次不同管理(li)，卻始終擺脫不了一(yi)(yi)個魔咒-----一(yi)(yi)分就(jiu)亂，一(yi)(yi)收就(jiu)危。

1、燃料工業(ye)部(bu)時期（1949-1955年）。建國(guo)后(hou)，在中央領導下，電(dian)力實行(xing)(xing)集(ji)中管制與統一調(diao)控。成立了電(dian)力工業(ye)部(bu)。但是(shi)當時的電(dian)力工業(ye)部(bu)只能直接(jie)管理少(shao)數(shu)電(dian)廠(chang)，大部(bu)分電(dian)廠(chang)都實行(xing)(xing)軍(jun)官。有地(di)方各大軍(jun)區管理。

1950年(nian)左右，各地軍管(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)廠逐步將權力(li)(li)回歸到電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業部(bu)。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業部(bu)成立(li)六大區域電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)門，對電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集中(zhong)壟斷(duan)垂直管(guan)(guan)理，政企合一。

2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)部時期（1955年-1958年）。1955年7月，全(quan)國人(ren)大一致通過撤銷老(lao)燃料(liao)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)部，成(cheng)立(li)煤炭(tan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)、石油工(gong)(gong)業(ye)部。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)部成(cheng)立(li)以后，各地(di)方成(cheng)立(li)輔助機構。加強管(guan)理體制。并將(jiang)水利部門的一些權力(li)集中(zhong)(zhong)過來。從而形(xing)成(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)央跟(gen)地(di)方雙重領導的格(ge)局。

3、水(shui)利(li)電力部(bu)時(shi)期(qi)（1958-1966年）。1958年黨中央(yang)召開會議，定了調調。要(yao)大力發(fa)展水(shui)利(li)工程。在長期(qi)發(fa)展來看(kan)，認為(wei)水(shui)利(li)比電力還要(yao)重(zhong)要(yao)。于是順乎時(shi)勢(shi)，將水(shui)利(li)部(bu)與(yu)電力部(bu)合并(bing)為(wei)電力工業部(bu)。

4、"文(wen)化大革命(ming)(ming)"時期（1966年-1978年）。1966年"文(wen)化大革命(ming)(ming)"開始后，水利電(dian)力(li)部(bu)再(zai)次實行軍管(guan)，電(dian)力(li)管(guan)理權(quan)(quan)力(li)再(zai)一(yi)次落入地方手中。1970年，軍官結(jie)束。水利電(dian)力(li)部(bu)有(you)革命(ming)(ming)委(wei)員會領導。1975年革委(wei)會結(jie)束領導，權(quan)(quan)力(li)再(zai)一(yi)次恢復到水利電(dian)力(li)部(bu)。

文革(ge)對電力(li)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)破壞應驗了一放就亂的(de)魔咒。對中國電力(li)工業近乎造(zao)成(cheng)了不可逆(ni)轉的(de)傷(shang)害。

1975年水利電(dian)力部恢(hui)復后，周總理(li)提出加快發展電(dian)力工業的(de)倡導。為祖國電(dian)力事業撥亂反正，從(cong)此電(dian)力工業再(zai)次集中的(de)中央。

二(er)、第(di)二(er)階段，摸著石頭過河（1979-1997年）

從1978年黨的十一屆三(san)中全(quan)會以后(hou)(hou)，中國(guo)的電(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)進入了改(gai)革探(tan)索(suo)時期。在(zai)此期間中央電(dian)力(li)(li)管(guan)理(li)部門又經(jing)過(guo)四次(ci)變更，即(ji)第(di)二次(ci)成立(li)(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)部，第(di)二次(ci)成立(li)(li)水(shui)利(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)部，成立(li)(li)能源部，最后(hou)(hou)第(di)三(san)次(ci)成立(li)(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)部。在(zai)電(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革方(fang)面(mian)。曾研究(jiu)過(guo)全(quan)面(mian)包(bao)干(gan)經(jing)濟責(ze)任制(zhi)，簡政(zheng)(zheng)放(fang)權、自(zi)負盈虧、以電(dian)養電(dian)等(deng)方(fang)案(an)，最后(hou)(hou)成立(li)(li)了華(hua)能集團(tuan)公司(si)(si)及各(ge)大區(qu)的電(dian)力(li)(li)集團(tuan)公司(si)(si)，這一時期的電(dian)力(li)(li)改(gai)革朝著國(guo)務院(yuan)提出的"政(zheng)(zheng)企分開，省為實體(ti)(ti)，聯合電(dian)網，統一調度，集資辦(ban)電(dian)"的電(dian)力(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革原則(ze)進行。

