天(tian)眷通寶，中國古代錢幣之(zhi)一。金代早期鑄幣，因存世絕少，天(tian)眷通寶至今未見譜載。天(tian)眷通寶分(fen)小平(ping)和折(zhe)二(er)，平(ping)錢有(you)楷，篆兩種書體。
天眷通(tong)寶折(zhe)(zhe)二錢(qian)(qian)面文為(wei)楷體(ti)，直(zhi)徑3厘米，重約7.2克。天眷通(tong)寶平(ping)錢(qian)(qian)為(wei)楷書(shu)體(ti)，右旋(xuan)讀，其中“眷”字多書(shu)一橫;而“通(tong)”字寫法頗肖南(nan)宋“建炎(yan)通(tong)寶”之(zhi)“點(dian)建”錢(qian)(qian)的(de)寫法，“寶”分(fen)作三筆，甚奇。該錢(qian)(qian)光(guang)背，棕褐色(se)包漿，字間(jian)有入(ru)骨銹，制作精整，應(ying)為(wei)官鑄。“金代(dai)天眷通(tong)寶真書(shu)折(zhe)(zhe)二”早年出(chu)土于河南(nan)省，原為(wei)泉(quan)屆(jie)名家收藏。
首先此(ci)(ci)錢(qian)(qian)“寧(ning)(ning)”字(zi)心外(wai)(wai)點長且(qie)無(wu)回筆，類鐵母寧(ning)(ning)；其次，“通(tong)”頭呈三角狀(zhuang)，有稱(cheng)“三角通(tong)”者；還有“崇(chong)(chong)”字(zi)示(shi)部“小”中間豎勾細且(qie)向右斜(xie)。具以上(shang)特(te)征的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)字(zi)版“崇(chong)(chong)寧(ning)(ning)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”諸譜未見。《崇(chong)(chong)寧(ning)(ning)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)分類圖譜》第(di)126頁249號是一(yi)枚標“鐵母寧(ning)(ning)”的(de)(de)“崇(chong)(chong)寧(ning)(ning)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”，但不是大(da)(da)(da)字(zi)版，只(zhi)有第(di)50頁099號、100號兩枚標“珍”的(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)才是約定俗成的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)字(zi)版“崇(chong)(chong)寧(ning)(ning)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”。然鐵母寧(ning)(ning)大(da)(da)(da)字(zi)者僅(jin)見此(ci)(ci)一(yi)枚錢(qian)(qian)徑(jing)(jing)32.2毫米(mi)，穿(chuan)徑(jing)(jing)8.5毫米(mi)，厚3毫米(mi)，重(zhong)(zhong)14.4克。錢(qian)(qian)體厚重(zhong)(zhong)，青銅(tong)質，銹色古舊，開門的(de)(de)老生坑。之所以謂(wei)之大(da)(da)(da)字(zi)版，是因此(ci)(ci)品錢(qian)(qian)文四字(zi)飽滿，寄廓接緣。“寶(bao)(bao)、寧(ning)(ning)”二字(zi)冠(guan)點長且(qie)向左傾；長點“崇(chong)(chong)”；斜(xie)丁“寧(ning)(ning)”；高走“通(tong)”等，與被公認的(de)(de)各(ge)譜均載的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)字(zi)“崇(chong)(chong)寧(ning)(ning)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”雷(lei)同。除錢(qian)(qian)徑(jing)(jing)略小外(wai)(wai)，輪廓寬窄、穿(chuan)孔大(da)(da)(da)小亦基本一(yi)致。
《宋(song)史·食貨志》有記載：“把生鐵打成薄片，排放在貯有膽水(shui)的槽中，浸漬幾天，然(ran)后刮取(qu)析(xi)出(chu)的泥狀銅(稱作“赤煤(mei)”)，入煉(lian)(lian)爐化(hua)煉(lian)(lian)。”
目前(qian)在市場上錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)的作(zuo)偽(wei)比較普(pu)遍。錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)的作(zuo)偽(wei)基本上有兩種(zhong)形式(shi)。一是改(gai)刻(ke)，就是用普(pu)通錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)改(gai)刻(ke)成珍貴(gui)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)；另一種(zhong)就是臆(yi)造錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)。
