慕容皝(297年(nian)(nian)~348年(nian)(nian)),字(zi)元真,小字(zi)萬年(nian)(nian),昌(chang)黎棘(ji)城(今(jin)遼寧(ning)省義縣)人,鮮卑(bei)族。十六國(guo)時期(qi)前(qian)燕開國(guo)君主,西(xi)晉遼東公慕容廆第三子。
慕(mu)(mu)容皝勇武剛毅,頗有謀略(lve),崇尚(shang)經學(xue),熟(shu)悉天文,被立(li)為遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)公(gong)世子(zi)。建(jian)武初年(nian)(nian),拜(bai)冠軍將(jiang)(jiang)軍、左賢王(wang)、望平(ping)(ping)侯。太(tai)(tai)寧末(mo)年(nian)(nian),拜(bai)平(ping)(ping)北(bei)(bei)將(jiang)(jiang)軍、朝(chao)鮮(xian)公(gong)。咸(xian)和(he)八年(nian)(nian)(333年(nian)(nian)),襲封遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)郡公(gong),授平(ping)(ping)北(bei)(bei)將(jiang)(jiang)軍、平(ping)(ping)州(zhou)刺史,統治遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)地區。咸(xian)和(he)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(334年(nian)(nian)),派兵攻殺(sha)鮮(xian)卑(bei)木堤和(he)烏(wu)丸悉羅侯。咸(xian)康(kang)二年(nian)(nian)(336年(nian)(nian)),從(cong)(cong)海路踏冰攻殺(sha)慕(mu)(mu)容仁。咸(xian)康(kang)三年(nian)(nian)(337年(nian)(nian))十月,聽從(cong)(cong)謀臣封弈(yi)的勸進,自稱燕(yan)(yan)王(wang),建(jian)立(li)前燕(yan)(yan)政權(quan),追(zhui)封慕(mu)(mu)容廆為武宣王(wang),夫人(ren)段氏為武宣后,冊(ce)立(li)世子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容儁為燕(yan)(yan)國太(tai)(tai)子(zi)。咸(xian)康(kang)七年(nian)(nian)(341年(nian)(nian)),被東(dong)(dong)晉冊(ce)封為燕(yan)(yan)王(wang),授使持節(jie)、大將(jiang)(jiang)軍、都督(du)河北(bei)(bei)諸(zhu)軍事、幽州(zhou)牧(mu)、大單于。咸(xian)康(kang)八年(nian)(nian)(342年(nian)(nian)),遷都于龍(long)城。永和(he)四年(nian)(nian)(348年(nian)(nian)),慕(mu)(mu)容皝去世,享年(nian)(nian)五十二歲。慕(mu)(mu)容儁稱帝后,追(zhui)封皇帝,謚號(hao)(hao)文明,廟(miao)號(hao)(hao)太(tai)(tai)祖。
慕容皝雄毅多權略,崇尚漢(han)文化。在(zai)位期間,平定內部(bu)(bu)叛亂,擊敗宇文部(bu)(bu)和段部(bu)(bu)鮮卑,擊退(tui)后(hou)趙進攻,攻破高句(ju)麗,威震北方地(di)區(qu),為日后(hou)前燕入主中原打下了堅實的基礎。
西晉元(yuan)康七(qi)年(297年),慕(mu)容(rong)皝出生(sheng),是鮮卑慕(mu)容(rong)部首領慕(mu)容(rong)廆第三(san)子(zi),母為(wei)段夫人(ren)。
眉骨隆起有帝(di)王之相(xiang),門牙寬(kuan)闊整齊(qi),身高七尺(chi)八寸。雄俊剛毅(yi),富有權謀(mou)策略(lve),崇尚(shang)經學,擅(shan)長(chang)天文(wen)。慕(mu)(mu)容廆任遼東(dong)公(gong)時,立慕(mu)(mu)容皝(huang)為世子。
建(jian)(jian)武(wu)初年(317年),授(shou)冠軍將(jiang)軍、左賢王(wang),封為望(wang)平侯,帶領軍隊征討(tao),屢建(jian)(jian)戰功。晉明帝太寧末(mo)年,授(shou)平北將(jiang)軍,進封朝鮮公。
東晉(jin)咸(xian)和八年(333年),慕容(rong)廆去世,慕容(rong)皝(huang)繼位,以平北將(jiang)軍的身(shen)份兼任平州刺史,總管部內。不(bu)久,宇文(wen)乞(qi)得龜遭到別部宇文(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui)驅逐,在外地奔(ben)走(zou)喪(sang)命,慕容(rong)皝(huang)帶(dai)領(ling)騎兵(bing)討(tao)伐宇文(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui),宇文(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui)畏懼而請求講和,于是(shi)筑(zhu)起榆(yu)陰、安晉(jin)二城而返回。
當初,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)的(de)庶兄建威將(jiang)(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰為人(ren)(ren)驍勇(yong),有雄武之才,一直受到慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)的(de)嫉恨。他(ta)的(de)同母(mu)弟征虜將(jiang)(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)、廣(guang)武將(jiang)(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)昭都(dou)受到其父(fu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)廆(hui)的(de)寵愛(ai),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)心中也憤(fen)憤(fen)不(bu)(bu)平(ping)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)廆(hui)死后,他(ta)們都(dou)怕自己(ji)將(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)容(rong)(rong)納。