發(fa)電(dian)機通常由定子(zi)、轉子(zi)、端蓋及軸承等(deng)部件(jian)構成(cheng)。
定子(zi)由(you)定子(zi)鐵芯(xin)、線包繞組(zu)、機座以及固定這些部分(fen)的其他結構(gou)件組(zu)成。
轉(zhuan)子(zi)由轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵芯(或(huo)磁極(ji)、磁扼)繞組(zu)、護環(huan)、中心環(huan)、滑(hua)環(huan)、風扇及轉(zhuan)軸等部件組(zu)成(cheng)。
由軸承(cheng)及端蓋將(jiang)發電(dian)機的定子(zi),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)連接組裝起來,使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)能在(zai)定子(zi)中(zhong)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan),做切割磁力線的運動,從而(er)產(chan)生(sheng)感(gan)應電(dian)勢,通過接線端子(zi)引出,接在(zai)回路中(zhong),便產(chan)生(sheng)了電(dian)流。
發電機的分類包(bao)括:
發電機分(fen):直流(liu)發電機和交流(liu)發電機;
交流發電機分:同步發電機和異步發電機(很少采(cai)用);
交流(liu)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)還可分為(wei)單相(xiang)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三相(xiang)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。
發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)的種(zhong)類有很多(duo)種(zhong)。從原理(li)上分為(wei)同步發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)、異步發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)、單相(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)、三相(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)。從產(chan)生方式上分為(wei)汽輪發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)、水(shui)(shui)輪發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)、柴油發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)、汽油發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)等。從能源(yuan)上分為(wei)火力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)、水(shui)(shui)力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)等。
1832年,法國人畢克西發(fa)(fa)明了手搖式直(zhi)流發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji),其(qi)原理是通過(guo)轉動(dong)永磁體使磁通發(fa)(fa)生變化而在線圈中產生感應電(dian)動(dong)勢,并把這(zhe)種電(dian)動(dong)勢以直(zhi)流電(dian)壓形式輸出(chu);
1866年,德(de)國的西門(men)子發明(ming)了自(zi)勵式直流發電機;
1870年,比利時的格拉姆(mu)制成了環形電(dian)(dian)樞(shu),發(fa)(fa)明了環形電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。這種(zhong)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是用(yong)水力來轉動(dong)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉子的,經(jing)過反復(fu)改進,于1875年得到了3.2KW的輸(shu)出功率;
1882年,美國的戈登制造出了輸出功(gong)率447KW,高3米,重22噸的兩相式巨型發電機;
1896年,特斯拉的兩相交(jiao)流發電(dian)機在尼(ni)亞拉發電(dian)廠開始(shi)勞動營(ying)運,3750KW,5000V的交(jiao)流電(dian)一直送到40公里外的布法羅市。 [2]
柴油發電機
柴油(you)機驅動發電(dian)機運轉,將(jiang)柴油(you)的(de)能(neng)(neng)量轉化為電(dian)能(neng)(neng)。
在柴油機汽缸內,經過空氣濾清器過濾后(hou)的潔凈空氣與噴油嘴(zui)噴射出的高壓(ya)霧(wu)化柴油 充分(fen)混(hun)合,在活塞上行的擠壓(ya)下,體積縮小,溫度迅(xun)速(su)(su)升高,達到柴油的燃點。柴油被點燃,混(hun)合氣體劇烈燃燒,體積迅(xun)速(su)(su)膨脹,推動活塞下行,稱為‘作功’。
汽油發電機
汽油機驅動發電機運轉,將汽油的能量轉化為電能。
在汽油機汽缸內,混合氣(qi)體劇烈(lie)燃(ran)燒(shao),體積迅速(su)膨脹,推動活塞下(xia)行作功。
無(wu)論是(shi)柴油發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)還(huan)是(shi)汽油發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji),都是(shi)各汽缸按一(yi)定順序依次作功(gong),作用(yong)在活塞(sai)上的推(tui)力(li)經(jing)過連桿變(bian)成了推(tui)動(dong)(dong)曲軸(zhou)(zhou)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的力(li)量,從而帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)曲軸(zhou)(zhou)旋轉(zhuan)。將無(wu)刷同步交流(liu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與動(dong)(dong)力(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)曲軸(zhou)(zhou)同軸(zhou)(zhou)安裝(zhuang),就(jiu)可以利(li)用(yong)動(dong)(dong)力(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的旋轉(zhuan)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)子,利(li)用(yong)‘電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感應’原理,發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)就(jiu)會輸出感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢,經(jing)閉合的負載回路就(jiu)能(neng)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。
安裝規程
機組啟動前(qian)的準備:
1.檢查潤(run)滑油的油位(wei)、冷(leng)卻液(ye)(ye)液(ye)(ye)位(wei)、燃(ran)油量;
2.檢(jian)查柴油(you)機的供油(you)、潤滑、冷卻等系統各個管路及接頭有(you)無漏(lou)油(you)漏(lou)水現象(xiang);
3.檢查電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)線(xian)路(lu)有無破皮等漏電(dian)(dian)隱患,接地線(xian)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)線(xian)路(lu)是否(fou)(fou)松動,機組(zu)與基礎(chu)的連接是否(fou)(fou)牢固;
4.若環境(jing)溫(wen)度低于(yu)零度時,須在散熱器內添加(jia)一定比(bi)例的防凍(dong)劑;
5.柴油(you)發電機組第一次啟(qi)動(dong)或停機較(jiao)長時(shi)間(jian)后再(zai)次啟(qi)動(dong),應先用手壓泵排盡(jin)燃(ran)油(you)系統內的(de)空氣。
啟動:
1.合上控制箱內的保險后(hou),按(an)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)按(an)鈕(niu),按(an)下(xia)按(an)鈕(niu)3~5s,若啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)功(gong),應等20s左右再(zai)次啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)。若多次啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)功(gong),應停止啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)操作,排(pai)除電瓶電壓或油路等故障因數后(hou),再(zai)次啟(qi)(qi)動(dong);
2.啟動時應觀察(cha)幾(ji)油壓(ya)力,若油壓(ya)無顯示或(huo)很低時,應立(li)即停(ting)車檢查。
運行:
1.機(ji)組(zu)啟動(dong)后(hou),檢查控(kong)制箱模塊各項參數;機(ji)油(you)壓力(li)、水溫(wen)、電壓、頻率等;
2.通常情況下,機(ji)組啟動后轉(zhuan)速直接達到額定轉(zhuan)速;有怠速要求(qiu)的(de)機(ji)組,怠速時間一般為(wei)3~5min,怠速時間不易(yi)過長,否則可能(neng)燒壞發電機(ji)相關元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian);
3.檢(jian)查機組油路、水(shui)路及電(dian)器的滲(shen)漏(lou)情況;
4.檢查機組各連接(jie)處的緊固情況(kuang),看有無松動(dong)和劇烈振動(dong);
5.觀察機組各種保護和監視(shi)裝置(zhi)是否(fou)正常;
6.當轉(zhuan)速達到額定轉(zhuan)速,起空載運行的各(ge)項參數穩定后,合(he)閘(zha)供電(dian);
7.檢(jian)查(cha)確認控制屏各項參(can)數是否在允(yun)許的范圍(wei)內,再次檢(jian)查(cha)機組的振(zhen)動(dong),有無三漏及其他故障;
8.機組運行(xing)時嚴禁超載。
正常停機:
停(ting)機前必須(xu)先(xian)分閘,一般情(qing)況卸載后需運行3~5min停(ting)機。
緊急停機:
1.發電機組運(yun)轉出(chu)現異常(chang)情(qing)況時(shi),必須立即停機;
2.緊急停(ting)機時,按(an)下急停(ting)按(an)鈕或將(jiang)噴油(you)泵停(ting)機控制手柄迅速推倒停(ting)車位(wei)置。
保養事項:
1.柴油機濾(lv)芯更(geng)(geng)換(huan)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)為300H;空氣(qi)濾(lv)芯更(geng)(geng)換(huan)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)為每400H;機油濾(lv)芯第一次更(geng)(geng)換(huan)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)為50H,以后為250H。
2.機(ji)油(you)第一次更換時間為50H,以后機(ji)油(you)正(zheng)常更換時間為每250H。
操作規程
1.啟動前應檢(jian)(jian)查燃(ran)油(you)箱油(you)量(liang)是否(fou)充足,各(ge)油(you)管及接(jie)頭處無(wu)漏油(you)現象;冷卻系統水量(liang)是否(fou)充足、清潔(jie)、無(wu)滲漏,風扇皮帶松緊是否(fou)合適。檢(jian)(jian)查內燃(ran)機與(yu)發電機傳動部分應連接(jie)可(ke)靠,輸出線路的導線絕緣(yuan)良(liang)好,各(ge)儀表(biao)齊全、有(you)效。
2.啟(qi)動后(hou),應低速(su)運(yun)轉3~5分鐘,待溫度和機(ji)油壓(ya)輪均正常(chang)后(hou),方(fang)可(ke)開(kai)始作(zuo)業。發電(dian)機(ji)在升速(su)中應無異響,滑環及(ji)整流子上電(dian)刷接觸良好,無跳動及(ji)冒火(huo)花現象。待運(yun)轉穩定,頻率、電(dian)壓(ya)達到額定值(zhi)后(hou),方(fang)可(ke)向外供電(dian)。
3.運(yun)行(xing)中出(chu)現異(yi)響、異(yi)味、水溫(wen)急劇(ju)上升及機(ji)油壓力(li)急劇(ju)下(xia)降等情況時,應立(li)即停機(ji)檢查并(bing)排除故障。
4.發電機功率(lv)因數不得超過遲(chi)相(滯后)0.95。頻(pin)率(lv)值(zhi)的變動范圍不得超過0.5HZ。
5.停機前(qian)應先切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)各供(gong)電(dian)分路主開關(guan)(guan),逐步(bu)減少載(zai)荷,然后切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)發電(dian)機供(gong)電(dian)主開關(guan)(guan),將勵磁(ci)變(bian)阻器復回到電(dian)阻最大(da)值(zhi)位置,使電(dian)壓降至最低值(zhi),再(zai)切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)勵磁(ci)開關(guan)(guan)和中性點接地開關(guan)(guan),最后停止(zhi)內燃機運轉。
注意事項(xiang)編輯 語音
正(zheng)確使(shi)用(yong)和維(wei)護發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)組可延長發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)組的使(shi)用(yong)壽命:
