慕容皝(huang)(297年~348年),字元(yuan)真,小(xiao)字萬(wan)年,昌黎棘(ji)城(今遼(liao)寧省義縣)人,鮮卑族(zu)。十六(liu)國時期前燕開國君主,西晉遼(liao)東公(gong)慕容廆第三(san)子。
慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)勇武(wu)剛毅,頗有謀(mou)略,崇(chong)尚經(jing)學,熟悉(xi)天文,被立為(wei)遼(liao)東公世(shi)子(zi)。建武(wu)初年(nian),拜冠(guan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、左賢王(wang)、望(wang)平(ping)侯(hou)。太寧末年(nian),拜平(ping)北(bei)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、朝(chao)鮮(xian)公。咸和(he)八年(nian)(333年(nian)),襲(xi)封(feng)(feng)遼(liao)東郡公,授平(ping)北(bei)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、平(ping)州刺(ci)史,統治遼(liao)東地區。咸和(he)九年(nian)(334年(nian)),派兵(bing)攻殺(sha)鮮(xian)卑(bei)木堤和(he)烏丸悉(xi)羅侯(hou)。咸康(kang)(kang)二(er)年(nian)(336年(nian)),從海路踏冰攻殺(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)仁(ren)。咸康(kang)(kang)三年(nian)(337年(nian))十月,聽從謀(mou)臣(chen)封(feng)(feng)弈的勸(quan)進,自稱燕王(wang),建立前燕政權(quan),追封(feng)(feng)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)廆(hui)為(wei)武(wu)宣王(wang),夫(fu)人(ren)段氏為(wei)武(wu)宣后(hou),冊(ce)立世(shi)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁為(wei)燕國太子(zi)。咸康(kang)(kang)七(qi)年(nian)(341年(nian)),被東晉冊(ce)封(feng)(feng)為(wei)燕王(wang),授使(shi)持節、大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、都督河北(bei)諸(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事、幽州牧、大單于。咸康(kang)(kang)八年(nian)(342年(nian)),遷都于龍城(cheng)。永和(he)四年(nian)(348年(nian)),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)去世(shi),享(xiang)年(nian)五十二(er)歲。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁稱帝后(hou),追封(feng)(feng)皇帝,謚(shi)號文明,廟號太祖。
慕容皝雄毅多權略,崇(chong)尚漢文化。在位期間,平定內部(bu)叛亂,擊敗(bai)宇文部(bu)和(he)段部(bu)鮮卑(bei),擊退(tui)后趙(zhao)進攻,攻破(po)高句麗,威(wei)震北方地區,為日后前燕入主中原打下(xia)了堅實的基礎。
西晉元(yuan)康(kang)七年(297年),慕容皝出生,是(shi)鮮卑慕容部(bu)首(shou)領慕容廆第(di)三子,母為段夫人。
眉骨隆起有(you)帝王之相,門牙寬(kuan)闊(kuo)整齊(qi),身高七尺八(ba)寸。雄俊剛毅,富有(you)權謀策略,崇(chong)尚經學,擅長天文。慕容(rong)(rong)廆任遼東(dong)公時,立慕容(rong)(rong)皝為世子。
建(jian)武初年(317年),授(shou)冠軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)、左(zuo)賢王,封為望平侯,帶領軍(jun)隊(dui)征(zheng)討,屢建(jian)戰(zhan)功。晉明帝太寧末年,授(shou)平北將(jiang)軍(jun),進(jin)封朝(chao)鮮公。
東晉(jin)(jin)咸和八年(333年),慕(mu)容廆去世,慕(mu)容皝繼(ji)位,以平(ping)北將軍的(de)身份(fen)兼任(ren)平(ping)州刺史,總管部內(nei)。不(bu)久(jiu),宇(yu)文乞得龜遭到別部宇(yu)文逸豆歸(gui)(gui)驅(qu)逐(zhu),在外地(di)奔走(zou)喪命,慕(mu)容皝帶(dai)領騎兵討伐(fa)宇(yu)文逸豆歸(gui)(gui),宇(yu)文逸豆歸(gui)(gui)畏懼而請求講和,于是筑起(qi)榆陰(yin)、安(an)晉(jin)(jin)二城而返回。
當初,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)的(de)庶兄建(jian)威將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)翰為人(ren)驍勇,有雄(xiong)武(wu)之(zhi)才,一(yi)直(zhi)受(shou)到慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)的(de)嫉恨。他的(de)同(tong)母弟征虜將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)、廣武(wu)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)都(dou)(dou)受(shou)到其(qi)父慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)廆(hui)的(de)寵愛,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)心中也(ye)憤憤不(bu)平(ping)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)廆(hui)死(si)后(hou),他們都(dou)(dou)怕(pa)自(zi)己(ji)將(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)能被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)納(na)。