唐至五代末所(suo)鑄錢(qian)(qian)幣的通(tong)稱(cheng)。包括開(kai)元通(tong)寶(bao)﹑乾封(feng)泉寶(bao)﹑乾元重寶(bao)﹑大歷元寶(bao)﹑建中(zhong)通(tong)寶(bao)等二十四種。見宋董逌《錢(qian)(qian)譜.平錢(qian)(qian)》。
開元通(tong)寶(bao)是唐(tang)代開元通(tong)寶(bao)貨(huo)幣。錢幣在唐(tang)代始有“通(tong)寶(bao)”,開創了新紀元,在錢幣發展史(shi)上占有重要地位。唐(tang)初沿用隋五(wu)(wu)銖(zhu),輕(qing)小淆雜。唐(tang)高祖武德四年(公元621年),為(wei)整治混亂的幣制,廢隋錢,效仿西漢五(wu)(wu)銖(zhu)的嚴(yan)格規范(fan),開鑄“開元通(tong)寶(bao)”,取代社會上遺存的五(wu)(wu)銖(zhu)。
最初的(de)(de)“開元(yuan)通寶”由書法家歐陽(yang)詢題寫,形制(zhi)仍沿用(yong)秦方孔圓錢(qian)(qian),規定每(mei)十文(wen)(wen)重(zhong)(zhong)一兩,每(mei)一文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)量稱為(wei)一錢(qian)(qian),而(er)一千文(wen)(wen)則重(zhong)(zhong)六斤四兩。從(cong)此,中(zhong)國的(de)(de)幣(bi)(bi)制(zhi)正式脫(tuo)離以(yi)重(zhong)(zhong)量為(wei)名的(de)(de)銖兩體(ti)系而(er)發(fa)展為(wei)通寶幣(bi)(bi)制(zhi),成為(wei)唐以(yi)后歷朝(chao)的(de)(de)鑄幣(bi)(bi)標準,沿襲近(jin)1300年。
唐(tang)朝開元(yuan)之初,在(zai)貨幣(bi)方面主要是(shi)私鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)問題。盡管法律規定(ding)“盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者死,沒(mei)其家屬”,但是(shi)“私錢(qian)犯法日蕃(fan)”,“盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)漸起(qi)(qi),而所在(zai)用錢(qian)濫(lan)惡(e)”。“則(ze)天(tian)長安中……自(zi)是(shi)盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)蜂起(qi)(qi),濫(lan)惡(e)益眾。江淮之南,盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者或就陂(po)湖、巨海、深山之中,波濤險峻,人(ren)跡罕(han)到(dao),州(zhou)縣莫能(neng)禁約……亦堪行用”。錢(qian)幣(bi)私鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)并非唐(tang)代(dai)特有(you),唐(tang)以(yi)前(qian)有(you)之,漢代(dai)為重。可(ke)是(shi)唐(tang)前(qian)期私鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緣由與前(qian)代(dai)不(bu)(bu)同,以(yi)前(qian)發生私鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、濫(lan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)情況(kuang),均是(shi)由于封建帝王(wang)遇到(dao)財政(zheng)危機(ji)時實施貨幣(bi)貶值(zhi)政(zheng)策(ce),官(guan)府(fu)首先鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造不(bu)(bu)足(zu)值(zhi)惡(e)錢(qian)所致。民間仿(fang)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)牟利,造成(cheng)“錢(qian)益薄小(xiao),百物踴貴”。自(zi)唐(tang)高祖鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)開元(yuan)以(yi)后(hou),直到(dao)唐(tang)玄(xuan)宗(zong)(zong)光天(tian)之際,只(zhi)有(you)高宗(zong)(zong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)“乾(qian)封泉(quan)寶”提(ti)高名(ming)價(jia),變(bian)相貶值(zhi),其名(ming)義(yi)價(jia)值(zhi)并沒(mei)有(you)高于實際價(jia)值(zhi)。“私錢(qian)”和“法錢(qian)”相比,不(bu)(bu)具備無限法償的(de)(de)(de)(de)權力。在(zai)“法錢(qian)”輕小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下,大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“私錢(qian)”能(neng)在(zai)流通中被人(ren)們接受(shou),而且未造成(cheng)“物價(jia)踴貴”的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果,這個事實說(shuo)明了在(zai)唐(tang)前(qian)期私鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)背后(hou),早已孕育著錢(qian)幣(bi)匱乏的(de)(de)(de)(de)萌芽,只(zhi)不(bu)(bu)過還(huan)沒(mei)有(you)成(cheng)為嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)危機(ji)。
“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)重寶”從(cong)唐蕭(xiao)宗(zong)(zong)“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)758年(nian)(nian))開(kai)始(shi)鑄行(xing),到從(cong)唐代宗(zong)(zong)“寶應”元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)762年(nian)(nian))“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)重寶”。重輪乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錢一起退出流通領(ling)(ling)域,也就短(duan)(duan)短(duan)(duan)五年(nian)(nian)時間。鑄錢史劉晏在執行(xing)新的(de)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)政策的(de)過程中,沒有注意到各種錢幣(bi)(bi)的(de)自(zi)身(shen)實際價值(zhi),在收到統(tong)一幣(bi)(bi)制的(de)效果(guo)時,“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)重寶”。重輪乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錢被驅逐出流通領(ling)(ling)域,而(er)“開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通寶”錢本身(shen)又成了大錢,市面價格提高到三倍以上,貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)仍(reng)(reng)然繼續貶值(zhi),物(wu)價仍(reng)(reng)然居高不(bu)下(xia),直到唐德宗(zong)(zong)“貞(zhen)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”末年(nian)(nian),由(you)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)貶值(zhi)造成的(de)好物(wu)價才基本降下(xia)來(lai)。
中國古(gu)(gu)代(dai)錢幣(bi)的一種,中國最早的年號元寶錢。唐朝唐代(dai)宗李豫大(da)歷年間(公(gong)元766--779年)西北地區(qu)地方鑄幣(bi),中原比較少(shao)(shao)見,面文旋(xuan)(xuan)讀(du),直徑為2.3厘米,重(zhong)約3克(ke),制(zhi)作粗陋,銅色(se)昏濁,隸書“大(da)歷元寶”四(si)字(zi)旋(xuan)(xuan)讀(du),書體樸實有(you)(you)力,有(you)(you)大(da)小兩種樣式。如(ru)今存(cun)世(shi)量已較少(shao)(shao),古(gu)(gu)泉珍品(pin)。
幣的一(yi)種。唐(tang)德宗李(li)適,建(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)年間(公元780--788年)西北地(di)區(qu)地(di)方鑄幣,中(zhong)(zhong)原地(di)區(qu)極少(shao)發現,在新疆(jiang)庫車一(yi)帶卻(que)屢(lv)有出土(tu),錢體薄(bo)小,文字晦漫,鑄工草(cao)率。“建(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)通寶(bao)”四(si)字隸書旋讀。版(ban)式有大(da)小兩式。如(ru)今存世(shi)量已極其稀少(shao),價格(ge)頗(po)高。建(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)通寶(bao)收藏價格(ge)參考:
建中通寶 隸書小(xiao)平 大樣 1200元
建中通(tong)寶 隸書小平(ping) 小樣 800元