天眷通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶，中國古代錢(qian)幣之(zhi)一(yi)。金代早期鑄幣，因存世絕少，天眷通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶至今(jin)未見譜載(zai)。天眷通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶分小平和折(zhe)二，平錢(qian)有楷，篆兩種(zhong)書體。
天眷(juan)通(tong)寶折二(er)錢面文(wen)為楷體，直徑3厘(li)米，重約7.2克。天眷(juan)通(tong)寶平錢為楷書(shu)體，右(you)旋(xuan)讀(du)，其中“眷(juan)”字(zi)多(duo)書(shu)一橫(heng);而“通(tong)”字(zi)寫(xie)法頗(po)肖南(nan)宋“建炎通(tong)寶”之(zhi)“點建”錢的寫(xie)法，“寶”分作三筆，甚奇。該錢光背，棕褐色(se)包漿(jiang)，字(zi)間有入(ru)骨銹，制作精整(zheng)，應為官鑄。“金代天眷(juan)通(tong)寶真書(shu)折二(er)”早年出土于河南(nan)省，原為泉屆名家(jia)收藏(zang)。
首先此(ci)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)“寧”字(zi)心(xin)外點長(chang)且(qie)(qie)無(wu)回筆(bi)，類鐵母寧；其次，“通(tong)(tong)”頭呈三(san)角狀，有(you)稱“三(san)角通(tong)(tong)”者；還有(you)“崇(chong)(chong)”字(zi)示(shi)部“小”中間豎勾細(xi)且(qie)(qie)向右(you)斜。具以上(shang)特征的大(da)(da)字(zi)版“崇(chong)(chong)寧通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”諸譜(pu)未見。《崇(chong)(chong)寧通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)分類圖譜(pu)》第126頁249號(hao)是一(yi)(yi)枚(mei)標“鐵母寧”的“崇(chong)(chong)寧通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”，但不是大(da)(da)字(zi)版，只有(you)第50頁099號(hao)、100號(hao)兩枚(mei)標“珍”的錢(qian)(qian)(qian)才是約(yue)定俗成的大(da)(da)字(zi)版“崇(chong)(chong)寧通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”。然鐵母寧大(da)(da)字(zi)者僅(jin)見此(ci)一(yi)(yi)枚(mei)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)徑32.2毫(hao)米，穿徑8.5毫(hao)米，厚3毫(hao)米，重(zhong)14.4克。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)體厚重(zhong)，青(qing)銅質(zhi)，銹色古(gu)舊(jiu)，開門的老(lao)生坑。之所以謂之大(da)(da)字(zi)版，是因此(ci)品錢(qian)(qian)(qian)文四字(zi)飽滿(man)，寄廓接(jie)緣。“寶(bao)(bao)(bao)、寧”二字(zi)冠(guan)點長(chang)且(qie)(qie)向左傾；長(chang)點“崇(chong)(chong)”；斜丁“寧”；高走“通(tong)(tong)”等，與(yu)被公認的各譜(pu)均載的大(da)(da)字(zi)“崇(chong)(chong)寧通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”雷同。除錢(qian)(qian)(qian)徑略小外，輪(lun)廓寬窄、穿孔大(da)(da)小亦基本一(yi)(yi)致。
《宋(song)史·食貨(huo)志》有(you)記載：“把(ba)生鐵打(da)成薄片，排(pai)放(fang)在貯(zhu)有(you)膽水的(de)槽中，浸漬幾天，然后刮取析出的(de)泥狀銅(稱作“赤(chi)煤(mei)”)，入煉爐化煉。”
目(mu)前在市場上(shang)錢(qian)幣(bi)的(de)作(zuo)偽比(bi)較普遍(bian)。錢(qian)幣(bi)的(de)作(zuo)偽基本上(shang)有(you)兩種(zhong)形式(shi)。一是(shi)改(gai)刻(ke)，就是(shi)用普通錢(qian)幣(bi)改(gai)刻(ke)成(cheng)珍(zhen)貴錢(qian)幣(bi)；另(ling)一種(zhong)就是(shi)臆造錢(qian)幣(bi)。
崇(chong)寧通寶是(shi)(shi)宋徽(hui)宗(zong)時期(qi)比較(jiao)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)之一(yi)(yi)，因此要仿制它(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)很(hen)難(nan)的(de)(de)。目前市場上作假(jia)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)有兩種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式，一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)改(gai)刻(ke)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)普通錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)改(gai)刻(ke)成珍貴(gui)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)。另外一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)造假(jia)。如是(shi)(shi)用(yong)假(jia)幣(bi)跟真(zhen)幣(bi)比較(jiao)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)難(nan)發現(xian)首先從文(wen)字上看(kan)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)沒有瘦金(jin)體的(de)(de)剛勁有力，也(ye)缺乏御書(shu)體的(de)(de)那種(zhong)(zhong)大氣。