此時,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)翰出奔(ben)段遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)起兵(bing)廢黜慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)。于是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)殺(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao),并且派使者探查慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)的(de)虛實,在險瀆(du)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)遭(zao)遇。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)知道事已敗(bai)露,殺(sha)了慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)的(de)使者,向東回到平(ping)郭(今遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)寧省熊(xiong)岳(yue)市(shi))。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)派遣(qian)其(qi)弟建(jian)武(wu)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)幼、司馬佟壽等人(ren)討伐他。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)帶領全(quan)部人(ren)馬抵(di)抗(kang),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)幼等大敗(bai),都(dou)(dou)淪(lun)入敵手。襄(xiang)平(ping)令(ling)王冰、將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)孫機(ji)攜遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)東反叛慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang),東夷校尉(wei)封(feng)抽、護軍(jun)乙逸(yi)、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)東相韓矯(jiao)、玄菟太守高詡等棄城(cheng)逃回。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)于是占有遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)東的(de)全(quan)部土地,自(zi)稱車(che)騎將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)、平(ping)州刺(ci)史、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)東公(gong)。宇文逸(yi)豆歸、段遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)及鮮卑諸部都(dou)(dou)作為他的(de)后(hou)援。
東晉咸和九年(334年),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)派遣司馬封(feng)弈到(dao)白(bai)狼攻(gong)打鮮卑酋長木堤,揚威將軍(jun)淑虞在平岡攻(gong)打烏丸(wan)悉羅侯,把他(ta)們都(dou)斬(zhan)了(le)。材(cai)官劉佩攻(gong)打乙(yi)連,未能獲(huo)勝。段(duan)遼不(bu)久便劫掠徒河(今(jin)錦州(zhou)市),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)部(bu)將張萌迎戰(zhan),打敗了(le)他(ta)們。段(duan)遼弟段(duan)蘭與(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰劫掠柳(liu)城(今(jin)朝(chao)陽市),被都(dou)尉石琮擊(ji)敗。十(shi)余(yu)天后(hou),段(duan)蘭、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰再次包(bao)圍(wei)柳(liu)城,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)派寧(ning)遠將軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)汗(han)(han)和封(feng)弈等人前往解(jie)救。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)告誡慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)汗(han)(han)說:“賊兵(bing)人多氣盛,我們很難與(yu)他(ta)們一爭(zheng)勝負,應該(gai)全(quan)面(mian)考慮,千(qian)萬不(bu)要輕易行動(dong),必須集中兵(bing)力、整理陣(zhen)容(rong)(rong),然后(hou)再進(jin)擊(ji)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)汗(han)(han)性格勇猛敏(min)銳,派千(qian)余(yu)騎(qi)兵(bing)作為前鋒而展開進(jin)攻(gong),封(feng)弈制(zhi)止他(ta),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)汗(han)(han)不(bu)聽從,被段(duan)蘭打敗,士兵(bing)死(si)亡大半。段(duan)蘭又進(jin)攻(gong)柳(liu)城,造飛梯、挖地(di)道,圍(wei)困二十(shi)日,石琮親(qin)自率領將士出(chu)擊(ji),打敗了(le)他(ta)們,斬(zhan)首一千(qian)五(wu)百級,段(duan)蘭才逃回(hui)。