崇寧通寶(bao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)宋徽宗(zong)時期比(bi)較(jiao)重(zhong)要的(de)錢幣(bi)之(zhi)一(yi)，因此要仿制它(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很難(nan)(nan)的(de)。目前市場(chang)上作假一(yi)般有(you)兩種(zhong)(zhong)方式，一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)刻，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)普(pu)通錢幣(bi)改(gai)刻成珍貴錢幣(bi)。另外一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)造(zao)假。如是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)假幣(bi)跟真幣(bi)比(bi)較(jiao)，就(jiu)不難(nan)(nan)發現首先從文字上看(kan)，就(jiu)沒有(you)瘦(shou)金體的(de)剛勁有(you)力，也(ye)(ye)缺乏御書體的(de)那種(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)氣。再一(yi)個是(shi)(shi)(shi)看(kan)它(ta)(ta)的(de)鑄造(zao)，真錢幣(bi)鑄工精湛，在放(fang)大(da)(da)鏡下(xia)也(ye)(ye)很難(nan)(nan)看(kan)出(chu)砂眼(yan)，而假錢幣(bi)的(de)質地比(bi)較(jiao)粗糙，沒有(you)質感，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不用(yong)(yong)放(fang)大(da)(da)鏡也(ye)(ye)能看(kan)出(chu)它(ta)(ta)的(de)砂眼(yan)。
1、看銅質
我(wo)國歷代古錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)大多(duo)數是以銅(tong)(tong)合金(jin)(jin)形式鑄造的(de)(de)(de)，因而(er)合金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)份不同，錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)也隨(sui)之呈(cheng)現(xian)出不同的(de)(de)(de)顏色。各(ge)時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)銅(tong)(tong)質是不同的(de)(de)(de)，又由(you)于(yu)古代冶煉(lian)技術不同，各(ge)地區鑄造的(de)(de)(de)古錢(qian)(qian)(qian)也各(ge)不相同，每個朝(chao)代各(ge)有特點。總的(de)(de)(de)來講，用(yong)銅(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)合金(jin)(jin)鑄造的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)呈(cheng)黃色，銅(tong)(tong)錫合金(jin)(jin)鑄造的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)呈(cheng)青(qing)色。清代、民國時(shi)期(qi)，新疆(jiang)、西藏等地鑄錢(qian)(qian)(qian)，用(yong)銅(tong)(tong)加少許鋅(xin)鉛，鑄成(cheng)后錢(qian)(qian)(qian)體(ti)呈(cheng)紅色。
先秦時(shi)期的鑄幣主要是銅(tong)錫(xi)(xi)合金鑄成的，銅(tong)質(zhi)呈(cheng)青紅色，質(zhi)地(di)較硬挺；漢代(dai)至唐宋(song)時(shi)期的絕大(da)部分錢(qian)(qian)幣均為青銅(tong)鑄造，其特(te)點是銅(tong)色青白中微帶淡紅。隋代(dai)的五(wu)銖錢(qian)(qian)因為錫(xi)(xi)的成份大(da)，銅(tong)質(zhi)泛白，稱之為白錢(qian)(qian)。明(ming)嘉靖(jing)以后，開始向黃銅(tong)過渡，到天啟(qi)年間，用黃銅(tong)鑄幣成為定制，錢(qian)(qian)幣色澤較之以前(qian)發(fa)生(sheng)了較大(da)的變(bian)化，可(ke)見，我國古錢(qian)(qian)鑄造均有規律可(ke)循。
2、觀銹色
今所見錢幣，無外乎兩種：一為(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)品，一為(wei)(wei)傳世(shi)品。發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)品在地下埋藏了(le)許(xu)多年，其表(biao)面都長(chang)滿了(le)銅銹色(se)。傳世(shi)品也因空氣中(zhong)氧化作用，表(biao)面有一層包漿(jiang)。呈黑色(se)或(huo)銅色(se)。
銅(tong)(tong)是一種比較穩定的(de)金屬，在常(chang)溫下(xia)不(bu)易生銹。要經過幾十年，甚(shen)至上(shang)百年的(de)時間才(cai)能生成氧化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)、堿式碳酸銅(tong)(tong)等(deng)。氧化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)因形成的(de)顆位(wei)大小不(bu)同，呈現出(chu)黃、橙紅(hong)、鮮紅(hong)、深(shen)棕等(deng)不(bu)同的(de)顏色(se)，俗稱“棗皮紅(hong)”、“栗子(zi)殼(ke)”等(deng)。
出土的發(fa)(fa)掘品(pin)錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)表面銹(xiu)色深深漬入(ru)錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)里面，因為(wei)其分子結構穩定(ding)、緊密，所以(yi)真銹(xiu)很不容易(yi)擦(ca)掉。而偽(wei)造銹(xiu)色則不然(ran)，偽(wei)銹(xiu)多(duo)在錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)表面，稱(cheng)作“浮銹(xiu)”或(huo)“粉狀(zhuang)銹(xiu)”，比較輕浮，容易(yi)脫(tuo)落，往往經堿水一(yi)煮(zhu)，做(zuo)上的假銹(xiu)便不堪一(yi)擊。發(fa)(fa)掘品(pin)偽(wei)銹(xiu)作法有兩種(zhong)：（1）將(jiang)偽(wei)品(pin)錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)放人醋酸中，埋入(ru)地下，迅速生成(cheng)(cheng)銹(xiu)色；（2）將(jiang)偽(wei)品(pin)放入(ru)鹽鹵砂（氯化氨）、錫綠（硫(liu)酸銅）、醋的混合液中，把(ba)新(xin)銅腐蝕成(cheng)(cheng)舊(jiu)色，然(ran)后用膠水往錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)上面粘銹(xiu)。傳世品(pin)偽(wei)銹(xiu)的作法是把(ba)偽(wei)品(pin)用火熏黑、擦(ca)油、打蠟。傳世真品(pin)黑得(de)沉著、光滑(hua)，而偽(wei)品(pin)則漂浮、發(fa)(fa)亮。