此(ci)時,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰出奔段遼,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)昭起兵(bing)廢黜慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)。于是(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)昭,并且派使(shi)者(zhe)探查慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)的(de)虛實(shi),在險瀆(du)與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)遭遇。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)知道事(shi)已敗(bai)(bai)露,殺了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)的(de)使(shi)者(zhe),向東(dong)回到平(ping)郭(今遼寧(ning)省熊岳市)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)派遣(qian)其弟建武將(jiang)(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)幼、司馬佟壽等人(ren)(ren)討伐他(ta)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)帶領全部人(ren)(ren)馬抵抗(kang),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)幼等大(da)敗(bai)(bai),都(dou)淪入敵手。襄平(ping)令(ling)王冰、將(jiang)(jiang)軍孫機攜遼東(dong)反(fan)叛慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang),東(dong)夷校尉封抽、護軍乙(yi)逸(yi)、遼東(dong)相韓(han)矯、玄菟太守高詡等棄城逃回。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)于是(shi)占有遼東(dong)的(de)全部土地,自稱車騎將(jiang)(jiang)軍、平(ping)州(zhou)刺史、遼東(dong)公(gong)。宇文逸(yi)豆歸、段遼及鮮卑諸部都(dou)作(zuo)為他(ta)的(de)后援(yuan)。
東(dong)晉(jin)咸和(he)(he)九(jiu)年(334年),慕(mu)容(rong)皝派(pai)遣(qian)司(si)馬封弈(yi)到白狼攻(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)鮮卑酋長木堤,揚威將(jiang)軍(jun)淑(shu)虞在平岡(gang)攻(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)烏(wu)丸悉羅侯,把他們(men)都斬(zhan)了。材官劉佩攻(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)乙連,未能獲勝。段(duan)遼(liao)不久(jiu)便劫掠徒(tu)河(今錦州市(shi)),慕(mu)容(rong)皝部(bu)將(jiang)張萌(meng)迎戰,打(da)(da)(da)敗了他們(men)。段(duan)遼(liao)弟段(duan)蘭與慕(mu)容(rong)翰劫掠柳(liu)(liu)城(cheng)(今朝(chao)陽市(shi)),被(bei)都尉石(shi)琮(cong)擊敗。十(shi)余(yu)天后(hou),段(duan)蘭、慕(mu)容(rong)翰再次包圍(wei)柳(liu)(liu)城(cheng),慕(mu)容(rong)皝派(pai)寧(ning)遠將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)汗(han)和(he)(he)封弈(yi)等人前(qian)往解救。慕(mu)容(rong)皝告誡慕(mu)容(rong)汗(han)說:“賊兵(bing)(bing)人多氣盛,我們(men)很難與他們(men)一爭勝負,應(ying)該全面考慮,千萬不要輕易(yi)行動,必須集中(zhong)兵(bing)(bing)力、整理陣容(rong),然(ran)后(hou)再進(jin)(jin)擊。”慕(mu)容(rong)汗(han)性格勇(yong)猛敏銳,派(pai)千余(yu)騎兵(bing)(bing)作為前(qian)鋒而展開(kai)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong),封弈(yi)制止(zhi)他,慕(mu)容(rong)汗(han)不聽從,被(bei)段(duan)蘭打(da)(da)(da)敗,士兵(bing)(bing)死亡大(da)半(ban)。段(duan)蘭又進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)柳(liu)(liu)城(cheng),造飛梯、挖地(di)道,圍(wei)困(kun)二十(shi)日,石(shi)琮(cong)親自率領將(jiang)士出(chu)擊,打(da)(da)(da)敗了他們(men),斬(zhan)首一千五(wu)百級,段(duan)蘭才逃(tao)回。
同年(nian),晉成帝(di)派遣(qian)謁者(zhe)徐孟、閭丘幸等持(chi)節授(shou)任慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)為(wei)鎮軍大將軍、平(ping)州刺史、大單于、遼(liao)東公,持(chi)節、都督、承制封拜等事宜,都與(yu)先前慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)廆時相同。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)親自征(zheng)討遼(liao)東,攻克襄平(ping),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)仁(ren)所(suo)(suo)任命(ming)的居就令劉程攜城(cheng)(cheng)歸降(jiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang),新昌人(ren)張衡也(ye)拘捕了縣宰投降(jiang)他。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)斬殺了慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)仁(ren)所(suo)(suo)設置的地方官吏,把遼(liao)東大姓分(fen)遷到棘城(cheng)(cheng),設置和陽、武(wu)次、西(xi)樂三縣而返回。