同(tong)年,晉成帝派遣謁者(zhe)徐孟、閭丘幸(xing)等(deng)(deng)持節授任慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)為(wei)鎮軍大將軍、平州刺史、大單于、遼東(dong)公,持節、都督、承制封拜等(deng)(deng)事宜,都與先前慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)廆時相同(tong)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)親自征(zheng)討遼東(dong),攻克(ke)襄平,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁所(suo)任命的居就令劉程(cheng)攜城(cheng)歸降(jiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang),新昌人(ren)張衡也拘捕(bu)了縣宰投降(jiang)他。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)斬殺了慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁所(suo)設置(zhi)的地方(fang)官吏,把(ba)遼東(dong)大姓分遷到棘城(cheng),設置(zhi)和陽(yang)、武次、西樂三縣而返回(hui)。
東(dong)晉咸康二年(nian)(336年(nian)),派封(feng)弈襲擊宇(yu)文別部(bu)涉(she)奕(yi)于,大(da)勝(sheng)而(er)還。涉(she)奕(yi)于率騎兵追擊,在渾水交(jiao)戰(zhan),又一次打(da)敗(bai)了(le)他們。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝將要從(cong)海道討(tao)伐慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)仁(ren),部(bu)將都勸諫他,說(shuo)海道危險艱(jian)難,還是走陸路為(wei)宜。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝說(shuo):“以往海水不(bu)見冰凌,自(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)仁(ren)謀反以來,已三(san)次封(feng)凍。從(cong)前(qian)漢光(guang)武(wu)帝憑借著滹沱之(zhi)冰成就(jiu)了(le)大(da)業,上天或許想(xiang)讓我(wo)乘此(ci)良機而(er)擊敗(bai)他吧!我(wo)的(de)(de)主意已定(ding),若有誰阻撓我(wo)的(de)(de)計謀就(jiu)斬(zhan)首(shou)!”便(bian)率領三(san)軍(jun)從(cong)昌(chang)黎踏著冰凌前(qian)進(jin)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)仁(ren)沒(mei)有料到慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝的(de)(de)到來,直至三(san)軍(jun)距離(li)平郭(guo)七里時(shi),了(le)望偵(zhen)察的(de)(de)騎兵才來報告(gao),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)仁(ren)狼狽出擊,被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝擒(qin)獲,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝殺了(le)他而(er)返回。在朝陽門東(dong)規(gui)劃(hua)好親自(zi)耕作、勉(mian)勵農事(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)耕田,設官司(si)來主管此(ci)事(shi)(shi)。
東晉咸(xian)康二年(336年),段(duan)遼(liao)派(pai)(pai)部(bu)將李(li)詠夜襲武興(今(jin)河北省遷安市(shi)),遇到(dao)(dao)(dao)雨天,撤回,都(dou)尉張萌冒雨追擊,擒獲李(li)詠。段(duan)蘭(lan)擁(yong)有(you)數萬士兵屯于(yu)曲水亭,打(da)(da)算攻打(da)(da)柳城(cheng)(cheng),宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆歸入侵安晉(今(jin)遼(liao)陽市(shi)),作為(wei)段(duan)蘭(lan)的(de)聲援。慕(mu)容皝率領五萬步騎迎(ying)擊,隊伍在柳城(cheng)(cheng)宿營,段(duan)蘭(lan)、宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆歸聞風而(er)逃。慕(mu)容皝派(pai)(pai)封(feng)(feng)(feng)弈(yi)帶(dai)(dai)輕(qing)騎追擊,打(da)(da)敗了(le)他們,繳獲了(le)他們軍(jun)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)資糧,在軍(jun)中(zhong)(zhong)居(ju)住(zhu)就食,二十余天后返回。慕(mu)容皝對各(ge)位(wei)將領說:“二敵為(wei)無功而(er)歸感到(dao)(dao)(dao)恥辱,一定會(hui)再次前來,我(wo)們應在柳城(cheng)(cheng)左右設下(xia)伏兵來等候他們。”派(pai)(pai)封(feng)(feng)(feng)弈(yi)帶(dai)(dai)領騎兵潛伏在馬兒山的(de)各(ge)條道路上。不久,段(duan)遼(liao)的(de)騎兵果然(ran)來到(dao)(dao)(dao),封(feng)(feng)(feng)弈(yi)兩(liang)路夾擊,大獲全勝,殺了(le)對方的(de)將領榮保(bao)。派(pai)(pai)兼(jian)長(chang)史劉斌、郎中(zhong)(zhong)令陽景送(song)徐孟等回京師。慕(mu)容皝派(pai)(pai)世子慕(mu)容儁討伐(fa)段(duan)遼(liao)的(de)諸處城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao),派(pai)(pai)封(feng)(feng)(feng)弈(yi)攻打(da)(da)宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)別部(bu),都(dou)大勝而(er)返。
慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)又(you)樹立(li)求諫言的木柱,以(yi)廣(guang)開直言之(zhi)路。東晉咸(xian)康三(san)年(337年),遷徙到昌黎郡。三(san)月,在(zai)乙(yi)連(lian)(lian)城以(yi)東修筑好城,派折沖將(jiang)軍蘭勃防守(shou),以(yi)對乙(yi)連(lian)(lian)造(zao)成威脅。又(you)在(zai)曲水筑城,作(zuo)為蘭勃的后援。乙(yi)連(lian)(lian)城遭逢嚴重的饑荒,四月,段遼使用數千輛車(che)向乙(yi)連(lian)(lian)城運糧(liang),蘭勃伏(fu)擊攔劫得到了糧(liang)食(shi)。六月,段遼派堂弟(di)揚威將(jiang)軍屈云率領精(jing)銳騎兵乘夜(ye)間偷襲在(zai)興國(guo)城的慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)之(zhi)子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)遵(zun)(zun),與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)遵(zun)(zun)在(zai)五(wu)官水上(shang)激戰,屈云戰敗,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)遵(zun)(zun)斬了他,把他的士眾(zhong)全部俘(fu)虜。
東(dong)晉咸康三年(337年)九月,鎮軍(jun)左長史(shi)封(feng)弈等人認為慕容(rong)皝責任重(zhong)而權位輕,應稱燕王,慕容(rong)皝采納。于是設置各個官署,任封(feng)弈為國相(xiang),韓壽為司馬(ma),裴開為奉常(chang)、陽騖為司隸(li)、王寓為太仆、李洪為大理、杜群(qun)為納言(yan)令、宋(song)該、劉瞻、石琮為常(chang)伯、皇甫真、陽協為冗騎常(chang)侍(shi)、宋(song)晃、平(ping)熙、張泓(hong)為將軍(jun),封(feng)裕為記室監(jian)。
同年(nian)十月(yue),慕(mu)容(rong)皝即燕王(wang)(wang)位,史(shi)稱(cheng)前(qian)燕,并實行大赦。修建(jian)文昌(chang)殿,乘坐以(yi)黃金為(wei)飾的根車,用(yong)六(liu)匹馬(ma)(ma)駕車,出入(ru)要清道警戒。十一(yi)月(yue),追尊父(fu)親武(wu)宣公慕(mu)容(rong)廆(hui)為(wei)武(wu)宣王(wang)(wang),母親段(duan)氏(shi)稱(cheng)為(wei)武(wu)宣后(hou)。又立自(zi)己(ji)的夫人段(duan)氏(shi)為(wei)王(wang)(wang)后(hou),冊立世子慕(mu)容(rong)儁為(wei)王(wang)(wang)太(tai)子,一(yi)切如同魏武(wu)帝曹操(cao)、晉文帝司馬(ma)(ma)昭輔政時一(yi)樣。
東晉咸康三年(337年),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝因(yin)段遼常成為邊境的禍患,派(pai)揚(yang)烈將(jiang)軍宋回向后(hou)趙石虎(hu)(hu)稱臣,請求出兵(bing)討(tao)伐段遼。自(zi)言(yan)將(jiang)率領國內所有(you)士眾會同討(tao)伐,并讓(rang)自(zi)己的兄(xiong)弟(di)寧遠將(jiang)軍慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)汗(han)到后(hou)趙當(dang)人質。后(hou)趙王石虎(hu)(hu)大(da)為喜悅,盛情撫尉、酬答,謝絕(jue)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)汗(han)為人質,遣送他返回,與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝秘密(mi)約(yue)定第二年會合。
東晉(jin)咸康四年(nian)(338年(nian)),石(shi)虎(hu)率士卒(zu)而(er)至。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)率諸(zhu)軍(jun)攻打(da)段遼(liao)(liao)的(de)令支(zhi)以北(bei)諸(zhu)城(cheng),段遼(liao)(liao)派(pai)部(bu)將段蘭抵抗,雙方大(da)戰,段蘭戰敗(bai),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)軍(jun)隊斬殺敵人(ren)首級數千(qian),擄掠五(wu)千(qian)余戶而(er)回。石(shi)虎(hu)到(dao)了徐(xu)無(wu),段遼(liao)(liao)逃往密云山。石(shi)虎(hu)進入令支(zhi),因慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)不(bu)來會(hui)師(shi)而(er)發怒,進軍(jun)攻打(da),直至棘城(cheng),數十萬軍(jun)士四面進攻,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)所轄(xia)郡縣各部(bu)有三(san)十六(liu)城(cheng)反叛(pan)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)而(er)歸順石(shi)虎(hu)。雙方相持十多天,諸(zhu)將勸慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)投(tou)降。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)說:“我剛取得天下(xia),怎(zen)能投(tou)降呢(ni)!”派(pai)其(qi)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)等帶領(ling)二(er)千(qian)騎兵,清晨出城(cheng)攻擊圍城(cheng)部(bu)隊。石(shi)虎(hu)諸(zhu)軍(jun)驚恐混(hun)亂,丟鑒(jian)棄甲(jia)而(er)逃。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)乘勝追擊,斬殺俘獲(huo)三(san)萬余人(ren),筑凡城(cheng)(今遼(liao)(liao)寧(ning)省喀左縣)設下(xia)防守(shou)而(er)還。段遼(liao)(liao)派(pai)使(shi)者向石(shi)虎(hu)詐稱投(tou)降,請求出兵接(jie)應(ying)。石(shi)虎(hu)派(pai)將領(ling)麻秋率眾迎接(jie)段遼(liao)(liao),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)在密云山埋伏了七千(qian)精銳的(de)騎兵,大(da)敗(bai)敵軍(jun),擒獲(huo)司馬陽裕、將軍(jun)鮮于亮,裹挾段遼(liao)(liao)及其(qi)部(bu)眾返回。