綠銹(xiu)(xiu)的形成又(you)有(you)南(nan)北(bei)方(fang)的差別(bie)，地(di)(di)質帶酸性(xing)的地(di)(di)區氧化程度也(ye)相應嚴重些。北(bei)方(fang)干燥(zao)，雨(yu)水少，則銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se)(se)堅(jian)硬。南(nan)方(fang)多(duo)雨(yu)水且潮濕，氧化層(ceng)較(jiao)松(song)且多(duo)呈(cheng)藍綠相間二色(se)(se)。例如(ru)(ru)南(nan)宋錢幣(bi)發(fa)(fa)行于(yu)(yu)南(nan)方(fang)，放出土(tu)(tu)于(yu)(yu)南(nan)方(fang)較(jiao)多(duo)，受地(di)(di)理環(huan)境的影響，錢幣(bi)一(yi)般(ban)呈(cheng)藍綠色(se)(se)。如(ru)(ru)發(fa)(fa)現淺綠銹(xiu)(xiu)者，則此錢有(you)問題。如(ru)(ru)果入土(tu)(tu)區域(yu)燥(zao)熱，銅(tong)銹(xiu)(xiu)會呈(cheng)紅(hong)紫色(se)(se)，但這種(zhong)銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se)(se)不會單獨存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)錢體上，必伴有(you)綠銹(xiu)(xiu)混雜在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起，稱之為“紅(hong)斑綠銹(xiu)(xiu)”。如(ru)(ru)發(fa)(fa)現錢體通為紅(hong)銹(xiu)(xiu)，應屬假錢，它(ta)是造(zao)假者將偽(wei)品放入爐中燒紅(hong)。這種(zhong)仿銹(xiu)(xiu)膚(fu)淺，明眼人(ren)一(yi)看便知(zhi)是假。
3、看鑄幣銘文
我國金屬鑄幣(bi)的一(yi)大(da)特點就是有銘(ming)文(wen)書寫(xie)，可以說，每(mei)一(yi)種錢(qian)幣(bi)文(wen)字(zi)的字(zi)體各有特征(zheng)，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)的鑄幣(bi)銘(ming)文(wen)，有不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的書寫(xie)風格。根(gen)據這(zhe)些(xie)特征(zheng)可檢驗是否為同(tong)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)的錢(qian)幣(bi)。另外，在(zai)注重(zhong)各種銘(ming)文(wen)特點的同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，還可找出銘(ming)文(wen)的演(yan)變(bian)過程(cheng)和(he)變(bian)化的規律。這(zhe)些(xie)規律和(he)特征(zheng)可以作為鑒(jian)定古錢(qian)真(zhen)偽的依據。
先秦(qin)時期(qi)的(de)刀、布、圜(yuan)錢(qian)等(deng)金屬鑄(zhu)幣(bi)上的(de)文(wen)字是用(yong)大篆(zhuan)來(lai)書(shu)(shu)寫的(de)。秦(qin)漢(han)時期(qi)，銘(ming)文(wen)書(shu)(shu)體屬小(xiao)篆(zhuan)范疇，如半兩、五銖，但已有(you)漢(han)隸(li)(li)(li)風格，其中莽(mang)錢(qian)為(wei)懸針篆(zhuan)。魏晉南(nan)北朝(chao)書(shu)(shu)體復雜(za)。唐代錢(qian)幣(bi)為(wei)八(ba)分隸(li)(li)(li)書(shu)(shu)，唐代以后(hou)隸(li)(li)(li)書(shu)(shu)盛行，五代十國(guo)主要為(wei)真、篆(zhuan)、隸(li)(li)(li)三種(zhong)。北宋錢(qian)幣(bi)則(ze)有(you)篆(zhuan)、隸(li)(li)(li)、真、行、草。自南(nan)宋光宗(zong)紹熙以后(hou)至元、明、清，銘(ming)文(wen)均以楷書(shu)(shu)（真書(shu)(shu)）為(wei)主，間或(huo)篆(zhuan)、隸(li)(li)(li)書(shu)(shu)體。因為(wei)我國(guo)是一個多(duo)民族國(guo)家，鑄(zhu)幣(bi)銘(ming)文(wen)又有(you)蒙、滿、回、黨項（西夏）等(deng)少數民族文(wen)字。