再(zai)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)是(shi)(shi)看(kan)它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)鑄造，真(zhen)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)鑄工精湛，在放(fang)大鏡下也(ye)很(hen)難(nan)看(kan)出砂(sha)眼，而假(jia)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)的(de)(de)質地比較(jiao)粗糙，沒有質感，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)用(yong)放(fang)大鏡也(ye)能看(kan)出它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)砂(sha)眼。
1、看銅質
我國(guo)歷代(dai)古錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)大(da)多數是(shi)以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)合金(jin)形式(shi)鑄(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)而合金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)成份不(bu)同(tong)，錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)也隨(sui)之呈(cheng)現出不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)色。各(ge)(ge)(ge)時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)銅(tong)(tong)質是(shi)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)，又由于古代(dai)冶煉技術不(bu)同(tong)，各(ge)(ge)(ge)地區鑄(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)古錢(qian)(qian)(qian)也各(ge)(ge)(ge)不(bu)相同(tong)，每(mei)個朝(chao)代(dai)各(ge)(ge)(ge)有特點。總的(de)(de)(de)來講(jiang)，用銅(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)合金(jin)鑄(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)呈(cheng)黃色，銅(tong)(tong)錫合金(jin)鑄(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)呈(cheng)青(qing)色。清代(dai)、民國(guo)時期(qi)，新(xin)疆、西藏等地鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)，用銅(tong)(tong)加少許鋅(xin)鉛，鑄(zhu)成后錢(qian)(qian)(qian)體呈(cheng)紅色。
先秦時期的(de)鑄(zhu)幣(bi)(bi)主要是銅(tong)(tong)錫(xi)合(he)金鑄(zhu)成(cheng)的(de)，銅(tong)(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)呈青紅色(se)，質(zhi)(zhi)地較硬挺；漢代至唐(tang)宋時期的(de)絕大部分錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)均(jun)為(wei)青銅(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)造，其特點(dian)是銅(tong)(tong)色(se)青白(bai)中微帶淡紅。隋代的(de)五銖錢(qian)因(yin)為(wei)錫(xi)的(de)成(cheng)份大，銅(tong)(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)泛白(bai)，稱之為(wei)白(bai)錢(qian)。明(ming)嘉靖(jing)以后，開始向黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)過(guo)渡，到(dao)天啟年間(jian)，用黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)幣(bi)(bi)成(cheng)為(wei)定(ding)制，錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)色(se)澤(ze)較之以前(qian)發生了較大的(de)變化(hua)，可見(jian)，我國古(gu)錢(qian)鑄(zhu)造均(jun)有規律可循。
2、觀銹色
今所見(jian)錢幣，無外乎兩種：一為發(fa)掘品(pin)，一為傳世品(pin)。發(fa)掘品(pin)在地下埋藏了許多年，其表面都長滿了銅銹色。傳世品(pin)也因空氣中氧化作用，表面有一層包漿。呈(cheng)黑色或銅色。
銅是一(yi)種(zhong)比較穩定的(de)金(jin)屬，在常溫(wen)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)易生銹(xiu)。要經過幾(ji)十(shi)年，甚(shen)至上百年的(de)時間(jian)才能生成(cheng)氧化銅、堿式碳酸銅等(deng)。氧化銅因形成(cheng)的(de)顆位大小不(bu)(bu)同，呈現出(chu)黃、橙紅(hong)、鮮紅(hong)、深棕等(deng)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)顏色(se)，俗稱“棗(zao)皮(pi)紅(hong)”、“栗子(zi)殼”等(deng)。