東晉咸康(kang)二年(336年),派封(feng)(feng)弈襲擊宇文別部涉奕(yi)于,大勝(sheng)而還(huan)。涉奕(yi)于率(lv)騎(qi)兵追(zhui)擊,在渾(hun)水交(jiao)戰,又一(yi)次打(da)敗了(le)(le)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)將要從(cong)海道討伐慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁(ren),部將都勸諫他(ta)(ta)(ta),說(shuo)海道危險艱難,還(huan)是走(zou)陸路為(wei)宜。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)說(shuo):“以(yi)往海水不見冰凌(ling),自(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁(ren)謀(mou)反以(yi)來,已(yi)(yi)三次封(feng)(feng)凍。從(cong)前漢光武帝憑借著滹沱(tuo)之(zhi)冰成就(jiu)了(le)(le)大業,上天(tian)或(huo)許想讓我(wo)(wo)乘此(ci)良機(ji)而擊敗他(ta)(ta)(ta)吧!我(wo)(wo)的(de)主意已(yi)(yi)定,若有誰阻撓我(wo)(wo)的(de)計(ji)謀(mou)就(jiu)斬首!”便率(lv)領三軍(jun)從(cong)昌黎踏著冰凌(ling)前進(jin)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁(ren)沒(mei)有料到慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)的(de)到來,直至三軍(jun)距離平郭七里(li)時,了(le)(le)望偵察的(de)騎(qi)兵才(cai)來報告,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁(ren)狼(lang)狽(bei)出擊,被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)擒(qin)獲,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)殺(sha)了(le)(le)他(ta)(ta)(ta)而返回(hui)。在朝陽(yang)門東規(gui)劃好(hao)親自(zi)耕作(zuo)、勉(mian)勵(li)農事(shi)的(de)耕田(tian),設官司來主管此(ci)事(shi)。
東(dong)晉(jin)咸康二年(nian)(336年(nian)),段(duan)遼派(pai)(pai)(pai)部(bu)將李(li)詠(yong)夜襲武興(今(jin)河(he)北(bei)省(sheng)遷(qian)安(an)市),遇到雨(yu)天,撤回,都尉張萌冒(mao)雨(yu)追擊(ji),擒(qin)獲(huo)李(li)詠(yong)。段(duan)蘭擁有數萬(wan)士(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)屯于曲(qu)水亭,打(da)(da)算攻(gong)打(da)(da)柳城(cheng),宇文逸豆歸(gui)入(ru)侵(qin)安(an)晉(jin)(今(jin)遼陽(yang)市),作為(wei)段(duan)蘭的聲援。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)率領五萬(wan)步騎迎擊(ji),隊伍(wu)在柳城(cheng)宿營,段(duan)蘭、宇文逸豆歸(gui)聞風而逃。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)派(pai)(pai)(pai)封弈(yi)帶(dai)輕(qing)騎追擊(ji),打(da)(da)敗了他(ta)們,繳(jiao)獲(huo)了他(ta)們軍中的資糧,在軍中居住就(jiu)食,二十余天后返回。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)對(dui)各位(wei)將領說(shuo):“二敵(di)為(wei)無功而歸(gui)感到恥辱,一定會再次前來,我們應在柳城(cheng)左(zuo)右設下伏兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)來等(deng)候他(ta)們。”派(pai)(pai)(pai)封弈(yi)帶(dai)領騎兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)潛伏在馬兒山的各條道(dao)路(lu)上。不久,段(duan)遼的騎兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)果然來到,封弈(yi)兩(liang)路(lu)夾擊(ji),大(da)獲(huo)全勝,殺了對(dui)方的將領榮保。派(pai)(pai)(pai)兼(jian)長史劉斌、郎中令陽(yang)景送徐孟等(deng)回京師(shi)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)派(pai)(pai)(pai)世子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁討伐段(duan)遼的諸(zhu)處城(cheng)堡,派(pai)(pai)(pai)封弈(yi)攻(gong)打(da)(da)宇文別部(bu),都大(da)勝而返。