1、第(di)二次成立(li)電力(li)工業部(bu)（1979-1982年）1979年2月，國務院決定(ding)撤消水利電力(li)部(bu)，成立(li)電力(li)工業部(bu)和水利部(bu)，這是我國第(di)二次成立(li)電力(li)工業部(bu)。

2、第二次(ci)成立(li)水利(li)電力(li)(li)部（1982-1988年）1982年3月(yue)，五屆四次(ci)全國人民代表大會再次(ci)將水利(li)、電力(li)(li)兩部合(he)并(bing)成立(li)水利(li)電力(li)(li)部。這次(ci)合(he)并(bing)之后(hou)，接受以往的經驗教訓，繼續沿著電力(li)(li)工業集中統一的方向發展(zhan)。

在水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部期間(jian)，黨(dang)中央、國(guo)(guo)務院十分(fen)重視電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業的(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)和發展(zhan)，1986年5月(yue)國(guo)(guo)務院召開會議研究電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)問題，6月(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)小組提出了《加快電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業發展(zhan)的(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)方(fang)案（草案）》的(de)報告，提出了五項改(gai)(gai)革(ge)措(cuo)施和五項政策。1987年9月(yue)14日(ri)(ri)，李鵬副總理提出了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)原則是："政企分(fen)開，省(sheng)(sheng)為實體，聯合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，統一調度，集資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”和因地制(zhi)宜的(de)方(fang)針。在此之前，水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部曾提出全面(mian)包干(gan)的(de)經濟(ji)責(ze)任制(zhi)，簡政放權以及(ji)自負盈虧、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)建議。1988年7月(yue)1日(ri)(ri)起進(jin)行華(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)試(shi)點，分(fen)別(bie)成立(li)華(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)聯合(he)公(gong)司和上海市、江(jiang)蘇(su)省(sheng)(sheng)、浙江(jiang)省(sheng)(sheng)、安徽省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司，同時(shi)保留華(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業管理局和省(sheng)(sheng)（市）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業局名稱，實行雙(shuang)軌制(zhi)運行，以創造條件實現政企分(fen)開。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革和電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，需要有相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)投資(zi)體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革相(xiang)(xiang)配套(tao)，在這段時間里，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設投資(zi)體制(zhi)最大的(de)變化是由撥款改(gai)(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)貸款；由于電(dian)(dian)價嚴重偏低，為(wei)(wei)了(le)解決電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)投資(zi)不足(zu)(zu)，主要采取了(le)建(jian)(jian)立電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設基金、賣(mai)用電(dian)(dian)權和集資(zi)辦(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)等辦(ban)(ban)法。為(wei)(wei)節約投資(zi)，在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)普通開展(zhan)了(le)降低造價，縮短(duan)建(jian)(jian)設周期；基本建(jian)(jian)設項目(mu)投資(zi)包干責任制(zhi)和招投標制(zhi)度。為(wei)(wei)彌補(bu)投資(zi)不足(zu)(zu)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業還率(lv)先(xian)利用外資(zi)，成(cheng)立華(hua)能國際電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)公司；發(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設債券和適當提高電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)折舊。這些措施打破了(le)獨家辦(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)的(de)局(ju)面(mian)，出現(xian)了(le)多渠道(dao)、多元化投資(zi)辦(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)的(de)局(ju)面(mian)，加快了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。

3、能源部時期（1988-1993年）

1988年5月，七屆一次全國人民代(dai)表大會決(jue)定(ding)，撤(che)消(xiao)水利電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)，把(ba)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工作并入(ru)新(xin)成立的(de)能源部(bu)，能源部(bu)承擔電(dian)(dian)力(li)行政(zheng)和(he)企(qi)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)職(zhi)能。1988年5月22日，能源部(bu)正(zheng)式成立，同年12月成立中(zhong)國電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)聯合會，在(zai)網省電(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)局(ju)、電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)局(ju)的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上成立電(dian)(dian)力(li)集團公司和(he)省電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司。由此(ci)，實(shi)現了電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)的(de)行政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、企(qi)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)行業(ye)自律性管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)職(zhi)能的(de)初步(bu)分開，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體制改革(ge)中(zhong)邁(mai)出了堅實(shi)的(de)一步(bu)。

