唐至五代末(mo)所鑄錢幣的通稱。包括(kuo)開元(yuan)通寶(bao)﹑乾封泉寶(bao)﹑乾元(yuan)重寶(bao)﹑大歷元(yuan)寶(bao)﹑建(jian)中(zhong)通寶(bao)等二十四種。見宋董逌(you)《錢譜(pu).平錢》。
開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)是(shi)唐代(dai)開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)貨幣。錢(qian)(qian)幣在(zai)唐代(dai)始有“通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”,開(kai)創了(le)新紀元(yuan),在(zai)錢(qian)(qian)幣發(fa)展史(shi)上占有重(zhong)要(yao)地位。唐初沿用隋五(wu)銖,輕(qing)小淆雜。唐高祖(zu)武德四年(公元(yuan)621年),為整(zheng)治混亂的(de)幣制,廢隋錢(qian)(qian),效仿西漢五(wu)銖的(de)嚴格規范,開(kai)鑄“開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”,取代(dai)社會上遺存的(de)五(wu)銖。
最初的“開元通寶”由書法家歐(ou)陽詢題(ti)寫,形制仍沿(yan)用秦(qin)方孔圓(yuan)錢(qian),規定每十文重(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)兩,每一(yi)文的重(zhong)(zhong)量稱為(wei)一(yi)錢(qian),而一(yi)千(qian)文則重(zhong)(zhong)六斤(jin)四兩。從(cong)此,中(zhong)國(guo)的幣(bi)制正(zheng)式(shi)脫離(li)以重(zhong)(zhong)量為(wei)名的銖兩體系(xi)而發展為(wei)通寶幣(bi)制,成為(wei)唐以后歷朝(chao)的鑄幣(bi)標準,沿(yan)襲(xi)近(jin)1300年(nian)。
唐(tang)(tang)(tang)朝開(kai)元(yuan)之(zhi)初,在貨(huo)幣(bi)方面主要是(shi)(shi)(shi)私鑄問題(ti)。盡管法(fa)(fa)律規(gui)定“盜(dao)(dao)(dao)鑄者(zhe)死,沒其家屬”,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)“私錢(qian)犯(fan)法(fa)(fa)日蕃”,“盜(dao)(dao)(dao)鑄漸(jian)起,而所在用錢(qian)濫(lan)惡”。“則天(tian)(tian)長安中……自是(shi)(shi)(shi)盜(dao)(dao)(dao)鑄蜂起,濫(lan)惡益眾(zhong)。江淮之(zhi)南(nan),盜(dao)(dao)(dao)鑄者(zhe)或就(jiu)陂湖、巨海(hai)、深山之(zhi)中,波濤險峻,人(ren)跡罕到(dao),州(zhou)縣(xian)莫能(neng)禁約……亦堪(kan)行用”。錢(qian)幣(bi)私鑄并(bing)非(fei)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)代特有(you)(you),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)以(yi)前(qian)(qian)有(you)(you)之(zhi),漢代為重(zhong)。可是(shi)(shi)(shi)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)前(qian)(qian)期私鑄的(de)(de)(de)緣由與(yu)前(qian)(qian)代不同,以(yi)前(qian)(qian)發生私鑄、濫(lan)鑄情況,均是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)封建帝王(wang)遇到(dao)財政危機(ji)時實施(shi)貨(huo)幣(bi)貶(bian)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政策,官府首先鑄造(zao)(zao)不足(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惡錢(qian)所致。民間仿鑄牟利,造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)“錢(qian)益薄小,百物(wu)踴貴”。自唐(tang)(tang)(tang)高祖(zu)鑄開(kai)元(yuan)以(yi)后(hou),直到(dao)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)玄宗(zong)光天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)際,只(zhi)有(you)(you)高宗(zong)鑄“乾封泉寶(bao)”提高名價,變相貶(bian)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其名義價值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)并(bing)沒有(you)(you)高于(yu)實際價值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“私錢(qian)”和“法(fa)(fa)錢(qian)”相比(bi),不具備無限(xian)法(fa)(fa)償的(de)(de)(de)權力。在“法(fa)(fa)錢(qian)”輕小的(de)(de)(de)情況下,大量的(de)(de)(de)“私錢(qian)”能(neng)在流(liu)通(tong)中被人(ren)們接受,而且未造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)“物(wu)價踴貴”的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果(guo),這個(ge)事實說明了在唐(tang)(tang)(tang)前(qian)(qian)期私鑄的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)后(hou),早(zao)已孕育著錢(qian)幣(bi)匱乏的(de)(de)(de)萌芽,只(zhi)不過還沒有(you)(you)成(cheng)為嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)危機(ji)。
“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)重寶(bao)(bao)”從唐(tang)蕭宗(zong)“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)”元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)758年(nian))開始鑄行,到(dao)從唐(tang)代宗(zong)“寶(bao)(bao)應”元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)762年(nian))“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)重寶(bao)(bao)”。重輪乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)一(yi)起退出流通領域,也就短(duan)短(duan)五年(nian)時間。鑄錢(qian)(qian)史(shi)劉晏在執行新的(de)貨幣政策(ce)的(de)過程中,沒有(you)注意到(dao)各種錢(qian)(qian)幣的(de)自(zi)身實際價(jia)(jia)(jia)值,在收到(dao)統(tong)一(yi)幣制的(de)效果時,“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)重寶(bao)(bao)”。重輪乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)被驅逐出流通領域,而“開元(yuan)(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)”錢(qian)(qian)本身又成(cheng)了大錢(qian)(qian),市面價(jia)(jia)(jia)格提高(gao)到(dao)三倍以上,貨幣仍然繼續貶值,物(wu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)仍然居(ju)高(gao)不下,直到(dao)唐(tang)德宗(zong)“貞(zhen)元(yuan)(yuan)”末年(nian),由貨幣貶值造成(cheng)的(de)好物(wu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)才(cai)基本降(jiang)下來。
中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)代(dai)錢幣(bi)的(de)一種,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)最早的(de)年(nian)(nian)號元寶錢。唐朝唐代(dai)宗李豫大歷年(nian)(nian)間(公元766--779年(nian)(nian))西北地區地方鑄幣(bi),中(zhong)原比較(jiao)少見,面文旋讀,直徑為2.3厘(li)米(mi),重約3克,制作粗陋,銅(tong)色昏濁,隸書“大歷元寶”四(si)字旋讀,書體樸實(shi)有力,有大小兩種樣式。如今存世(shi)量(liang)已較(jiao)少,古(gu)泉珍品。
幣(bi)的一種(zhong)。唐德宗李適,建(jian)中(zhong)年間(公(gong)元780--788年)西北(bei)地區地方鑄幣(bi),中(zhong)原(yuan)地區極少發(fa)現,在新疆庫(ku)車一帶卻屢(lv)有出(chu)土,錢體薄小(xiao),文字晦(hui)漫(man),鑄工草率。“建(jian)中(zhong)通寶(bao)”四字隸(li)書旋(xuan)讀(du)。版式(shi)有大小(xiao)兩式(shi)。如今存(cun)世量已極其稀少,價格頗(po)高(gao)。建(jian)中(zhong)通寶(bao)收藏價格參考:
建中通寶(bao) 隸書小平(ping) 大樣 1200元
建中通寶 隸書小平 小樣 800元