鑒定一(yi)(yi)枚(mei)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)書體(ti)對(dui)不(bu)(bu)對(dui)，首先要看它(ta)是(shi)(shi)否符(fu)合當時的(de)(de)特點；第二(er)步才看它(ta)是(shi)(shi)否符(fu)合本品(pin)種(zhong)的(de)(de)特點。如(ru)：“益化”圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)雖為先秦大(da)篆(zhuan)，但它(ta)又同(tong)時有(you)齊文字的(de)(de)特征，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)于(yu)同(tong)時期其它(ta)各國(guo)之圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)文字；發現有(you)東周、西周的(de)(de)圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)，若其錢(qian)(qian)文是(shi)(shi)小篆(zhuan)書寫，顯然是(shi)(shi)偽品(pin)無疑；秦半兩在古錢(qian)(qian)中(zhong)頗負盛名(ming)，其錢(qian)(qian)體(ti)厚重，銅質精良，錢(qian)(qian)文隆(long)起(qi)而雄偉(wei)，半兩的(de)(de)“兩”字中(zhong)“人”字高聳(song)，如(ru)發現錢(qian)(qian)文扁平者，一(yi)(yi)看便知是(shi)(shi)偽品(pin)；如(ru)見(jian)到清代寶源或寶泉局(ju)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)滿(man)文書寫有(you)錯誤，則應考慮到寶泉、寶源二(er)局(ju)是(shi)(shi)清代國(guo)家級(ji)的(de)(de)、最正(zheng)規的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)局(ju)，滿(man)文的(de)(de)書寫絕不(bu)(bu)會出現錯誤，則所見(jian)之錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)必(bi)屬(shu)偽品(pin)。
4、聽聲音
古錢(qian)古錢(qian)幣由于質地的(de)原(yuan)因，年代越久遠，火(huo)氣盡(jin)脫，氧化越嚴(yan)重(zhong)，擲于水泥(ni)地面其聲(sheng)音(yin)也越喑(yin)啞。大概來(lai)說(shuo)，先(xian)秦(qin)(qin)時期的(de)刀、布、圜(yuan)錢(qian)均是啞音(yin)。而明代以(yi)后(hou)的(de)錢(qian)幣，距今時間(jian)較(jiao)近，還未受到(dao)深層的(de)氧化，聲(sheng)音(yin)則是清脆(cui)、響亮。如果我們(men)把先(xian)秦(qin)(qin)時期的(de)錢(qian)幣擲在(zai)地上，傳來(lai)清脆(cui)聲(sheng)，則此(ci)錢(qian)不太可(ke)靠；反之(zhi)，如果明、清錢(qian)幣擲地為(wei)啞音(yin)，則也必將懷疑。
5、了解鑄造方法
我國(guo)古代鑄(zhu)幣的(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)，大(da)概經過(guo)了(le)子范(fan)（土(tu)、石(shi)，銅）、母范(fan)（磚、銅）、翻砂等幾個發展階(jie)段。無論是真錢(qian)還是偽品的(de)各種鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)方法，都會在(zai)錢(qian)幣上留下相應的(de)痕跡。這些痕跡就是我們(men)今天(tian)鑒定錢(qian)幣真偽的(de)一個有力依據。
6、聞氣味
此種(zhong)方法是古錢(qian)鑒定中最(zui)簡(jian)單的一種(zhong)。因(yin)為偽品(pin)錢(qian)幣多是用化(hua)學物(wu)質來偽造裝飾，往(wang)往(wang)會散發出一種(zhong)難(nan)聞的、刺鼻的化(hua)學性(xing)怪(guai)味(wei)，而真品(pin)錢(qian)幣則沒有這種(zhong)怪(guai)味(wei)。
7、觀版別
從版別(bie)上辨別(bie)古錢最(zui)主要(yao)的(de)(de)辦法是(shi)除了(le)多看錢譜之外，必須要(yao)多接(jie)觸實(shi)物，以熟悉各(ge)個朝代(dai)的(de)(de)錢幣(bi)真品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。不但要(yao)注意珍稀(xi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，更要(yao)注意大(da)量的(de)(de)普通品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種。因為這些普通品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)很(hen)少偽(wei)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，能(neng)真實(shi)地反映各(ge)個歷史時期的(de)(de)錢幣(bi)特征(zheng)。如(ru)戰國時期刀(dao)(dao)布(bu)形制(zhi)特殊(shu)，造偽(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)只好用真品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)翻(fan)砂制(zhi)造贗(yan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，其破綻(zhan)在于翻(fan)砂鑄造后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)錢幣(bi)偏(pian)小，較(jiao)為厚重，文(wen)字膚淺(qian)，銅(tong)質粗(cu)糙，銹色(se)不對(dui)且易脫落。而且刀(dao)(dao)幣(bi)在鑄造時其澆(jiao)口在刀(dao)(dao)環上，布(bu)幣(bi)的(de)(de)澆(jiao)口在首端，出落后(hou)(hou)基本不作修整(zheng)，保(bao)持自然(ran)狀態，而造假(jia)者(zhe)(zhe)往往為了(le)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)相(xiang)美觀，將刀(dao)(dao)幣(bi)、布(bu)幣(bi)邊緣(yuan)磨光(guang)滑，實(shi)際上是(shi)畫蛇添(tian)足，露出了(le)破綻(zhan)。