起動(dong)前(qian)的準備工作:
1、機(ji)房(fang)操作人員應遵守安全操作規程,穿(chuan)工(gong)作服和絕緣鞋,機(ji)組人員應分工(gong)明確;
2、檢查(cha)飛輪及發電機部分防欄(lan)桿罩是(shi)否(fou)完好;
3、檢查(cha)各變速箱、離(li)合器、調速器、油(you)位、各緊固(gu)件(jian)等,確認完好,油(you)水(shui)溫度不低于(yu)20度時,方可起動;
4、將(jiang)各系統管(guan)路(lu)閘門設置(zhi)在“工(gong)作”位置(zhi);
5、檢(jian)查傳(chuan)動機構的鏈接螺(luo)栓,并緊(jin)固好;
6、將(jiang)離合器手柄壓力(li)是否正常,超速(su)保險裝置(zhi)是否定位;
7、檢(jian)查貯氣瓶壓力是否正常,超速保險裝置是否定(ding)位;
8、打開打氣(qi)泵的(de)排污(wu)閥(fa);
9、檢查循(xun)環水泵、機油泵、燃(ran)油泵是否正常;
10、將(jiang)勵磁電阻(zu)置(zhi)于(yu)最大的電阻(zu)位置(zhi),并(bing)將(jiang)送電開(kai)(kai)關斷開(kai)(kai)。
起動和(he)運行操作:
1、對于停機(ji)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)24h的(de)機(ji)組,須先(xian)打開試(shi)動閥,并起(qi)動機(ji)油泵。對于停機(ji)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)7天的(de)機(ji)組,應測量勵(li)磁機(ji)及操作(zuo)電路的(de)絕緣電阻(zu),必須符合要(yao)求;
2、起(qi)動(dong)燃油泵,放出管路中(zhong)的空氣,觀察電壓是否在規定的范圍內。若(ruo)正常,方可(ke)進行(xing)正式(shi)起(qi)動(dong);
3、察看(kan)起(qi)動電源的電壓(ya)是否符合要求。若電壓(ya)正(zheng)常,按(an)下起(qi)動按(an)鈕等柴油(you)發動機正(zheng)常運行后即松開;
4、當柴油(you)發動機(ji)運轉后(hou),觀察機(ji)油(you)壓力(li)表的指示(shi)值,當升(sheng)到規定值以上(shang)時,停止機(ji)油(you)泵,并關(guan)閉掃氣泵排污閥,穿(chuan)好前(qian)離合器螺(luo)釘;
5、當發(fa)電機起動(dong)后(hou),即認為發(fa)電機及全部電氣設備均(jun)已帶電,人體不得接觸帶電部位(wei);
6、發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)起動后,應逐漸(jian)提高柴油(you)發動機(ji)的轉速,并進行(xing)送(song)電(dian)(dian)前的檢查;
7、逐漸調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)柴(chai)油發(fa)動機的(de)(de)轉速(su),但(dan)在調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)時(shi)(shi)應注意觀察(cha)發(fa)電機運(yun)轉是(shi)否正常(chang)。正常(chang)時(shi)(shi),集電環及換向器上的(de)(de)電刷(shua)應無跳動、無冒(mao)火花現象、無異常(chang)響聲;
8、調整(zheng)發電機輸(shu)出的(de)電壓和頻率,其電壓值應(ying)穩定并達到380v+-10v,頻率應(ying)達到50Hz+-0.5Hz。 [2]
工作特性:
表征同(tong)步(bu)發電機性(xing)能的主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)空(kong)載特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)和負(fu)載運(yun)行特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)。這些特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)是(shi)用(yong)戶選用(yong)發電機的重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)依據。
空載特性:
發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)不(bu)接負載(zai)時,電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)流為零,稱為空(kong)載(zai)運行。此時電(dian)(dian)機(ji)定(ding)子的三(san)相(xiang)繞組只(zhi)有(you)勵磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)流If感生出(chu)的空(kong)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)動勢E0(三(san)相(xiang)對稱),其大小隨(sui)If的增(zeng)大而增(zeng)加。但是,由于電(dian)(dian)機(ji)磁(ci)路鐵心(xin)有(you)飽和現象,所以兩者(zhe)不(bu)成正比。反(fan)映空(kong)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)動勢E0與勵磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)流If關系的曲線稱為同步發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的空(kong)載(zai)特性。
電樞反應:
當(dang)發電機接上對稱負載后,電樞繞組(zu)中的(de)三相(xiang)電流會產生另一(yi)個旋轉(zhuan)磁場,稱電樞反應磁場。其轉(zhuan)速(su)正好與轉(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)相(xiang)等,兩者同步旋轉(zhuan)。
同(tong)步發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)磁場(chang)與轉子勵磁磁場(chang)均可近似地認為(wei)都按正弦規律分布。它們之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)空間(jian)相(xiang)位(wei)差(cha)取決于(yu)空載電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢E0與電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流I之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)時間(jian)相(xiang)位(wei)差(cha)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)磁場(chang)還與負載情況(kuang)有關。當(dang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)負載為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感性時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)磁場(chang)起去磁作用,會導致發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降低;當(dang)負載呈電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)性時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)磁場(chang)起助磁作用,會使發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升高(gao)。
負載運行特性:
主要指外特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)和(he)調(diao)(diao)整特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)。外特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)是當(dang)轉(zhuan)速為(wei)額定(ding)值(zhi)、勵磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)流和(he)負(fu)載(zai)功率因數為(wei)常數時,發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓U與負(fu)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)流I之間(jian)的關系。調(diao)(diao)整特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)是轉(zhuan)速和(he)端電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)額定(ding)值(zhi)、負(fu)載(zai)功率因數為(wei)常數時,勵磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)流If與負(fu)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)流I之間(jian)的關系。
同步發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變化率約(yue)為(wei)20~40%。一般工業和家用負(fu)載(zai)都要求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保持(chi)基本(ben)不變。為(wei)此,隨著(zhu)負(fu)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)增大,必須相(xiang)應(ying)地調整勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。雖然調整特(te)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)變化趨勢與(yu)外特(te)性(xing)(xing)正好相(xiang)反(fan),對于感(gan)性(xing)(xing)和純電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻性(xing)(xing)負(fu)載(zai),它是上升的(de)(de),而在容(rong)性(xing)(xing)負(fu)載(zai)下,一般是下降的(de)(de)。 [4]
風力發電機
作為一(yi)(yi)種價格低廉、運行可(ke)靠、無溫室氣體排(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統,風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統的(de)(de)(de)安裝容(rong)量正在(zai)以(yi)每年超(chao)過30%的(de)(de)(de)增長率在(zai)世(shi)界范圍得到日益廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用,已(yi)經(jing)形(xing)成一(yi)(yi)個(ge)年產(chan)值超(chao)過五十億美元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)全球(qiu)性產(chan)業。但(dan)是(shi)用于邊遠地區獨立供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)小型風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統還需要克服(fu)很多技術(shu)上的(de)(de)(de)難點才能(neng)得以(yi)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用。隨著我國對“三農”投入力(li)度加大,經(jing)濟持續快速發(fa)展,廣(guang)大農、牧、漁民對改善(shan)生活(huo)環境(jing),提(ti)高生活(huo)質(zhi)量,解決生活(huo)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)迫切要求(qiu),采用小型風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統為局部負載(zai)提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li),不(bu)僅可(ke)以(yi)減少一(yi)(yi)次性巨額投資,還可(ke)以(yi)免除火(huo)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統的(de)(de)(de)溫室氣體排(pai)放(fang),改善(shan)環境(jing)和(he)農村地區的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源結構,有益于可(ke)持續性發(fa)展。
風(feng)力(li)發(fa)電機(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將風(feng)能轉換為機(ji)械(xie)功(gong)、并帶(dai)動(dong)發(fa)電機(ji)運轉來(lai)發(fa)電的。廣義地說,它是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種以(yi)太陽為熱源(yuan),以(yi)大氣為工作介(jie)質的熱能利用(yong)發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)。風(feng)力(li)發(fa)電利用(yong)的是(shi)(shi)(shi)自然能源(yuan)。相對柴油發(fa)電要(yao)好的多。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)若(ruo)應急來(lai)用(yong)的話,還是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)如柴油發(fa)電機(ji)。風(feng)力(li)發(fa)電不(bu)可視為備(bei)用(yong)電源(yuan),但是(shi)(shi)(shi)卻(que)可以(yi)長(chang)期利用(yong)。
