天眷(juan)通(tong)寶(bao),中國古代錢幣之一。金代早期(qi)鑄幣,因存世絕少,天眷(juan)通(tong)寶(bao)至今未見譜載。天眷(juan)通(tong)寶(bao)分(fen)小平和(he)折二,平錢有楷,篆(zhuan)兩種書體。
天(tian)眷(juan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)折(zhe)二錢(qian)面文為(wei)楷體(ti),直徑3厘(li)米(mi),重約7.2克。天(tian)眷(juan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)平錢(qian)為(wei)楷書體(ti),右旋讀,其中“眷(juan)”字(zi)多書一(yi)橫;而“通(tong)(tong)”字(zi)寫法(fa)頗肖南宋(song)“建炎通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”之(zhi)“點建”錢(qian)的寫法(fa),“寶(bao)(bao)”分作三筆,甚奇(qi)。該(gai)錢(qian)光背,棕褐色(se)包漿,字(zi)間有入骨銹,制作精整(zheng),應(ying)為(wei)官鑄。“金代天(tian)眷(juan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)真書折(zhe)二”早年出(chu)土于(yu)河南省(sheng),原為(wei)泉屆名家(jia)收(shou)藏。
首先此錢(qian)“寧(ning)(ning)(ning)”字(zi)(zi)心外(wai)點長且無(wu)回筆,類(lei)鐵(tie)(tie)母寧(ning)(ning)(ning);其次,“通(tong)(tong)”頭呈(cheng)三角(jiao)狀(zhuang),有(you)稱“三角(jiao)通(tong)(tong)”者(zhe);還有(you)“崇”字(zi)(zi)示(shi)部“小”中(zhong)間豎(shu)勾細(xi)且向(xiang)右(you)斜。具以上特征的(de)大(da)(da)字(zi)(zi)版(ban)(ban)(ban)“崇寧(ning)(ning)(ning)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)”諸(zhu)譜(pu)未見。《崇寧(ning)(ning)(ning)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)分類(lei)圖譜(pu)》第(di)126頁(ye)249號是(shi)(shi)一(yi)枚(mei)標(biao)“鐵(tie)(tie)母寧(ning)(ning)(ning)”的(de)“崇寧(ning)(ning)(ning)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)”,但不是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)字(zi)(zi)版(ban)(ban)(ban),只有(you)第(di)50頁(ye)099號、100號兩枚(mei)標(biao)“珍”的(de)錢(qian)才(cai)是(shi)(shi)約(yue)定俗成的(de)大(da)(da)字(zi)(zi)版(ban)(ban)(ban)“崇寧(ning)(ning)(ning)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)”。然鐵(tie)(tie)母寧(ning)(ning)(ning)大(da)(da)字(zi)(zi)者(zhe)僅見此一(yi)枚(mei)錢(qian)徑(jing)(jing)32.2毫米(mi),穿徑(jing)(jing)8.5毫米(mi),厚3毫米(mi),重14.4克。錢(qian)體厚重,青銅(tong)質,銹(xiu)色(se)古舊(jiu),開門的(de)老生坑。之所(suo)以謂之大(da)(da)字(zi)(zi)版(ban)(ban)(ban),是(shi)(shi)因(yin)此品錢(qian)文四字(zi)(zi)飽(bao)滿,寄廓接緣。“寶(bao)、寧(ning)(ning)(ning)”二字(zi)(zi)冠點長且向(xiang)左傾;長點“崇”;斜丁“寧(ning)(ning)(ning)”;高(gao)走“通(tong)(tong)”等(deng),與(yu)被(bei)公認的(de)各譜(pu)均(jun)載的(de)大(da)(da)字(zi)(zi)“崇寧(ning)(ning)(ning)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)”雷同。除錢(qian)徑(jing)(jing)略(lve)小外(wai),輪(lun)廓寬(kuan)窄、穿孔大(da)(da)小亦(yi)基本一(yi)致。
《宋史(shi)·食(shi)貨志》有記載:“把生鐵打成薄(bo)片,排放在貯(zhu)有膽(dan)水的槽(cao)中(zhong),浸漬(zi)幾(ji)天,然后刮取析出的泥狀(zhuang)銅(tong)(稱作“赤煤”),入煉爐化煉。”
目前在市場上(shang)錢(qian)幣的(de)作偽比較普遍(bian)。錢(qian)幣的(de)作偽基本上(shang)有兩種形式。一是(shi)改刻,就(jiu)是(shi)用(yong)普通錢(qian)幣改刻成珍貴錢(qian)幣;另一種就(jiu)是(shi)臆(yi)造錢(qian)幣。