最早組(zu)建(jian)(jian)的集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)全民所有制的實(shi)業(ye)(ye)、金融(rong)(rong)、貿易(yi)、科技和服(fu)務(wu)相結合的多(duo)功能(neng)、綜(zong)合性的企業(ye)(ye)集(ji)團。是(shi)由華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)國(guo)(guo)際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)開發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)精煤公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)原材料公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、中國(guo)(guo)（華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)）工程技術開發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)科技發(fa)展公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)金融(rong)(rong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)綜(zong)合利(li)用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)實(shi)業(ye)(ye)開發(fa)服(fu)務(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)等(deng)九個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)以及(ji)原水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)歸口管理的華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術開發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)綜(zong)合利(li)用(yong)開發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工程建(jian)(jian)設公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)南方（集(ji)團）等(deng)四個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)的基礎上(shang)聯合組(zu)建(jian)(jian)的。這個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)由能(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)與國(guo)(guo)家計委共同管理，以能(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)為主，是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)1988年組(zu)建(jian)(jian)的第一個集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。

大區和省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)的公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)化(hua)改(gai)(gai)組(zu)分兩步(bu)進行。第(di)一(yi)步(bu)是從1988年(nian)開始到1990年(nian)止，將大區電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)管(guan)理(li)局(ju)改(gai)(gai)組(zu)為(wei)(wei)聯(lian)合(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，將省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)局(ju)改(gai)(gai)組(zu)為(wei)(wei)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)。國(guo)務院(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革方案明(ming)確規定(ding)：省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)和聯(lian)合(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)都(dou)是獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)核算、自負盈虧的實(shi)體，具有法(fa)人(ren)地位。電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)各發供電(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)位的資產關系不變(bian)。聯(lian)合(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)由(you)能源(yuan)部歸口(kou)管(guan)理(li)，在國(guo)家(jia)計(ji)劃中實(shi)行單(dan)列(lie)。非(fei)跨省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局(ju)，要(yao)逐步(bu)改(gai)(gai)建(jian)為(wei)(wei)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)經營(ying)，由(you)能源(yuan)部和省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)民政府雙重領導，并接(jie)受(shou)(shou)委托行使所在地區電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)行業(ye)管(guan)理(li)職能。改(gai)(gai)革方案要(yao)求各公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)要(yao)落實(shi)，健(jian)全各種形式的承包經營(ying)責任制(zhi)，逐步(bu)實(shi)行股份制(zhi)，采用售電(dian)(dian)(dian)量和物(wu)質(zhi)消(xiao)耗工資含量包干辦法(fa)。獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠均可獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)核算，與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)訂立(li)(li)經濟合(he)(he)同，接(jie)受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)統一(yi)調度，非(fei)獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠按(an)現行規定(ding)執(zhi)行。這項改(gai)(gai)革到1990年(nian)6月基本完成。

第二步是1991年(nian)底到1993年(nian)初(chu)，組建(jian)大(da)型電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)。1991年(nian)12月14日(ri)(ri)國(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)批(pi)準的(de)(de)第一批(pi)試(shi)點的(de)(de)55個大(da)型企(qi)業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)中(zhong)(zhong)，能源(yuan)部有7個，其中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)力(li)占6個，即華(hua)(hua)能集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)東(dong)(dong)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)和西北(bei)(bei)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)，全部都是跨地區的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)公司。1992年(nian)10月10日(ri)(ri)，能源(yuan)部向(xiang)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)計委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)體改委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)經貿辦上報關于同(tong)意(yi)組建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)、華(hua)(hua)東(dong)(dong)、華(hua)(hua)北(bei)(bei)、華(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)的(de)(de)函，隨(sui)后又報送了同(tong)意(yi)組建(jian)西北(bei)(bei)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)的(de)(de)函，經批(pi)準后，于1993年(nian)1月11日(ri)(ri)華(hua)(hua)北(bei)(bei)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)、華(hua)(hua)東(dong)(dong)、華(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)、西北(bei)(bei)五大(da)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)宣(xuan)告成立。