晉成帝(di)又派使(shi)者來進(jin)封慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)為征北大將軍(jun)、幽(you)州(zhou)牧,兼平州(zhou)刺史(shi),加(jia)(jia)散(san)騎常侍,增加(jia)(jia)一(yi)萬戶食(shi)邑(yi),持節、都督、單于、公(gong)爵位依(yi)舊。慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)前軍(jun)帥慕(mu)容(rong)評在遼西打(da)敗(bai)了石虎將石成等,斬殺將領(ling)呼延(yan)晃、張支,劫(jie)掠一(yi)千余戶而歸(gui)。段遼陰謀反叛,慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)將其(qi)誅(zhu)殺。咸康五年(339年),石虎又派石成入侵攻打(da)凡城(cheng),未能(neng)攻克,進(jin)兵(bing)攻陷廣城(cheng)。
東晉咸(xian)康六年(340年),慕容(rong)(rong)皝因自稱燕王未(wei)受東晉朝(chao)命,派長史(shi)劉(liu)翔向(xiang)建康獻捷,兼(jian)求假燕王璽綬,又(you)請(qing)(qing)大(da)(da)舉出兵平定(ding)中原(yuan)。不(bu)(bu)過當時朝(chao)廷(ting)(ting)議論(lun)未(wei)肯(ken)容(rong)(rong)讓慕容(rong)(rong)皝稱王。此時慕容(rong)(rong)皝得知庾(yu)亮(liang)去世(shi),其弟庾(yu)冰(bing)及庾(yu)翼(yi)分(fen)掌朝(chao)廷(ting)(ting)中樞及荊州(zhou)要(yao)地,于是上書要(yao)晉成帝以史(shi)為鑒,親近賢達,不(bu)(bu)要(yao)親信外戚。又(you)寫信給庾(yu)冰(bing),指責他(ta)掌握朝(chao)權,卻未(wei)能(neng)為國雪恥,只“安(an)枕逍遙,雅(ya)談卒歲(sui)”。庾(yu)冰(bing)知道慕容(rong)(rong)皝的上表和(he)書信后十分(fen)恐懼,自以道遠而不(bu)(bu)能(neng)控制他(ta),于是奏請(qing)(qing)順應(ying)慕容(rong)(rong)皝的請(qing)(qing)求。慕容(rong)(rong)皝被東晉封為使持節、大(da)(da)將(jiang)軍、都督河北諸軍事、幽州(zhou)牧(mu)、大(da)(da)單于,燕王。
同年(nian)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝伐高句(ju)麗,高句(ju)麗王(wang)高釗請(qing)求(qiu)結(jie)盟而(er)還。第二年(nian),高釗派遣其世子朝拜慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝。當(dang)初,段遼(liao)失敗時,建威將軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰(han)投奔了宇(yu)文(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui),自認為一(yi)貫以(yi)威武(wu)名揚(yang)四方,卻終未保全,便佯(yang)裝瘋癲,放縱飲酒,披頭(tou)散(san)發長歌短(duan)呼。宇(yu)文(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui)因信(xin)任他(ta)而(er)不(bu)加禁(jin)止,所以(yi)他(ta)得以(yi)自由周游,以(yi)至于(yu)(yu)山川地(di)形,攻戰(zhan)要路(lu),無不(bu)熟悉于(yu)(yu)心。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝派商人王(wang)車暗中(zhong)觀(guan)察慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰(han),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰(han)見到(dao)王(wang)車后默(mo)(mo)默(mo)(mo)無言,只(zhi)是撫拍胸脯。王(wang)車回來把這(zhe)些情況報告給慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝說(shuo):“慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰(han)想到(dao)我們這(zhe)里來啊(a)。”就派王(wang)車給慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰(han)送去弓(gong)矢,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰(han)盜得宇(yu)文(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)歸(gui)的駿馬(ma),帶著他(ta)的兩個兒子逃了回來。
慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)將(jiang)攻取(qu)后趙(zhao),冷靜(jing)地(di)對各位將(jiang)領說:“石虎自認為樂安諸(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)防守嚴密,城(cheng)(cheng)之南(nan)北必不(bu)設防,如果出其不(bu)意從小(xiao)路出擊,冀(ji)州北部土地(di)可以全部攻占。”于是率(lv)領二萬(wan)騎兵出蠮螉鐘,長驅到達薊城(cheng)(cheng),進兵渡過武(wu)遂津(jin),進入(ru)高陽,所過之處焚燒財(cai)物,劫(jie)掠遷徙幽、冀(ji)三萬(wan)余(yu)戶。慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)又派陽裕、唐柱等人(ren)修(xiu)筑龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng),建造宮廟,改(gai)柳城(cheng)(cheng)為龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)縣。此時晉成(cheng)帝司馬衍派兼大鴻臚郭希(xi)持節授慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)為侍中、大都督河(he)北諸(zhu)軍(jun)事(shi)、大將(jiang)軍(jun)、燕王(wang),其余(yu)官職如故。分封功臣百余(yu)人(ren)。
