唐(tang)至五代末所(suo)鑄錢幣的通(tong)(tong)稱。包括(kuo)開元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶﹑乾封(feng)泉寶﹑乾元(yuan)重寶﹑大歷元(yuan)寶﹑建中通(tong)(tong)寶等二(er)十(shi)四種。見宋(song)董(dong)逌《錢譜.平錢》。
開元通(tong)(tong)寶是(shi)唐(tang)(tang)代開元通(tong)(tong)寶貨(huo)幣。錢幣在(zai)唐(tang)(tang)代始有(you)“通(tong)(tong)寶”,開創了新紀(ji)元,在(zai)錢幣發展史上占有(you)重要(yao)地位。唐(tang)(tang)初(chu)沿用隋五銖(zhu),輕(qing)小淆雜。唐(tang)(tang)高(gao)祖武(wu)德四年(公元621年),為整治(zhi)混亂(luan)的(de)幣制(zhi),廢(fei)隋錢,效仿西漢五銖(zhu)的(de)嚴格規范,開鑄“開元通(tong)(tong)寶”,取(qu)代社會上遺存的(de)五銖(zhu)。
最初(chu)的(de)“開(kai)元通寶”由書法家歐陽詢題寫,形制(zhi)仍沿用(yong)秦方孔(kong)圓錢,規定(ding)每十文重(zhong)(zhong)一兩(liang)(liang),每一文的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)量稱(cheng)為一錢,而一千文則重(zhong)(zhong)六斤四(si)兩(liang)(liang)。從此,中(zhong)國的(de)幣制(zhi)正式脫(tuo)離以(yi)重(zhong)(zhong)量為名的(de)銖兩(liang)(liang)體(ti)系(xi)而發展為通寶幣制(zhi),成為唐以(yi)后歷朝的(de)鑄幣標準(zhun),沿襲(xi)近1300年。
唐朝開元之(zhi)(zhi)初,在(zai)貨幣(bi)方(fang)面主(zhu)要是(shi)私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)問題。盡管法律規定(ding)“盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者死(si),沒其家屬”,但是(shi)“私(si)錢(qian)(qian)犯法日(ri)蕃”,“盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)起,而所在(zai)用錢(qian)(qian)濫惡(e)”。“則天(tian)長安中(zhong)……自是(shi)盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)蜂起,濫惡(e)益(yi)眾。江淮之(zhi)(zhi)南,盜(dao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者或就(jiu)陂(po)湖、巨(ju)海、深山之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),波濤險(xian)峻,人跡罕(han)到(dao),州(zhou)縣莫能(neng)禁約……亦堪行用”。錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)并非唐代特有(you)(you),唐以前有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi),漢代為重。可是(shi)唐前期私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)緣由與前代不(bu)(bu)同,以前發生私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、濫鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)情(qing)況(kuang),均是(shi)由于(yu)封建帝王遇到(dao)財政(zheng)危機時實(shi)施貨幣(bi)貶值(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)策,官府首先鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)惡(e)錢(qian)(qian)所致。民間(jian)仿(fang)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)牟利(li),造(zao)(zao)成“錢(qian)(qian)益(yi)薄小,百物踴貴”。自唐高祖鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)開元以后,直到(dao)唐玄宗(zong)光天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)際(ji),只(zhi)有(you)(you)高宗(zong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)“乾封泉寶”提高名價(jia),變相(xiang)(xiang)貶值(zhi)(zhi),其名義價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)并沒有(you)(you)高于(yu)實(shi)際(ji)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)。“私(si)錢(qian)(qian)”和“法錢(qian)(qian)”相(xiang)(xiang)比,不(bu)(bu)具備(bei)無(wu)限(xian)法償的(de)(de)權力。在(zai)“法錢(qian)(qian)”輕小的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下,大量的(de)(de)“私(si)錢(qian)(qian)”能(neng)在(zai)流(liu)通(tong)中(zhong)被人們接受,而且未(wei)造(zao)(zao)成“物價(jia)踴貴”的(de)(de)后果,這個事實(shi)說明了(le)在(zai)唐前期私(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)背后,早已孕育著錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)匱(kui)乏的(de)(de)萌(meng)芽,只(zhi)不(bu)(bu)過還沒有(you)(you)成為嚴重的(de)(de)經濟(ji)危機。
“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)重(zhong)寶”從(cong)唐(tang)蕭宗(zong)(zong)“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)”元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)758年(nian))開(kai)始鑄行,到從(cong)唐(tang)代宗(zong)(zong)“寶應”元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)762年(nian))“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)重(zhong)寶”。重(zhong)輪(lun)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)一(yi)(yi)起退(tui)出流通領域,也就(jiu)短短五年(nian)時間。鑄錢(qian)史劉晏在執行新的(de)(de)(de)貨幣(bi)政策的(de)(de)(de)過程中,沒有注意到各種錢(qian)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)自身實際(ji)價(jia)(jia)值,在收到統一(yi)(yi)幣(bi)制的(de)(de)(de)效果時,“乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)重(zhong)寶”。重(zhong)輪(lun)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)被(bei)驅逐(zhu)出流通領域,而“開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通寶”錢(qian)本身又(you)成了大錢(qian),市面價(jia)(jia)格(ge)提高到三(san)倍以上,貨幣(bi)仍然(ran)繼續貶(bian)值,物價(jia)(jia)仍然(ran)居高不下,直到唐(tang)德宗(zong)(zong)“貞(zhen)元(yuan)(yuan)”末年(nian),由貨幣(bi)貶(bian)值造成的(de)(de)(de)好物價(jia)(jia)才基本降下來。
中國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)錢(qian)幣的一(yi)種,中國(guo)最(zui)早(zao)的年號元(yuan)寶(bao)錢(qian)。唐(tang)(tang)朝唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)宗(zong)李豫(yu)大歷年間(公元(yuan)766--779年)西北地區地方鑄幣,中原比較少見,面(mian)文旋讀,直徑為(wei)2.3厘米,重約3克,制作粗陋,銅色(se)昏濁,隸書(shu)“大歷元(yuan)寶(bao)”四字旋讀,書(shu)體樸實有力(li),有大小(xiao)兩種樣式(shi)。如今存世量已較少,古(gu)泉珍品。
幣(bi)的一種。唐德宗李適,建中(zhong)年間(jian)(公(gong)元780--788年)西北地區(qu)地方鑄幣(bi),中(zhong)原地區(qu)極(ji)(ji)少發現,在新疆庫車一帶卻屢有出土,錢體薄小,文字晦漫,鑄工草(cao)率(lv)。“建中(zhong)通寶(bao)”四字隸書旋(xuan)讀。版式有大(da)小兩(liang)式。如今(jin)存世量已極(ji)(ji)其稀少,價格頗(po)高。建中(zhong)通寶(bao)收藏價格參考:
建中通(tong)寶 隸(li)書小(xiao)平 大樣 1200元
建中通寶 隸書小(xiao)平 小(xiao)樣 800元