慕容皝(huang)又樹立求諫言的木柱,以廣開(kai)直言之(zhi)路。東(dong)晉咸康三年(337年),遷徙(xi)到(dao)(dao)昌黎郡(jun)。三月,在乙連(lian)(lian)(lian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以東(dong)修筑好城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),派折沖將軍蘭(lan)勃(bo)防(fang)守,以對乙連(lian)(lian)(lian)造(zao)成威脅。又在曲水筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),作為蘭(lan)勃(bo)的后援。乙連(lian)(lian)(lian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遭(zao)逢嚴重(zhong)的饑荒,四月,段遼使用數千(qian)輛車向乙連(lian)(lian)(lian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)運糧,蘭(lan)勃(bo)伏擊(ji)攔劫得到(dao)(dao)了糧食。六月,段遼派堂弟(di)揚威將軍屈(qu)云率領精銳騎兵乘夜間偷(tou)襲在興國城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的慕容皝(huang)之(zhi)子慕容遵,與慕容遵在五官水上激(ji)戰,屈(qu)云戰敗,慕容遵斬了他,把他的士(shi)眾全部俘(fu)虜。
東晉咸(xian)康三(san)年(337年)九(jiu)月,鎮軍左長史(shi)封弈(yi)等(deng)人(ren)認為(wei)(wei)慕容(rong)皝(huang)責任重而(er)權位輕(qing),應稱燕王,慕容(rong)皝(huang)采納。于(yu)是(shi)設置(zhi)各(ge)個(ge)官(guan)署,任封弈(yi)為(wei)(wei)國相,韓壽為(wei)(wei)司(si)(si)馬(ma),裴(pei)開為(wei)(wei)奉常(chang)、陽(yang)騖(wu)為(wei)(wei)司(si)(si)隸、王寓為(wei)(wei)太仆、李(li)洪為(wei)(wei)大(da)理、杜群為(wei)(wei)納言令(ling)、宋該、劉瞻、石琮為(wei)(wei)常(chang)伯、皇甫真、陽(yang)協為(wei)(wei)冗騎(qi)常(chang)侍、宋晃(huang)、平熙、張泓為(wei)(wei)將軍,封裕為(wei)(wei)記(ji)室監。
同年十(shi)月,慕(mu)容皝即(ji)燕王位,史稱(cheng)前燕,并實行大赦。修建文昌殿(dian),乘坐以黃金為(wei)(wei)飾的根車(che),用六匹馬駕車(che),出(chu)入要清道警(jing)戒(jie)。十(shi)一(yi)月,追尊父親(qin)武宣(xuan)公慕(mu)容廆為(wei)(wei)武宣(xuan)王,母親(qin)段(duan)氏(shi)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)武宣(xuan)后。又立自己(ji)的夫(fu)人段(duan)氏(shi)為(wei)(wei)王后,冊立世子慕(mu)容儁為(wei)(wei)王太子,一(yi)切(qie)如同魏武帝(di)(di)曹操、晉(jin)文帝(di)(di)司馬昭輔政時一(yi)樣。
東晉咸康三年(nian)(337年(nian)),慕容(rong)皝(huang)因段(duan)遼常成(cheng)為邊(bian)境的禍患(huan),派揚(yang)烈將軍(jun)宋(song)回(hui)向(xiang)后趙(zhao)石虎稱臣,請求出兵討伐段(duan)遼。自言將率領國內(nei)所有士眾會同討伐,并讓自己(ji)的兄弟寧遠將軍(jun)慕容(rong)汗(han)到后趙(zhao)當人質。后趙(zhao)王石虎大(da)為喜悅,盛情撫尉(wei)、酬(chou)答,謝絕(jue)慕容(rong)汗(han)為人質,遣(qian)送他(ta)返回(hui),與(yu)慕容(rong)皝(huang)秘密約定第二年(nian)會合。
東(dong)晉咸康四(si)(si)年(nian)(338年(nian)),石(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)率士卒而(er)至(zhi)(zhi)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)(huang)率諸(zhu)(zhu)軍(jun)攻打段(duan)(duan)遼的令(ling)支以北(bei)諸(zhu)(zhu)城(cheng),段(duan)(duan)遼派(pai)部將(jiang)段(duan)(duan)蘭抵抗,雙方大(da)戰(zhan)(zhan),段(duan)(duan)蘭戰(zhan)(zhan)敗,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)(huang)軍(jun)隊斬殺敵人首級數(shu)千(qian),擄(lu)掠五(wu)千(qian)余(yu)戶而(er)回。石(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)到了徐無,段(duan)(duan)遼逃(tao)往密(mi)云山(shan)。石(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)進(jin)入(ru)令(ling)支,因慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)(huang)不來會(hui)師而(er)發怒,進(jin)軍(jun)攻打,直至(zhi)(zhi)棘(ji)城(cheng),數(shu)十萬軍(jun)士四(si)(si)面進(jin)攻,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)(huang)所轄郡(jun)縣各部有三(san)十六城(cheng)反叛慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)(huang)而(er)歸順(shun)石(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)。雙方相持(chi)十多天,諸(zhu)(zhu)將(jiang)勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)(huang)投(tou)降。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)(huang)說:“我(wo)剛(gang)取得天下,怎能(neng)投(tou)降呢!”派(pai)其(qi)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)等帶領(ling)二千(qian)騎(qi)(qi)兵(bing),清晨(chen)出城(cheng)攻擊圍城(cheng)部隊。石(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)諸(zhu)(zhu)軍(jun)驚(jing)恐混(hun)亂,丟鑒棄甲而(er)逃(tao)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)乘勝追擊,斬殺俘獲三(san)萬余(yu)人,筑凡城(cheng)(今遼寧省喀左縣)設下防守而(er)還。段(duan)(duan)遼派(pai)使者向石(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)詐(zha)稱投(tou)降,請求出兵(bing)接應。石(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)派(pai)將(jiang)領(ling)麻秋率眾迎接段(duan)(duan)遼,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)在密(mi)云山(shan)埋(mai)伏了七千(qian)精銳的騎(qi)(qi)兵(bing),大(da)敗敵軍(jun),擒(qin)獲司馬(ma)陽裕、將(jiang)軍(jun)鮮于亮(liang),裹挾段(duan)(duan)遼及其(qi)部眾返回。