東晉(jin)咸康七年(341年),慕(mu)(mu)容皝(huang)遷都龍(long)城(今遼寧省朝陽市)。率領(ling)四萬精兵強(qiang)將,自南陜而(er)入(ru)討伐宇文部、高句麗(li),又派慕(mu)(mu)容翰及其(qi)子慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)擔任前鋒(feng),派長史王(wang)寓等統(tong)領(ling)一萬五千(qian)士眾,從(cong)北置而(er)進(jin)。
高(gao)(gao)(gao)句麗王高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)以為慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝軍(jun)從北路進犯(fan),便派其弟高(gao)(gao)(gao)武統(tong)率五萬精兵(bing)在(zai)北置抵抗,自己帶(dai)著弱卒防守(shou)南陜。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰與高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)在(zai)木底交戰,大敗高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)軍(jun),乘勝攻入高(gao)(gao)(gao)句麗都城丸都,高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)單(dan)槍匹馬而(er)逃。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝掘開高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)父親高(gao)(gao)(gao)乙(yi)弗(fu)利的(de)墓穴,用車載著尸體及其母妻和珍寶,劫掠了五萬余男女百姓(xing),焚燒掉高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)宮室(shi),毀滅了丸都而(er)歸。
第二年(nian)(342年(nian)),高釗派遣使者向慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)稱臣,貢(gong)獻(xian)地方特產(chan)等各類(lei)財物,慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)才把他(ta)父親的尸(shi)體歸還(huan)給他(ta)。
宇文逸豆(dou)歸派(pai)(pai)遣國相莫(mo)淺渾(hun)(hun)討(tao)伐慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang),諸將請求應戰,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)不答應。莫(mo)淺渾(hun)(hun)以為(wei)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)害(hai)怕自(zi)己,便沉溺在(zai)縱酒田獵之中(zhong),不再設(she)防。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)說:“莫(mo)淺渾(hun)(hun)奢侈怠(dai)惰已到(dao)了極點,現在(zai)我們可以一(yi)戰了。”派(pai)(pai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰帶領騎(qi)兵進擊,莫(mo)淺渾(hun)(hun)大敗,僥幸只身脫逃,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰全部(bu)俘虜了他的士卒。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)巡視(shi)郡縣,勸勉(mian)考核農事,建起(qi)龍(long)城宮闕(que)。
建元二年(344年),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝(huang)(huang)又率(lv)領二萬(wan)騎兵(bing)討伐宇文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)(dou)歸(gui),以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰及(ji)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂作為前(qian)鋒。宇文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)(dou)歸(gui)指(zhi)使他的(de)(de)騎兵(bing)將領涉(she)奕于(yu)帶領全(quan)部人(ren)(ren)馬抵擋慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝(huang)(huang)速派人(ren)(ren)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰說:“涉(she)奕于(yu)勇(yong)武強悍,應(ying)該稍稍回避,等(deng)到(dao)他們(men)滋長了驕氣(qi),然后攻克他們(men)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容翰說:“宇文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)(dou)歸(gui)的(de)(de)精銳部隊,全(quan)部在(zai)此(ci),現在(zai)如果戰勝他們(men),我(wo)們(men)可以不(bu)費兵(bing)力就滅掉宇文(wen)(wen)部。涉(she)奕于(yu)徒有(you)虛名,其實容易(yi)攻取(qu),不(bu)應(ying)放(fang)縱敵人(ren)(ren)而挫傷(shang)我(wo)們(men)士兵(bing)的(de)(de)銳氣(qi)。”于(yu)是前(qian)行交戰,斬了涉(she)奕于(yu),全(quan)部俘虜他的(de)(de)士兵(bing),宇文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆(dou)(dou)歸(gui)遠(yuan)逃大漠(mo)以北(bei)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝(huang)(huang)得到(dao)千(qian)余(yu)里土地(di),把他的(de)(de)部人(ren)(ren)五萬(wan)余(yu)戶遷徙到(dao)昌黎,改(gai)涉(she)奕于(yu)城為威(wei)德城。