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產生方式

當(dang)今是(shi)互聯網的時代(dai)，我們仍然對電力(li)有著持續增長的需求(qiu)，因(yin)為我們發(fa)明(ming)了電腦、家電等(deng)更多使用電力(li)的產品(pin)。不可否(fou)認新(xin)技術的不斷出現使得電力(li)成為人們的必需品(pin)。

電(dian)力(li)的產生方式主要有：火力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)（煤(mei)等可燃(ran)燒物(wu)）、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)、大容量(liang)風力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)技術(shu)、核能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)、氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)、水利(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)等。

21世(shi)紀能(neng)(neng)源科學(xue)將為人類文明再創輝煌(huang)，例(li)如，燃料電(dian)池是將氫、天(tian)然氣(qi)、煤氣(qi)、甲醇、肼等燃料的化學(xue)能(neng)(neng)直接(jie)轉換成電(dian)能(neng)(neng)的一類化學(xue)電(dian)源；生(sheng)物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)是以生(sheng)物質(zhi)為載(zai)體的能(neng)(neng)量，生(sheng)物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)的高效(xiao)和清潔利用技術也得(de)到(dao)極大(da)發展。

發電方式

火力發電

一、優勢：

燃料容(rong)易獲(huo)取，熱機效(xiao)率高，調峰較易實(shi)現，建設成本低，容(rong)易與冶金(jin)、化工(gong)、水泥等高能耗工(gong)業(ye)形成共生(sheng)產業(ye)鏈。

二、弊端：

煙氣污染：煤(mei)炭(tan)直接燃燒排放的SO2、NOx等酸(suan)性(xing)氣體(ti)不斷增(zeng)長，使我國很多地區酸(suan)雨量(liang)增(zeng)加(jia)。全(quan)國每年產生140萬噸(dun)SO2。

粉塵污染：對(dui)電站附(fu)近環(huan)境(jing)造(zao)成(cheng)粉煤灰污染，對(dui)人(ren)們的(de)生活(huo)及(ji)植物的(de)生長造(zao)成(cheng)不良(liang)影響(xiang)。全國每年產生1500萬(wan)噸煙塵。

資源消耗：發電的汽輪機通(tong)常選用水(shui)(shui)作為冷卻介質，一座100萬(wan)千瓦火力發電廠(chang)每(mei)日的耗水(shui)(shui)量(liang)約為十萬(wan)噸。全國每(mei)年消耗5000萬(wan)噸標準。

核能發電

一、優(you)勢：基本不受自然資源(yuan)產地限制(zhi)，運行成(cheng)本低，無溫室(shi)氣(qi)體(ti)排放。

二(er)、要用反應堆產生核(he)能(neng)，需(xu)要解決(jue)以(yi)下10個(ge)問題：

為(wei)核裂變(bian)鏈(lian)式反應(ying)提供必要的條件，使(shi)之得(de)以進(jin)行。

鏈(lian)式反應必須能由人通過(guo)一定裝置進行控制(zhi)。失去(qu)控制(zhi)的裂變能不(bu)僅(jin)不(bu)能用(yong)于(yu)發電，還會釀成災害。

裂變反(fan)應產生的能(neng)量要能(neng)從反(fan)應堆中安全取(qu)出。

裂變反應中(zhong)產生(sheng)的中(zhong)子(zi)和放射性物質對人體危害(hai)很(hen)大，必須(xu)設法(fa)避(bi)免它(ta)們對核電站工作人員和附近(jin)居民的傷(shang)害(hai)。

核(he)能(neng)電廠會(hui)產生高低階放射性廢料，或者是使用過(guo)之核(he)燃料，雖然所(suo)占(zhan)體積不大，但(dan)因具(ju)有(you)放射線，故(gu)必須慎重處理(li)，且(qie)需面(mian)對(dui)相(xiang)當大的政治(zhi)困(kun)擾。

核能發(fa)電廠熱效率較(jiao)低，因而比一般化石燃(ran)料電廠排放更多廢(fei)熱到(dao)環境里，故(gu)核能電廠的熱污染較(jiao)嚴重。

核能電廠投資(zi)成本太大，電力公(gong)司的財(cai)務(wu)風險較高。

核能電廠較(jiao)不適宜(yi)做尖峰、離峰之隨載運轉。

興(xing)建(jian)核(he)電(dian)廠較(jiao)易(yi)引發政(zheng)治歧見紛爭。

核電廠(chang)的反應器內有大量的放射性物質，如果(guo)在事故中釋放到外界環境，會(hui)對(dui)生態(tai)及民眾造(zao)成傷(shang)害。

核(he)電(dian)在(zai)正常情況下固然(ran)是干凈的(de)，但萬一發生核(he)泄漏(lou)，后果同樣是可怕的(de)。前蘇聯(lian)切爾諾貝(bei)利(li)核(he)電(dian)站(zhan)事故，已使(shi)900萬人受到了不同程度(du)的(de)損害，而且這一影(ying)響并未終止。

水力發電

優勢：幾乎完全無污染，運營成本低，便于調(diao)峰，可再生，有航運、水利等邊際(ji)效(xiao)益。

弊端(duan)：水(shui)力發(fa)電(dian)要(yao)淹沒大(da)量土地(di)，有可能(neng)導(dao)致(zhi)生態環境破壞，而(er)且(qie)大(da)型水(shui)庫一(yi)旦塌崩，后果將不堪設想。另外(wai)，一(yi)個國(guo)家的(de)水(shui)力資(zi)源也是有限的(de)，而(er)且(qie)還(huan)要(yao)受季節的(de)影響。

風力發電

優勢：無環境污染，運(yun)行成本(ben)低(di)，可再生(sheng)。

弊端：噪聲，視覺污染。占用大片(pian)土地及林地，對植被(bei)破(po)壞大。不穩定(ding)，不可控。成本(ben)仍然很(hen)高(gao)。

太陽能光伏發電

優勢(shi)：運(yun)行無污(wu)染，可再(zai)生，設備(bei)小(xiao)型化，適(shi)合(he)非集(ji)中供電。

電力輸送

傳輸

電(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)傳輸(shu)(shu)和變電(dian)、配電(dian)、用(yong)電(dian)一起(qi)，構成電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)整體功能(neng)。通過輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)，把相距(ju)甚遠的(de)(de)(de)（可達數千(qian)千(qian)米）發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)和負荷中(zhong)心聯系(xi)起(qi)來，使電(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)和利用(yong)超越地域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)限制。和其他能(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)傳輸(shu)(shu)（如輸(shu)(shu)煤、輸(shu)(shu)油(you)等）相比，輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)損耗(hao)小、效益高、靈活方(fang)便、易(yi)于調控(kong)、環(huan)境污染少；輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)還可以將不同地點的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)連接起(qi)來，實行峰谷調節。輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)是電(dian)能(neng)利用(yong)優越性的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要體現(xian)，在(zai)現(xian)代化社會(hui)中(zhong)，它是重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源動脈。

輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)按(an)結構形式可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)架(jia)空輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)和地(di)下(xia)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)。前者(zhe)(zhe)由線(xian)路(lu)(lu)桿塔、導線(xian)、絕(jue)緣(yuan)子等構成，架(jia)設(she)在地(di)面上(shang)；后者(zhe)(zhe)主要用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，敷設(she)在地(di)下(xia)（或水下(xia)）。輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)按(an)所送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)性質可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。19世紀80年代(dai)首先成功地(di)實現了直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后因受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓提不高的限制（輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量大體與輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的平方成比例）19世紀末為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所取代(dai)。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的成功，迎來(lai)了20世紀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化時代(dai)。20世紀60年代(dai)以來(lai)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術的發展，直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又(you)有(you)新發展，與交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相配合(he)，形成交(jiao)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)混(hun)合(he)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統。

輸(shu)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)高(gao)低是輸(shu)電(dian)技術發展水平的(de)(de)主(zhu)要標志。到20世(shi)紀90年代，世(shi)界(jie)各(ge)國常用(yong)輸(shu)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)有220千伏及以上的(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)330～765千伏的(de)(de)超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)，1000千伏及以上的(de)(de)特高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)。

變電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠將天然的(de)(de)(de)一次能(neng)(neng)源轉變(bian)(bian)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向遠方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為了減小輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)損耗及線(xian)路(lu)阻抗壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降，需(xu)要(yao)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)升高(gao)；為了滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)，又(you)要(yao)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降低(di)，并分(fen)配(pei)(pei)給各(ge)個用戶，這就需(xu)要(yao)能(neng)(neng)升高(gao)和降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，并能(neng)(neng)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)。所(suo)以(yi)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)通過其變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、接受和分(fen)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工裝(zhuang)置，它是(shi)聯(lian)系(xi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)間環(huan)節，同時通過變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)將各(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網聯(lian)系(xi)起來，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)的(de)(de)(de)作用是(shi)變(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，傳(chuan)輸和分(fen)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器、配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置、二次系(xi)統及必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)附屬設備組成。