晉(jin)成帝又(you)派使者來進封慕(mu)容皝為征(zheng)北大將軍、幽州(zhou)(zhou)牧(mu),兼(jian)平(ping)州(zhou)(zhou)刺史,加(jia)散騎(qi)常侍,增加(jia)一(yi)萬(wan)戶(hu)食(shi)邑(yi),持節(jie)、都督、單于、公爵位依舊(jiu)。慕(mu)容皝前軍帥慕(mu)容評在遼(liao)西打敗了石(shi)虎將石(shi)成等,斬殺將領呼延(yan)晃、張支,劫掠一(yi)千余戶(hu)而歸(gui)。段遼(liao)陰(yin)謀反叛,慕(mu)容皝將其誅殺。咸康五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(339年(nian)(nian)),石(shi)虎又(you)派石(shi)成入侵攻打凡(fan)城,未能攻克,進兵攻陷(xian)廣(guang)城。
東晉(jin)咸康六年(340年),慕(mu)(mu)容皝因自稱燕(yan)王(wang)未(wei)受東晉(jin)朝(chao)命(ming),派長史(shi)劉翔向建(jian)康獻捷,兼求假燕(yan)王(wang)璽綬(shou),又(you)請(qing)大(da)舉出兵平(ping)定中原。不過(guo)當時(shi)朝(chao)廷議(yi)論(lun)未(wei)肯容讓慕(mu)(mu)容皝稱王(wang)。此時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容皝得知(zhi)庾(yu)(yu)(yu)亮去世,其弟庾(yu)(yu)(yu)冰及庾(yu)(yu)(yu)翼分掌朝(chao)廷中樞及荊(jing)州要(yao)地,于是上(shang)書(shu)要(yao)晉(jin)成帝以(yi)史(shi)為(wei)鑒,親近賢達,不要(yao)親信外戚。又(you)寫信給庾(yu)(yu)(yu)冰,指(zhi)責他(ta)掌握朝(chao)權(quan),卻未(wei)能為(wei)國雪恥,只“安枕逍遙,雅談卒(zu)歲(sui)”。庾(yu)(yu)(yu)冰知(zhi)道慕(mu)(mu)容皝的上(shang)表和書(shu)信后十(shi)分恐懼,自以(yi)道遠而不能控制他(ta),于是奏請(qing)順應慕(mu)(mu)容皝的請(qing)求。慕(mu)(mu)容皝被東晉(jin)封為(wei)使持節、大(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)、都督河北諸(zhu)軍(jun)事、幽州牧、大(da)單于,燕(yan)王(wang)。
同年慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝伐高(gao)句麗,高(gao)句麗王高(gao)釗(zhao)請求結盟而(er)(er)還。第(di)二年,高(gao)釗(zhao)派遣其世(shi)子(zi)朝拜慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝。當初,段遼失敗時,建威(wei)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han)投(tou)奔了(le)宇文逸豆歸(gui),自認為(wei)一(yi)貫以威(wei)武名揚(yang)四(si)方,卻終未(wei)保(bao)全(quan),便佯裝瘋(feng)癲(dian),放縱飲酒,披頭(tou)散發長歌(ge)短呼。宇文逸豆歸(gui)因信任他(ta)(ta)而(er)(er)不加(jia)禁止,所以他(ta)(ta)得(de)以自由周游(you),以至(zhi)于(yu)山(shan)川(chuan)地形,攻戰要路,無不熟悉于(yu)心(xin)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝派商人王車(che)暗中觀察(cha)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han)見到(dao)王車(che)后默默無言,只是(shi)撫(fu)拍胸脯。王車(che)回來(lai)把這些情(qing)況報告給慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝說:“慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han)想(xiang)到(dao)我們這里來(lai)啊(a)。”就派王車(che)給慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han)送去弓矢,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han)盜得(de)宇文逸豆歸(gui)的(de)駿(jun)馬,帶(dai)著他(ta)(ta)的(de)兩(liang)個(ge)兒子(zi)逃了(le)回來(lai)。
慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)將攻取后趙,冷(leng)靜地對各(ge)位將領(ling)說:“石虎自(zi)認為樂安諸城(cheng)(cheng)防守嚴密,城(cheng)(cheng)之南(nan)北必不(bu)設防,如果(guo)出(chu)其不(bu)意從(cong)小路出(chu)擊(ji),冀州北部(bu)(bu)土(tu)地可(ke)以(yi)全部(bu)(bu)攻占。”于是率(lv)領(ling)二萬騎兵出(chu)蠮螉鐘,長驅(qu)到達薊城(cheng)(cheng),進兵渡過武(wu)遂(sui)津,進入高(gao)陽,所過之處焚燒財物(wu),劫掠遷徙幽、冀三萬余(yu)戶。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)又派陽裕、唐柱等人修筑龍城(cheng)(cheng),建造宮(gong)廟,改(gai)柳城(cheng)(cheng)為龍城(cheng)(cheng)縣。此時晉(jin)成帝司馬衍派兼(jian)大鴻臚郭希持(chi)節授慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)為侍中(zhong)、大都督河北諸軍(jun)事、大將軍(jun)、燕王,其余(yu)官職如故。分封(feng)功(gong)臣百余(yu)人。