崇(chong)寧通寶是(shi)宋徽宗時期比較重要的(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)之一(yi),因此要仿制(zhi)它(ta)是(shi)很(hen)(hen)難(nan)的(de)(de)。目前市場上(shang)作(zuo)假(jia)一(yi)般有兩(liang)種方(fang)式,一(yi)種是(shi)改刻(ke)(ke),就是(shi)用(yong)(yong)普通錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)改刻(ke)(ke)成珍貴錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)。另外一(yi)種就是(shi)造假(jia)。如是(shi)用(yong)(yong)假(jia)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)跟真(zhen)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)比較,就不(bu)(bu)難(nan)發現首(shou)先從文(wen)字上(shang)看,就沒有瘦(shou)金體的(de)(de)剛勁有力,也(ye)(ye)缺乏(fa)御書體的(de)(de)那種大氣(qi)。再一(yi)個是(shi)看它(ta)的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造,真(zhen)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)精湛(zhan),在放大鏡下也(ye)(ye)很(hen)(hen)難(nan)看出(chu)砂眼,而假(jia)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)質地比較粗糙,沒有質感,就是(shi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)放大鏡也(ye)(ye)能看出(chu)它(ta)的(de)(de)砂眼。
1、看銅質
我國歷代古錢(qian)幣(bi)大(da)多(duo)數是以銅(tong)(tong)合(he)金形(xing)式鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de),因而合(he)金的(de)成份(fen)不(bu)(bu)同,錢(qian)幣(bi)也隨之呈(cheng)(cheng)現出不(bu)(bu)同的(de)顏色。各時代的(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)銅(tong)(tong)質是不(bu)(bu)同的(de),又由(you)于古代冶(ye)煉技(ji)術不(bu)(bu)同,各地(di)區鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)古錢(qian)也各不(bu)(bu)相同,每個朝代各有特點。總的(de)來講,用銅(tong)(tong)鋅合(he)金鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)呈(cheng)(cheng)黃色,銅(tong)(tong)錫(xi)合(he)金鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)呈(cheng)(cheng)青色。清(qing)代、民國時期,新疆、西藏等地(di)鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian),用銅(tong)(tong)加少(shao)許鋅鉛,鑄(zhu)(zhu)成后錢(qian)體呈(cheng)(cheng)紅色。
先秦時期(qi)的鑄幣(bi)主要是(shi)銅(tong)錫合金鑄成的,銅(tong)質呈青紅色(se),質地較(jiao)硬挺;漢代(dai)至唐宋時期(qi)的絕大部分錢幣(bi)均(jun)為(wei)青銅(tong)鑄造,其特點(dian)是(shi)銅(tong)色(se)青白中(zhong)微帶淡紅。隋(sui)代(dai)的五銖錢因為(wei)錫的成份(fen)大,銅(tong)質泛白,稱之(zhi)為(wei)白錢。明嘉靖(jing)以(yi)后,開始向黃(huang)銅(tong)過渡,到天啟年間,用(yong)黃(huang)銅(tong)鑄幣(bi)成為(wei)定(ding)制,錢幣(bi)色(se)澤較(jiao)之(zhi)以(yi)前發生了(le)較(jiao)大的變化,可(ke)見(jian),我國古錢鑄造均(jun)有規律可(ke)循。
2、觀銹色
今(jin)所見錢(qian)幣,無外乎兩種:一為(wei)發掘品(pin),一為(wei)傳(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)。發掘品(pin)在地下埋藏了許多年,其(qi)表面都長滿了銅銹色(se)。傳(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)也因(yin)空氣中(zhong)氧化作(zuo)用,表面有一層(ceng)包(bao)漿。呈黑(hei)色(se)或銅色(se)。