變(bian)壓器(qi)是變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)的(de)(de)中心(xin)設(she)備(bei)(bei)，變(bian)壓器(qi)利用(yong)的(de)(de)是電(dian)(dian)磁感應(ying)原理。配電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)(zhi)是變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)中所(suo)有的(de)(de)開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、載流導(dao)體輔助(zhu)設(she)備(bei)(bei)連接在一起(qi)的(de)(de)裝置(zhi)(zhi)。其作用(yong)是接受和分配電(dian)(dian)能。配電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)(zhi)主要由母(mu)線(xian)、高(gao)壓斷路器(qi)開(kai)關(guan)、電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)線(xian)圈、互感器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、避雷(lei)器(qi)、高(gao)壓熔斷器(qi)、二次設(she)備(bei)(bei)及(ji)必(bi)要的(de)(de)其他(ta)輔助(zhu)設(she)備(bei)(bei)所(suo)組成。

二(er)次設備(bei)(bei)是指一次系統(tong)狀態測(ce)量、控(kong)制(zhi)、監察和保護的(de)設備(bei)(bei)裝置。由這些設備(bei)(bei)構成(cheng)的(de)回(hui)路叫二(er)次回(hui)路，總稱二(er)次系統(tong)。

二次系(xi)統的設備包含測量裝置(zhi)、控(kong)制裝置(zhi)、繼電保護裝置(zhi)、自動控(kong)制裝置(zhi)、直流系(xi)統及(ji)必要的附屬設備。

電壓等級

電力系統(tong)電壓等級(ji)有220V、380V（0.4 kV）、3 kV、6 kV、10 kV、20 kV、35 kV、66 kV、110 kV、220 kV、330 kV、500 kV、750kV、1000kV。隨著電機(ji)制造(zao)工藝的提高，10 kV電動機(ji)已批量生產，所以3 kV、6 kV已較少(shao)使用，20 kV、66 kV也很少(shao)使用。供(gong)電系統(tong)以10 kV、35 kV為(wei)主。輸配電系統(tong)以110 kV以上為(wei)主。發電廠發電機(ji)有6 kV、10 kV與20kV三(san)種，以20 kV為(wei)主，用戶均(jun)為(wei)220V、380V（0.4 kV）低(di)壓系統(tong)。

根據《城市電力網(wang)規定(ding)設計規則》規定(ding)：輸電網(wang)為(wei)1000kV、500 kV、330 kV、220 kV、110kV，高壓(ya)配電網(wang)為(wei)110kV、66kV，中壓(ya)配電網(wang)為(wei)20kV、10kV、6 kV，低壓(ya)配電網(wang)為(wei)0.4 kV（220V/380V）。

發(fa)電廠(chang)發(fa)出(chu)6 kV或10 kV電，除發(fa)電廠(chang)自己用（廠(chang)用電）之(zhi)外，也可以用10 kV電壓送給(gei)發(fa)電廠(chang)附近用戶(hu)，10 kV供電范圍為(wei)(wei)10Km、35 kV為(wei)(wei)20~50Km、66 kV為(wei)(wei)30~100Km、110 kV為(wei)(wei)50~150Km、220 kV為(wei)(wei)100~300Km、330 kV為(wei)(wei)200~600Km、500 kV為(wei)(wei)150~850Km。

變配電站

電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級均通過電(dian)(dian)力(li)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)來轉換，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)升高為(wei)(wei)升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)（變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)為(wei)(wei)升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)(zhan)），電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)低為(wei)(wei)降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)（變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)為(wei)(wei)降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)(zhan)）。一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)另一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)選用(yong)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)線圈（繞組）的(de)雙圈變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)，一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)選用(yong)三(san)個(ge)(ge)線圈（繞組）的(de)三(san)圈變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。

變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)除(chu)升壓與降壓之(zhi)分外，還以(yi)規模大小分為(wei)樞(shu)紐站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，區域(yu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)與終端站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。樞(shu)紐站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)壓等級(ji)(ji)一般為(wei)三(san)(san)個(ge)（三(san)(san)圈變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)），550kV /220kV /110kV。區域(yu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一般也有三(san)(san)個(ge)電(dian)壓等級(ji)(ji)（三(san)(san)圈變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)），220 kV /110kV /35kV或(huo)110kV /35kV /10kV。終端站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一般直接(jie)接(jie)到用戶，大多(duo)數(shu)為(wei)兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)壓等級(ji)(ji)（兩(liang)圈變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)）110kV /10 kV或(huo)35 kV /10 kV。用戶本(ben)身的變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一般只有兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)壓等級(ji)(ji)（雙圈變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)）110 kV /10kV、35kV /0.4kV、10kV /0.4kV，其中以(yi)10kV /0.4kV為(wei)最多(duo)。

接線方案

1）一次接(jie)線種類

變電(dian)站一次回路(lu)(lu)接線(xian)(xian)是(shi)指輸電(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)進入變電(dian)站之后(hou)，所有電(dian)力設備（變壓器及進出線(xian)(xian)開(kai)關等(deng)）的(de)相互連接方(fang)式(shi)。其接線(xian)(xian)方(fang)案有：線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)變壓器組，橋(qiao)形(xing)接線(xian)(xian)，單母(mu)線(xian)(xian)，單母(mu)線(xian)(xian)分段，雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)，雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)分段，環網供電(dian)等(deng)。

2）線路變壓器組

變(bian)電站只有一(yi)路(lu)進線與一(yi)臺(tai)變(bian)壓器(qi)，而且再無發(fa)展的(de)情況下采用線路(lu)變(bian)壓器(qi)組(zu)接(jie)線。

3）橋形接線

有兩路進(jin)線、兩臺變(bian)壓器(qi)，而且再沒有發展(zhan)的情況(kuang)下，采用橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)形(xing)接(jie)線。針對變(bian)壓器(qi)，聯(lian)絡斷(duan)(duan)路器(qi)在兩個進(jin)線斷(duan)(duan)路器(qi)之內(nei)(nei)為內(nei)(nei)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)接(jie)線，聯(lian)絡斷(duan)(duan)路器(qi)在兩個進(jin)線斷(duan)(duan)路器(qi)之外為外橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)接(jie)線。

4）單母線

變電(dian)站進(jin)出線(xian)(xian)(xian)較(jiao)多時(shi)(shi)，采用(yong)單母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，有兩(liang)路進(jin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi)(shi)，一般一路供電(dian)、一路備用(yong)（不同時(shi)(shi)供電(dian)），二(er)者可(ke)設備用(yong)電(dian)源互(hu)自投，多路出線(xian)(xian)(xian)均(jun)由(you)一段母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)引(yin)出。

5）單母線分段

有兩(liang)(liang)(liang)路(lu)以上進線(xian)，多路(lu)出線(xian)時，選用單母(mu)(mu)線(xian)分段，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)路(lu)進線(xian)分別接到(dao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)段母(mu)(mu)線(xian)上，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)段母(mu)(mu)線(xian)用母(mu)(mu)聯開關連接起(qi)來。出線(xian)分別接到(dao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)段母(mu)(mu)線(xian)上。

單母線分(fen)段(duan)運行方(fang)式比(bi)較(jiao)多。一(yi)般為一(yi)路(lu)(lu)主(zhu)供，一(yi)路(lu)(lu)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)（不(bu)合(he)閘），母聯合(he)上，當(dang)主(zhu)供斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)時，備(bei)用(yong)(yong)合(he)上，主(zhu)供、備(bei)用(yong)(yong)與母聯互(hu)鎖。備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)容(rong)量較(jiao)小時，備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)合(he)上后(hou)，要斷(duan)(duan)開一(yi)些(xie)出線。這是比(bi)較(jiao)常用(yong)(yong)的一(yi)種運行方(fang)式。

對于特別重要的負荷，兩路(lu)進線(xian)均為主供，母聯(lian)開(kai)關斷(duan)開(kai)，當一(yi)路(lu)進線(xian)斷(duan)電時，母聯(lian)合上，來電后斷(duan)開(kai)母聯(lian)再合上進線(xian)開(kai)關。

單母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)線(xian)分段(duan)(duan)也(ye)有(you)利于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)內部(bu)檢修(xiu)，檢修(xiu)時可以停(ting)掉一段(duan)(duan)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)線(xian)，如果是單母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)線(xian)不(bu)分段(duan)(duan)，檢修(xiu)時就(jiu)要全站(zhan)(zhan)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，利用旁(pang)路母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)線(xian)可以不(bu)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，旁(pang)路母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)線(xian)只用于電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)。