4、第(di)三(san)次成立電力工(gong)業部（1993-1997年）

1993年3月，八屆第一次全國(guo)人民代(dai)表(biao)大會(hui)通(tong)過決(jue)議，撤消能(neng)(neng)源部，第三次成立電力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業部。國(guo)務院(yuan)批準的(de)(de)(de)組建電力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)部的(de)(de)(de)指導思想是："政(zheng)企職(zhi)責分開(kai)，大力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)簡政(zheng)放(fang)(fang)權，由部門管理轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向行業管理，加強(qiang)規劃、協調(diao)、監督(du)、服務職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)；精簡內設機構(gou)和(he)編制，合(he)理配(pei)置職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)，提高宏觀管理水平；實(shi)事求(qiu)(qiu)是，平穩(wen)過渡，合(he)理分流富(fu)裕人員。"要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)在堅持(chi)"政(zheng)企分開(kai)，省為實(shi)體(ti)(ti)，聯合(he)電網(wang)，統一調(diao)度，集資辦電"和(he)"因地因網(wang)制宜"的(de)(de)(de)方針指引下，下放(fang)(fang)和(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移(yi)對企業人、財、物(wu)及經營管理的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)，加強(qiang)宏觀管理的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)，由于國(guo)務院(yuan)批準的(de)(de)(de)文件明確要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)支(zhi)持(chi)辦好五大電力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)集團(tuan)，各(ge)電管局和(he)省電力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)局仍維持(chi)現行體(ti)(ti)制，所以在電力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業部時期(qi)，電力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業體(ti)(ti)制改革沒有顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)變化。

電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部(bu)成立(li)后(hou)，繼續(xu)保留中國電(dian)力(li)企業(ye)聯(lian)合會，作(zuo)為全國電(dian)力(li)企業(ye)、事業(ye)電(dian)位(wei)的聯(lian)合組織(zhi)，其性質(zhi)不(bu)變，由電(dian)力(li)部(bu)歸口管理。華能集(ji)團實行(xing)以電(dian)力(li)部(bu)為主與國家(jia)計委(wei)雙重(zhong)領導的體制(zhi)。另外，在(zai)葛洲(zhou)壩工程局的基礎(chu)上，成立(li)了(le)葛洲(zhou)壩集(ji)團公司(si)。

為確保(bao)三(san)(san)峽工(gong)程建設(she)(she)的順(shun)利進行(xing)，1993年1月3日(ri)國務(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)決定成(cheng)立(li)國務(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)三(san)(san)峽工(gong)程建設(she)(she)委(wei)員會，同時成(cheng)立(li)中(zhong)國長江三(san)(san)峽工(gong)程開發總公司，全面負責三(san)(san)峽工(gong)程建設(she)(she)和(he)經(jing)營。1994年12月14日(ri)，三(san)(san)峽工(gong)程正(zheng)式(shi)開工(gong)建設(she)(she)。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)成立(li)后，根據國(guo)(guo)家(jia)體(ti)(ti)改委等部(bu)(bu)門有(you)關股份制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)試點辦(ban)法的(de)規(gui)定(ding)，于(yu)1993年(nian)9月(yue)印發(fa)(fa)了《電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)股份制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)試點暫行(xing)規(gui)定(ding)》，規(gui)定(ding)明確(que)電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)和發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)都可以進行(xing)股份制(zhi)改造，具備(bei)條(tiao)件的(de)經主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)(bu)門同意后，可以到國(guo)(guo)（境）外發(fa)(fa)行(xing)股票，債(zhai)券(quan)；但(dan)電(dian)(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司（指(zhi)發(fa)(fa)、供電(dian)(dian)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)）實行(xing)股份制(zhi)應以公(gong)(gong)有(you)制(zhi)為主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)，保證電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集團公(gong)(gong)司、省（區、市(shi)(shi)）電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司在(zai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)的(de)控股地位。1994年(nian)8月(yue)4日，山東(dong)華能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)股份有(you)限公(gong)(gong)司股票在(zai)美國(guo)(guo)紐約證券(quan)交易所(suo)掛牌上(shang)市(shi)(shi)，成為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)首(shou)家(jia)直接去(qu)美國(guo)(guo)紐約上(shang)市(shi)(shi)的(de)大型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，隨后中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)有(you)一(yi)大批發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)內外上(shang)市(shi)(shi)。

中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業經過(guo)30年(nian)碰壁，與(yu)20年(nian)摸著石頭(tou)過(guo)河，最后終于走上了(le)穩(wen)定發(fa)展的道(dao)(dao)路。時至2013年(nian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)監會(hui)又并入了(le)能源局。電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)已拆分(fen)為國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)與(yu)南方電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)兩家。已經走上了(le)改放給(gei)市(shi)場的權力放給(gei)市(shi)場，政企分(fen)離的合理發(fa)展道(dao)(dao)路。

2015年9月(yue)中國與伊朗(lang)簽(qian)署了大宗電(dian)力(li)和能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)合作(zuo)(zuo)協議，進一步推(tui)動雙邊合作(zuo)(zuo)，尤(you)其是加強在(zai)電(dian)力(li)和能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)域的合作(zuo)(zuo)。