銅(tong)是(shi)一(yi)種比較穩定(ding)的(de)金屬,在(zai)常溫下不(bu)易生銹。要經過幾十年,甚至上百年的(de)時(shi)間(jian)才能(neng)生成氧(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)、堿式碳酸銅(tong)等。氧(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)因形成的(de)顆位大小不(bu)同,呈現出黃(huang)、橙紅(hong)、鮮紅(hong)、深棕(zong)等不(bu)同的(de)顏色(se),俗稱“棗皮紅(hong)”、“栗子殼”等。
出土的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)掘(jue)品(pin)(pin)錢(qian)幣(bi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se)深(shen)深(shen)漬(zi)入(ru)(ru)(ru)錢(qian)幣(bi)里面(mian)(mian),因為其分(fen)子結構穩定、緊密,所以(yi)真銹(xiu)(xiu)很不(bu)容易擦掉。而偽(wei)(wei)造銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se)則不(bu)然,偽(wei)(wei)銹(xiu)(xiu)多在錢(qian)幣(bi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian),稱(cheng)作“浮(fu)銹(xiu)(xiu)”或“粉狀銹(xiu)(xiu)”,比(bi)較輕浮(fu),容易脫落,往往經堿水一煮,做上的(de)(de)(de)假銹(xiu)(xiu)便不(bu)堪一擊。發(fa)掘(jue)品(pin)(pin)偽(wei)(wei)銹(xiu)(xiu)作法有兩種:(1)將偽(wei)(wei)品(pin)(pin)錢(qian)幣(bi)放(fang)人醋酸中,埋入(ru)(ru)(ru)地下,迅速(su)生成銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se);(2)將偽(wei)(wei)品(pin)(pin)放(fang)入(ru)(ru)(ru)鹽鹵(lu)砂(氯化氨)、錫綠(硫(liu)酸銅)、醋的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合液(ye)中,把新銅腐蝕成舊(jiu)色(se),然后(hou)用膠水往錢(qian)幣(bi)上面(mian)(mian)粘銹(xiu)(xiu)。傳世品(pin)(pin)偽(wei)(wei)銹(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)作法是把偽(wei)(wei)品(pin)(pin)用火熏黑、擦油、打蠟(la)。傳世真品(pin)(pin)黑得(de)沉著、光滑(hua),而偽(wei)(wei)品(pin)(pin)則漂浮(fu)、發(fa)亮(liang)。
綠(lv)(lv)銹的形成又(you)有南(nan)(nan)北方(fang)的差別,地(di)(di)質(zhi)帶酸性的地(di)(di)區氧(yang)化程度也相應嚴重些。北方(fang)干燥,雨水(shui)少,則(ze)銹色(se)堅(jian)硬。南(nan)(nan)方(fang)多(duo)雨水(shui)且(qie)潮濕,氧(yang)化層較松(song)且(qie)多(duo)呈(cheng)(cheng)藍(lan)綠(lv)(lv)相間二(er)色(se)。例如(ru)南(nan)(nan)宋錢幣發(fa)(fa)行(xing)于南(nan)(nan)方(fang),放(fang)出土(tu)于南(nan)(nan)方(fang)較多(duo),受地(di)(di)理(li)環境的影響,錢幣一般(ban)呈(cheng)(cheng)藍(lan)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)。如(ru)發(fa)(fa)現淺綠(lv)(lv)銹者,則(ze)此錢有問題。如(ru)果入土(tu)區域燥熱,銅銹會呈(cheng)(cheng)紅(hong)紫(zi)色(se),但這種(zhong)銹色(se)不會單(dan)獨存在于錢體上,必伴有綠(lv)(lv)銹混雜在一起,稱(cheng)之為(wei)“紅(hong)斑綠(lv)(lv)銹”。如(ru)發(fa)(fa)現錢體通為(wei)紅(hong)銹,應屬假(jia)錢,它(ta)是(shi)造假(jia)者將偽(wei)品(pin)放(fang)入爐中(zhong)燒紅(hong)。這種(zhong)仿銹膚淺,明眼(yan)人一看便知是(shi)假(jia)。
3、看鑄幣銘文
我(wo)國金屬鑄幣的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)大(da)特點就是有銘文(wen)書(shu)寫,可(ke)(ke)以說,每一(yi)種錢幣文(wen)字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)字(zi)體(ti)各有特征(zheng),不(bu)(bu)同時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)鑄幣銘文(wen),有不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)寫風格。根據這些特征(zheng)可(ke)(ke)檢驗是否為(wei)同時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)錢幣。另外,在注重各種銘文(wen)特點的(de)(de)(de)同時,還可(ke)(ke)找(zhao)出銘文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)演變(bian)過程和變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)規律(lv)。這些規律(lv)和特征(zheng)可(ke)(ke)以作為(wei)鑒定(ding)古錢真偽的(de)(de)(de)依據。