6）雙母線

雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)主要用于發電(dian)(dian)廠及大(da)型變電(dian)(dian)站，每路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)都由一個斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)器經過(guo)兩個隔離開關(guan)分(fen)別接(jie)(jie)到兩條母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)上，這樣在(zai)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)檢修時(shi)，就可以利用隔離開關(guan)將線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)倒(dao)在(zai)一條件母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)上。雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)也(ye)有(you)分(fen)段(duan)與不分(fen)段(duan)兩種，雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)段(duan)再加旁路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)器，接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)方式復雜，但(dan)檢修就非常方便了(le)，停電(dian)(dian)范圍可減少。

二次回路

1）二次回(hui)路種類

變配電站二(er)次回(hui)(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)：測(ce)量、保(bao)護(hu)、控制(zhi)與(yu)信(xin)號回(hui)(hui)路(lu)部分。測(ce)量回(hui)(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)：計量測(ce)量與(yu)保(bao)護(hu)測(ce)量。控制(zhi)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)：就地手動合(he)分閘(zha)、防跳(tiao)聯鎖(suo)、試驗、互投(tou)聯鎖(suo)、保(bao)護(hu)跳(tiao)閘(zha)以(yi)及合(he)分閘(zha)執行(xing)部分。信(xin)號回(hui)(hui)路(lu)包括(kuo)開關運行(xing)狀(zhuang)態信(xin)號、事(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)信(xin)號與(yu)事(shi)故預告信(xin)號。

2）測量回路

測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)回(hui)(hui)路分為電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)(hui)路與電壓回(hui)(hui)路。電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)(hui)路各種設備串(chuan)聯于電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)感器二次側(ce)（5A），電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)感器是將原邊負(fu)荷(he)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)變為5A測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。計量(liang)(liang)(liang)與保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)分別用(yong)各自的互(hu)感器（計量(liang)(liang)(liang)用(yong)互(hu)感器精(jing)度(du)(du)要求高），計量(liang)(liang)(liang)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)串(chuan)接于電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)以及電度(du)(du)表(biao)，功率(lv)表(biao)與功率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)表(biao)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)串(chuan)接于保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)繼電器的電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。微機保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般將計量(liang)(liang)(liang)及保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)集中于一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)，分別有計量(liang)(liang)(liang)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)與保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。

電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)測量回路，220/380V低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)直(zhi)接接220V或380V，3KV以上(shang)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)全部經過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)互(hu)感器將各種等級的(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變為統(tong)(tong)(tong)一的(de)100V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)度表(biao)、功率表(biao)與功率因數表(biao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)線圈經其端子(zi)并接在100V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)母線上(shang)。微機(ji)保護單元計(ji)量電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)與保護電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)統(tong)(tong)(tong)一為一種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)端子(zi)。

3）控制回路

（1）合分閘(zha)回(hui)路(lu)

合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)通過合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)轉換(huan)開關(guan)進行操作，常規保護為提示(shi)操作人員及事(shi)(shi)故(gu)跳閘(zha)報(bao)警需要(yao)，轉換(huan)開關(guan)選(xuan)(xuan)用預合(he)(he)-合(he)(he)閘(zha)-合(he)(he)后(hou)及預分(fen)-分(fen)閘(zha)-分(fen)后(hou)的(de)多檔(dang)(dang)轉換(huan)開關(guan)。以(yi)使利用不對(dui)應(ying)接(jie)線進行合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)提示(shi)與事(shi)(shi)故(gu)跳閘(zha)報(bao)警，國(guo)家已有標準圖(tu)設計。采用微機保護以(yi)后(hou)，要(yao)進行遠(yuan)分(fen)合(he)(he)閘(zha)操作后(hou)，還要(yao)到就地進行轉換(huan)開關(guan)對(dui)位操作，這(zhe)就失(shi)去(qu)了遠(yuan)分(fen)操作的(de)意義，所以(yi)應(ying)取(qu)消不對(dui)應(ying)接(jie)線，選(xuan)(xuan)用中(zhong)間自復位的(de)只有合(he)(he)閘(zha)與分(fen)閘(zha)的(de)三(san)檔(dang)(dang)轉換(huan)開關(guan)。

（2）防跳回路

當合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)出現故(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)(shi)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)，或短路(lu)(lu)事故(gu)未排除，又進(jin)行(xing)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)（誤操作(zuo)），這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)就會(hui)(hui)出現斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器反復合(he)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)，不僅容易引起(qi)(qi)或擴大事故(gu)，還會(hui)(hui)引起(qi)(qi)設備損壞(huai)或人身(shen)事故(gu)，所(suo)以(yi)高壓(ya)開關控制回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)應設計防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)。防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)一(yi)般選用(yong)電流啟(qi)動(dong)，電壓(ya)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)的雙線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)繼(ji)電器。電流線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)串接于(yu)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)作(zuo)為啟(qi)動(dong)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)。電壓(ya)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)接于(yu)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)，作(zuo)為保(bao)(bao)持(chi)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)，當分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)時(shi)(shi)，電流線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)經分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)。如果(guo)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)有故(gu)障(zhang)，或處于(yu)手動(dong)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)位置，電壓(ya)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)起(qi)(qi)啟(qi)動(dong)并(bing)通(tong)過其(qi)常(chang)開接點(dian)自(zi)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)，其(qi)常(chang)閉(bi)接點(dian)馬(ma)上(shang)斷(duan)開合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)，保(bao)(bao)證斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器在分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)過程(cheng)中不能馬(ma)上(shang)再合(he)閘(zha)(zha)。防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)繼(ji)電器的電流回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)還可以(yi)通(tong)過其(qi)常(chang)開接點(dian)將電流線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)自(zi)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)，這(zhe)樣可以(yi)減輕保(bao)(bao)護繼(ji)電器的出口(kou)接點(dian)斷(duan)開負(fu)荷，也減少了保(bao)(bao)護繼(ji)電器的保(bao)(bao)持(chi)時(shi)(shi)間要求。

有(you)些(xie)微機(ji)保護裝置(zhi)自(zi)己已具有(you)防跳(tiao)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，這樣就可以(yi)(yi)不再設計防跳(tiao)回路(lu)。斷路(lu)器操作(zuo)機(ji)構選用彈簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)時，如(ru)果選用儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)后可以(yi)(yi)進行一次合(he)閘(zha)與(yu)分(fen)閘(zha)的彈簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)操作(zuo)機(ji)構（也有(you)用于(yu)重合(he)閘(zha)的儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)后可以(yi)(yi)進行二次合(he)閘(zha)與(yu)分(fen)閘(zha)的彈簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)操作(zuo)機(ji)構），因為儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)一般都要求10秒左右，當儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)關(guan)經常處于(yu)斷開(kai)位置(zhi)時，儲(chu)(chu)一次能(neng)(neng)(neng)，合(he)完之后，將(jiang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)關(guan)再處于(yu)斷開(kai)位置(zhi)，可以(yi)(yi)跳(tiao)一次閘(zha)；跳(tiao)閘(zha)之后，要手(shou)動儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)之后才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)進行合(he)閘(zha)，此時，也可以(yi)(yi)不再設計防跳(tiao)回路(lu)。

（3）試驗與互投聯鎖與控制(zhi)

對(dui)于手(shou)車開關柜，手(shou)車推出后要進行(xing)斷(duan)路(lu)器合(he)分(fen)閘(zha)試(shi)驗，應設計合(he)分(fen)閘(zha)試(shi)驗按鈕。進線與母(mu)聯斷(duan)路(lu)，一般應根據要求(qiu)進行(xing)互(hu)投(tou)聯鎖或控制。

（4）保護跳閘

保護(hu)跳(tiao)閘出口經過(guo)連接(jie)(jie)片接(jie)(jie)于跳(tiao)閘回(hui)路，連接(jie)(jie)片用于保護(hu)調試，或運行過(guo)程中解除某(mou)些保護(hu)功能(neng)。

（5）合分閘回路

合分閘回(hui)路(lu)為經(jing)合分閘母(mu)線為操作機構提供電源，以(yi)及其控制回(hui)路(lu)，一般都應單獨畫出。

4）信號回路

（1）開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)運行狀態信(xin)號(hao)(hao)由(you)合閘(zha)與分(fen)閘(zha)指示(shi)兩(liang)個裝于開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)柜上的信(xin)號(hao)(hao)燈組(zu)成：經(jing)過操作轉換開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)不(bu)對(dui)應接線后接到正(zheng)電源(yuan)上。采用微(wei)機保護后，轉換開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)取消了不(bu)對(dui)應接線，所以信(xin)號(hao)(hao)燈正(zheng)極可以直接接到正(zheng)電源(yuan)上。