東晉咸(xian)康七年(nian)(341年(nian)),慕(mu)容(rong)皝遷(qian)都龍城(cheng)(今遼寧省朝陽市)。率領四萬精兵(bing)強將,自南陜而(er)入討伐宇文部、高句(ju)麗,又派慕(mu)容(rong)翰及其子慕(mu)容(rong)垂擔任前鋒,派長史(shi)王寓等統領一萬五千士眾,從北置而(er)進(jin)。
高(gao)句(ju)麗王(wang)高(gao)釗以為慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)軍從北路進犯,便派(pai)其弟高(gao)武統率五萬(wan)(wan)精兵在北置抵抗,自己(ji)帶著弱卒防(fang)守南(nan)陜。慕(mu)容(rong)翰與高(gao)釗在木底交(jiao)戰,大敗高(gao)釗軍,乘勝攻入高(gao)句(ju)麗都(dou)城丸都(dou),高(gao)釗單槍匹馬而(er)逃。慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)掘(jue)開高(gao)釗父親高(gao)乙(yi)弗利的墓穴(xue),用車載著尸體及其母妻和珍(zhen)寶,劫掠了(le)五萬(wan)(wan)余男女百(bai)姓,焚燒掉高(gao)釗的宮室,毀滅(mie)了(le)丸都(dou)而(er)歸(gui)。
第二年(342年),高釗派遣使者(zhe)向(xiang)慕容(rong)皝稱(cheng)臣,貢獻地方特(te)產等各類財物(wu),慕容(rong)皝才(cai)把他父親的尸體歸還(huan)給他。
宇文逸豆歸派遣國相莫(mo)淺渾討(tao)伐慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang),諸將請求應戰(zhan)(zhan),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)不答應。莫(mo)淺渾以(yi)為慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)害怕自(zi)己(ji),便沉溺在縱(zong)酒田獵之中,不再設防。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)說:“莫(mo)淺渾奢侈怠(dai)惰已到了(le)極點,現在我們可以(yi)一戰(zhan)(zhan)了(le)。”派慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰帶領(ling)騎(qi)兵進擊,莫(mo)淺渾大敗,僥(jiao)幸只身脫逃,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰全部(bu)俘(fu)虜了(le)他的士卒。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)巡視郡縣(xian),勸勉考核農事,建起龍城(cheng)宮闕。
建元二(er)年(344年),慕容(rong)(rong)皝又率領二(er)萬(wan)騎(qi)兵討伐宇文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui)(gui),以(yi)慕容(rong)(rong)翰(han)及慕容(rong)(rong)垂作(zuo)為前(qian)(qian)鋒。宇文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui)(gui)指使(shi)他(ta)的騎(qi)兵將領涉(she)奕(yi)(yi)(yi)于(yu)帶領全部(bu)(bu)人馬抵擋慕容(rong)(rong)翰(han),慕容(rong)(rong)皝速派人對(dui)慕容(rong)(rong)翰(han)說(shuo):“涉(she)奕(yi)(yi)(yi)于(yu)勇武強悍,應該稍稍回(hui)避,等(deng)到(dao)(dao)他(ta)們(men)滋長了驕氣,然(ran)后攻克他(ta)們(men)。”慕容(rong)(rong)翰(han)說(shuo):“宇文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui)(gui)的精銳部(bu)(bu)隊,全部(bu)(bu)在此,現在如果戰勝他(ta)們(men),我(wo)們(men)可以(yi)不(bu)(bu)費兵力就滅掉宇文(wen)(wen)部(bu)(bu)。涉(she)奕(yi)(yi)(yi)于(yu)徒有虛名(ming),其(qi)(qi)實容(rong)(rong)易(yi)攻取,不(bu)(bu)應放縱敵人而挫傷我(wo)們(men)士兵的銳氣。”于(yu)是前(qian)(qian)行(xing)交戰,斬了涉(she)奕(yi)(yi)(yi)于(yu),全部(bu)(bu)俘虜(lu)他(ta)的士兵,宇文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui)(gui)遠(yuan)逃大(da)漠以(yi)北(bei)。慕容(rong)(rong)皝得到(dao)(dao)千(qian)余(yu)里土地,把(ba)他(ta)的部(bu)(bu)人五(wu)萬(wan)余(yu)戶遷徙到(dao)(dao)昌黎(li),改(gai)涉(she)奕(yi)(yi)(yi)于(yu)城為威德(de)城。舉(ju)行(xing)祭告宗廟并飲酒慶功(gong)的典(dian)禮,論功(gong)行(xing)賞各(ge)有等(deng)級。慕容(rong)(rong)皝把(ba)牧牛(niu)(niu)分給貧苦人家(jia),在皇家(jia)園林中(zhong)耕(geng)作(zuo),公(gong)家(jia)收取其(qi)(qi)八(ba)分,其(qi)(qi)余(yu)的二(er)分收成歸(gui)(gui)私家(jia)所有。有牛(niu)(niu)而無(wu)地的人家(jia),也(ye)在苑(yuan)中(zhong)耕(geng)作(zuo),公(gong)家(jia)收取七(qi)成,三成歸(gui)(gui)于(yu)私家(jia)。
東(dong)晉(jin)永(yong)和元(yuan)年(345年),慕容(rong)皝令其子慕容(rong)恪攻(gong)(gong)高句麗的南(nan)蘇,攻(gong)(gong)克(ke)南(nan)蘇,設守(shou)所而返回。同年,慕容(rong)皝以“古者諸侯(hou)即位(wei),各稱元(yuan)年”為(wei)由,停用東(dong)晉(jin)年號(hao),自稱“十(shi)二(er)年”。永(yong)和三年(347年),慕容(rong)皝派其世子慕容(rong)儁與慕容(rong)恪帶領一萬七千名騎兵(bing)東(dong)襲夫余(yu),將其攻(gong)(gong)克(ke),俘虜了夫余(yu)王及其部眾(zhong)五萬余(yu)口而返回。