2015年11月18日，中國電機工(gong)程學會發布了“十三五”電力科技(ji)重大技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)方(fang)向研究報(bao)告(gao)，提(ti)出未來5年中國電力科技(ji)領域將重點開展9個重大技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)方(fang)向、38項關鍵技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)研究工(gong)作(zuo)。

相關政策

2014年中國電力市場發展戰(zhan)略

進入21世紀以(yi)來，電(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)就面(mian)臨(lin)著(zhu)巨大的(de)(de)沖擊，尤其是(shi)在全球(qiu)金融危機(ji)的(de)(de)影(ying)響下，電(dian)(dian)力行(xing)業所面(mian)對(dui)的(de)(de)機(ji)遇和挑戰也變得更多。為了提高電(dian)(dian)力銷量，保證企業在競(jing)爭中立于不敗(bai)之(zhi)地，并(bing)對(dui)企業進行(xing)具有(you)前(qian)瞻性的(de)(de)分析，國家采取(qu)有(you)效策略不斷擴寬電(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)就顯得尤為重(zhong)(zhong)要。據中國產業洞察網(wang)了解，國家電(dian)(dian)力部門已經逐步認識到了電(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)實(shi)現擴大的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要意義，明確了電(dian)(dian)力是(shi)國家基礎行(xing)業之(zhi)一，并(bing)盡可能的(de)(de)采取(qu)行(xing)之(zhi)有(you)效的(de)(de)對(dui)策予以(yi)完善。

一、轉變思想，樹立競(jing)爭(zheng)意識

企(qi)業(ye)(ye)生存的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎是(shi)市(shi)場，思想又是(shi)行動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)先導，為(wei)(wei)了擴展電(dian)力(li)市(shi)場，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)一定(ding)要轉變以(yi)往的(de)(de)(de)(de)思想觀念，明確以(yi)市(shi)場為(wei)(wei)主體的(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)策(ce)略，堅(jian)持(chi)市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)導向作用。在此基礎上，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)還要樹(shu)立競(jing)爭(zheng)意識(shi)，培(pei)養效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)觀念，加強市(shi)場管理(li)，并結合黨中央(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政策(ce)規章，使企(qi)業(ye)(ye)形成良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)譽和形象，增強企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)凝聚(ju)力(li)，讓市(shi)場消費者(zhe)信(xin)(xin)任企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，從而最大限度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拓寬電(dian)力(li)市(shi)場。例如，在國(guo)家提出西部大開發戰略后，云(yun)南(nan)某電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就立足整體，抓住(zhu)機遇，樹(shu)立了競(jing)爭(zheng)意識(shi)，并不斷完善自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)形象，在機遇面前(qian)沒(mei)有錯過，準確掌握了市(shi)場定(ding)位，擴寬了電(dian)力(li)市(shi)場，取得(de)了巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)。

二、健全完善電(dian)力市場規章制(zhi)度(du)

想要(yao)做好任何事情都要(yao)有(you)健全(quan)完(wan)善的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章制度(du)作基礎，電(dian)(dian)力市場的(de)有(you)效(xiao)擴(kuo)展也是如此。由(you)于以(yi)(yi)往計(ji)劃經濟體制的(de)束縛，再(zai)加上人們思想觀(guan)念的(de)局限性(xing)，就使得我國有(you)關電(dian)(dian)力市場的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章制度(du)不夠健全(quan)。在新時期背(bei)景(jing)下(xia)，為了有(you)效(xiao)拓展電(dian)(dian)力市場，黨和國家(jia)一定要(yao)健全(quan)完(wan)善相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章制度(du)，以(yi)(yi)《電(dian)(dian)力法(fa)》和相(xiang)(xiang)關法(fa)律為依據，結合當前的(de)具體情況予以(yi)(yi)進(jin)一步完(wan)善。具體來說，要(yao)細化電(dian)(dian)力市場的(de)準(zhun)入規(gui)(gui)(gui)則，明確電(dian)(dian)價，規(gui)(gui)(gui)范企業的(de)行為，并制定配套的(de)監(jian)督(du)管理法(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)，明確違法(fa)的(de)具體懲(cheng)罰措施(shi)，從(cong)而(er)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范企業行為，保證市場的(de)公開性(xing)和科學性(xing)，凈化電(dian)(dian)力市場，確保其進(jin)一步拓展。

三、建立以用戶為(wei)核心的電力(li)市場(chang)并拓展新(xin)市場(chang)