先秦(qin)時期(qi)的(de)刀、布、圜錢等金屬鑄幣上的(de)文字是(shi)用大篆(zhuan)(zhuan)來書(shu)(shu)寫(xie)的(de)。秦(qin)漢(han)時期(qi),銘文書(shu)(shu)體(ti)屬小篆(zhuan)(zhuan)范疇,如半兩、五銖,但(dan)已有漢(han)隸(li)(li)風格,其中莽錢為(wei)懸針篆(zhuan)(zhuan)。魏晉南北朝書(shu)(shu)體(ti)復(fu)雜。唐代錢幣為(wei)八分隸(li)(li)書(shu)(shu),唐代以(yi)后(hou)隸(li)(li)書(shu)(shu)盛行,五代十國主要(yao)為(wei)真(zhen)、篆(zhuan)(zhuan)、隸(li)(li)三種。北宋(song)錢幣則(ze)有篆(zhuan)(zhuan)、隸(li)(li)、真(zhen)、行、草。自南宋(song)光宗紹熙以(yi)后(hou)至元(yuan)、明、清,銘文均以(yi)楷書(shu)(shu)(真(zhen)書(shu)(shu))為(wei)主,間或篆(zhuan)(zhuan)、隸(li)(li)書(shu)(shu)體(ti)。因為(wei)我(wo)國是(shi)一(yi)個多民族國家(jia),鑄幣銘文又有蒙、滿、回、黨項(西夏)等少(shao)數民族文字。
鑒定(ding)一枚錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)書(shu)體對(dui)不(bu)對(dui),首先(xian)要(yao)看(kan)(kan)它是否符合當時的(de)特(te)點;第二(er)步才(cai)看(kan)(kan)它是否符合本品種的(de)特(te)點。如(ru)(ru)(ru):“益化(hua)”圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)雖為(wei)先(xian)秦(qin)大篆,但它又同時有(you)(you)齊文(wen)(wen)字的(de)特(te)征,不(bu)同于同時期其(qi)它各(ge)國之圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)字;發現有(you)(you)東周(zhou)、西周(zhou)的(de)圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),若其(qi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)是小篆書(shu)寫,顯然是偽(wei)品無疑;秦(qin)半兩(liang)在(zai)古錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)頗負(fu)盛名(ming),其(qi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)體厚重,銅(tong)質精良,錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)隆起而雄偉,半兩(liang)的(de)“兩(liang)”字中(zhong)“人(ren)”字高聳,如(ru)(ru)(ru)發現錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)扁平者,一看(kan)(kan)便知是偽(wei)品;如(ru)(ru)(ru)見到清代寶(bao)源(yuan)或(huo)寶(bao)泉(quan)局錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)中(zhong)的(de)滿(man)文(wen)(wen)書(shu)寫有(you)(you)錯誤(wu),則應考慮到寶(bao)泉(quan)、寶(bao)源(yuan)二(er)局是清代國家級的(de)、最正規的(de)鑄錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)局,滿(man)文(wen)(wen)的(de)書(shu)寫絕不(bu)會出現錯誤(wu),則所見之錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)必屬偽(wei)品。
4、聽聲音