慕容(rong)皝親臨東(dong)庠考核學(xue)生,精通經(jing)籍成績(ji)優異的人(ren),提拔他(ta)們補充近侍。因長期干旱,免除百姓田租。取(qu)消成周(zhou)、冀陽、營丘等郡(jun)。以勃海(hai)人(ren)設興(xing)集縣(xian)(xian),河間人(ren)設寧集縣(xian)(xian),廣平(ping)、魏郡(jun)人(ren)設興(xing)平(ping)縣(xian)(xian),東(dong)萊、北海(hai)人(ren)設育黎縣(xian)(xian),吳人(ren)設吳縣(xian)(xian),都隸屬(shu)燕(yan)國(guo)。
東晉永和四(si)年(348年)九月,慕(mu)容皝(huang)在西部邊境狩獵,看見一只白兔,馳馬射箭,馬倒人傷。慕(mu)容皝(huang)乘輦(nian)車回宮(gong),召見慕(mu)容儁等托(tuo)付后(hou)(hou)事(shi),不(bu)久慕(mu)容皝(huang)去(qu)世,共在位十(shi)五年,時年五十(shi)二(er)歲,謚號(hao)文明(ming)王。其子(zi)慕(mu)容儁稱帝后(hou)(hou),追謚慕(mu)容皝(huang)為(wei)文明(ming)皇(huang)帝,廟(miao)號(hao)太祖,葬(zang)于龍平(ping)陵。
慕(mu)容皝可以稱(cheng)得(de)上(shang)是位有雄才大(da)略的政治(zhi)家(jia)和能(neng)攻(gong)善戰的軍事家(jia)。他不(bu)(bu)斷的攻(gong)城(cheng)掠地(di),統一北(bei)方(fang),并不(bu)(bu)是為了(le)偏安一隅,而是為了(le)入主中原(yuan),圖謀霸權。東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)咸康三(san)年(337年),慕(mu)容皝派劉(liu)翔到建康,請東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)朝廷加封(feng)他為燕王,并邀晉(jin)(jin)(jin)兵北(bei)上(shang)夾攻(gong)后(hou)趙(zhao)石虎。不(bu)(bu)久,東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)朝廷封(feng)慕(mu)容皝為燕王、大(da)單(dan)于(yu)。雄心(xin)勃(bo)勃(bo)、手握重(zhong)兵的慕(mu)容皝暫時接受了(le)東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)王朝的封(feng)號,并以燕為國號,拜封(feng)奕為相國,韓壽為司馬,劉(liu)翔為長史(shi)。
咸康(kang)七年(341年),因(yin)“柳(liu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)北,龍山之(zhi)(zhi)西(xi),福地也,乃建龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,并于(yu)(yu)翌年從(cong)大棘城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遷(qian)都(dou)(dou)(dou)于(yu)(yu)龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)聯(lian)合后趙石虎討伐另一支鮮卑(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)族(zu)段(duan)遼氏(shi)(shi)。段(duan)遼氏(shi)(shi)覆滅后,后趙石虎前來攻打慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)奮(fen)力(li)反擊,率大將慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)根(gen)大破后趙石虎軍(jun)(jun),斬(zhan)首(shou)(shou)三(san)萬(wan)余(yu),從(cong)而為(wei)(wei)他(ta)統(tong)一鮮卑(bei)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)奠(dian)定了基(ji)礎。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)又任(ren)命慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)(han)為(wei)(wei)先(xian)鋒(feng),他(ta)自統(tong)三(san)軍(jun)(jun),首(shou)(shou)先(xian)出(chu)兵高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗,避實就(jiu)虛(xu),從(cong)高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗防(fang)守薄弱的(de)南(nan)道出(chu)擊,直(zhi)搗(dao)高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗國(guo)府丸都(dou)(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(今吉林(lin)集安),打得高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗王措手(shou)不(bu)及。燕軍(jun)(jun)搶掠民眾(zhong)(zhong)五萬(wan)余(yu)人,焚毀丸都(dou)(dou)(dou),得勝而回(hui)。高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗始(shi)臣(chen)服(fu)于(yu)(yu)燕。接著慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)仍以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)(han)為(wei)(wei)先(xian)鋒(feng)揮師北上,直(zhi)搗(dao)鮮卑(bei)宇(yu)文氏(shi)(shi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),把那里的(de)畜產資貨劫掠一空,并遷(qian)宇(yu)文部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)民眾(zhong)(zhong)五萬(wan)余(yu)人到昌黎定居。