運行管理:
風力發電機(ji)組的控(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)是采用工業微處(chu)理器進行(xing)(xing)(xing)控(kong)制(zhi),一般都由(you)多個CPU并列(lie)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing),其(qi)自身的抗干擾能力強,并且通過通信(xin)線路(lu)與(yu)計算機(ji)相(xiang)連,可進行(xing)(xing)(xing)遠程(cheng)控(kong)制(zhi),這(zhe)大(da)大(da)降低了(le)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的工作量。所以風機(ji)的運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)工作就(jiu)是進行(xing)(xing)(xing)遠程(cheng)故(gu)(gu)障排除和運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)數據統(tong)計分(fen)析及故(gu)(gu)障原因分(fen)析。
遠程故障排除:
風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)的(de)(de)大部分(fen)故障(zhang)都(dou)可(ke)以進行遠(yuan)程復(fu)位(wei)(wei)控(kong)制和(he)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)復(fu)位(wei)(wei)控(kong)制。風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)的(de)(de)運行和(he)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)質(zhi)量好(hao)壞是(shi)息息相關的(de)(de),為了進行雙向保(bao)護,風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)設(she)置(zhi)了多重(zhong)保(bao)護故障(zhang),如(ru)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)(gao)、低,電(dian)(dian)網(wang)頻率高(gao)(gao)、低等,這些故障(zhang)是(shi)可(ke)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)復(fu)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)。由于(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)能的(de)(de)不可(ke)控(kong)制性,所(suo)以過風(feng)(feng)(feng)速的(de)(de)極限值也可(ke)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)復(fu)位(wei)(wei)。還有溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)限定值也可(ke)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)復(fu)位(wei)(wei),如(ru)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)溫(wen)度(du)高(gao)(gao),齒輪箱溫(wen)度(du)高(gao)(gao)、低,環境溫(wen)度(du)低等。風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)的(de)(de)過負荷(he)故障(zhang)也是(shi)可(ke)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)復(fu)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)。
除了自動復位(wei)的(de)故障以(yi)外,其它可遠(yuan)程復位(wei)控(kong)制故障引起(qi)的(de)原因(yin)有以(yi)下(xia)幾種(zhong):
1、風(feng)機控(kong)制(zhi)器誤報故障;
2、各檢測傳(chuan)感器誤動(dong)作;
3、控(kong)制器認為風機(ji)運(yun)行不(bu)可靠。
運行數據統計分析:
對風(feng)電場設備在運行(xing)中發生的(de)(de)情況(kuang)進(jin)行(xing)詳細(xi)的(de)(de)統(tong)計(ji)分析(xi)是(shi)風(feng)電場管理的(de)(de)一項重(zhong)要內容(rong)。通過運行(xing)數據的(de)(de)統(tong)計(ji)分析(xi),可對運行(xing)維護(hu)工作進(jin)行(xing)考核量化(hua),也可對風(feng)電場的(de)(de)設計(ji),風(feng)資源的(de)(de)評估,設備選(xuan)型提供有(you)效的(de)(de)理論依據。
每個月的發電(dian)量(liang)統計報表,是運行工作的重要(yao)內容之一,其真實可靠性(xing)直接和經(jing)濟效(xiao)益掛鉤。其主(zhu)要(yao)內容有(you):風機的月發電(dian)量(liang),場用(yong)(yong)電(dian)量(liang),風機的設備正常(chang)工作時(shi)間(jian),故(gu)障時(shi)間(jian),標準利用(yong)(yong)小時(shi),電(dian)網停電(dian),故(gu)障時(shi)間(jian)等。
風機的(de)(de)功率曲線數據(ju)(ju)統(tong)計與分析(xi),可(ke)對風機在(zai)提高(gao)(gao)出(chu)力(li)和提高(gao)(gao)風能利(li)用率上提供實踐依(yi)據(ju)(ju)。通過(guo)對風況(kuang)數據(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)統(tong)計和分析(xi),掌握各型風機隨季節變化的(de)(de)出(chu)力(li)規律,并以此可(ke)制定(ding)合(he)理的(de)(de)定(ding)期維(wei)護(hu)工作時(shi)間(jian)表,以減少風資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)浪費(fei)。
小型風力發(fa)電機:
風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組是(shi)將(jiang)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化為(wei)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的機(ji)(ji)械(xie)。從(cong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換(huan)的角度(du)看,風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組由兩大(da)部(bu)分組成:其(qi)一是(shi)風力(li)機(ji)(ji),它的功能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)將(jiang)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng);其(qi)二是(shi)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji),它的功能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)將(jiang)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。
小(xiao)型風(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統結(jie)構(gou)一(yi)般由(you)風(feng)輪(lun)(lun)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、尾舵(duo)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)控(kong)制部分等構(gou)成(cheng)。常規(gui)的(de)(de)小(xiao)型風(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組多(duo)由(you)感(gan)應發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)或(huo)永(yong)磁(ci)同步發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)加AC/DC變(bian)(bian)(bian)換器(qi)、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)組成(cheng)。在(zai)風(feng)的(de)(de)吹動(dong)下,風(feng)輪(lun)(lun)轉動(dong)起來(lai),使(shi)空(kong)氣(qi)動(dong)力(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)轉變(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)了(le)(le)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(轉速+扭矩)。風(feng)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)輪(lun)(lun)轂(gu)固定在(zai)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸上,風(feng)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)轉動(dong)驅(qu)動(dong)了(le)(le)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸的(de)(de)旋(xuan)轉,帶動(dong)永(yong)磁(ci)三相發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)出(chu)三相交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。風(feng)速的(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)、忽大忽小(xiao),發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)出(chu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也隨(sui)著(zhu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)。發(fa)出(chu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經過控(kong)制器(qi)的(de)(de)整流(liu)(liu)(liu),由(you)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)了(le)(le)具有(you)一(yi)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),并向(xiang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。從蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組輸出(chu)的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),通(tong)過逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)后(hou)變(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)了(le)(le)220V的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),供給用戶的(de)(de)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。
風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)根據應(ying)用(yong)場合的不同(tong)(tong)又分為并網型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和離網型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)機(ji)。離網型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)亦稱獨(du)立(li)運行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)機(ji),是(shi)應(ying)用(yong)在無電(dian)(dian)網地區的風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)機(ji),一(yi)般功(gong)率(lv)較小。獨(du)立(li)運行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)機(ji)一(yi)般需要與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池和其他控制(zhi)裝置共同(tong)(tong)組(zu)成獨(du)立(li)運行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)機(ji)發電(dian)(dian)系統。這(zhe)種(zhong)獨(du)立(li)運行(xing)系統可(ke)(ke)以是(shi)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)kW乃至幾(ji)(ji)(ji)十kw,解決一(yi)個村(cun)落的供電(dian)(dian)系統,也可(ke)(ke)以是(shi)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)十到幾(ji)(ji)(ji)百W的小型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)以解決一(yi)家一(yi)戶的供電(dian)(dian)。