（2）事故(gu)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)有(you)事故(gu)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)與(yu)事故(gu)預告兩種信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)，事故(gu)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)報(bao)警也要通(tong)過轉化開關(guan)(guan)不對(dui)(dui)應后(hou)，接到(dao)事故(gu)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)母線上，再引(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統。事故(gu)預告信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)通(tong)過信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器接點引(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統。采用(yong)微(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)保護后(hou)，將(jiang)斷路器操作(zuo)機(ji)(ji)構輔助(zhu)接點與(yu)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器的(de)接點分(fen)別接到(dao)微(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)保護單元(yuan)的(de)開關(guan)(guan)量輸入(ru)端子，需要有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統時，如果微(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)保護單元(yuan)可以提供事故(gu)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)與(yu)事故(gu)預告輸出(chu)接點，可將(jiang)其(qi)引(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統。否則，應利用(yong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器的(de)另一對(dui)(dui)接點引(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統。

（3）中(zhong)央信(xin)(xin)號(hao)系統(tong)為(wei)安裝于值(zhi)班室(shi)內(nei)的(de)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)報警(jing)(jing)系統(tong)，由事故跳閘與事故預告(gao)兩(liang)(liang)套聲(sheng)光報警(jing)(jing)組(zu)成(cheng)，光報警(jing)(jing)用(yong)光字(zi)牌(pai)，不用(yong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)燈，光字(zi)牌(pai)分集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)與分散兩(liang)(liang)種。采用(yong)變電站綜合自動化系統(tong)后，可以不再設(she)計中(zhong)央信(xin)(xin)號(hao)系統(tong)，或將其簡化，只設(she)計集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)報警(jing)(jing)作(zuo)為(wei)計算(suan)機報警(jing)(jing)的(de)后備報警(jing)(jing)。

歷史沿革

發展歷史

1875年(nian)，巴黎北(bei)火車(che)站建(jian)成(cheng)世界上(shang)第(di)一(yi)座火電(dian)廠(chang)，為附近照明供(gong)電(dian)。1879年(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)舊金山實驗電(dian)廠(chang)開始發(fa)電(dian)，是世界上(shang)最早出售電(dian)力(li)的(de)電(dian)廠(chang)。80年(nian)代，在英國(guo)和(he)美(mei)國(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)世界上(shang)第(di)一(yi)批水電(dian)站。1913年(nian)，全世界的(de)年(nian)發(fa)電(dian)量達 500億千瓦時，電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)已作為一(yi)個獨立的(de)工業(ye)部門，進入人類的(de)生產活(huo)動(dong)領域。

20世紀30、40年(nian)(nian)(nian)代，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業的先(xian)進國(guo)(guo)(guo)家，擁(yong)有(you)20萬千(qian)(qian)瓦的機(ji)組(zu)31臺，容量(liang)為30萬千(qian)(qian)瓦的中(zhong)(zhong)型火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠9座。同一時期(qi)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)達(da)5～10萬千(qian)(qian)瓦。1934年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)開工興建(jian)的大(da)古力水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站，計劃容量(liang)是 888萬千(qian)(qian)瓦，1941年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，到(dao)1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)裝機(ji)容量(liang)達(da)649萬千(qian)(qian)瓦，至80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)一直是世界(jie)(jie)上(shang)最大(da)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站。1950年(nian)(nian)(nian)，全世界(jie)(jie)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增至9589億千(qian)(qian)瓦時，是1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)的19倍(bei)。50 、60、70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代，平均(jun)年(nian)(nian)(nian)增長率(lv)分別為9.4%、8.0%、5.3% 。1950～1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增長7.9倍(bei)，平均(jun)年(nian)(nian)(nian)增長率(lv)7.6%，約相(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)每10年(nian)(nian)(nian)翻一番。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)，全世界(jie)(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)占(zhan) 20.3% ，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)63.7%，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)15.6%；美國(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)11.4%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)72.1%，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)16.0%；前蘇聯水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan) 13.5%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)76.4%，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)10.1%；日(ri)本水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)12.9%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)61.8%，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)25.1%；中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)21.0%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)79.0%。世界(jie)(jie)上(shang)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)比(bi)重最大(da)的是法(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)占(zhan)總發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的74.6%。

電(dian)網、水、火電(dian)利(li)(li)潤增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速(su)差異顯(xian)著。國(guo)家(jia)統計(ji)局于公布了2010年1-8月(yue)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)潤數(shu)(shu)據，電(dian)力生產與供(gong)應業(ye)(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)936.1億(yi)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)119%；細分(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)來(lai)看(kan)，火電(dian)利(li)(li)潤總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)為(wei)220.0億(yi)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)-17.8%；水電(dian)利(li)(li)潤總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)248.4億(yi)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)45.9%；電(dian)力供(gong)應利(li)(li)潤總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)380.0億(yi)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)655%。從(cong)(cong)環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)數(shu)(shu)據看(kan)，2010年6-8月(yue)，電(dian)力生產與供(gong)應業(ye)(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)462億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)37%；細分(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)看(kan)，火電(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)潤總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)50.5億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)下(xia)降56%；水電(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)潤總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)206.4億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)307%；電(dian)力供(gong)應6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)潤總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)168.1億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)28%。電(dian)力供(gong)應業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)潤增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速(su)的大幅度提高主(zhu)要由于09年四季(ji)度銷(xiao)售電(dian)價的調整(zheng)以及銷(xiao)售電(dian)量逐(zhu)季(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加所(suo)導(dao)致。從(cong)(cong)下(xia)游(you)主(zhu)要耗(hao)電(dian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)來(lai)看(kan)，除(chu)鋼鐵外，化工(gong)、建材、有(you)色(se)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)潤總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)均顯(xian)著超(chao)過07-08年的同(tong)(tong)(tong)期水平，特別是建材。從(cong)(cong)環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)數(shu)(shu)據看(kan)，除(chu)建材行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)外，其(qi)他高耗(hao)電(dian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)潤總(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)有(you)所(suo)下(xia)滑。

2010三季(ji)度(du)水(shui)電(dian)利潤(run)大幅度(du)增長(chang)。由(you)于(yu)2010年三季(ji)度(du)來水(shui)好于(yu)往年，水(shui)電(dian)發電(dian)量(liang)也(ye)明(ming)顯增加(jia)，2010年6-8月水(shui)電(dian)利潤(run)總額206億(yi)，同比增長(chang)96%。隨著(zhu)國(guo)家對水(shui)電(dian)開發正面態度(du)的(de)明(ming)朗，我們預計國(guo)家對水(shui)電(dian)開發的(de)支持(chi)政策(ce)將逐步(bu)出(chu)臺，水(shui)電(dian)企業(ye)投資價值也(ye)將逐步(bu)明(ming)晰。

20世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代，電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業進(jin)入以(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)機(ji)組(zu)、大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、超(chao)高壓以(yi)(yi)(yi)至特高壓輸電(dian)(dian)，形成以(yi)(yi)(yi)聯合(he)(he)系統為特點的(de)(de)(de)新時期。1973年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞士BBC公司制造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)130萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)雙軸發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)在美(mei)國肯勃蘭電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)投入運行(xing)。蘇聯于1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)制造(zao)并投運世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)120萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)單軸汽(qi)輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)。到1977年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國已有120座裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)百萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)型火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)，蘇聯有百萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)59座。1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)，日本有百萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)32座，其中鹿兒島電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)總容(rong)量(liang)(liang)440萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa) ，是(shi)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)燃油電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)設(she)計(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是(shi)巴(ba)西和(he)巴(ba)拉(la)圭合(he)(he)建的(de)(de)(de)伊泰普水電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，設(she)計(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)1260萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，采用70萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)組(zu)，與運行(xing)中的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)水電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)美(mei)國大(da)(da)古力水電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)水輪(lun)機(ji)組(zu)70萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)相等。世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)核電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是(shi)日本福島核電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，容(rong)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)909.6萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。

總裝機(ji)容量幾百萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦的(de)大型水電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、大型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)，促進了超(chao)高(gao)、特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、直流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)發展(zhan)。1935年，美(mei)國(guo)首次將輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級從110～220千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)提高(gao)到287千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)，出現(xian)了超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1952年，瑞(rui)典建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)二分(fen)(fen)裂導線(xian)(xian)的(de)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1959年，蘇(su)聯建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)，長(chang)850千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)(mi)的(de)三分(fen)(fen)裂導線(xian)(xian)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1965～1969年，加拿大、蘇(su)聯和(he)美(mei)國(guo)先(xian)后建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)735 、750和(he)765千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。1985年，蘇(su)聯首次建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)1150 千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)距離(li)890千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)(mi)，美(mei)國(guo)正(zheng)研(yan)究1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)1500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，意大利研(yan)究1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，日本建(jian)設250千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)(mi)長(chang)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（HVDC），瑞(rui)典、美(mei)國(guo)、蘇(su)聯分(fen)(fen)別(bie)采(cai)用±100、±450 、±750千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，后者輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)距離(li)2414千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)(mi)，輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)600萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。到1985年，全世界已有18個國(guo)家、32個直流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)投運，總輸(shu)送容量2000萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。