從(cong)此慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)把鮮卑(bei)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)牢(lao)牢(lao)掌(zhang)握在手(shou)中,鮮卑(bei)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)首(shou)(shou)領(ling)都(dou)(dou)(dou)聽命于(yu)(yu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi),成為(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)的(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屬。
慕容皝注重農桑(sang),發(fa)展經濟,下令所有移民和(he)流(liu)民都實行屯田,由(you)國家(jia)發(fa)給耕牛,鼓勵農民耕田,并(bing)輕(qing)徭薄賦,使農民得以休養生(sheng)息(xi)。短(duan)短(duan)十幾年時間,前(qian)燕的(de)經濟得到了長足的(de)發(fa)展。
慕(mu)容(rong)皝賜大臣子弟(di)中為官學生的稱高門(men)生,在舊宮建立東庠(xiang),用以(yi)舉行射箭飲酒(jiu)的禮(li)儀(yi)。每月親臨視察,考察優(you)劣(lie)。慕(mu)容(rong)皝非常喜愛文籍,勤于講授,學徒(tu)甚眾,達一千(qian)余人。親自(zi)撰《太上章》以(yi)取代《急就》,又著《典誡》十五篇,教(jiao)授貴族(zu)子弟(di)。
陽裕:“皝令德(de)之主。”
房玄齡(ling)《晉書》:①“元(yuan)真體(ti)貌不(bu)(bu)恒,暗符(fu)天表,沈毅自處,頗懷奇略(lve)(lve)。于時群雄(xiong)(xiong)角立(li),爭奪(duo)在(zai)辰,顯(xian)宗(zong)主祭于沖年,庾(yu)亮竊(qie)政于元(yuan)舅,朝綱不(bu)(bu)振(zhen),天步孔(kong)艱,遂得據已(yi)成之資,乘(cheng)土崩之會。揚(yang)兵南(nan)矛(mao)騖,則烏丸卷甲;建旆東征(zheng)(zheng),則宇文摧陣。乃負險(xian)自固,恃勝而(er)(er)(er)驕,端拱稱王,不(bu)(bu)待朝命,昔鄭武職居三事(shi),爵不(bu)(bu)改(gai)伯;齊桓(huan)績(ji)宣九合,位(wei)止為侯(hou)。瞻曩烈(lie)而(er)(er)(er)功微(wei),征(zheng)(zheng)前(qian)經而(er)(er)(er)禮縟,溪壑(he)難滿,此之謂乎?”;②“龍顏版齒(chi),身長七尺八寸。雄(xiong)(xiong)毅多權(quan)略(lve)(lve),尚經學,善天文。”
龍(long)山(shan)出現(xian)白(bai)龍(long)、黑(hei)龍(long)各一條,慕容皝親自率領群(qun)僚去(qu)觀賞,在(zai)(zai)距離龍(long)二百余步的地方,用太牢祭(ji)祀。二龍(long)龍(long)首相交,嬉戲飛翔,脫角而去(qu)。慕容皝十分高興,返回(hui)宮內(nei)(nei),赦免境(jing)內(nei)(nei)囚犯,把新宮命名為(wei)和龍(long)宮,在(zai)(zai)山(shan)上建起龍(long)翔佛(fo)寺(si)。
永(yong)和四年(nian)(348年(nian)),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)在西部邊境狩獵(lie),將要渡(du)河時,見到(dao)一位老(lao)者(zhe),身著紅衣,騎(qi)著白馬,舉手(shou)向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)揮動說:“這(zhe)里不(bu)是打(da)獵(lie)的場(chang)所,王還是回(hui)去(qu)吧。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)對這(zhe)件(jian)事(shi)密而不(bu)宣,于是渡(du)河,連日(ri)獵(lie)獲極多。后(hou)來見到(dao)一只白兔,馳馬射箭,馬倒人傷,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)才說出(chu)見到(dao)老(lao)者(zhe)一事(shi)。于是乘輦車回(hui)宮,不(bu)久慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)便去(qu)世了。
父母
父親:前燕武宣(xuan)帝慕容廆。
母親:段夫人。
同輩
哥哥
慕容翰(han),慕容皝異母兄。
弟弟
慕容仁,慕容皝同母弟(di)。
慕容昭,慕容皝同母(mu)弟。
慕容幼,慕容皝異(yi)母弟(di)。
慕容稚,慕容皝(huang)異母弟。
慕容(rong)軍,慕容(rong)皝異母弟。
慕(mu)容(rong)汗(han),慕(mu)容(rong)皝異母弟。
慕容評。
慕容彪。
妹妹
慕容氏,北魏昭成帝拓跋什翼犍妃子。
后妃
段皇后。
高氏。
蘭淑儀。
公孫夫人。
子女
兒子
慕容交。
慕容(rong)儁,慕容(rong)皝次子(zi),前(qian)燕景明(ming)帝(di)。
慕容遵(慕容逮),封臨賀王(wang)。
慕容(rong)恪,慕容(rong)皝四子,封(feng)太原王。
慕容垂(慕容霸),慕容皝五子,后燕武成帝。
慕容(rong)友,封范陽王。
慕容(rong)厲,封下邳王。
慕容(rong)度,封樂(le)浪王。
慕(mu)容宜,封廬江王(wang)。
慕容桓(huan),封宜(yi)都(dou)王(wang)。
慕容徽,封(feng)河(he)間王。
慕(mu)容(rong)龍(long),封歷(li)陽王。
慕容(rong)納,封北海王。
慕容秀,封(feng)蘭陵王(wang)。
慕容(rong)岳(yue),封安(an)豐王。
慕容德,南(nan)燕獻武帝。
慕容默,封始安公。
慕容僂,封南康公(gong)。
慕容宇。
慕容(rong)宙,封章武王。
女兒
昭成皇后(hou)慕容(rong)氏,北魏昭成帝拓跋(ba)(ba)(ba)什翼犍的皇后(hou),生北魏獻明帝拓跋(ba)(ba)(ba)寔、秦明王拓跋(ba)(ba)(ba)翰。
《十六國春秋·卷(juan)三(san)·前(qian)燕錄》
《晉書·卷(juan)一百九·載記第九》