由于風能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)隨機(ji)性,發(fa)電機(ji)所發(fa)出(chu)電能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)頻(pin)率和電壓都是不穩定的(de)(de),以及(ji)蓄電池只能(neng)(neng)存儲直(zhi)流電能(neng)(neng),無法為交流負(fu)載直(zhi)接供電。因此,為了給負(fu)載提供穩定、高質量的(de)(de)電能(neng)(neng)和滿足交流負(fu)載用電,需要在發(fa)電機(ji)和負(fu)載之間加入電力變(bian)換(huan)(huan)裝置,這(zhe)種電力變(bian)換(huan)(huan)裝置主要由整流器、逆變(bian)器、控制器、蓄電池等(deng)組成。
小型風(feng)(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)作(zuo)為農村能(neng)源的(de)組成(cheng)部分,它的(de)推廣應用對于改善用電(dian)(dian)結(jie)構(gou),特別(bie)是邊(bian)遠山區的(de)生產、生活用能(neng),推動生態環境(jing)建(jian)設諸領域(yu)的(de)發(fa)展將發(fa)揮積極作(zuo)用,因此具(ju)有廣闊的(de)市(shi)場前(qian)景。風(feng)(feng)能(neng)具(ju)有隨(sui)機性和(he)不確定性,風(feng)(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)是一個(ge)復雜系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。簡化小型風(feng)(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)結(jie)構(gou)、降低(di)成(cheng)本、提高可靠性及實現系(xi)統(tong)(tong)優(you)化運行,對于小型風(feng)(feng)力風(feng)(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)推廣具(ju)有非(fei)常重要意義。
風力(li)發電機(ji)維護:
風(feng)力(li)發電機(ji)(ji)是集電氣、機(ji)(ji)械、空(kong)氣動力(li)學等(deng)各學科于一體的綜合產品,各部分緊密聯系,息息相(xiang)關。風(feng)力(li)機(ji)(ji)維護的好壞直(zhi)接影(ying)響到發電量的多少(shao)和經濟(ji)效(xiao)益的高(gao)低;風(feng)力(li)機(ji)(ji)本身(shen)性能的好壞,也要通過維護檢修(xiu)來保(bao)持,維護工(gong)作及時有(you)效(xiao)可以發現故障隱患,減少(shao)故障的發生,提(ti)高(gao)風(feng)機(ji)(ji)效(xiao)率。
風機維護(hu)可分為定期檢修(xiu)和日常排故維護(hu)兩種方式。
1、風(feng)機的定期檢修維護
定期的維護保養可以讓設備(bei)保持最佳期的狀態,并延長風(feng)機的使(shi)用壽命(ming)。定期檢修維護工作的主要內容(rong)有:風(feng)機聯接(jie)件(jian)之間(jian)的螺栓力矩檢查(包括電氣連(lian)接(jie)),各傳動部件(jian)之間(jian)的潤滑和(he)各項(xiang)功(gong)能測(ce)試(shi)。
風(feng)機在(zai)(zai)(zai)正常運行(xing)中時,各聯(lian)接部件的(de)螺(luo)栓長期(qi)運行(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)各種振動(dong)的(de)合力(li)(li)當中,極易使其松動(dong),為了不(bu)使其在(zai)(zai)(zai)松動(dong)后導致局部螺(luo)栓受力(li)(li)不(bu)均被剪(jian)切,必(bi)須定期(qi)對其進(jin)(jin)行(xing)螺(luo)栓力(li)(li)矩(ju)的(de)檢查(cha)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)環(huan)境溫度低于(yu)-5℃時,應使其力(li)(li)矩(ju)下降到額(e)定力(li)(li)矩(ju)的(de)80%進(jin)(jin)行(xing)緊固,并(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)溫度高于(yu)-5℃后進(jin)(jin)行(xing)復查(cha)。一般對螺(luo)栓的(de)緊固檢查(cha)都安排在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)風(feng)或(huo)風(feng)小的(de)夏(xia)季,以避開風(feng)機的(de)高出力(li)(li)季節。
風機(ji)的(de)(de)潤(run)滑(hua)系統主要(yao)有(you)稀(xi)油潤(run)滑(hua)(或稱(cheng)礦物油潤(run)滑(hua))和(he)干油潤(run)滑(hua)(或稱(cheng)潤(run)滑(hua)脂潤(run)滑(hua))兩種方(fang)式。風機(ji)的(de)(de)齒輪箱和(he)偏(pian)航減(jian)速齒輪箱采用(yong)的(de)(de)是稀(xi)油潤(run)滑(hua)方(fang)式,其(qi)維護(hu)方(fang)法是補(bu)(bu)(bu)加(jia)和(he)采樣(yang)化驗,若化驗結果表明該潤(run)滑(hua)油已無法再(zai)使用(yong),則進行更換。干油潤(run)滑(hua)部件有(you)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)承,偏(pian)航軸(zhou)(zhou)承,偏(pian)航齒等。這些部件由于(yu)運行溫度(du)較高,極易變質,導致軸(zhou)(zhou)承磨損,定期(qi)維護(hu)時,必須每(mei)次都對其(qi)進行補(bu)(bu)(bu)加(jia)。另外,發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)承的(de)(de)補(bu)(bu)(bu)加(jia)劑(ji)量(liang)一定要(yao)按要(yao)求數量(liang)加(jia)入,不可過多(duo),防(fang)止太多(duo)后擠入電(dian)(dian)機(ji)繞組,使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)燒壞(huai)。
定期(qi)維護的功能測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)主要(yao)有過速測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi),緊急停機測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi),液壓系統各元件定值測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi),振動開(kai)關測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi),扭纜開(kai)關測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)。還可以對控制器的極限定值進行一些常(chang)規測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)。
定(ding)期維護除以上三(san)大項以外,還要檢查液壓油位,各傳(chuan)感(gan)器有(you)無損(sun)壞,傳(chuan)感(gan)器的電(dian)源是(shi)否(fou)可靠工作,閘片及閘盤的磨(mo)損(sun)情況等方面。
2、日常排故維護
風機在運(yun)行當中,也(ye)會出現(xian)一些故障必須到現(xian)場去處理。
首先要(yao)仔(zi)細觀察風機內(nei)的(de)安(an)全平臺和梯(ti)子(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)牢固,有(you)(you)無(wu)連接螺栓松(song)動,控(kong)制柜內(nei)有(you)(you)無(wu)糊味,電纜線有(you)(you)無(wu)位移,夾板是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)松(song)動,扭纜傳感器(qi)拉環(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)磨(mo)損(sun)(sun)破裂,偏航齒的(de)潤滑是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)干枯變質,偏航齒輪箱、液(ye)(ye)壓油(you)及齒輪箱油(you)位是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)正(zheng)常,液(ye)(ye)壓站的(de)表計壓力(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)正(zheng)常,轉(zhuan)動部件與(yu)旋轉(zhuan)部件之間有(you)(you)無(wu)磨(mo)損(sun)(sun),各油(you)管接頭有(you)(you)無(wu)滲漏,齒輪油(you)及液(ye)(ye)壓油(you)的(de)濾清器(qi)的(de)指示是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)在正(zheng)常位置等。
第二(er)是聽(ting),聽(ting)一下控制(zhi)柜里是否(fou)有(you)(you)放(fang)電的聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音,有(you)(you)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音就可能是有(you)(you)接線端子松動,或(huo)接觸不良,須仔(zi)細檢查,聽(ting)偏(pian)航時的聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音是否(fou)正(zheng)常,有(you)(you)無(wu)(wu)干磨的聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)響(xiang)(xiang),聽(ting)發電機軸承有(you)(you)無(wu)(wu)異(yi)響(xiang)(xiang),聽(ting)齒輪箱(xiang)有(you)(you)無(wu)(wu)異(yi)響(xiang)(xiang),聽(ting)閘盤與閘墊之間有(you)(you)無(wu)(wu)異(yi)響(xiang)(xiang),聽(ting)葉片的切風聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音是否(fou)正(zheng)常。
第三,清理(li)干凈自(zi)己的工作現場(chang),并(bing)將液壓(ya)站各元件及管接頭擦凈,以便于今后(hou)觀察有無泄(xie)漏(lou)。
水力發電機
水利發電機(ji)是(shi)(shi)將水的(de)動能和重力勢能轉換(huan)為(wei)機(ji)械功的(de)動力機(ji)械(如:中國的(de)三峽)。在發電這(zhe)一(yi)塊最好(hao)的(de)要(yao)數核(he)能發電,不過(guo)相對核(he)能污染(ran)較(jiao)大。所(suo)以中國廣泛還是(shi)(shi)用煤炭發電。中國煤炭資源吃緊,煤炭價格一(yi)直(zhi)在漲,這(zhe)也是(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么會有電荒(huang)的(de)出(chu)現(xian)的(de)主要(yao)原(yuan)因。
同步發電機
作發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)的同(tong)(tong)步電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。是(shi)(shi)一種最常用的交流(liu)(liu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。在現代電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)中(zhong),它廣(guang)泛(fan)用于水(shui)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)、火力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)、核能(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)以及柴油機(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)。由(you)于同(tong)(tong)步發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)一般采用直流(liu)(liu)勵(li)磁(ci),當(dang)其單(dan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)獨立運(yun)行(xing)時,通過(guo)調(diao)節(jie)勵(li)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu),能(neng)方便地(di)調(diao)節(jie)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)壓。若并入電(dian)(dian)網運(yun)行(xing),因(yin)電(dian)(dian)壓由(you)電(dian)(dian)網決定,不能(neng)改變(bian),此時調(diao)節(jie)勵(li)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的結(jie)果(guo)是(shi)(shi)調(diao)節(jie)了電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)和無功(gong)功(gong)率。