古(gu)(gu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)古(gu)(gu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)由于質地(di)的原因,年代(dai)越(yue)(yue)久(jiu)遠,火氣盡脫,氧化越(yue)(yue)嚴重,擲于水泥地(di)面其聲音(yin)(yin)也(ye)越(yue)(yue)喑啞(ya)。大(da)概來(lai)說(shuo),先秦(qin)時(shi)期的刀、布、圜錢(qian)(qian)(qian)均是(shi)啞(ya)音(yin)(yin)。而明(ming)代(dai)以后的錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi),距今(jin)時(shi)間較近,還未(wei)受到深層(ceng)的氧化,聲音(yin)(yin)則(ze)是(shi)清脆、響(xiang)亮。如(ru)果我們把先秦(qin)時(shi)期的錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)擲在地(di)上,傳來(lai)清脆聲,則(ze)此錢(qian)(qian)(qian)不(bu)太可靠;反之,如(ru)果明(ming)、清錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)擲地(di)為啞(ya)音(yin)(yin),則(ze)也(ye)必將(jiang)懷疑。
5、了解鑄造方法
我國古代鑄(zhu)幣的(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao),大概(gai)經過(guo)了子(zi)范(土(tu)、石,銅)、母范(磚、銅)、翻(fan)砂等幾個發(fa)展階段。無論是(shi)真錢還是(shi)偽品的(de)各種鑄(zhu)造(zao)方(fang)法(fa),都會(hui)在錢幣上留下相應的(de)痕跡。這些痕跡就是(shi)我們今天鑒定錢幣真偽的(de)一個有力依據(ju)。
6、聞氣味
此種(zhong)方法是古(gu)錢(qian)鑒定中最簡單的一(yi)種(zhong)。因為偽品錢(qian)幣(bi)多是用化(hua)學物質來偽造裝飾,往往會散發出一(yi)種(zhong)難聞的、刺鼻的化(hua)學性怪(guai)味,而真品錢(qian)幣(bi)則(ze)沒有這種(zhong)怪(guai)味。
7、觀版別
從版別上(shang)辨別古錢(qian)(qian)最(zui)主要(yao)(yao)的(de)辦(ban)法是(shi)(shi)除了(le)多(duo)看(kan)錢(qian)(qian)譜(pu)之外,必須要(yao)(yao)多(duo)接觸實(shi)物,以(yi)熟悉各個朝代的(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)真(zhen)品(pin)(pin)。不(bu)但要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)珍稀品(pin)(pin),更要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)大(da)量的(de)普通品(pin)(pin)種。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)些普通品(pin)(pin)很少偽(wei)品(pin)(pin),能真(zhen)實(shi)地反(fan)映(ying)各個歷史時(shi)期(qi)的(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)特征。如(ru)戰國時(shi)期(qi)刀布(bu)(bu)形制特殊,造(zao)(zao)偽(wei)者(zhe)只好用真(zhen)品(pin)(pin)翻砂制造(zao)(zao)贗品(pin)(pin),其(qi)破綻(zhan)在(zai)于翻砂鑄造(zao)(zao)后(hou)的(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)偏小(xiao),較為(wei)(wei)厚重(zhong),文(wen)字(zi)膚淺,銅質(zhi)粗糙,銹色不(bu)對且易脫(tuo)落。而且刀幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)在(zai)鑄造(zao)(zao)時(shi)其(qi)澆(jiao)口(kou)在(zai)刀環上(shang),布(bu)(bu)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)澆(jiao)口(kou)在(zai)首端,出落后(hou)基本不(bu)作修整,保持自然(ran)狀態,而造(zao)(zao)假(jia)者(zhe)往(wang)往(wang)為(wei)(wei)了(le)品(pin)(pin)相美觀,將刀幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)、布(bu)(bu)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)邊緣(yuan)磨光(guang)滑(hua),實(shi)際上(shang)是(shi)(shi)畫蛇添(tian)足,露(lu)出了(le)破綻(zhan)。再如(ru)會昌開(kai)元,因(yin)揚州(zhou)已以(yi)昌字(zi)紀年,如(ru)發現背(bei)“揚”字(zi)者(zhe),無論傳世(shi)品(pin)(pin)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)出土品(pin)(pin)均應將其(qi)視為(wei)(wei)偽(wei)品(pin)(pin)。因(yin)北(bei)宋各代和清咸豐(feng)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)版別最(zui)為(wei)(wei)復(fu)雜,也是(shi)(shi)造(zao)(zao)假(jia)者(zhe)競相仿制的(de)對象,我們應對它們的(de)形制多(duo)加(jia)分析,掌握特征,以(yi)防(fang)上(shang)當受騙。
