唐至(zhi)五代末所鑄錢(qian)(qian)幣的通(tong)稱。包括開元通(tong)寶(bao)﹑乾(qian)封泉寶(bao)﹑乾(qian)元重寶(bao)﹑大歷元寶(bao)﹑建中通(tong)寶(bao)等二十四種。見(jian)宋董逌《錢(qian)(qian)譜.平錢(qian)(qian)》。
開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)是唐代(dai)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)貨幣(bi)。錢(qian)幣(bi)在唐代(dai)始有“通(tong)寶(bao)”,開(kai)(kai)創了新紀元(yuan)(yuan),在錢(qian)幣(bi)發展史(shi)上占有重要地位。唐初(chu)沿用隋(sui)(sui)五(wu)銖(zhu),輕(qing)小淆(xiao)雜。唐高祖(zu)武(wu)德四年(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)621年),為整治混亂(luan)的幣(bi)制(zhi),廢隋(sui)(sui)錢(qian),效(xiao)仿西(xi)漢(han)五(wu)銖(zhu)的嚴格規范,開(kai)(kai)鑄“開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)”,取代(dai)社會上遺存(cun)的五(wu)銖(zhu)。
最初的(de)“開(kai)元(yuan)通寶”由書法家(jia)歐陽詢(xun)題寫,形制仍沿用秦方孔圓錢(qian),規(gui)定每十(shi)文(wen)重一兩,每一文(wen)的(de)重量(liang)稱(cheng)為一錢(qian),而一千文(wen)則(ze)重六斤四兩。從此,中國的(de)幣(bi)制正式脫離以(yi)重量(liang)為名的(de)銖(zhu)兩體系而發(fa)展為通寶幣(bi)制,成(cheng)為唐以(yi)后歷朝的(de)鑄幣(bi)標準,沿襲近1300年(nian)。
唐朝開元(yuan)(yuan)之初,在貨幣方面主要是(shi)私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)問題(ti)。盡管法(fa)律規(gui)定“盜(dao)(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)者死(si),沒其家屬”,但是(shi)“私(si)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)犯法(fa)日蕃”,“盜(dao)(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)起,而(er)所在用錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)濫惡(e)”。“則(ze)天長安中……自是(shi)盜(dao)(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)蜂起,濫惡(e)益眾(zhong)。江淮之南,盜(dao)(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)者或就(jiu)陂(po)湖、巨海、深山之中,波濤險峻,人跡罕到(dao),州縣莫能禁約(yue)……亦堪(kan)行用”。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)并非唐代(dai)特有(you)(you),唐以前有(you)(you)之,漢代(dai)為重(zhong)。可是(shi)唐前期(qi)私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)的緣由與(yu)前代(dai)不同,以前發生私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)、濫鑄(zhu)(zhu)情況,均是(shi)由于(yu)封建帝王遇(yu)到(dao)財政危(wei)機時(shi)實(shi)施(shi)貨幣貶值(zhi)政策,官(guan)府首先鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)不足值(zhi)惡(e)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)所致。民間仿(fang)鑄(zhu)(zhu)牟利,造(zao)(zao)成“錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)益薄小,百物(wu)踴貴(gui)”。自唐高祖(zu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)開元(yuan)(yuan)以后(hou),直到(dao)唐玄宗光天之際,只有(you)(you)高宗鑄(zhu)(zhu)“乾封泉(quan)寶”提高名價,變(bian)相(xiang)貶值(zhi),其名義價值(zhi)并沒有(you)(you)高于(yu)實(shi)際價值(zhi)。“私(si)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”和“法(fa)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”相(xiang)比,不具(ju)備無(wu)限法(fa)償的權力(li)。在“法(fa)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”輕(qing)小的情況下,大(da)量(liang)的“私(si)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”能在流(liu)通(tong)中被人們接受(shou),而(er)且未(wei)造(zao)(zao)成“物(wu)價踴貴(gui)”的后(hou)果,這個事實(shi)說明了在唐前期(qi)私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)的背后(hou),早已孕育(yu)著錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣匱(kui)乏的萌芽(ya),只不過還沒有(you)(you)成為嚴重(zhong)的經濟(ji)危(wei)機。
“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)重(zhong)寶(bao)(bao)”從唐(tang)蕭宗“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)”元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)758年(nian)(nian))開(kai)(kai)始鑄(zhu)行(xing),到(dao)(dao)(dao)從唐(tang)代(dai)宗“寶(bao)(bao)應”元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)762年(nian)(nian))“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)重(zhong)寶(bao)(bao)”。重(zhong)輪(lun)乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)一起退出流通領域,也就短短五年(nian)(nian)時間(jian)。鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)史(shi)劉晏在執行(xing)新的(de)(de)貨幣政策的(de)(de)過程中,沒有(you)注意到(dao)(dao)(dao)各種錢(qian)(qian)幣的(de)(de)自身實際價值,在收到(dao)(dao)(dao)統一幣制的(de)(de)效果時,“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)重(zhong)寶(bao)(bao)”。重(zhong)輪(lun)乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)被驅逐出流通領域,而“開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)”錢(qian)(qian)本(ben)身又成了大錢(qian)(qian),市面(mian)價格提高到(dao)(dao)(dao)三(san)倍以(yi)上(shang),貨幣仍然(ran)繼(ji)續貶(bian)值,物價仍然(ran)居高不下(xia),直到(dao)(dao)(dao)唐(tang)德宗“貞元(yuan)”末年(nian)(nian),由貨幣貶(bian)值造成的(de)(de)好(hao)物價才基本(ben)降下(xia)來(lai)。
中(zhong)國古代錢幣(bi)的一種,中(zhong)國最早(zao)的年號元寶錢。唐朝唐代宗李豫大(da)歷年間(公元766--779年)西北地區(qu)地方鑄幣(bi),中(zhong)原比較少見,面文(wen)旋讀(du),直徑為2.3厘米,重約3克,制(zhi)作(zuo)粗陋,銅(tong)色昏濁,隸書“大(da)歷元寶”四字旋讀(du),書體樸實有力,有大(da)小兩種樣式。如(ru)今存世量(liang)已較少,古泉珍(zhen)品。
幣的(de)一種(zhong)。唐德宗(zong)李(li)適,建中(zhong)年間(公元780--788年)西北地區(qu)地方鑄幣,中(zhong)原地區(qu)極(ji)少發現,在新疆庫車(che)一帶卻屢有出土,錢(qian)體薄小,文字晦漫,鑄工草率。“建中(zhong)通寶”四字隸書旋讀。版(ban)式有大小兩式。如今存世量已極(ji)其(qi)稀少,價格頗高。建中(zhong)通寶收藏價格參考:
建中通寶 隸(li)書小平 大樣 1200元(yuan)
建(jian)中(zhong)通(tong)寶 隸書小(xiao)平 小(xiao)樣 800元(yuan)