想要(yao)(yao)增加社會用電(dian)數量(liang)，并逐步拓(tuo)展電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)，就要(yao)(yao)堅(jian)持供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)以(yi)客戶(hu)(hu)(hu)為(wei)核心(xin)，根(gen)據用戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)具體(ti)需求(qiu)構建電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)。首(shou)先，電(dian)力(li)企業(ye)要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)質量(liang)，質量(liang)是市場(chang)得(de)以(yi)拓(tuo)寬的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)因素之(zhi)一，質量(liang)過硬，才能(neng)(neng)爭取到更多的(de)(de)用戶(hu)(hu)(hu)；其次，在(zai)工作的(de)(de)具體(ti)過程中(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)堅(jian)持“預防為(wei)主(zhu)，安(an)全第一”的(de)(de)原則，在(zai)保證(zheng)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)質量(liang)的(de)(de)基礎上，也要(yao)(yao)確保安(an)全生(sheng)產，定期對(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)設(she)施進行(xing)(xing)檢查維修，避免出現安(an)全隱(yin)患，逐步提高設(she)施的(de)(de)使用年限；最后，要(yao)(yao)完善企業(ye)自身的(de)(de)服務(wu)水平，樹立為(wei)用戶(hu)(hu)(hu)服務(wu)的(de)(de)觀(guan)念，創新服務(wu)意識，并定期對(dui)客戶(hu)(hu)(hu)進行(xing)(xing)走訪調查，了解他(ta)們對(dui)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應的(de)(de)滿意度(du)，從而找(zhao)到企業(ye)的(de)(de)不足，滿足客戶(hu)(hu)(hu)需要(yao)(yao)。

眾所周知，我國(guo)區域(yu)分配不協(xie)調(diao)(diao)，各地區對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)需求數量存在(zai)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使用的(de)(de)(de)中心(xin)集中在(zai)東(dong)部和東(dong)南沿海地區。想要(yao)拓(tuo)展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)，就一(yi)定要(yao)打(da)破這(zhe)種不平衡的(de)(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結構(gou)，開辟新興市(shi)場(chang)。對(dui)此，企業可以(yi)建(jian)立跨(kua)區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)不同區域(yu)間進行有(you)效(xiao)調(diao)(diao)節，并(bing)加(jia)(jia)大(da)宏觀調(diao)(diao)控力度來平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價。此外，企業也(ye)可以(yi)借鑒國(guo)外的(de)(de)(de)先進經(jing)驗，開展(zhan)政(zheng)策促銷活動，實(shi)行以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代油、以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代柴、以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代煤等形式，并(bing)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車、熱(re)泵(beng)設備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)鍋(guo)爐等產品的(de)(de)(de)推廣，從而逐步增加(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)市(shi)場(chang)消費中的(de)(de)(de)占有(you)率。例如(ru)，一(yi)旦進入夏季，我國(guo)長江以(yi)南地區使用空調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)數量就會(hui)(hui)大(da)幅提高，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況也(ye)會(hui)(hui)增加(jia)(jia)。國(guo)家針對(dui)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)，對(dui)蓄冰制(zhi)冷空調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價方面實(shi)行了(le)相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)優惠政(zheng)策，企業可以(yi)利(li)用這(zhe)一(yi)特點逐步拓(tuo)寬市(shi)場(chang)，提高經(jing)濟效(xiao)益(yi)。

四、提高(gao)員工素質(zhi)能力(li)

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)拓(tuo)展要(yao)依靠企(qi)業(ye)(ye)員(yuan)工(gong)的(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)務能(neng)力(li)(li)和(he)綜合(he)素質來完成，隨(sui)著(zhu)社會主(zhu)義市(shi)(shi)場經濟的(de)(de)全面開放(fang)，以及現代(dai)化技術的(de)(de)逐步(bu)興起(qi)，給電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)員(yuan)工(gong)素質能(neng)力(li)(li)提出了更(geng)高的(de)(de)要(yao)求。想(xiang)要(yao)有(you)效(xiao)拓(tuo)寬電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就(jiu)一定要(yao)培養高素質、高能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)員(yuan)工(gong)。