1.陰(yin)文(wen)(wen)字范鑄(zhu)錢(qian)法,以泥(ni)陶子范為主流的(de)子范鑄(zhu)幣(bi)。泥(ni)質(zhi)子范,是將(jiang)幣(bi)形錢(qian)文(wen)(wen)雕刻在細泥(ni)片上,陰(yin)干(gan)后并(bing)燒烤成陶后,直接(jie)澆銅液鑄(zhu)錢(qian)。這種(zhong)錢(qian)范很不結實,只(zhi)能使用(yong)一兩次(ci),用(yong)后即碎,如(ru)再(zai)鑄(zhu),仍需(xu)重新再(zai)制范。
2.陽文(wen)母(mu)(mu)范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)錢法,陽文(wen)母(mu)(mu)范(fan)在鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)幣上稱范(fan)母(mu)(mu),范(fan)母(mu)(mu)是翻制(zhi)子范(fan)用的(de)(de),不能(neng)直接鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)錢。用這種范(fan)母(mu)(mu)可以印制(zhi)很多子范(fan),把數(shu)十個(ge)子范(fan)摞(luo)在一(yi)起(qi),一(yi)次能(neng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上百枚錢幣。陽文(wen)母(mu)(mu)范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)出的(de)(de)錢幣,錢面文(wen)字筆劃(hua)棱角(jiao)已經圓渾,不見特別鋒利,錢體也(ye)不是那(nei)樣平整,但絕無細小的(de)(de)砂(sha)粒痕跡,如有“砂(sha)眼”,必(bi)是翻砂(sha)偽造的(de)(de)假幣。
3.母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)翻鑄(zhu)(zhu)法,鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)要求已很(hen)嚴格,每逢(feng)改元鑄(zhu)(zhu)新(xin)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),先(xian)作樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)呈帝(di)王審定(ding)。鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)程序最為典(dian)型:象牙精雕錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)樣(yang)(yang)?銅雕祖錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?初鑄(zhu)(zhu)母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?印(yin)范母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?進(jin)呈樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。以(yi)外省錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)局的(de)程序是:初鑄(zhu)(zhu)母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(部(bu)頒樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian))?印(yin)范母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?進(jin)呈樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。用母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)翻鑄(zhu)(zhu)的(de)大量錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣,規整(zheng)精美,同版(ban)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)很(hen)多,但錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)體(ti)面、背直(zhi)觀無砂(sha)眼,且文字優(you)美,錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文與地章(zhang)之間深(shen)峻,無膚(fu)淺之象。