同(tong)步發(fa)電機(ji)的定子(zi)、轉子(zi)結構與同(tong)步電機(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong),一般采用三相(xiang)(xiang)形(xing)式,只(zhi)在(zai)某些小型同(tong)步發(fa)電機(ji)中電樞繞組采用單相(xiang)(xiang)。
高(gao)速同步發(fa)電機:
因大多(duo)數(shu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與(yu)原(yuan)動機(ji)同軸聯動,火電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠都(dou)用(yong)高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)汽輪機(ji)作原(yuan)動機(ji),所以汽輪發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)通(tong)常用(yong)高(gao)(gao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)的2極電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji),其(qi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)達3000轉(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(fen)(在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻(pin)率為(wei)(wei)60赫時(shi),為(wei)(wei)3600轉(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(fen))。核電(dian)(dian)(dian)站多(duo)用(yong)4極電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)為(wei)(wei)1500轉(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(fen)(當電(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻(pin)率為(wei)(wei)60赫時(shi),為(wei)(wei)1800轉(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(fen))。為(wei)(wei)適應(ying)高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)、高(gao)(gao)功率要求,高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)同步發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)在(zai)(zai)結(jie)構上一是采用(yong)隱極式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi),二是設置專門的冷卻系統。
隱極(ji)(ji)式轉(zhuan)子:外(wai)表呈圓柱(zhu)形(xing),在圓柱(zhu)表面開槽(cao)(cao)以安放直流勵磁繞(rao)組,并用(yong)金屬槽(cao)(cao)楔固(gu)緊,使電機(ji)具有均勻的(de)(de)(de)氣隙。由于高(gao)速旋轉(zhuan)時(shi)巨(ju)(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)離(li)心力,要求轉(zhuan)子有很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械強(qiang)度(du)。隱極(ji)(ji)式轉(zhuan)子一(yi)般(ban)由高(gao)強(qiang)度(du)合金鋼整塊鍛(duan)成,槽(cao)(cao)形(xing)一(yi)般(ban)為開口形(xing),以便(bian)安裝勵磁繞(rao)組。在每一(yi)個(ge)極(ji)(ji)距內約有1/3部分不開槽(cao)(cao),形(xing)成大齒(chi);其(qi)余部分的(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)較窄,稱做(zuo)小(xiao)(xiao)齒(chi)。大齒(chi)中(zhong)心即為轉(zhuan)子磁極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心。有時(shi)大齒(chi)也開一(yi)些較小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)風(feng)槽(cao)(cao),但不嵌放繞(rao)組;有時(shi)還在嵌線槽(cao)(cao)底(di)部銑(xian)出窄而(er)淺的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)槽(cao)(cao)作(zuo)為通(tong)風(feng)槽(cao)(cao)。隱極(ji)(ji)式轉(zhuan)子在轉(zhuan)子本體(ti)軸(zhou)向(xiang)兩端(duan)還裝有金屬的(de)(de)(de)護(hu)(hu)環和中(zhong)心環。護(hu)(hu)環是(shi)由高(gao)強(qiang)度(du)合金制成的(de)(de)(de)厚壁(bi)圓筒,用(yong)以保護(hu)(hu)勵磁繞(rao)組端(duan)部不至(zhi)被巨(ju)(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)離(li)心力甩(shuai)出;中(zhong)心環用(yong)以防止繞(rao)組端(duan)部的(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)向(xiang)移動,并支撐(cheng)護(hu)(hu)環。此外(wai),為了把勵磁電流通(tong)入勵磁繞(rao)組,在電機(ji)軸(zhou)上還裝有集(ji)電環和電刷。
冷(leng)(leng)卻系(xi)統:由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)能量損耗(hao)和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)積成正比,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量級(ji)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)線度量級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三次方成比例,而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)散(san)(san)熱(re)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量級(ji)只(zhi)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)線度量級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)次方。因此,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尺寸增大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)時(受材(cai)料(liao)限(xian)制,增大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)量就得加大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)其尺寸),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)每單位表(biao)面(mian)上需要散(san)(san)發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量就會增加,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)升(sheng)將會提(ti)高(gao)。在(zai)高(gao)速汽(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong),離心力(li)(li)將使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)表(biao)面(mian)和(he)(he)(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)中(zhong)心孔(kong)表(biao)面(mian)產生巨大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切向(xiang)應(ying)力(li)(li),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)直徑越(yue)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da),這種(zhong)應(ying)力(li)(li)也越(yue)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。因此,在(zai)鍛(duan)件(jian)材(cai)料(liao)允許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)力(li)(li)極限(xian)范圍(wei)內(nei),2極汽(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)本體(ti)直徑不(bu)能超過(guo)1250毫米(mi)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)汽(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)要增大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)單機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)量,只(zhi)有(you)靠增加轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)本體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度(即用(yong)(yong)細長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi))和(he)(he)(he)提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁負(fu)荷來(lai)(lai)解決。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)長度可(ke)達8米(mi),已接近極限(xian)。要繼續提(ti)高(gao)單機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)量,只(zhi)能是(shi)提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁負(fu)荷。這使大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)汽(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)和(he)(he)(he)冷(leng)(leng)卻問題變得特別突出。對(dui)于50000千瓦以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),多采用(yong)(yong)閉路空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)冷(leng)(leng)卻系(xi)統,用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)扇吹拂發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)部件(jian)降(jiang)(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)。對(dui)于容(rong)量為(wei)5~60萬(wan)千瓦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),廣泛使用(yong)(yong)氫冷(leng)(leng)。氫氣(qi)(qi)(純度99%)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)散(san)(san)熱(re)性能比空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)好,用(yong)(yong)它來(lai)(lai)取代空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)不(bu)僅(jin)散(san)(san)熱(re)效(xiao)(xiao)果好,而(er)且可(ke)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)風(feng)摩擦損耗(hao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)為(wei)降(jiang)(jiang)低,從而(er)能顯著提(ti)高(gao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)率。但是(shi),采用(yong)(yong)氫冷(leng)(leng)必須(xu)有(you)防爆和(he)(he)(he)防漏(lou)措施,這使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結構更為(wei)復雜,也增加了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)耗(hao)和(he)(he)(he)成本。此外,還可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)液體(ti)介質(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)卻,例如水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相對(dui)冷(leng)(leng)卻能力(li)(li)為(wei)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50倍,帶走(zou)同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量,所需水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)量比空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)小得多。因此,在(zai)線圈里采用(yong)(yong)一部分空(kong)心導線,導線中(zhong)通(tong)(tong)水冷(leng)(leng)卻,就可(ke)以大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)降(jiang)(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)溫(wen)(wen)升(sheng),延(yan)緩絕緣老化(hua),增長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壽(shou)命(ming)。 [3]