第一，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)要(yao)提高企(qi)(qi)業(ye)人員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)技術水(shui)平，堅持先進(jin)設備的(de)(de)引進(jin)，并逐步完善(shan)他(ta)們的(de)(de)技術能力。第二，堅持實施“引進(jin)來(lai)與走出去”并存的(de)(de)發展(zhan)戰略，加強員(yuan)(yuan)工之(zhi)間的(de)(de)交流(liu)和合作，派遣有能力的(de)(de)員(yuan)(yuan)工對外(wai)學習交流(liu)。第三，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)要(yao)定期組(zu)織人員(yuan)(yuan)培(pei)訓，做好崗位(wei)選拔(ba)工作，在保證員(yuan)(yuan)工具有高能力的(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上，還要(yao)完善(shan)他(ta)們的(de)(de)道德素(su)質，樹立(li)他(ta)們為(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)服務(wu)的(de)(de)理念，從(cong)而進(jin)一步拓展(zhan)電力市場。 [4]

電力發(fa)展“十三五”規劃

11月7日，《電力發(fa)展“十三五”規劃(hua)》發(fa)布，對我們有以下指導意義。

要(yao)科學(xue)認識我(wo)國的電(dian)力(li)(li)發展空(kong)間：根(gen)據《規(gui)劃》，到2020年，我(wo)國人均(jun)裝(zhuang)機突破(po)1.4千瓦，人均(jun)用電(dian)量5000千瓦時左右(you)，接近中等發達國家(jia)水(shui)平。電(dian)力(li)(li)在(zai)能(neng)源(yuan)中的比(bi)重應該越來(lai)越大，也就是能(neng)源(yuan)要(yao)走向電(dian)氣化，特別在(zai)終端能(neng)源(yuan)中，以(yi)電(dian)的形式用能(neng)比(bi)重要(yao)提高，而非電(dian)的形式如(ru)直接燃煤等則(ze)不斷減少。《規(gui)劃》提出(chu)的2020年人均(jun)用電(dian)量5000千瓦時左右(you)與(yu)2020年GDP水(shui)平相適應，今后還有一(yi)定(ding)的發展空(kong)間。

未(wei)來煤電(dian)發(fa)展應趨嚴：在經濟(ji)新常(chang)態(tai)下，能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)也(ye)進入新常(chang)態(tai)，表現(xian)是能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)隨著經濟(ji)的(de)(de)增(zeng)長(chang)也(ye)在增(zeng)長(chang)，但增(zeng)長(chang)速度(du)趨緩。我們要認(ren)識到，可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)、核電(dian)以及天然氣發(fa)電(dian)等低(di)碳能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)提高，應該能(neng)(neng)滿足新常(chang)態(tai)下電(dian)力增(zeng)長(chang)的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)。退一步而言，假若低(di)碳能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)能(neng)(neng)力不足，仍需(xu)增(zeng)加煤電(dian)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)量，提升煤電(dian)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)小(xiao)時數也(ye)能(neng)(neng)做到。

把儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術基礎研究做扎實：儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術在能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)科技(ji)(ji)上堪稱顛(dian)覆性的(de)(de)且(qie)是(shi)占領戰略制高點的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術。儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術如(ru)果在未(wei)來有實質性的(de)(de)進(jin)展，就(jiu)可(ke)以有效解決棄風、棄光甚至棄水的(de)(de)問題。要使間歇式的(de)(de)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)實現(xian)規模化發展，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)關鍵，而且(qie)高能(neng)(neng)量(liang)、高密(mi)度(du)的(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)非常利于(yu)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)汽車的(de)(de)發展。另外，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)對微網(wang)建(jian)設也至關重要。至此，我們應該充(chong)分認識到：儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)可(ke)以實現(xian)多方(fang)面用途(tu)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術。

清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)、低(di)碳(tan)、綠色(se)(se)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)輪變(bian)(bian)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)方(fang)向(xiang)：“十(shi)二(er)五”期間(jian)我國提出了能(neng)(neng)源革命(ming)(ming)，經過(guo)(guo)兩年的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)，能(neng)(neng)源革命(ming)(ming)已經取得了重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)進展(zhan)。因此，“十(shi)三五”將在這(zhe)(zhe)一基礎之上不斷推進能(neng)(neng)源領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)革，基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)就是(shi)(shi)使能(neng)(neng)源更加清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)、綠色(se)(se)、低(di)碳(tan)。而(er)且，這(zhe)(zhe)一變(bian)(bian)革不僅是(shi)(shi)中國發(fa)展(zhan)到(dao)現(xian)階段提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)必然要(yao)求(qiu)，也是(shi)(shi)全球能(neng)(neng)源變(bian)(bian)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)。在我看來，電(dian)(dian)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)、低(di)碳(tan)、綠色(se)(se)包含(han)兩層含(han)義(yi)：一是(shi)(shi)對煤電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)化利用(yong)和改造(zao)；二(er)是(shi)(shi)盡(jin)可能(neng)(neng)多地(di)增加可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量。總體而(er)言，對煤炭(tan)進行清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)化利用(yong)是(shi)(shi)較低(di)層次(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)解決方(fang)案(an)，更高層次(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)解決方(fang)案(an)是(shi)(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)綠色(se)(se)低(di)碳(tan)能(neng)(neng)源替代煤炭(tan)。不過(guo)(guo)，從較低(di)層次(ci)(ci)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)更高層次(ci)(ci)需要(yao)一個(ge)過(guo)(guo)程，這(zhe)(zhe)中間(jian)需要(yao)適度增加天然氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)來作(zuo)為過(guo)(guo)渡，再發(fa)展(zhan)到(dao)大規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源，逐步形成綠色(se)(se)低(di)碳(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源體系。