4.沉泥烘模(mo)熟(shu)鑄法,。此(ci)法是(shi)將錢形和(he)(he)錢文(wen)鑄印(yin)在(zai)泥型(xing)上(shang),再經過高溫處理,這樣既可起(qi)瘠化作用(yong),又可降(jiang)低(di)配合(he)料的(de)(de)可塑性,減少其(qi)收縮程度,稱之“沉泥”。然后(hou)采(cai)用(yong)早期冶(ye)煉熟(shu)鐵的(de)(de)方法,利用(yong)小型(xing)反(fan)射爐的(de)(de)作用(yong),直接在(zai)泥型(xing)錢模(mo)上(shang)熔銅精煉,并(bing)加(jia)入鋅、鉛、錫(xi)等(deng),再通過冷(leng)(leng)卻(que),使粗銅和(he)(he)粗合(he)金的(de)(de)雜質析出,如此(ci)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)或(huo)加(jia)熱(re)多次,所鑄錢幣錢文(wen)纖細鋒棱,表面光(guang)潔(jie),銅質精良,是(shi)砂(sha)型(xing)澆鑄的(de)(de)錢幣不(bu)可比擬的(de)(de)。
除了火法(fa)冶煉之外還有“膽水(shui)(shui)冶銅(tong)(tong)法(fa)”。這(zhe)種冶銅(tong)(tong)法(fa)就是(shi)利用(yong)金(jin)屬鐵從(cong)含有銅(tong)(tong)化(hua)合物的(de)(de)(de)溶液中置換出銅(tong)(tong)來,然(ran)后把它刮取下(xia)(xia)來,再經烹煉后,就可(ke)以得(de)到銅(tong)(tong)錠(ding)。所謂(wei)“膽水(shui)(shui)”是(shi)指天然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)含硫酸銅(tong)(tong)(我國俗稱它為石膽、膽礬)的(de)(de)(de)泉水(shui)(shui)。它的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成是(shi)因為天然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)礦石經風化(hua)氧化(hua),一部分便會生成可(ke)溶性硫酸銅(tong)(tong),經過地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)、雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)浸泡(pao)、淋(lin)洗,便會溶解而匯入(ru)泉水(shui)(shui)中。這(zhe)種膽水(shui)(shui)只要銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)濃度足夠(gou)大,就可(ke)以做為水(shui)(shui)法(fa)冶銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)原料。
早在(zai)(zai)漢代時,我國先民就已經注意到(dao)(dao)金(jin)屬鐵(tie)(tie)可置(zhi)換銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)現象(xiang)。例如西(xi)漢古籍《淮(huai)南萬畢術(shu)》上(shang)就有(you)(you)“曾(ceng)青(qing)(碳酸銅(tong)(tong)(tong)類的(de)(de)礦(kuang)物)得(de)鐵(tie)(tie),則(ze)〔鐵(tie)(tie)〕化為銅(tong)(tong)(tong)”的(de)(de)記(ji)載(zai)。東(dong)漢成(cheng)書的(de)(de)《神農本草經》有(you)(you)“石膽(dan)(dan)能化鐵(tie)(tie)為銅(tong)(tong)(tong)”的(de)(de)話。東(dong)晉(jin)煉丹家葛洪在(zai)(zai)其《抱樸子·內(nei)篇》中講(jiang)得(de)更明(ming)確:“以曾(ceng)青(qing)涂鐵(tie)(tie),鐵(tie)(tie)赤(chi)色如銅(tong)(tong)(tong),……而(er)皆(jie)外變而(er)內(nei)不化也。”不過那(nei)時多數人對這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)現象(xiang)沒(mei)有(you)(you)確切的(de)(de)了(le)解(jie),誤以為是鐵(tie)(tie)接(jie)觸(chu)到(dao)(dao)曾(ceng)青(qing)、石膽(dan)(dan)就轉化為銅(tong)(tong)(tong)了(le)。及至唐(tang)代,有(you)(you)些從事(shi)煉金(jin)術(shu)活動的(de)(de)方士就利用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)個化學變化把石膽(dan)(dan)水和水銀放在(zai)(zai)大(da)鐵(tie)(tie)鍋(guo)中加熱熬煉,被置(zhi)換出(chu)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)便與水銀形成(cheng)汞(gong)(gong)齊(qi)。然(ran)后,他(ta)們把那(nei)些很(hen)像(xiang)砂粒的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)汞(gong)(gong)齊(qi)加熱,蒸出(chu)水銀,便得(de)到(dao)(dao)了(le)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉。他(ta)們美其名叫(jiao)“紅銀”,很(hen)自以為得(de)意,認為真(zhen)的(de)(de)實現了(le)使鐵(tie)(tie)向銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)嬗變。唐(tang)代后期方士金(jin)陵子所撰的(de)(de)《龍虎還丹訣》就記(ji)載(zai)了(le)這(zhe)(zhe)項“絕技”。