低速同步(bu)發電機(ji):
多數由較(jiao)低速(su)度(du)的(de)水輪機或柴油機驅動。電機磁極(ji)數由4極(ji)到(dao)60極(ji),甚(shen)至(zhi)更多。對(dui)應的(de)轉速(su)為1500~100轉/分及以(yi)下。由于轉速(su)較(jiao)低,一(yi)般都采用對(dui)材料(liao)和(he)制造工藝要(yao)求較(jiao)低的(de)凸極(ji)式(shi)轉子(zi)。
凸極(ji)式(shi)(shi)轉子(zi)的每個(ge)(ge)磁極(ji)常由1~2毫米(mi)厚的鋼板(ban)疊成(cheng),用(yong)(yong)鉚釘裝(zhuang)成(cheng)整體(ti),磁極(ji)上(shang)套有(you)勵磁繞(rao)組(zu)。勵磁繞(rao)組(zu)通常用(yong)(yong)扁銅(tong)線繞(rao)制而成(cheng)。磁極(ji)的極(ji)靴(xue)上(shang)還(huan)常裝(zhuang)有(you)阻(zu)(zu)尼繞(rao)組(zu)。它是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)由極(ji)靴(xue)阻(zu)(zu)尼槽中的裸銅(tong)條和(he)焊在兩端的銅(tong)環(huan)形成(cheng)的一(yi)個(ge)(ge)短接回路。磁極(ji)固定在轉子(zi)磁軛(e)上(shang),磁軛(e)由鑄(zhu)鋼鑄(zhu)成(cheng)。凸極(ji)式(shi)(shi)轉子(zi)可分(fen)為(wei)臥式(shi)(shi)和(he)立(li)式(shi)(shi)兩類。大(da)多(duo)數同(tong)步電動機、同(tong)步調(diao)相(xiang)機和(he)內燃(ran)機或(huo)沖擊式(shi)(shi)水(shui)輪(lun)機拖動的發(fa)電機,都采用(yong)(yong)臥式(shi)(shi)結構(gou);低(di)速、大(da)容量水(shui)輪(lun)發(fa)電機則(ze)采用(yong)(yong)立(li)式(shi)(shi)結構(gou)。
臥(wo)式(shi)同步電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)主(zhu)要由主(zhu)磁(ci)極(ji)、磁(ci)軛、勵(li)磁(ci)繞組、集電(dian)環和(he)(he)轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)等組成(cheng)。其定(ding)子(zi)(zi)結(jie)構(gou)與異(yi)步電(dian)機(ji)(ji)相似。立式(shi)結(jie)構(gou)必須用推力(li)(li)(li)軸(zhou)承(cheng)承(cheng)擔機(ji)(ji)組轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)向(xiang)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)(li)(li)。大容量水(shui)(shui)輪發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)中,此力(li)(li)(li)可高(gao)達四、五十(shi)兆牛(約相當于四、五千噸物體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重力(li)(li)(li)),所以這種(zhong)推力(li)(li)(li)軸(zhou)承(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)復(fu)雜(za),加工(gong)工(gong)藝和(he)(he)安(an)裝要求(qiu)都很高(gao)。按照(zhao)推力(li)(li)(li)軸(zhou)承(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)放(fang)位置,立式(shi)水(shui)(shui)輪發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分(fen)為懸吊式(shi)和(he)(he)傘(san)式(shi)兩種(zhong)。懸吊式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推力(li)(li)(li)軸(zhou)承(cheng)放(fang)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)機(ji)(ji)架(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)或中部(bu)(bu),在(zai)轉(zhuan)速較(jiao)高(gao)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)直徑與鐵(tie)心長度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比值較(jiao)小時,機(ji)(ji)械上(shang)(shang)運行較(jiao)穩定(ding)。傘(san)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推力(li)(li)(li)軸(zhou)承(cheng)放(fang)在(zai)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)下(xia)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)機(ji)(ji)架(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)或水(shui)(shui)輪機(ji)(ji)頂(ding)蓋上(shang)(shang)。負重機(ji)(ji)架(jia)(jia)是尺寸較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)機(ji)(ji)架(jia)(jia),可節約大量鋼材,并能(neng)降低從機(ji)(ji)座基礎(chu)算起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)廠(chang)房高(gao)度。
同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)運行(xing)(xing) 同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)絕大多數是并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)運行(xing)(xing),并(bing)(bing)網發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。各(ge)(ge)并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)運行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)必須(xu)頻率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)和(he)相位(wei)都(dou)保持一致。否則,并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)合閘的(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬間(jian),各(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之間(jian)會產生(sheng)內部環流,引起擾(rao)動,嚴重(zhong)時甚(shen)至會使發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遭受(shou)破(po)壞。但是,兩臺發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)投(tou)入并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)運行(xing)(xing)以前,一般(ban)說來它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)和(he)相位(wei)是不會完(wan)全相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。為了(le)使同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能投(tou)入并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)運行(xing)(xing),首先必須(xu)有一個同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)并(bing)(bing)列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程。同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)并(bing)(bing)列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法可(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為準同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)自同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)兩種。同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)投(tou)入并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)運行(xing)(xing)以后,各(ge)(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)負(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)決定于發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)特性。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)調(diao)節原動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)速(su)器(qi),改變(bian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)特性,即可(ke)改變(bian)各(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)載(zai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei),控制各(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率。而(er)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)調(diao)節各(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勵(li)磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,可(ke)以改變(bian)各(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)無(wu)功(gong)功(gong)率分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)和(he)調(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。
永(yong)磁(ci)同步風力(li)發(fa)電機:
永(yong)磁同(tong)(tong)步(bu)風力發電(dian)機由于機械損耗(hao)小、運(yun)行效(xiao)率高(gao)、維護成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)低等(deng)優(you)點(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)為繼雙饋感(gan)應風電(dian)機組(zu)之后(hou)的又一重要風力發電(dian)機型受到(dao)廣泛關注(zhu),并逐(zhu)漸開始投入使用。永(yong)磁同(tong)(tong)步(bu)風力發電(dian)系統(tong)基本(ben)結構,它主要由風力機、永(yong)磁同(tong)(tong)步(bu)發動機、變(bian)(bian)頻器和(he)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。