舉(ju)行祭告宗(zong)廟并飲酒慶功的(de)(de)典禮,論功行賞(shang)各(ge)有(you)等(deng)級。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝(huang)(huang)把牧牛分(fen)給(gei)貧苦人(ren)(ren)家,在(zai)皇(huang)家園(yuan)林(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)作,公家收(shou)取(qu)其八分(fen),其余(yu)的(de)(de)二分(fen)收(shou)成(cheng)歸(gui)私家所有(you)。有(you)牛而無地(di)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)家,也在(zai)苑中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)作,公家收(shou)取(qu)七成(cheng),三(san)成(cheng)歸(gui)于(yu)私家。
東晉永和(he)元年(345年),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)令(ling)其(qi)子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪攻(gong)高句麗的南蘇,攻(gong)克南蘇,設守(shou)所而返回。同年,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)以“古者諸(zhu)侯即位,各稱元年”為由,停用東晉年號,自稱“十二年”。永和(he)三年(347年),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)派其(qi)世子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪帶(dai)領一萬七千(qian)名騎(qi)兵東襲夫(fu)余(yu),將(jiang)其(qi)攻(gong)克,俘虜(lu)了夫(fu)余(yu)王及其(qi)部眾五萬余(yu)口而返回。
慕容皝(huang)親臨東(dong)庠考(kao)核學生,精通經籍成績(ji)優(you)異(yi)的人(ren),提拔他們補充近侍。因長期(qi)干旱(han),免除百姓田租。取消成周、冀陽(yang)、營丘(qiu)等郡。以勃海人(ren)設(she)興集(ji)(ji)縣,河間人(ren)設(she)寧集(ji)(ji)縣,廣平、魏郡人(ren)設(she)興平縣,東(dong)萊、北海人(ren)設(she)育黎縣,吳人(ren)設(she)吳縣,都(dou)隸(li)屬燕國。
東晉永和四年(348年)九月(yue),慕容皝(huang)在(zai)西部邊境狩(shou)獵,看見(jian)一只白兔(tu),馳馬射(she)箭,馬倒人傷(shang)。慕容皝(huang)乘輦車回宮,召(zhao)見(jian)慕容儁(jun)等(deng)托(tuo)付(fu)后事,不久慕容皝(huang)去世,共在(zai)位(wei)十(shi)五年,時年五十(shi)二歲,謚(shi)(shi)號文(wen)明王。其子慕容儁(jun)稱帝(di)后,追(zhui)謚(shi)(shi)慕容皝(huang)為(wei)文(wen)明皇帝(di),廟號太(tai)祖,葬(zang)于龍平陵。
慕(mu)容皝可以(yi)稱得(de)上是(shi)位有(you)雄才大(da)略的政治家和(he)能(neng)攻善戰的軍事家。他(ta)不(bu)斷的攻城掠(lve)地(di),統一北方(fang),并不(bu)是(shi)為(wei)了(le)偏安一隅,而是(shi)為(wei)了(le)入(ru)主中原(yuan),圖謀(mou)霸權。東晉(jin)咸康(kang)三年(337年),慕(mu)容皝派劉翔(xiang)到建康(kang),請(qing)東晉(jin)朝廷加(jia)封他(ta)為(wei)燕(yan)王(wang),并邀晉(jin)兵北上夾攻后趙(zhao)石虎。不(bu)久,東晉(jin)朝廷封慕(mu)容皝為(wei)燕(yan)王(wang)、大(da)單于。雄心勃勃、手(shou)握重兵的慕(mu)容皝暫時接(jie)受了(le)東晉(jin)王(wang)朝的封號,并以(yi)燕(yan)為(wei)國號,拜(bai)封奕(yi)為(wei)相國,韓壽為(wei)司(si)馬,劉翔(xiang)為(wei)長史。
咸康七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(341年(nian)(nian)),因“柳(liu)城(cheng)之北(bei),龍山之西(xi),福地也(ye),乃建龍城(cheng)”,并于翌年(nian)(nian)從大(da)棘城(cheng)遷(qian)都于龍城(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝聯合后(hou)趙(zhao)石虎(hu)討伐另一支鮮(xian)卑部(bu)族(zu)段遼氏(shi)(shi)。段遼氏(shi)(shi)覆滅后(hou),后(hou)趙(zhao)石虎(hu)前來攻打慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝奮力反擊,率大(da)將慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)根(gen)大(da)破后(hou)趙(zhao)石虎(hu)軍,斬首(shou)三(san)萬(wan)余(yu)(yu),從而為(wei)他統一鮮(xian)卑各(ge)部(bu)奠定了(le)基礎。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝又任(ren)命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)翰(han)為(wei)先鋒,他自(zi)統三(san)軍,首(shou)先出兵(bing)高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗,避實就虛,從高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗防守薄弱的南(nan)道出擊,直搗高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗國(guo)府丸(wan)都城(cheng)(今吉林集安),打得高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗王措手不及。燕軍搶掠民眾五萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)人,焚毀丸(wan)都,得勝(sheng)而回。高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗始臣(chen)服于燕。