中國電力發展階段

一、第一階段(duan)計劃(hua)經濟時期（1949-1978年）

自1949年(nian)到1978年(nian)，中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)力(li)歷(li)史分(fen)別有燃料工業(ye)部、電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部、水利(li)電(dian)力(li)部三個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)。在燃料部與(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部階(jie)段(duan)，電(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)執行(xing)集(ji)中(zhong)管(guan)理(li)的方法；時至水利(li)電(dian)力(li)部，電(dian)力(li)與(yu)(yu)水利(li)又(you)經歷(li)了分(fen)散與(yu)(yu)集(ji)中(zhong)各兩(liang)次不(bu)(bu)同管(guan)理(li)，卻(que)始終擺脫不(bu)(bu)了一(yi)個(ge)魔咒-----一(yi)分(fen)就亂，一(yi)收就危。

1、燃料工(gong)業部時期（1949-1955年）。建(jian)國后，在中央領導(dao)下，電(dian)力(li)實行(xing)集中管制與統(tong)一調控。成(cheng)立了電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業部。但是當時的(de)電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業部只(zhi)能直(zhi)接管理少數電(dian)廠(chang)，大(da)部分電(dian)廠(chang)都實行(xing)軍(jun)官。有地方各大(da)軍(jun)區(qu)管理。

1950年左右，各地軍管(guan)(guan)電(dian)廠逐步將權力(li)回(hui)歸到電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)(bu)。電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)(bu)成立六大區域電(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)(bu)門，對電(dian)力(li)集中壟斷垂直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理，政企合一。

2、電力(li)工業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)時期（1955年(nian)-1958年(nian)）。1955年(nian)7月，全(quan)國(guo)人大一(yi)致通過撤銷老燃料(liao)工業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)，成(cheng)立(li)煤(mei)炭(tan)、電力(li)、石油工業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)。電力(li)工業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)成(cheng)立(li)以后，各地方(fang)(fang)成(cheng)立(li)輔助機構。加(jia)強管(guan)理體制。并將水(shui)利(li)部(bu)(bu)門的(de)一(yi)些權力(li)集(ji)中(zhong)過來。從而形成(cheng)中(zhong)央跟地方(fang)(fang)雙(shuang)重領導的(de)格局。

3、水(shui)利電力(li)部時期（1958-1966年）。1958年黨中央召開會議(yi)，定了調調。要大力(li)發展(zhan)水(shui)利工(gong)程。在長期發展(zhan)來看，認為水(shui)利比電力(li)還要重要。于是順乎時勢，將水(shui)利部與(yu)電力(li)部合并為電力(li)工(gong)業部。

4、"文化(hua)大(da)革(ge)命"時期（1966年(nian)(nian)-1978年(nian)(nian)）。1966年(nian)(nian)"文化(hua)大(da)革(ge)命"開始后，水利(li)(li)電力部(bu)再次(ci)實(shi)行軍管，電力管理權(quan)力再一次(ci)落入地方手(shou)中(zhong)。1970年(nian)(nian)，軍官結束(shu)。水利(li)(li)電力部(bu)有革(ge)命委(wei)員會領(ling)導(dao)。1975年(nian)(nian)革(ge)委(wei)會結束(shu)領(ling)導(dao)，權(quan)力再一次(ci)恢復到(dao)水利(li)(li)電力部(bu)。

文革對電力造成的(de)破壞應(ying)驗了一放就亂的(de)魔咒。對中國電力工業近乎造成了不(bu)可逆轉的(de)傷害。

1975年水利電力(li)(li)部恢復后(hou)，周總理提出加(jia)快發展電力(li)(li)工業(ye)的倡導。為祖國電力(li)(li)事業(ye)撥亂(luan)反(fan)正，從此電力(li)(li)工業(ye)再次集(ji)中的中央。

二、第二階段，摸著石頭過河（1979-1997年(nian)）

從1978年黨的(de)十一屆(jie)三中全會以后(hou)，中國的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業體制(zhi)進(jin)入了改革(ge)探索時期。在此期間中央(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)管(guan)理部(bu)(bu)門又經過(guo)(guo)四次(ci)(ci)變(bian)更，即(ji)第二次(ci)(ci)成(cheng)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)，第二次(ci)(ci)成(cheng)立(li)水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)，成(cheng)立(li)能源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)，最后(hou)第三次(ci)(ci)成(cheng)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業管(guan)理體制(zhi)改革(ge)方面。曾(ceng)研(yan)究過(guo)(guo)全面包干經濟責任制(zhi)，簡(jian)政放權、自負盈虧、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)方案，最后(hou)成(cheng)立(li)了華能集團公(gong)司及各大區的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集團公(gong)司，這一時期的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)改革(ge)朝著國務院提出(chu)的(de)"政企分開，省為實體，聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，統一調度，集資辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)"的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體制(zhi)改革(ge)原則進(jin)行。

1、第二(er)次成(cheng)(cheng)立電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)（1979-1982年(nian)）1979年(nian)2月，國務院決定(ding)撤消水利(li)電力(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)，成(cheng)(cheng)立電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)和水利(li)部(bu)(bu)，這是我(wo)國第二(er)次成(cheng)(cheng)立電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)。

2、第二次成立水利(li)電力部（1982-1988年(nian)）1982年(nian)3月，五屆四(si)次全國人(ren)民代表(biao)大會再次將(jiang)水利(li)、電力兩部合(he)并(bing)成立水利(li)電力部。這次合(he)并(bing)之后，接受以往的經驗教(jiao)訓，繼續(xu)沿著電力工業集中統一的方向發展(zhan)。

在水(shui)利電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)期間，黨(dang)中央、國務(wu)院十分(fen)(fen)重視電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)和(he)發展，1986年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)國務(wu)院召開(kai)(kai)會議研究(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)問題，6月(yue)(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)小組提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了《加快電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)發展的(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)方(fang)案(an)（草案(an)）》的(de)(de)(de)報告，提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了五項改革(ge)(ge)(ge)措施和(he)五項政策。1987年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)14日(ri)，李鵬副(fu)總(zong)理提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)原則是："政企分(fen)(fen)開(kai)(kai)，省為實體(ti)，聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，統一調度，集資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”和(he)因地制(zhi)宜的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)針。在此(ci)之前，水(shui)利電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)曾提(ti)出(chu)(chu)全面(mian)包干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)經濟責任(ren)制(zhi)，簡政放權以(yi)及自負(fu)盈虧(kui)、以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議。1988年(nian)(nian)7月(yue)(yue)1日(ri)起進行華(hua)(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)試點，分(fen)(fen)別成立(li)華(hua)(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)聯合公(gong)司和(he)上海(hai)市、江蘇省、浙江省、安徽省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司，同時保留華(hua)(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)管(guan)理局和(he)省（市）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)局名稱，實行雙軌制(zhi)運行，以(yi)創造條件實現政企分(fen)(fen)開(kai)(kai)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，需要有相(xiang)應的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)(tou)資體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革相(xiang)配套，在這段時間(jian)里，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)投(tou)(tou)資體(ti)制(zhi)最大的(de)(de)變(bian)化是由撥款(kuan)改(gai)為貸(dai)款(kuan)；由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)嚴重偏低，為了解決(jue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)(tou)資不足，主要采取了建(jian)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)基(ji)金、賣用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)權和(he)(he)集資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等辦法。為節(jie)約投(tou)(tou)資，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)中普通(tong)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)了降低造價(jia)，縮短(duan)建(jian)設(she)(she)周(zhou)期；基(ji)本(ben)建(jian)設(she)(she)項目投(tou)(tou)資包干責任制(zhi)和(he)(he)招投(tou)(tou)標制(zhi)度。為彌(mi)補投(tou)(tou)資不足，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)還(huan)率先利(li)用(yong)外資，成立(li)華(hua)能國際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)開(kai)(kai)發公(gong)司；發行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)債(zhai)券(quan)和(he)(he)適(shi)當提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)折舊。這些措(cuo)施打破(po)了獨家辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)局(ju)面(mian)，出現了多(duo)(duo)渠道、多(duo)(duo)元化投(tou)(tou)資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)局(ju)面(mian)，加快了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)。

3、能源(yuan)部時期(qi)（1988-1993年）

1988年5月(yue)，七(qi)屆一次(ci)全國(guo)人民代(dai)表(biao)大(da)會(hui)決定，撤消水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部，把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)管理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)并入新成(cheng)立(li)(li)的能(neng)源部，能(neng)源部承(cheng)擔(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行政(zheng)和(he)企業(ye)管理(li)職能(neng)。1988年5月(yue)22日，能(neng)源部正式成(cheng)立(li)(li)，同年12月(yue)成(cheng)立(li)(li)中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)聯合(he)會(hui)，在(zai)網(wang)省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)管理(li)局、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)局的基礎上成(cheng)立(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)集團公司(si)和(he)省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公司(si)。由此，實現了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)的行政(zheng)管理(li)、企業(ye)管理(li)和(he)行業(ye)自律性管理(li)職能(neng)的初步分開(kai)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)管理(li)體(ti)制改革中邁(mai)出了堅實的一步。