再如(ru)會昌(chang)開元，因揚州已(yi)以昌(chang)字紀年，如(ru)發現(xian)背“揚”字者(zhe)(zhe)，無論(lun)傳世品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)還是(shi)出土品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)均(jun)應將其視為偽(wei)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。因北宋各(ge)代(dai)和清(qing)咸豐錢幣(bi)版別(bie)最(zui)為復(fu)雜(za)，也是(shi)造假(jia)者(zhe)(zhe)競(jing)相(xiang)仿制(zhi)的(de)(de)對(dui)象，我們應對(dui)它(ta)們的(de)(de)形制(zhi)多加(jia)分析，掌握特征(zheng)，以防(fang)上當受騙(pian)。
1．陰文字范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)法，以泥(ni)陶子范(fan)(fan)為主流的子范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)幣。泥(ni)質子范(fan)(fan)，是將幣形錢(qian)(qian)文雕刻在細泥(ni)片(pian)上，陰干后并燒烤成陶后，直接澆銅液鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)。這種錢(qian)(qian)范(fan)(fan)很不結實，只能使(shi)用一兩(liang)次，用后即(ji)碎(sui)，如再(zai)鑄(zhu)，仍需重新再(zai)制范(fan)(fan)。
2．陽(yang)(yang)文母(mu)范(fan)鑄錢(qian)(qian)法，陽(yang)(yang)文母(mu)范(fan)在鑄幣上(shang)稱范(fan)母(mu)，范(fan)母(mu)是(shi)翻制子(zi)范(fan)用(yong)(yong)的(de)，不能直(zhi)接(jie)鑄錢(qian)(qian)。用(yong)(yong)這種范(fan)母(mu)可(ke)以印(yin)制很(hen)多子(zi)范(fan)，把(ba)數(shu)十個子(zi)范(fan)摞在一起，一次能鑄上(shang)百枚錢(qian)(qian)幣。陽(yang)(yang)文母(mu)范(fan)鑄出的(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣，錢(qian)(qian)面文字筆劃棱(leng)角已經圓渾，不見特別鋒利，錢(qian)(qian)體也不是(shi)那樣平整(zheng)，但絕無細(xi)小(xiao)的(de)砂(sha)粒(li)痕(hen)跡，如有(you)“砂(sha)眼”，必是(shi)翻砂(sha)偽造(zao)的(de)假幣。
3．母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)翻(fan)鑄(zhu)法，鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)要求(qiu)已很嚴格(ge)，每逢改(gai)元鑄(zhu)新錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，先作樣錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)呈帝王(wang)審定。鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)程序最為典型：象牙(ya)精雕(diao)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)樣?銅雕(diao)祖錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?初(chu)(chu)鑄(zhu)母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?印范(fan)母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?進呈樣錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。以外省錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)局(ju)的(de)程序是：初(chu)(chu)鑄(zhu)母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)（部頒(ban)樣錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)）?印范(fan)母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?進呈樣錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。用母錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)翻(fan)鑄(zhu)的(de)大(da)量(liang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣，規整(zheng)精美，同版錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)很多(duo)，但錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)體面、背直觀無(wu)砂眼，且文(wen)字優美，錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)與地章(zhang)之(zhi)間深(shen)峻，無(wu)膚淺之(zhi)象。