永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)基本原理(li),就(jiu)是利用風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)(li)帶動風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)(li)機(ji)葉(xie)片旋轉(zhuan),拖動永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan),實現(xian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統和籠(long)型(xing)變(bian)速(su)恒頻(pin)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統類似,只是所采(cai)用的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)為永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)式發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji),轉(zhuan)子(zi)為永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)式結(jie)構(gou),不需外(wai)部提(ti)供勵磁(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源,提(ti)高(gao)了效(xiao)率。它的(de)(de)變(bian)頻(pin)恒速(su)控制是在定(ding)子(zi)回路(lu)中實現(xian)的(de)(de),把永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)變(bian)頻(pin)的(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)過變(bian)頻(pin)器轉(zhuan)變(bian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)同(tong)(tong)頻(pin)的(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian),實現(xian)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)并網(wang),因(yin)此變(bian)頻(pin)器的(de)(de)容(rong)量與系統的(de)(de)額定(ding)容(rong)量相同(tong)(tong)。
在過去(qu)的幾十年里,由于永磁(ci)材料性能和(he)電(dian)力電(dian)子裝置(zhi)的改(gai)善,永磁(ci)同(tong)步(bu)發電(dian)機已(yi)變得越來越具吸引力了。采用(yong)永磁(ci)同(tong)步(bu)發電(dian)機的風(feng)力發電(dian)系統具有以下特(te)點:
1、永磁同步發電機系(xi)統不需(xu)要勵磁裝(zhuang)置,具(ju)有重量輕、效率(lv)高(gao)、功率(lv)因(yin)數高(gao)、可靠性好等(deng)優點;
2、變速運行范圍寬,即可超同(tong)步運行也(ye)可以亞同(tong)步運行;
3、轉子無勵磁(ci)繞組,磁(ci)極結構(gou)簡單、變頻器容(rong)量小,可以做成多極電機(ji);
4、同步(bu)轉速(su)降低,使風(feng)輪(lun)機(ji)和永(yong)磁(ci)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)可直接耦(ou)合,省去了(le)風(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)系統(tong)中的齒輪(lun)增(zeng)速(su)箱,減小了(le)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)的維護工作并降低噪聲(sheng),使直驅永(yong)磁(ci)風(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)系統(tong)。
適用場合:
1、在電力設施(shi)匱乏(fa)、交通不便(bian)、缺乏(fa)常規燃(ran)料,但風力資源豐(feng)富的地區,可以(yi)解決部(bu)分用(yong)電問(wen)題(ti),如為(wei)高速公路照明設備提供(gong)電源等;
2、在單(dan)機容量比較小的風場,永磁同(tong)步發電(dian)系統(tong)能(neng)夠高效并網發電(dian);
3、為農村、牧區、邊(bian)防哨所、氣象臺站等偏遠、負載(zai)較輕的用戶,提供交流或直流電源。
交流發電機
在日常(chang)生(sheng)活中,用交(jiao)流(liu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機來供用電(dian)(dian)設備使(shi)用時,常(chang)發(fa)生(sheng)用電(dian)(dian)設備不(bu)能(neng)正常(chang)工作的情況,其原因是發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機輸出的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)夠穩(wen)定(ding),這時候需要電(dian)(dian)力穩(wen)壓器(qi)來穩(wen)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓,也(ye)就(jiu)是日常(chang)生(sheng)活中常(chang)用到的交(jiao)流(liu)穩(wen)壓電(dian)(dian)源,交(jiao)流(liu)穩(wen)壓電(dian)(dian)源能(neng)使(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機的輸出電(dian)(dian)壓精度穩(wen)定(ding)到用電(dian)(dian)設備正常(chang)工作所允許的范圍。
交流發電機構造
交(jiao)流發電機的構造稍顯復(fu)雜。但是(shi)不論(lun)它(ta)是(shi)單相還是(shi)三相,都是(shi)由下列幾個主(zhu)要部分組成:
⑴激磁(ci)部分(fen):包括激磁(ci)機和(he)磁(ci)場部分(fen)。
⑵電樞部分。
⑶機殼(ke)部(bu)分:包括裝置(zhi)備(bei)部(bu)分的鐵架和機座。
異步發電機
異(yi)步發電(dian)(dian)機又(you)稱“感應(ying)發電(dian)(dian)機”。利用(yong)(yong)定(ding)子(zi)與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)間(jian)氣隙旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)(chang)與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組中感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)流相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的一(yi)種(zhong)交流發電(dian)(dian)機。其(qi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向和旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)(chang)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向相同,但轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速略高于旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)(chang)的同步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速。常用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)小(xiao)功率水輪發電(dian)(dian)機。
交(jiao)流勵(li)磁發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)由(you)于轉子方采用交(jiao)流電(dian)壓(ya)勵(li)磁,使其具有(you)(you)(you)靈活(huo)的(de)(de)運(yun)行方式(shi)(shi),在解(jie)決電(dian)站持續工頻過電(dian)壓(ya)、變(bian)速(su)恒頻發(fa)電(dian)、抽水蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)站電(dian)動-發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組的(de)(de)調速(su)等(deng)問題方面有(you)(you)(you)著傳統同步發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)無法比擬的(de)(de)優(you)越(yue)性(xing)。交(jiao)流勵(li)磁發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)主要(yao)的(de)(de)運(yun)行方式(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)以下三種:
1) 運(yun)行于變速恒(heng)頻方(fang)式;
2) 運(yun)行于無功大(da)范圍(wei)調(diao)節的方式;
3) 運(yun)行于(yu)發(fa)電-電動方式。
隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統輸電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)提高(gao),線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)增長,當線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)傳輸功(gong)率低于自然功(gong)率時,線(xian)路和電(dian)(dian)站將出(chu)現(xian)持(chi)續的(de)(de)(de)工頻過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya).為改善系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)運行特性(xing),不少技術(shu)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)國家(jia),在(zai)6"世(shi)紀A"年代初開始研究異步(bu)發電(dian)(dian)機在(zai)大電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統中的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)問題(ti),并認為大系(xi)統采用(yong)異步(bu)發電(dian)(dian)機后,可提高(gao)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)穩定性(xing),可靠性(xing)和運行的(de)(de)(de)經濟性(xing).
異(yi)步(bu)(bu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由于維(wei)護方便,穩定性好,常用作并網運行(xing)的(de)小功率水(shui)輪發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。當用原動機(ji)將(jiang)異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子順(shun)著(zhu)磁場旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)方向拖(tuo)動,并使其(qi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)超過同步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)就(jiu)進入發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行(xing),并把原動機(ji)輸(shu)入的(de)機(ji)械能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能送至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網。這時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流取自電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網。
異步發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機也可以并(bing)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong),靠本身(shen)剩磁(ci)(ci)自行勵(li)磁(ci)(ci),獨立發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),這時發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與頻率(lv)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)值(zhi)、原(yuan)動機轉速和負載大小等因素決定(ding)(ding)。當負載改變(bian),一般(ban)要相應(ying)地調節(jie)并(bing)聯的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)值(zhi),以維持(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)穩定(ding)(ding)。由于異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機并(bing)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)時,不(bu)需外加勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源就可獨立發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),故在負荷比較穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)場合,有可取之處。例如可用作農村(cun)簡(jian)易電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)照(zhao)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源或作為備用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源等。
測速發電機