出土的發(fa)掘品(pin)(pin)錢(qian)幣(bi)表面(mian)(mian)銹(xiu)色(se)深深漬入(ru)錢(qian)幣(bi)里面(mian)(mian)，因為其分子結構穩定、緊密，所以真(zhen)銹(xiu)很不(bu)(bu)容易擦(ca)掉(diao)。而偽(wei)(wei)造銹(xiu)色(se)則不(bu)(bu)然，偽(wei)(wei)銹(xiu)多在(zai)錢(qian)幣(bi)表面(mian)(mian)，稱作(zuo)“浮(fu)銹(xiu)”或“粉狀銹(xiu)”，比較(jiao)輕(qing)浮(fu)，容易脫落，往(wang)往(wang)經(jing)堿水(shui)一煮，做上(shang)的假銹(xiu)便(bian)不(bu)(bu)堪一擊。發(fa)掘品(pin)(pin)偽(wei)(wei)銹(xiu)作(zuo)法有兩(liang)種：（1）將(jiang)偽(wei)(wei)品(pin)(pin)錢(qian)幣(bi)放人醋(cu)酸中，埋入(ru)地下，迅速生成銹(xiu)色(se)；（2）將(jiang)偽(wei)(wei)品(pin)(pin)放入(ru)鹽(yan)鹵砂（氯化(hua)氨(an)）、錫綠（硫(liu)酸銅(tong)）、醋(cu)的混合(he)液(ye)中，把新銅(tong)腐蝕成舊(jiu)色(se)，然后(hou)用膠水(shui)往(wang)錢(qian)幣(bi)上(shang)面(mian)(mian)粘銹(xiu)。傳世(shi)品(pin)(pin)偽(wei)(wei)銹(xiu)的作(zuo)法是把偽(wei)(wei)品(pin)(pin)用火熏黑、擦(ca)油、打蠟。傳世(shi)真(zhen)品(pin)(pin)黑得沉著、光滑，而偽(wei)(wei)品(pin)(pin)則漂浮(fu)、發(fa)亮(liang)。
綠(lv)(lv)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)形成又有南(nan)北(bei)方的(de)差(cha)別(bie)，地質帶酸性的(de)地區氧化程度也(ye)相(xiang)應嚴重些。北(bei)方干燥，雨(yu)水少，則(ze)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)色(se)(se)(se)堅硬。南(nan)方多雨(yu)水且(qie)潮濕，氧化層較松且(qie)多呈(cheng)藍(lan)綠(lv)(lv)相(xiang)間二色(se)(se)(se)。例如南(nan)宋錢幣(bi)發(fa)行于南(nan)方，放出(chu)土(tu)于南(nan)方較多，受(shou)地理環境(jing)的(de)影(ying)響，錢幣(bi)一般呈(cheng)藍(lan)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)。如發(fa)現淺綠(lv)(lv)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)者，則(ze)此錢有問題。如果入(ru)(ru)土(tu)區域燥熱，銅銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)會呈(cheng)紅(hong)紫色(se)(se)(se)，但這(zhe)種銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)色(se)(se)(se)不會單獨存(cun)在于錢體上(shang)，必伴有綠(lv)(lv)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)混雜在一起，稱之為“紅(hong)斑綠(lv)(lv)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)”。如發(fa)現錢體通為紅(hong)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)，應屬假(jia)錢，它是造假(jia)者將偽品放入(ru)(ru)爐中燒紅(hong)。這(zhe)種仿銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)膚淺，明(ming)眼人一看便知是假(jia)。
3、看鑄幣銘文
我國金屬(shu)鑄(zhu)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)一大(da)特(te)點(dian)就是有(you)銘(ming)(ming)文書(shu)(shu)寫，可(ke)(ke)以說，每一種錢幣(bi)文字的(de)(de)(de)字體各有(you)特(te)征(zheng)，不同(tong)時代的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)幣(bi)銘(ming)(ming)文，有(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)寫風格。根據(ju)這(zhe)些(xie)特(te)征(zheng)可(ke)(ke)檢(jian)驗(yan)是否為同(tong)時代的(de)(de)(de)錢幣(bi)。另外，在注重各種銘(ming)(ming)文特(te)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，還可(ke)(ke)找出銘(ming)(ming)文的(de)(de)(de)演(yan)變(bian)(bian)過程和(he)變(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)規律(lv)。這(zhe)些(xie)規律(lv)和(he)特(te)征(zheng)可(ke)(ke)以作為鑒定(ding)古(gu)錢真偽的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據(ju)。
先秦(qin)(qin)時(shi)期的(de)刀、布、圜錢等金屬(shu)(shu)鑄幣上的(de)文(wen)(wen)字是用(yong)大篆來(lai)書(shu)寫的(de)。秦(qin)(qin)漢時(shi)期，銘文(wen)(wen)書(shu)體屬(shu)(shu)小篆范疇，如半兩、五銖(zhu)，但(dan)已有漢隸(li)(li)風格，其中莽(mang)錢為(wei)懸(xuan)針(zhen)篆。魏晉南(nan)北朝書(shu)體復(fu)雜。唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)錢幣為(wei)八(ba)分隸(li)(li)書(shu)，唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)以(yi)后隸(li)(li)書(shu)盛行，五代(dai)十國(guo)主要為(wei)真(zhen)(zhen)、篆、隸(li)(li)三種。北宋(song)錢幣則有篆、隸(li)(li)、真(zhen)(zhen)、行、草。自南(nan)宋(song)光宗紹熙以(yi)后至元、明、清，銘文(wen)(wen)均以(yi)楷書(shu)（真(zhen)(zhen)書(shu)）為(wei)主，間或(huo)篆、隸(li)(li)書(shu)體。因為(wei)我國(guo)是一個多民族國(guo)家，鑄幣銘文(wen)(wen)又有蒙、滿(man)、回、黨項(xiang)（西夏）等少數民族文(wen)(wen)字。