4．沉泥烘模熟(shu)鑄法，。此(ci)法是將錢形和錢文(wen)鑄印(yin)在泥型(xing)上，再經過高溫(wen)處理，這樣既(ji)可(ke)起瘠化作用(yong)，又可(ke)降低配合料(liao)的可(ke)塑性，減少其收縮程度(du)，稱(cheng)之“沉泥”。然后采用(yong)早期冶煉熟(shu)鐵(tie)的方(fang)法，利(li)用(yong)小型(xing)反射爐的作用(yong)，直(zhi)接在泥型(xing)錢模上熔銅精煉，并(bing)加入鋅、鉛、錫等，再通過冷卻(que)，使粗銅和粗合金的雜質析出(chu)，如此(ci)冷卻(que)或加熱多次，所鑄錢幣錢文(wen)纖細鋒棱，表(biao)面(mian)光潔，銅質精良，是砂型(xing)澆鑄的錢幣不(bu)可(ke)比擬的。
除(chu)了火法(fa)冶(ye)煉(lian)之(zhi)外還有“膽(dan)(dan)(dan)水(shui)(shui)冶(ye)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)”。這種冶(ye)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)就是(shi)利用金屬鐵(tie)從含有銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)化合物的(de)(de)溶液中(zhong)(zhong)置換(huan)出銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)來，然(ran)后把它(ta)刮取下來，再經烹煉(lian)后，就可以得到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錠(ding)。所謂“膽(dan)(dan)(dan)水(shui)(shui)”是(shi)指天然(ran)的(de)(de)含硫(liu)酸銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(我國俗稱它(ta)為石(shi)膽(dan)(dan)(dan)、膽(dan)(dan)(dan)礬)的(de)(de)泉水(shui)(shui)。它(ta)的(de)(de)形成是(shi)因為天然(ran)的(de)(de)硫(liu)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦石(shi)經風化氧化，一(yi)部分便(bian)會生成可溶性硫(liu)酸銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，經過地下水(shui)(shui)、雨水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)浸(jin)泡、淋(lin)洗，便(bian)會溶解(jie)而匯入(ru)泉水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)。這種膽(dan)(dan)(dan)水(shui)(shui)只要銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)濃度足(zu)夠大，就可以做為水(shui)(shui)法(fa)冶(ye)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)原料。
早在漢代時(shi)，我國(guo)先民就(jiu)已經注意到(dao)金屬鐵(tie)可置(zhi)換(huan)銅的(de)(de)現象。例(li)如(ru)(ru)西(xi)漢古(gu)籍《淮(huai)南萬畢(bi)術(shu)》上就(jiu)有“曾(ceng)青(qing)(碳酸銅類(lei)的(de)(de)礦物(wu))得(de)(de)鐵(tie)，則(ze)〔鐵(tie)〕化(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)銅”的(de)(de)記載(zai)。東漢成書的(de)(de)《神農本草經》有“石膽(dan)(dan)能化(hua)鐵(tie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)銅”的(de)(de)話(hua)。東晉(jin)煉(lian)丹(dan)家葛(ge)洪在其《抱樸子·內篇》中(zhong)講得(de)(de)更明確：“以(yi)曾(ceng)青(qing)涂鐵(tie)，鐵(tie)赤(chi)色如(ru)(ru)銅，……而皆外變(bian)(bian)而內不(bu)化(hua)也(ye)。”不(bu)過那(nei)時(shi)多數人對這種現象沒有確切的(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)解，誤以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)鐵(tie)接(jie)觸到(dao)曾(ceng)青(qing)、石膽(dan)(dan)就(jiu)轉化(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)銅了(le)(le)(le)。及至唐(tang)代，有些從事煉(lian)金術(shu)活動的(de)(de)方(fang)士(shi)就(jiu)利(li)用(yong)這個化(hua)學(xue)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)把(ba)石膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)和水(shui)銀(yin)放在大鐵(tie)鍋中(zhong)加(jia)熱熬煉(lian)，被置(zhi)換(huan)出的(de)(de)銅便(bian)與水(shui)銀(yin)形(xing)成汞齊。然后(hou)，他(ta)們把(ba)那(nei)些很像砂(sha)粒的(de)(de)銅汞齊加(jia)熱，蒸出水(shui)銀(yin)，便(bian)得(de)(de)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)紅銅粉。他(ta)們美其名叫“紅銀(yin)”，很自以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)得(de)(de)意，認為(wei)(wei)(wei)真的(de)(de)實現了(le)(le)(le)使鐵(tie)向銅的(de)(de)嬗變(bian)(bian)。唐(tang)代后(hou)期方(fang)士(shi)金陵子所撰的(de)(de)《龍虎還丹(dan)訣》就(jiu)記載(zai)了(le)(le)(le)這項“絕技”。