接著(zhu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝仍以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)翰(han)為(wei)先鋒揮(hui)師(shi)北(bei)上(shang),直搗鮮(xian)卑宇文氏(shi)(shi)都城(cheng),把那里的畜(chu)產資貨(huo)劫(jie)掠一空,并遷(qian)宇文部(bu)民眾五萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)人到昌黎(li)定居。從此慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝把鮮(xian)卑各(ge)部(bu)牢(lao)牢(lao)掌握在手中,鮮(xian)卑各(ge)部(bu)首(shou)領都聽(ting)命于慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi),成為(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)的部(bu)屬。
慕(mu)容皝注重農(nong)桑,發(fa)展經濟(ji),下(xia)令所(suo)有移民和(he)流民都實行屯田(tian),由國家發(fa)給耕(geng)牛,鼓勵農(nong)民耕(geng)田(tian),并輕徭薄賦,使農(nong)民得以休(xiu)養(yang)生息。短(duan)短(duan)十幾年時(shi)間,前燕的經濟(ji)得到了長足的發(fa)展。
慕容皝(huang)(huang)賜大臣子弟中為(wei)官(guan)學生的稱高(gao)門(men)生,在舊宮(gong)建立(li)東庠,用以(yi)舉行(xing)射(she)箭飲酒的禮(li)儀。每月親臨視察,考(kao)察優(you)劣。慕容皝(huang)(huang)非常喜愛文籍(ji),勤(qin)于講授(shou)(shou),學徒甚(shen)眾,達一(yi)千余人(ren)。親自撰《太上章》以(yi)取代《急就》,又著《典誡》十五篇,教授(shou)(shou)貴(gui)族子弟。
陽裕:“皝令德之主。”
房玄(xuan)齡《晉(jin)書》:①“元(yuan)真體貌(mao)不(bu)(bu)恒,暗符(fu)天(tian)(tian)表,沈毅自處,頗(po)懷(huai)奇略(lve)。于(yu)時群雄(xiong)角立,爭奪在辰,顯宗主祭于(yu)沖年(nian),庾亮竊政于(yu)元(yuan)舅,朝綱不(bu)(bu)振(zhen),天(tian)(tian)步孔艱,遂得(de)據(ju)已成之資,乘土崩之會(hui)。揚(yang)兵南(nan)矛騖,則(ze)烏丸卷(juan)甲;建(jian)旆東征,則(ze)宇文摧(cui)陣。乃(nai)負(fu)險自固,恃勝而(er)驕,端(duan)拱稱王,不(bu)(bu)待朝命,昔鄭武職居三事(shi),爵不(bu)(bu)改伯;齊桓績宣(xuan)九合,位止為侯。瞻曩烈而(er)功微,征前(qian)經而(er)禮縟,溪壑難滿,此之謂乎?”;②“龍顏版齒(chi),身長七尺(chi)八(ba)寸。雄(xiong)毅多(duo)權略(lve),尚經學(xue),善(shan)天(tian)(tian)文。”
龍(long)山(shan)出現白龍(long)、黑龍(long)各一條,慕(mu)容皝親自率領群(qun)僚去(qu)觀(guan)賞,在距離龍(long)二百余(yu)步的(de)地方,用(yong)太牢祭祀。二龍(long)龍(long)首相交(jiao),嬉戲飛翔(xiang),脫角而去(qu)。慕(mu)容皝十(shi)分(fen)高興(xing),返(fan)回(hui)宮內,赦(she)免境內囚犯,把(ba)新宮命名(ming)為和龍(long)宮,在山(shan)上建(jian)起(qi)龍(long)翔(xiang)佛(fo)寺。
永和四年(348年),慕容(rong)皝在(zai)西部(bu)邊境狩獵,將(jiang)要渡河時,見(jian)到(dao)(dao)一位老者,身著(zhu)紅衣,騎著(zhu)白馬(ma),舉手向慕容(rong)皝揮(hui)動說:“這里不是(shi)(shi)打獵的場所,王還是(shi)(shi)回去(qu)吧(ba)。”慕容(rong)皝對這件事(shi)密而不宣,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)渡河,連日獵獲極多。后(hou)來見(jian)到(dao)(dao)一只白兔,馳馬(ma)射箭,馬(ma)倒人(ren)傷(shang),慕容(rong)皝才說出見(jian)到(dao)(dao)老者一事(shi)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)乘輦車(che)回宮,不久慕容(rong)皝便去(qu)世了。
父母
父親:前燕(yan)武宣帝慕容廆。
母親:段夫人。
同輩
哥哥
慕容(rong)翰,慕容(rong)皝異母兄。
弟弟
慕(mu)容(rong)仁,慕(mu)容(rong)皝同母弟。
慕容(rong)昭,慕容(rong)皝(huang)同(tong)母(mu)弟。
慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)幼,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝異母弟。
慕(mu)容(rong)稚,慕(mu)容(rong)皝異母弟。
慕(mu)容(rong)軍,慕(mu)容(rong)皝異(yi)母(mu)弟。
慕容汗(han),慕容皝異母(mu)弟(di)。
慕容評。
慕容彪。
妹妹
慕容氏,北魏昭成帝拓跋(ba)什翼(yi)犍妃(fei)子。
后妃
段皇后。
高氏。
蘭淑儀。
公孫夫人。
子女
兒子
慕容交。
慕容(rong)儁,慕容(rong)皝次子(zi),前燕(yan)景明(ming)帝(di)。
慕(mu)容(rong)遵(zun)(慕(mu)容(rong)逮(dai)),封臨賀王。
慕容恪,慕容皝四子(zi),封太原王(wang)。
慕容(rong)垂(慕容(rong)霸),慕容(rong)皝五子,后燕武成(cheng)帝。
慕(mu)容友,封范陽王(wang)。
慕(mu)容厲(li),封下(xia)邳(pi)王。
慕容度,封樂浪王。
慕(mu)容宜(yi),封廬江王(wang)。
慕容桓,封(feng)宜都王(wang)。
慕容徽,封河(he)間王。
慕容龍,封歷陽王(wang)。
慕容納,封北海(hai)王。
慕(mu)容秀,封蘭陵(ling)王。
慕容岳,封安豐王(wang)。
慕(mu)容德(de),南燕獻武帝。
慕容(rong)默,封始安公。
慕容僂,封南康公。
慕容宇。
慕容宙,封章武王。
女兒
昭成皇后慕(mu)容氏,北魏(wei)昭成帝拓跋什翼犍的(de)皇后,生北魏(wei)獻明帝拓跋寔、秦明王拓跋翰。
《十(shi)六國春秋·卷三(san)·前(qian)燕錄》
《晉書(shu)·卷一(yi)百九(jiu)·載記(ji)第九(jiu)》