鑒定一枚錢(qian)(qian)幣書(shu)體對(dui)不對(dui)，首(shou)先要看它是(shi)(shi)否(fou)符合當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)特點；第二(er)步才看它是(shi)(shi)否(fou)符合本(ben)品(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)特點。如：“益化”圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)雖為先秦大(da)篆，但它又同時(shi)有齊文(wen)(wen)字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)特征，不同于同時(shi)期其(qi)它各國之圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)；發現(xian)有東周(zhou)、西周(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)，若其(qi)錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)是(shi)(shi)小篆書(shu)寫(xie)，顯然是(shi)(shi)偽(wei)(wei)品(pin)無(wu)疑；秦半兩在古錢(qian)(qian)中(zhong)頗負(fu)盛名，其(qi)錢(qian)(qian)體厚重，銅質精良，錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)隆起而雄偉，半兩的(de)(de)(de)“兩”字(zi)中(zhong)“人(ren)”字(zi)高聳，如發現(xian)錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)扁平者，一看便(bian)知是(shi)(shi)偽(wei)(wei)品(pin)；如見到(dao)清代(dai)寶源或寶泉局錢(qian)(qian)幣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)滿(man)文(wen)(wen)書(shu)寫(xie)有錯誤，則應考慮(lv)到(dao)寶泉、寶源二(er)局是(shi)(shi)清代(dai)國家(jia)級的(de)(de)(de)、最(zui)正規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)局，滿(man)文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)寫(xie)絕(jue)不會(hui)出現(xian)錯誤，則所(suo)見之錢(qian)(qian)幣必屬(shu)偽(wei)(wei)品(pin)。
4、聽聲音
古錢(qian)古錢(qian)幣(bi)由于質(zhi)地(di)(di)的(de)原因，年(nian)代(dai)越久遠，火氣盡(jin)脫，氧化越嚴重，擲(zhi)于水泥地(di)(di)面(mian)其(qi)聲音(yin)也(ye)越喑(yin)啞(ya)。大概來(lai)說(shuo)，先秦(qin)時期的(de)刀(dao)、布、圜錢(qian)均是啞(ya)音(yin)。而明代(dai)以后(hou)的(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)，距今(jin)時間(jian)較近，還未(wei)受到深層的(de)氧化，聲音(yin)則是清脆、響(xiang)亮。如(ru)果我們把(ba)先秦(qin)時期的(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)擲(zhi)在地(di)(di)上，傳來(lai)清脆聲，則此(ci)錢(qian)不太可靠；反之，如(ru)果明、清錢(qian)幣(bi)擲(zhi)地(di)(di)為(wei)啞(ya)音(yin)，則也(ye)必將(jiang)懷疑。
5、了解鑄造方法
我國古(gu)代鑄幣(bi)的鑄造(zao)，大概經過了子范（土、石(shi)，銅）、母范（磚、銅）、翻砂等幾個發展階段(duan)。無論(lun)是(shi)(shi)真(zhen)錢(qian)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)偽(wei)品的各種(zhong)鑄造(zao)方法，都會在錢(qian)幣(bi)上留下相應的痕(hen)跡。這些(xie)痕(hen)跡就是(shi)(shi)我們今天鑒定(ding)錢(qian)幣(bi)真(zhen)偽(wei)的一(yi)個有力依(yi)據。
6、聞氣味
此種方(fang)法是(shi)古錢鑒(jian)定中最簡單的(de)一種。因為偽(wei)品錢幣(bi)多是(shi)用(yong)化(hua)學物(wu)質來偽(wei)造裝飾，往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)會散發出一種難聞(wen)的(de)、刺鼻的(de)化(hua)學性(xing)怪(guai)味，而真品錢幣(bi)則沒有這種怪(guai)味。
7、觀版別