約在(zai)五代時(shi),“膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)冶銅(tong)(tong)(tong)”正式成為一種實用性生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)方法(fa)。及至宋(song)代,這種工藝發展到很大的(de)規模(mo)。據(ju)《宋(song)會要·食(shi)貨(huo)篇》記(ji)(ji)載(zai),北宋(song)徽(hui)宗年間以(yi)膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)冶銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)地區有(you)(you)11處,以(yi)韶州岑水(shui)(在(zai)廣東)、信州鉛山(shan)(在(zai)江西(xi))、饒州德興(xing)(也在(zai)江西(xi))三處規模(mo)較大。在(zai)崇寧二年(公元1103年)時(shi),全國膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)總產(chan)量(liang)達(da)到了(le)1874427斤,約占當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)量(liang)的(de)12%。而(er)在(zai)趙宋(song)王(wang)朝偏安(an)江南(nan)(nan)以(yi)后,所領江南(nan)(nan)14州的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)量(liang)銳減,而(er)乾道年間膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)量(liang)仍有(you)(you)21萬斤,竟占到南(nan)(nan)宋(song)當(dang)(dang)(dang)年銅(tong)(tong)(tong)總產(chan)量(liang)的(de)80%。所以(yi)宋(song)代的(de)人(ren)對膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)產(chan)非(fei)常(chang)重視,南(nan)(nan)宋(song)人(ren)張(zhang)甲曾專門寫了(le)一部(bu)書《浸(jin)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)要略》,記(ji)(ji)載(zai)了(le)當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)情況(kuang)。關于浸(jin)取膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)具體操作,《宋(song)史·食(shi)貨(huo)志(zhi)》有(you)(you)記(ji)(ji)載(zai):把生(sheng)鐵(tie)打成薄片,排放(fang)在(zai)貯有(you)(you)膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)的(de)槽中(zhong),浸(jin)漬幾天,然后刮取析出的(de)泥(ni)狀銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(稱(cheng)作“赤煤(mei)”),入(ru)煉(lian)爐化煉(lian)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)的(de)效益,大約每用鐵(tie)二斤四(si)兩可得(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)一斤,技術(shu)水(shui)平是相(xiang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)高的(de)。此外(wai),那(nei)時(shi)還有(you)(you)利(li)用膽(dan)(dan)土煎銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)“淋銅(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)”,基本原理(li)與(yu)“膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)法(fa)”是相(xiang)同(tong)的(de),此法(fa)“工多利(li)少”,但“其土無窮(qiong),若比之礦(kuang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong),其利(li)已厚”,所以(yi)也被普遍利(li)用過。