約(yue)在(zai)五代(dai)時(shi)，“膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)(shui)冶銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”正式成為一(yi)種實(shi)用(yong)性生產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法。及至宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai)，這種工藝發(fa)展到(dao)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)。據《宋(song)(song)(song)會(hui)要·食貨(huo)篇》記(ji)(ji)載，北宋(song)(song)(song)徽宗年(nian)(nian)間以(yi)(yi)膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)(shui)冶銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區有11處(chu)，以(yi)(yi)韶州(zhou)岑(cen)水(shui)(shui)(在(zai)廣東)、信州(zhou)鉛山(在(zai)江(jiang)西)、饒州(zhou)德興(也(ye)在(zai)江(jiang)西)三(san)處(chu)規模(mo)較大(da)。在(zai)崇(chong)寧二年(nian)(nian)(公元1103年(nian)(nian))時(shi)，全國膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)總產(chan)(chan)量(liang)達(da)到(dao)了1874427斤，約(yue)占當時(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)12%。而(er)在(zai)趙宋(song)(song)(song)王(wang)朝偏安江(jiang)南(nan)以(yi)(yi)后，所(suo)領江(jiang)南(nan)14州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)銳減，而(er)乾(qian)道年(nian)(nian)間膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)仍有21萬(wan)斤，竟占到(dao)南(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)當年(nian)(nian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)總產(chan)(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)80%。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人對膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生產(chan)(chan)非常重視(shi)，南(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)人張甲(jia)曾(ceng)專門寫了一(yi)部(bu)書《浸(jin)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)要略》，記(ji)(ji)載了當時(shi)膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)情況。關于浸(jin)取膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體操作，《宋(song)(song)(song)史(shi)·食貨(huo)志》有記(ji)(ji)載：把生鐵打成薄片，排放在(zai)貯有膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)槽(cao)中，浸(jin)漬幾天，然后刮(gua)取析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泥狀(zhuang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(稱作“赤煤”)，入煉爐化煉。當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效益，大(da)約(yue)每用(yong)鐵二斤四兩可得銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)斤，技術水(shui)(shui)平是相當高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。此(ci)外，那時(shi)還(huan)有利(li)(li)用(yong)膽(dan)(dan)土煎(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“淋銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法”，基本原(yuan)理與“膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)(shui)法”是相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，此(ci)法“工多(duo)利(li)(li)少”，但“其(qi)土無窮，若比之礦銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，其(qi)利(li)(li)已厚”，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)也(ye)被普遍利(li)(li)用(yong)過。
精靈世界 