最早(zao)組建的(de)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是全民(min)所有制(zhi)的(de)實業(ye)、金(jin)融、貿易、科(ke)技(ji)和(he)服務(wu)相結合的(de)多功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、綜合性(xing)的(de)企業(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)。是由華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)國(guo)際電(dian)(dian)力開發公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)精煤(mei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)原(yuan)(yuan)材料公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)（華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)）工(gong)程技(ji)術開發公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)科(ke)技(ji)發展公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)金(jin)融公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)綜合利用公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)實業(ye)開發服務(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)等九個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)以及原(yuan)(yuan)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)部(bu)歸口(kou)管(guan)理(li)的(de)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術開發公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)綜合利用開發公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)程建設公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)南方(fang)（集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)）等四個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)基礎上聯合組建的(de)。這(zhe)個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)由能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源部(bu)與(yu)國(guo)家計(ji)委共(gong)同管(guan)理(li)，以能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源部(bu)為主，是我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)1988年組建的(de)第一個集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。

大區(qu)和(he)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)化改(gai)(gai)組(zu)分兩步(bu)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)。第一(yi)步(bu)是從1988年(nian)開始(shi)到(dao)1990年(nian)止，將(jiang)大區(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理局改(gai)(gai)組(zu)為聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，將(jiang)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)局改(gai)(gai)組(zu)為省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)。國務院電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革方(fang)案(an)明確規定：省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)和(he)聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)都是獨(du)立(li)核算、自(zi)負(fu)盈虧的(de)實(shi)(shi)體，具有法人(ren)地位。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內各(ge)發供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單位的(de)資產關系不變。聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)由(you)能(neng)源部歸口管(guan)(guan)理，在國家計劃中實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)單列。非(fei)跨省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)局，要(yao)逐步(bu)改(gai)(gai)建(jian)為省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，獨(du)立(li)經營(ying)，由(you)能(neng)源部和(he)省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)民政府雙重(zhong)領導(dao)，并接(jie)(jie)受(shou)委托行(xing)(xing)(xing)使所(suo)在地區(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理職能(neng)。改(gai)(gai)革方(fang)案(an)要(yao)求各(ge)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)要(yao)落實(shi)(shi)，健全各(ge)種(zhong)形式的(de)承包(bao)(bao)經營(ying)責任制(zhi)，逐步(bu)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)股份(fen)制(zhi)，采用售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)和(he)物質消耗工(gong)資含量(liang)包(bao)(bao)干辦(ban)法。獨(du)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)均可獨(du)立(li)核算，與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)訂立(li)經濟合同，接(jie)(jie)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)統一(yi)調(diao)度，非(fei)獨(du)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)按現行(xing)(xing)(xing)規定執行(xing)(xing)(xing)。這項改(gai)(gai)革到(dao)1990年(nian)6月基本(ben)完(wan)成。

第(di)二步(bu)是(shi)1991年(nian)底(di)到(dao)1993年(nian)初(chu)，組建大(da)(da)型(xing)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)。1991年(nian)12月14日國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院批準的(de)第(di)一批試點的(de)55個(ge)大(da)(da)型(xing)企業(ye)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)中，能(neng)源部有7個(ge)，其中電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)占6個(ge)，即華(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)東(dong)(dong)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)中電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)和西(xi)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)，全部都是(shi)跨地區的(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)司。1992年(nian)10月10日，能(neng)源部向(xiang)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)計委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)體(ti)改委(wei)、國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院經貿辦上報關(guan)于(yu)同意組建中國(guo)(guo)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)東(dong)(dong)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)北(bei)(bei)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)中電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)的(de)函(han)，隨后又報送了同意組建西(xi)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)的(de)函(han)，經批準后，于(yu)1993年(nian)1月11日華(hua)(hua)(hua)北(bei)(bei)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)東(dong)(dong)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)中、西(xi)北(bei)(bei)五(wu)大(da)(da)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)宣告(gao)成立。

4、第三(san)次成立電力工業部（1993-1997年）

1993年3月(yue)，八(ba)屆第(di)一(yi)次(ci)全(quan)國人民代表大會通過(guo)(guo)決議，撤消能(neng)源部(bu)(bu)，第(di)三次(ci)成(cheng)立電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)(bu)。國務(wu)院批(pi)準的(de)(de)組建(jian)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)指(zhi)導思想是："政企(qi)職(zhi)責(ze)分(fen)開(kai)(kai)，大力(li)簡(jian)政放(fang)權(quan)，由(you)部(bu)(bu)門管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)轉(zhuan)向行業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，加強規劃、協調、監督、服務(wu)職(zhi)能(neng)；精簡(jian)內設(she)機構和編制，合理(li)配置職(zhi)能(neng)，提(ti)高(gao)宏觀(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)水平(ping)；實事(shi)求(qiu)是，平(ping)穩過(guo)(guo)渡，合理(li)分(fen)流(liu)富裕人員。"要(yao)求(qiu)在(zai)(zai)堅持(chi)"政企(qi)分(fen)開(kai)(kai)，省(sheng)為實體(ti)，聯合電(dian)(dian)網，統一(yi)調度，集(ji)資辦電(dian)(dian)"和"因地因網制宜(yi)"的(de)(de)方(fang)針(zhen)指(zhi)引下(xia)，下(xia)放(fang)和轉(zhuan)移(yi)對企(qi)業(ye)人、財、物及經營管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)職(zhi)能(neng)，加強宏觀(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)職(zhi)能(neng)，由(you)于國務(wu)院批(pi)準的(de)(de)文件明確要(yao)求(qiu)支持(chi)辦好五大電(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)團，各(ge)電(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)局(ju)和省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)局(ju)仍維持(chi)現(xian)行體(ti)制，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)(bu)時(shi)期(qi)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)制改(gai)革沒有顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)變化。

電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)(ye)部成立后，繼續保留中國電(dian)(dian)力企業(ye)(ye)聯(lian)合會，作為全國電(dian)(dian)力企業(ye)(ye)、事業(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)位的(de)(de)聯(lian)合組(zu)織，其性質不變(bian)，由電(dian)(dian)力部歸口管理。華能集團實行以電(dian)(dian)力部為主與(yu)國家計委雙重領導的(de)(de)體制(zhi)。另外，在葛洲(zhou)壩工程局的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，成立了葛洲(zhou)壩集團公司。

為確保三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設的順利進行，1993年1月3日(ri)國務院決(jue)定(ding)成(cheng)立國務院三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設委員(yuan)會，同(tong)時成(cheng)立中國長江三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)開發總公司，全面負責三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設和經營。1994年12月14日(ri)，三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)正式開工(gong)(gong)建設。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)部成立后(hou)(hou)，根據國家(jia)體改(gai)委等部門有(you)關股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)試點(dian)辦法(fa)的(de)規(gui)定，于(yu)1993年(nian)9月印發(fa)了《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)試點(dian)暫(zan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)定》，規(gui)定明確電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企(qi)業(ye)和發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)都可以(yi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)造，具備條件的(de)經主(zhu)管(guan)部門同意后(hou)(hou)，可以(yi)到國（境(jing)）外(wai)發(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)票(piao)，債券(quan)；但(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司(si)（指發(fa)、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一體的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)）實行(xing)(xing)(xing)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)應以(yi)公有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)體，保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集團公司(si)、省（區(qu)、市）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司(si)在企(qi)業(ye)中的(de)控股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)地(di)位。1994年(nian)8月4日(ri)，山東華能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)份(fen)有(you)限公司(si)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)票(piao)在美國紐約證券(quan)交易所掛(gua)牌上市，成為中國首(shou)家(jia)直接去美國紐約上市的(de)大(da)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)，隨后(hou)(hou)中國有(you)一大(da)批發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)在國內外(wai)上市。

中國電力工業(ye)經過30年(nian)(nian)碰壁，與(yu)20年(nian)(nian)摸(mo)著(zhu)石(shi)頭(tou)過河，最后終于走(zou)上了穩定發展的(de)道路。時至2013年(nian)(nian)，電監會又并入了能源局(ju)。電網已(yi)拆分(fen)為國家(jia)(jia)電網與(yu)南方電網兩家(jia)(jia)。已(yi)經走(zou)上了改放(fang)給(gei)(gei)市場(chang)的(de)權力放(fang)給(gei)(gei)市場(chang)，政企分(fen)離的(de)合理發展道路。