從版別(bie)上(shang)辨別(bie)古錢(qian)(qian)(qian)最主要的(de)辦法是(shi)除(chu)了多看(kan)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)譜之外，必(bi)須要多接(jie)觸(chu)實(shi)物(wu)，以(yi)熟悉各(ge)個朝代(dai)的(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)真(zhen)品(pin)(pin)。不(bu)但要注(zhu)意(yi)珍稀(xi)品(pin)(pin)，更要注(zhu)意(yi)大量的(de)普通品(pin)(pin)種。因為(wei)這些普通品(pin)(pin)很少偽品(pin)(pin)，能真(zhen)實(shi)地反映各(ge)個歷史時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)特(te)(te)征。如(ru)戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)刀(dao)布形制(zhi)特(te)(te)殊，造(zao)(zao)偽者(zhe)只好用真(zhen)品(pin)(pin)翻砂制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)贗品(pin)(pin)，其破(po)綻在于(yu)翻砂鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)后(hou)的(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)偏小(xiao)，較為(wei)厚重，文字膚淺，銅質(zhi)粗(cu)糙(cao)，銹色(se)不(bu)對(dui)且易脫落。而且刀(dao)幣(bi)(bi)在鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)時(shi)(shi)其澆口在刀(dao)環(huan)上(shang)，布幣(bi)(bi)的(de)澆口在首端，出(chu)落后(hou)基本(ben)不(bu)作修整(zheng)，保持自然狀態，而造(zao)(zao)假者(zhe)往(wang)往(wang)為(wei)了品(pin)(pin)相美觀，將刀(dao)幣(bi)(bi)、布幣(bi)(bi)邊緣磨(mo)光(guang)滑，實(shi)際(ji)上(shang)是(shi)畫蛇(she)添(tian)足(zu)，露出(chu)了破(po)綻。再(zai)如(ru)會(hui)昌(chang)開(kai)元(yuan)，因揚州(zhou)已以(yi)昌(chang)字紀年，如(ru)發(fa)現(xian)背(bei)“揚”字者(zhe)，無論(lun)傳世品(pin)(pin)還(huan)是(shi)出(chu)土品(pin)(pin)均應(ying)將其視為(wei)偽品(pin)(pin)。因北宋各(ge)代(dai)和清咸豐錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)版別(bie)最為(wei)復雜，也(ye)是(shi)造(zao)(zao)假者(zhe)競相仿制(zhi)的(de)對(dui)象，我們應(ying)對(dui)它(ta)們的(de)形制(zhi)多加分析，掌握(wo)特(te)(te)征，以(yi)防上(shang)當受(shou)騙。
1．陰文(wen)字范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄錢法，以泥(ni)(ni)陶(tao)子范(fan)(fan)(fan)為主流的子范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄幣(bi)。泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)子范(fan)(fan)(fan)，是將幣(bi)形錢文(wen)雕刻在細泥(ni)(ni)片上，陰干后并燒(shao)烤成陶(tao)后，直接澆銅液(ye)鑄錢。這(zhe)種(zhong)錢范(fan)(fan)(fan)很不結實(shi)，只能使(shi)用一兩(liang)次，用后即碎，如再(zai)鑄，仍需重新再(zai)制范(fan)(fan)(fan)。
2．陽(yang)文(wen)母(mu)范(fan)鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)法，陽(yang)文(wen)母(mu)范(fan)在鑄(zhu)幣(bi)(bi)上稱范(fan)母(mu)，范(fan)母(mu)是(shi)翻制(zhi)子(zi)范(fan)用(yong)的，不能(neng)直接鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)。用(yong)這種范(fan)母(mu)可以印(yin)制(zhi)很多子(zi)范(fan)，把數十(shi)個子(zi)范(fan)摞在一(yi)(yi)起，一(yi)(yi)次能(neng)鑄(zhu)上百(bai)枚錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)。陽(yang)文(wen)母(mu)范(fan)鑄(zhu)出的錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)，錢(qian)(qian)面文(wen)字筆(bi)劃棱角已經圓渾，不見特別鋒利，錢(qian)(qian)體也不是(shi)那樣(yang)平整，但絕無細(xi)小的砂粒(li)痕跡(ji)，如有“砂眼(yan)”，必是(shi)翻砂偽造的假幣(bi)(bi)。
3．母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)翻鑄(zhu)(zhu)法，鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)要求已(yi)很嚴格，每逢改元鑄(zhu)(zhu)新錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，先(xian)作(zuo)樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)呈帝王審(shen)定。鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)程序最為典型：象牙精(jing)雕錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)樣(yang)(yang)?銅雕祖錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?初鑄(zhu)(zhu)母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?印范母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?進呈樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。以外(wai)省(sheng)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)局的(de)程序是：初鑄(zhu)(zhu)母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)（部頒(ban)樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)）?