碳排(pai)放(fang)將成(cheng)(cheng)為重要(yao)(yao)控(kong)制指(zhi)標(biao)：碳排(pai)放(fang)將成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)力(li)行業(ye)一個(ge)很重要(yao)(yao)的控(kong)制指(zhi)標(biao)。《規劃》中提出了煤電(dian)機組二(er)氧(yang)化碳排(pai)放(fang)強度(du)降至865克/千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)的目標(biao)。此(ci)外(wai)，《“十三五”控(kong)制溫室(shi)氣體排(pai)放(fang)工作方(fang)案》里也提到(dao)，到(dao)2020年，大型(xing)發電(dian)集團(tuan)單(dan)位供電(dian)二(er)氧(yang)化碳排(pai)放(fang)控(kong)制在(zai)(zai)550克二(er)氧(yang)化碳/千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)以內。這(zhe)意味著(zhu)我國一大部分(fen)發電(dian)企業(ye)的煤電(dian)比(bi)例不能(neng)超過50%，這(zhe)個(ge)要(yao)(yao)求是(shi)很高的。總(zong)體來看，五大發電(dian)集團(tuan)由于近年來已經(jing)在(zai)(zai)大力(li)布(bu)局可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源，要(yao)(yao)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)這(zhe)個(ge)任(ren)務基本沒(mei)有太大難度(du)，但一些(xie)地方(fang)電(dian)力(li)公司(si)可(ke)能(neng)就壓力(li)比(bi)較大。如果完(wan)不成(cheng)(cheng)，到(dao)時(shi)候(hou)就要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過購買碳指(zhi)標(biao)、參與(yu)碳交易的方(fang)式來完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)任(ren)務。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)是時代(dai)進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)(xian)：《規劃(hua)》重(zhong)點提到，到2020年(nian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)占終(zhong)(zhong)端(duan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費比(bi)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)提升至27%。一(yi)方面，燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)煤炭(tan)(tan)、石油是造成大(da)氣(qi)(qi)污染的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)因素，尤(you)其散煤燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)危害更(geng)(geng)大(da)。每噸(dun)散煤燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)排放的(de)(de)(de)污染物(wu)是火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燃(ran)(ran)煤排放的(de)(de)(de)5~10倍，對大(da)氣(qi)(qi)污染的(de)(de)(de)貢獻率高(gao)達(da)50%左右。另一(yi)方面，天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)(qi)雖(sui)然(ran)較煤炭(tan)(tan)而言更(geng)(geng)為清潔，但它在(zai)利用(yong)(yong)過程中也(ye)會釋放一(yi)部(bu)分氮氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)，氮氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)也(ye)是形成灰霾的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)原(yuan)因之一(yi)。因此(ci)，提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)終(zhong)(zhong)端(duan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)，對防治大(da)氣(qi)(qi)污染確實(shi)大(da)有裨益。另外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)不僅僅是一(yi)個(ge)提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力在(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費終(zhong)(zhong)端(duan)比(bi)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，更(geng)(geng)是時代(dai)進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)(xian)。從發達(da)國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)終(zhong)(zhong)端(duan)用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)來看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)占比(bi)也(ye)非常高(gao)。我(wo)國(guo)要(yao)(yao)進(jin)入(ru)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)社會，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系統、用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)方式也(ye)要(yao)(yao)和(he)發達(da)國(guo)家接近(jin)。“十(shi)一(yi)五”、“十(shi)二(er)五”時期，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)精力是解決用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)題，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力已經做到了寬裕，這個(ge)時候提出大(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)也(ye)具備現(xian)(xian)實(shi)基(ji)礎。