2015年9月中國與(yu)伊(yi)朗(lang)簽署了大宗電力和(he)能源合(he)作(zuo)協(xie)議，進一(yi)步(bu)推(tui)動雙邊合(he)作(zuo)，尤(you)其是加(jia)強在(zai)電力和(he)能源領域的合(he)作(zuo)。

2015年(nian)11月(yue)18日，中國(guo)電機工(gong)程(cheng)學會發布了“十三五”電力科(ke)(ke)技(ji)重大技(ji)術方(fang)向(xiang)研究報告(gao)，提出未來(lai)5年(nian)中國(guo)電力科(ke)(ke)技(ji)領(ling)域將重點開展9個重大技(ji)術方(fang)向(xiang)、38項關鍵(jian)技(ji)術研究工(gong)作。

相關政策

2014年中國電力市場發展戰(zhan)略

進入21世(shi)紀以來(lai)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)就(jiu)面臨著巨(ju)大(da)的(de)沖(chong)擊(ji)，尤其是在全(quan)球金(jin)融危機的(de)影(ying)響下，電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業(ye)所面對(dui)的(de)機遇和挑戰也變得(de)(de)更(geng)多。為(wei)了(le)提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)力(li)銷(xiao)量，保證企業(ye)在競(jing)爭中(zhong)立(li)于不敗(bai)之地，并對(dui)企業(ye)進行(xing)具有(you)前(qian)瞻性的(de)分析，國家(jia)采取(qu)有(you)效策略不斷(duan)擴寬電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)就(jiu)顯(xian)得(de)(de)尤為(wei)重要(yao)。據中(zhong)國產(chan)業(ye)洞察(cha)網(wang)了(le)解，國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部門已經(jing)逐(zhu)步(bu)認識到了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)實現擴大(da)的(de)重要(yao)意義，明確了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)是國家(jia)基(ji)礎行(xing)業(ye)之一(yi)，并盡(jin)可能的(de)采取(qu)行(xing)之有(you)效的(de)對(dui)策予以完善。

一、轉變(bian)思想，樹立競爭意識

企(qi)業生存的基(ji)礎(chu)是市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)，思(si)(si)想(xiang)又(you)是行動的先導(dao)，為了擴展電力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)，企(qi)業一定要(yao)轉(zhuan)變以(yi)往(wang)的思(si)(si)想(xiang)觀念(nian)，明確以(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)為主(zhu)體(ti)的競爭(zheng)策略(lve)，堅持市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的導(dao)向作用。在此基(ji)礎(chu)上，企(qi)業還要(yao)樹立(li)競爭(zheng)意識，培養效益觀念(nian)，加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)管理，并(bing)結合黨(dang)中央的政策規(gui)章，使(shi)企(qi)業形(xing)(xing)成良(liang)好的信譽和形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)，增強(qiang)(qiang)企(qi)業的凝聚力，讓市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)消費者(zhe)信任企(qi)業，從(cong)而(er)最大(da)限度的拓(tuo)寬電力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)。例(li)如(ru)，在國家提出西部大(da)開發戰略(lve)后，云(yun)南(nan)某電力企(qi)業就(jiu)立(li)足整體(ti)，抓住機遇(yu)(yu)，樹立(li)了競爭(zheng)意識，并(bing)不斷完善自身(shen)的企(qi)業形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)，在機遇(yu)(yu)面前(qian)沒有(you)錯過，準確掌握了市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)定位(wei)，擴寬了電力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)，取得(de)了巨(ju)大(da)的經濟效益。

二、健全完善電力市(shi)場規章(zhang)制度

想要(yao)做(zuo)好任何事情(qing)都要(yao)有(you)健(jian)(jian)(jian)全完善的(de)(de)規(gui)章制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)作基礎，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)的(de)(de)有(you)效擴展也(ye)是如此(ci)。由于以往計劃經濟體制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)束縛(fu)，再加(jia)上(shang)人們思(si)想觀念(nian)的(de)(de)局限(xian)性(xing)，就使得我國(guo)有(you)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)的(de)(de)規(gui)章制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)不夠健(jian)(jian)(jian)全。在新時(shi)期背景下，為(wei)了有(you)效拓展電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)，黨和國(guo)家一(yi)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)全完善相(xiang)應的(de)(de)規(gui)章制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，以《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)法(fa)》和相(xiang)關法(fa)律為(wei)依據，結合當前的(de)(de)具(ju)體情(qing)況(kuang)予以進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)完善。具(ju)體來說，要(yao)細化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)的(de)(de)準(zhun)入(ru)規(gui)則(ze)，明確(que)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，規(gui)范企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)行為(wei)，并制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)配(pei)套的(de)(de)監(jian)督管(guan)理法(fa)規(gui)，明確(que)違法(fa)的(de)(de)具(ju)體懲罰(fa)措(cuo)施，從而規(gui)范企(qi)業(ye)行為(wei)，保(bao)證市場(chang)的(de)(de)公開性(xing)和科(ke)學性(xing)，凈化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)，確(que)保(bao)其(qi)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)拓展。

三、建立以用戶(hu)為核心的電力(li)市場并(bing)拓展新市場

想要增加社會用電(dian)數量(liang)，并逐步拓(tuo)展電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)，就(jiu)要堅(jian)持供電(dian)以(yi)客(ke)戶為(wei)核心，根據用戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)需求構建電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)。首先，電(dian)力企(qi)業(ye)(ye)要保(bao)證供電(dian)質(zhi)量(liang)，質(zhi)量(liang)是市(shi)場(chang)得(de)以(yi)拓(tuo)寬(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要因素之一，質(zhi)量(liang)過硬，才能(neng)(neng)爭取(qu)到更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)用戶；其次(ci)，在(zai)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)過程中，要堅(jian)持“預防(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，安(an)(an)全第一”的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則，在(zai)保(bao)證電(dian)能(neng)(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，也(ye)要確保(bao)安(an)(an)全生產(chan)，定(ding)期(qi)對供電(dian)設施(shi)進(jin)行(xing)檢查維修，避免出現安(an)(an)全隱患，逐步提高設施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用年限(xian)；最后，要完善企(qi)業(ye)(ye)自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)服務水平，樹立(li)為(wei)用戶服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀念(nian)，創(chuang)新服務意識(shi)，并定(ding)期(qi)對客(ke)戶進(jin)行(xing)走訪調查，了解他們對電(dian)能(neng)(neng)供應的(de)(de)(de)(de)滿意度，從而找到企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不足，滿足客(ke)戶需要。

眾所周知，我(wo)國區(qu)域(yu)分配(pei)不(bu)協(xie)調(diao)，各地區(qu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)數(shu)量存在很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)差異，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)中心集中在東部(bu)和東南(nan)(nan)沿海地區(qu)。想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)拓展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場，就一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)打破(po)這種不(bu)平衡的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結構，開(kai)辟新(xin)興(xing)市(shi)(shi)場。對此，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)可以(yi)建立跨(kua)區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能在不(bu)同區(qu)域(yu)間進行有效調(diao)節，并(bing)加大(da)(da)宏(hong)觀調(diao)控力(li)度來平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)。此外，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)也可以(yi)借鑒國外的(de)(de)(de)先進經(jing)驗，開(kai)展(zhan)政(zheng)策促銷活動，實(shi)行以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代油、以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代柴、以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代煤(mei)等形式，并(bing)加強(qiang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車、熱(re)泵(beng)設(she)備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)鍋爐等產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)推廣(guang)，從(cong)而逐步(bu)增(zeng)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能在市(shi)(shi)場消費(fei)中的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)有率(lv)。例如，一(yi)旦進入夏季，我(wo)國長江(jiang)以(yi)南(nan)(nan)地區(qu)使(shi)用(yong)空調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量就會(hui)大(da)(da)幅提高，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)也會(hui)增(zeng)加。國家針對這樣的(de)(de)(de)現象，對蓄冰制冷空調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)方面實(shi)行了相關的(de)(de)(de)優(you)惠政(zheng)策，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)可以(yi)利用(yong)這一(yi)特點(dian)逐步(bu)拓寬(kuan)市(shi)(shi)場，提高經(jing)濟(ji)效益。

四、提(ti)高員工(gong)素(su)質(zhi)能力(li)

電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)的(de)有效拓展(zhan)要依靠企業員工的(de)業務能(neng)力(li)和(he)綜合素質來完成(cheng)，隨著社(she)會主(zhu)義市場(chang)經濟的(de)全面開放，以及(ji)現代(dai)化技術的(de)逐(zhu)步興(xing)起(qi)，給電(dian)力(li)企業員工素質能(neng)力(li)提出了更(geng)高(gao)的(de)要求(qiu)。想要有效拓寬電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)，企業就(jiu)一定要培(pei)養高(gao)素質、高(gao)能(neng)力(li)的(de)員工。