測速發(fa)電(dian)機是一種測量轉(zhuan)速的(de)微(wei)型發(fa)電(dian)機,他(ta)把輸(shu)(shu)入的(de)機械轉(zhuan)速變換為電(dian)壓信(xin)號輸(shu)(shu)出,并要求輸(shu)(shu)出的(de)電(dian)壓信(xin)號與轉(zhuan)速成正比(bi)。
測速(su)(su)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)的分類:測速(su)(su)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)分為直流測速(su)(su)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)和交流測速(su)(su)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)兩大(da)類。
直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)測(ce)(ce)速發電機(ji):直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)測(ce)(ce)速發電機(ji)本質上是一(yi)種微型直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)發電機(ji),按(an)定子磁極的勵磁方式(shi)分為電磁式(shi)和永磁式(shi)。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)測(ce)(ce)速發電機(ji)的工作原理與一(yi)般直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)發電機(ji)相同(tong)。
交流測(ce)(ce)速(su)發電(dian)機:交流異步測(ce)(ce)速(su)發電(dian)機的轉子結構有(you)(you)籠型的,也有(you)(you)杯型的,在(zai)控制系(xi)統中多用空心杯轉子異步測(ce)(ce)速(su)發電(dian)機。空心杯轉子異步測(ce)(ce)速(su)發電(dian)機定子上(shang)有(you)(you)兩個(ge)在(zai)空間上(shang)相(xiang)互(hu)差(cha)90°電(dian)角(jiao)度的繞(rao)組(zu),一為(wei)勵磁(ci)繞(rao)組(zu),另(ling)一為(wei)輸出(chu)繞(rao)組(zu)。
交流異步測速(su)發電機的誤(wu)差主要有:
非(fei)(fei)線性誤差:由于(yu)直軸(zhou)磁通變化使測速發電機產生(sheng)非(fei)(fei)線性誤差;
剩余電壓:實際(ji)運行中,轉子(zi)靜止(zhi)時,測速發電機輸出一個較(jiao)小的電壓;
相位誤差:由于勵磁(ci)繞組的(de)(de)(de)漏(lou)抗(kang)(kang)、空心杯轉子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)漏(lou)抗(kang)(kang)使輸出電(dian)壓與勵磁(ci)電(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)相位不同。
交流(liu)同步測速發電(dian)機分為:永磁式(shi)(shi)、感應式(shi)(shi)和脈沖式(shi)(shi)。
柴油發電機
柴(chai)油(you)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組是(shi)一(yi)種獨立的(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)設(she)備,系指以柴(chai)油(you)等為燃(ran)料(liao),以柴(chai)油(you)機(ji)為原動(dong)機(ji)帶動(dong)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)動(dong)力機(ji)械。整套機(ji)組一(yi)般由柴(chai)油(you)機(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)、控制箱(xiang)、燃(ran)油(you)箱(xiang)、起動(dong)和(he)控制用(yong)蓄電(dian)瓶、保護(hu)裝置、應急柜等部件組成。整體可以固(gu)定(ding)在基(ji)礎上,定(ding)位(wei)使用(yong),亦可裝在拖(tuo)車(che)上,供(gong)移動(dong)使用(yong)。 柴(chai)油(you)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組屬非連(lian)續(xu)運(yun)行發(fa)(fa)電(dian)設(she)備,若連(lian)續(xu)運(yun)行超過12h,其(qi)輸出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)將低于額定(ding)功(gong)率(lv)約(yue)90%。
發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji):能把機(ji)(ji)械能轉變為電(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)設備的(de)(de)總稱。所產(chan)生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能可以是直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)也可以是交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)。
接地(di)(di):是指(zhi)電路與大(da)地(di)(di)之間或(huo)與某(mou)些和大(da)地(di)(di)相通(tong)的導電物體之間的連(lian)接。
怠速(su)控制(zhi)(zhi):一種可直(zhi)接根據電氣負載對發(fa)動(dong)機的(de)怠速(su)進(jin)行(xing)控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)系統。
點(dian)火線圈:為火花塞提供直流電(dian)壓的(de)器件。
永磁(ci)(ci)發電機:一種帶有(you)永久(jiu)磁(ci)(ci)鐵的(de)交流(liu)發電機,用于產生內燃機點火所需要(yao)的(de)電流(liu)。
歐姆:電阻的單位(wei)。
相位:交流電(dian)的(de)振幅或量值均勻(yun)、周期性的(de)變化(hua)。三相交流電(dian)由三個不同的(de)正弦波(bo)電(dian)流組成,相互之間的(de)相位差均為120度。
電(dian)源(yuan)轉換(huan)系統:該(gai)系統可(ke)以把發電(dian)機安全地接入到家庭用電(dian)系統中。
額定速度:機組的設計(ji)工作(zuo)速度(每分鐘轉數)。
額定電壓:一套引擎發電機(ji)組的(de)(de)額定電壓是其設計的(de)(de)工作電壓值。
后軸承(cheng)支(zhi)架:一種(zhong)鑄件,用作轉子(zi)軸承(cheng)外罩。轉子(zi)軸承(cheng)支(zhi)持(chi)轉子(zi)軸。
整流器:將交流電轉換(huan)為(wei)直流電的器件。
逆變器:是把(ba)直(zhi)流電能(neng)(電池、蓄(xu)電瓶)轉變成交流電(一般(ban)為220v50HZ正弦或方波)。
繼電(dian)器(qi):一種電(dian)動開關,通常用在控制電(dian)路中。與(yu)電(dian)流(liu)接觸器(qi)相比,其觸點只能(neng)通過較小的(de)電(dian)流(liu)。
電(dian)阻(zu):對(dui)電(dian)流的阻(zu)力。
轉子:發電機的轉動(dong)元件。
單相:一(yi)個(ge)交(jiao)流負(fu)載或電源(yuan),通常情況(kuang)下,如(ru)果(guo)是一(yi)個(ge)負(fu)載,則只有兩個(ge)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)端(duan)子,如(ru)果(guo)是一(yi)個(ge)電源(yuan),則只有兩個(ge)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)端(duan)子。
定子:電機的靜(jing)止部分。
振(zhen)動(dong)支架(jia)(jia):位于發(fa)動(dong)機或發(fa)電機與機架(jia)(jia)之間(jian)的橡膠器件,可以最(zui)大限度地減(jian)輕振(zhen)動(dong)。
伏(fu)特(te):電(dian)動勢的(de)單位。把(ba)單位電(dian)動勢恒(heng)定地作用在電(dian)阻為1歐姆的(de)導體上(shang),將產生(sheng)1安培電(dian)流。
電壓:電位差(cha),單(dan)位用伏特表示。
穩壓器:該設備通過控制激勵(li)轉子(zi)的直流電(dian)量(liang),自(zi)動地使發電(dian)機(ji)電(dian)壓保持在一個正(zheng)確值上。
瓦特:電(dian)(dian)源功率的單(dan)位。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)直流電(dian)(dian),它(ta)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)伏(fu)(fu)特乘(cheng)(cheng)以安培。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian),它(ta)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有效值(zhi)(伏(fu)(fu)特)乘(cheng)(cheng)以電(dian)(dian)流有效值(zhi)(安培)乘(cheng)(cheng)以功率因(yin)數乘(cheng)(cheng)以一(yi)個(ge)常(chang)數(其值(zhi)取決(jue)于(yu)(yu)(yu)相(xiang)數)。
繞組(zu)(zu)(zu):發電(dian)機的(de)所(suo)有線圈(quan)。定(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)(zu)由若干個定(ding)子(zi)線圈(quan)及其互(hu)聯(lian)線路組(zu)(zu)(zu)成。轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)(zu)由轉(zhuan)子(zi)磁極上的(de)所(suo)有繞組(zu)(zu)(zu)及接線組(zu)(zu)(zu)成。 [7]
第一步:檢查發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)各外導線連接(jie)部(bu)位有無斷線、錯接(jie)、短路現(xian)象,并用電(dian)壓(ya)表測(ce)量B+點有無電(dian)瓶電(dian)壓(ya)。
第二步:將(jiang)鑰匙(chi)門打(da)倒“開”位置,但不要(yao)起動發(fa)動機,此時用電(dian)壓表測(ce)量(liang)D+點有無電(dian)壓,并觀察充電(dian)指示燈是否(fou)明亮。
第三步:起動(dong)發動(dong)機(ji),用電壓(ya)(ya)表測量發動(dong)機(ji)B+點電壓(ya)(ya),應達到(dao)如下數(shu)值
第(di)四步(bu):打開部分負載,如車燈
第五步:打開空調、車燈等主要電器
進行到第三(san)步(bu)(bu)(bu)時,發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)沒有(you)(you)電(dian)壓輸出(chu),可采取如下辦法(fa)檢查(cha),對于有(you)(you)產生激(ji)磁D+點(dian)(dian)的(de)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)可從電(dian)瓶正極引一條(tiao)2.5mm2的(de)導線(xian),起動發(fa)動機(ji)后,用另一端瞬(shun)間點(dian)(dian)擊D+點(dian)(dian)(時間1S以內),再用電(dian)壓表(biao)測(ce)量B+點(dian)(dian)有(you)(you)無電(dian)壓輸出(chu),若(ruo)有(you)(you),從第三(san)步(bu)(bu)(bu)開(kai)始(shi)檢查(cha)至第五步(bu)(bu)(bu),同時判斷出(chu)整車充(chong)電(dian)指(zhi)示燈線(xian)路有(you)(you)斷路現象(一般為指(zhi)示燈損壞,儀表(biao)盤(pan)桿接件松動,線(xian)路斷路),若(ruo)無電(dian)壓輸出(chu),則發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)存(cun)在不發(fa)電(dian)故障。
根據(ju)《2013-2017年 中國(guo)發(fa)電(dian)機及發(fa)電(dian)機組(zu)行業市場(chang)前瞻(zhan)與投資(zi)商機分析報告》。國(guo)家為(wei)了(le)規(gui)范和管理柴油發(fa)電(dian)機組(zu),對(dui)柴油發(fa)電(dian)機組(zu)的名稱和型號(hao)編制方法(fa)做了(le)統(tong)一規(gui)定。
1--用數字表示發電機組的輸出的額(e)定功(gong)率,單位為KW;
2--用字(zi)母表示發電(dian)機輸出電(dian)流(liu)的種類(lei),其中(zhong)G表示工頻,P表示交流(liu)中(zhong)頻,S表示交流(liu)雙頻,Z表示直流(liu);
3--用(yong)(yong)字母表(biao)示(shi)發電機組的(de)類型,F表(biao)示(shi)陸用(yong)(yong),FC表(biao)示(shi)船用(yong)(yong),Q表(biao)示(shi)汽(qi)車電站,T表(biao)示(shi)掛車;
4--用(yong)字母表示(shi)(shi)控(kong)制特征,缺(que)位時表示(shi)(shi)手(shou)動(dong),Z表示(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)化機型(xing)(xing),S表示(shi)(shi)低噪聲(sheng)機型(xing)(xing),SZ表示(shi)(shi)低噪聲(sheng)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)化機型(xing)(xing);
5--用數(shu)字表示設計序(xu)號;
6--用(yong)數字表示變(bian)形代號;
7--用字母表(biao)示環境特(te)征(zheng),缺位(wei)時(shi)表(biao)示普通型,TH表(biao)示溫熱帶型。
例:75GFS3表示額定功率為(wei)75KW,交流工頻,陸用(yong),低噪聲,設(she)計序(xu)號(hao)為(wei)3的柴油發(fa)電(dian)機組。