第(di)(di)一，企(qi)業要提高(gao)企(qi)業人員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)水平，堅(jian)持先進設備的(de)(de)(de)引進，并逐步(bu)完(wan)善(shan)他(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)能力。第(di)(di)二，堅(jian)持實施“引進來與走出去”并存的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)戰略(lve)，加強員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)之間的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)和(he)合作，派(pai)遣(qian)有(you)能力的(de)(de)(de)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)對外(wai)學(xue)習交流(liu)。第(di)(di)三，企(qi)業要定期(qi)組織人員(yuan)(yuan)培(pei)訓，做好崗位選(xuan)拔工(gong)作，在保證員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)具(ju)有(you)高(gao)能力的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，還要完(wan)善(shan)他(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)道德素質，樹立(li)他(ta)們(men)(men)為企(qi)業服務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)理念，從而進一步(bu)拓展(zhan)電(dian)力市場。 [4]

電力發展(zhan)“十(shi)三五”規劃

11月7日，《電力發(fa)展(zhan)“十三五”規劃》發(fa)布，對我們有(you)以下指導意義。

要科學認識我(wo)國的電(dian)(dian)力發展空(kong)間(jian)：根據《規劃(hua)》，到2020年，我(wo)國人(ren)均裝機突破1.4千瓦，人(ren)均用電(dian)(dian)量(liang)5000千瓦時左(zuo)右(you)，接近中(zhong)等發達國家水平。電(dian)(dian)力在(zai)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)的比重(zhong)應該越(yue)來越(yue)大，也就(jiu)是能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)要走(zou)向電(dian)(dian)氣化，特別在(zai)終端(duan)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)，以電(dian)(dian)的形式(shi)用能(neng)比重(zhong)要提高，而非電(dian)(dian)的形式(shi)如直接燃煤等則不斷減少(shao)。《規劃(hua)》提出的2020年人(ren)均用電(dian)(dian)量(liang)5000千瓦時左(zuo)右(you)與2020年GDP水平相適應，今后還有一定的發展空(kong)間(jian)。

未來煤(mei)電(dian)發(fa)展應趨(qu)嚴(yan)：在經濟(ji)新(xin)常態下，能(neng)(neng)源也進入新(xin)常態，表現是能(neng)(neng)源隨著經濟(ji)的(de)(de)增長也在增長，但(dan)增長速(su)度趨(qu)緩(huan)。我們(men)要(yao)認(ren)識到，可再生能(neng)(neng)源、核電(dian)以(yi)及天然(ran)氣發(fa)電(dian)等(deng)低碳能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)提高，應該能(neng)(neng)滿足(zu)新(xin)常態下電(dian)力(li)增長的(de)(de)需求。退一步而言，假若低碳能(neng)(neng)源能(neng)(neng)力(li)不足(zu)，仍需增加煤(mei)電(dian)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)量，提升煤(mei)電(dian)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)小時數也能(neng)(neng)做到。

把儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)基(ji)礎研究(jiu)做扎實(shi)(shi)：儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)在能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)科技上堪(kan)稱顛覆性的(de)(de)且(qie)是(shi)占領戰略制高(gao)點的(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)。儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)如(ru)果在未來有實(shi)(shi)質性的(de)(de)進展(zhan)，就可(ke)以有效解決棄(qi)風、棄(qi)光甚至棄(qi)水的(de)(de)問題。要使間(jian)歇式的(de)(de)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)規模(mo)化發展(zhan)，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)關鍵，而且(qie)高(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)、高(gao)密(mi)度的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)非常利于(yu)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)汽車(che)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)。另外，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)對微網建設也至關重要。至此，我們應該(gai)充分認識到：儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)可(ke)以實(shi)(shi)現(xian)多方面用(yong)途的(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)。

清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)、低碳、綠(lv)色(se)是(shi)這(zhe)輪變(bian)革(ge)的(de)(de)主要方(fang)向(xiang)：“十二(er)五”期間我(wo)(wo)國提(ti)出(chu)了能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)革(ge)命，經過(guo)兩年的(de)(de)時間，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)革(ge)命已經取得了重大的(de)(de)進展(zhan)。因此，“十三五”將(jiang)在這(zhe)一(yi)基礎之上(shang)不(bu)斷推進能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)領域的(de)(de)變(bian)革(ge)，基本的(de)(de)要求(qiu)就是(shi)使(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)更(geng)(geng)加清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)、綠(lv)色(se)、低碳。而且(qie)，這(zhe)一(yi)變(bian)革(ge)不(bu)僅是(shi)中國發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)到現階段提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)必然要求(qiu)，也(ye)是(shi)全球能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)變(bian)革(ge)的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)。在我(wo)(wo)看來，電(dian)力的(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)、低碳、綠(lv)色(se)包含兩層(ceng)含義：一(yi)是(shi)對煤電(dian)的(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)化利用(yong)和改(gai)造；二(er)是(shi)盡可能(neng)(neng)(neng)多地增加可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)量。總體而言，對煤炭(tan)進行清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)化利用(yong)是(shi)較低層(ceng)次(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)解決方(fang)案，更(geng)(geng)高(gao)層(ceng)次(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)解決方(fang)案是(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)綠(lv)色(se)低碳能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)替代煤炭(tan)。不(bu)過(guo)，從較低層(ceng)次(ci)(ci)轉向(xiang)更(geng)(geng)高(gao)層(ceng)次(ci)(ci)需要一(yi)個過(guo)程(cheng)，這(zhe)中間需要適(shi)度增加天然氣發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)來作為過(guo)渡，再發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)到大規(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，逐步形成綠(lv)色(se)低碳的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)體系。

碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)將成(cheng)為重要(yao)控制指標：碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)將成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業一(yi)個(ge)很重要(yao)的(de)控制指標。《規劃(hua)》中提出了煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)強度降至865克/千瓦時的(de)目標。此外，《“十三五”控制溫室氣體排(pai)放(fang)工作方(fang)案》里也提到，到2020年(nian)，大(da)(da)型發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)集(ji)團(tuan)單位(wei)供電(dian)(dian)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)放(fang)控制在550克二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)/千瓦時以內。這(zhe)意味(wei)著我國一(yi)大(da)(da)部分發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)企業的(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)比例不能超過(guo)50%，這(zhe)個(ge)要(yao)求(qiu)是很高的(de)。總體來看(kan)，五大(da)(da)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)集(ji)團(tuan)由于(yu)近年(nian)來已經在大(da)(da)力(li)(li)布(bu)局可再生能源，要(yao)完(wan)成(cheng)這(zhe)個(ge)任務(wu)基本(ben)沒有太大(da)(da)難度，但一(yi)些地方(fang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司可能就壓力(li)(li)比較(jiao)大(da)(da)。如果完(wan)不成(cheng)，到時候就要(yao)通過(guo)購買(mai)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)指標、參與碳(tan)(tan)(tan)交易的(de)方(fang)式來完(wan)成(cheng)任務(wu)。

電(dian)能(neng)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)是(shi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)(xian)：《規劃》重點提(ti)到，到2020年電(dian)能(neng)占(zhan)終端能(neng)源消(xiao)費比重要提(ti)升(sheng)至27%。一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，燃(ran)燒(shao)煤(mei)炭、石油是(shi)造成大(da)氣(qi)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要因素(su)，尤其散煤(mei)燃(ran)燒(shao)危(wei)害更大(da)。每(mei)噸散煤(mei)燃(ran)燒(shao)排放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物是(shi)火電(dian)燃(ran)煤(mei)排放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)5~10倍，對(dui)大(da)氣(qi)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻率高(gao)(gao)達(da)50%左右。另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，天然氣(qi)雖然較煤(mei)炭而言更為清潔，但它在利用(yong)(yong)過程中也會釋放一(yi)部分氮氧(yang)化物，氮氧(yang)化物也是(shi)形成灰(hui)霾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要原(yuan)因之一(yi)。因此，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)能(neng)在終端能(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)，對(dui)防治(zhi)大(da)氣(qi)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)確(que)實大(da)有裨益(yi)。另(ling)外，電(dian)能(neng)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)不僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)一(yi)個提(ti)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)力(li)在能(neng)源消(xiao)費終端比重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，更是(shi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)(xian)。從發達(da)國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終端用(yong)(yong)能(neng)來看，電(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)比也非常高(gao)(gao)。我國要進(jin)入現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化社會，能(neng)源系統、用(yong)(yong)能(neng)方(fang)(fang)式也要和發達(da)國家接近(jin)。“十(shi)(shi)一(yi)五”、“十(shi)(shi)二五”時(shi)期(qi)，我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要精力(li)是(shi)解(jie)決用(yong)(yong)電(dian)問題，電(dian)力(li)已經(jing)做到了寬(kuan)裕(yu)，這個時(shi)候提(ti)出大(da)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)也具備現(xian)(xian)實基礎。