印范母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?進呈樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。用母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)翻鑄(zhu)(zhu)的(de)大(da)量錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣，規(gui)整精(jing)美，同版錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)很多，但錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)體面、背(bei)直觀無砂(sha)眼(yan)，且文(wen)字優美，錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)與地章之間(jian)深(shen)峻，無膚(fu)淺之象。
4．沉(chen)泥烘模熟(shu)鑄法，。此(ci)法是將錢(qian)(qian)形和錢(qian)(qian)文鑄印在(zai)泥型(xing)上(shang)，再(zai)(zai)經過高溫(wen)處理，這(zhe)樣(yang)既可(ke)起瘠化作用(yong)，又可(ke)降(jiang)低配合料的(de)可(ke)塑性，減少其收縮程度，稱之“沉(chen)泥”。然(ran)后采用(yong)早期冶煉熟(shu)鐵的(de)方法，利用(yong)小型(xing)反射爐的(de)作用(yong)，直接在(zai)泥型(xing)錢(qian)(qian)模上(shang)熔銅(tong)精煉，并加入鋅、鉛、錫等(deng)，再(zai)(zai)通過冷(leng)卻(que)，使粗銅(tong)和粗合金的(de)雜(za)質(zhi)(zhi)析出，如此(ci)冷(leng)卻(que)或加熱多次，所鑄錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)錢(qian)(qian)文纖(xian)細鋒棱，表面(mian)光潔(jie)，銅(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)精良，是砂型(xing)澆(jiao)鑄的(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)不可(ke)比擬的(de)。
除(chu)了火法(fa)冶(ye)煉之外還有“膽(dan)水冶(ye)銅法(fa)”。這種(zhong)冶(ye)銅法(fa)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)利(li)用金屬鐵從含有銅化合(he)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液中置換出(chu)銅來，然后(hou)把它刮(gua)取(qu)下來，再(zai)經(jing)烹煉后(hou)，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以得(de)到銅錠。所謂“膽(dan)水”是(shi)指天然的(de)(de)(de)(de)含硫(liu)酸銅(我國(guo)俗(su)稱它為(wei)石膽(dan)、膽(dan)礬)的(de)(de)(de)(de)泉水。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成是(shi)因為(wei)天然的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化銅礦石經(jing)風(feng)化氧化，一部分(fen)便會生成可(ke)溶性(xing)硫(liu)酸銅，經(jing)過地下水、雨水的(de)(de)(de)(de)浸泡(pao)、淋(lin)洗(xi)，便會溶解而匯入泉水中。這種(zhong)膽(dan)水只要(yao)銅的(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度足夠大(da)，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以做為(wei)水法(fa)冶(ye)銅的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)料。
早在(zai)漢(han)代(dai)(dai)時，我國(guo)先民就已經注意到金(jin)屬鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)可置(zhi)換(huan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)現象。例如西(xi)漢(han)古籍(ji)《淮南萬畢術》上就有(you)(you)“曾青(碳(tan)酸銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)礦物)得(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)，則〔鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)〕化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”的(de)(de)(de)記載。東(dong)漢(han)成書(shu)的(de)(de)(de)《神(shen)農本草經》有(you)(you)“石膽能化(hua)(hua)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)為(wei)(wei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”的(de)(de)(de)話。東(dong)晉煉丹家葛洪在(zai)其《抱樸子·內(nei)篇》中講得(de)更(geng)明確：“以(yi)曾青涂鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)赤色如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，……而皆外變(bian)而內(nei)不(bu)化(hua)(hua)也。”不(bu)過那時多數人對這(zhe)(zhe)種現象沒有(you)(you)確切的(de)(de)(de)了解，誤以(yi)為(wei)(wei)是鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)接觸到曾青、石膽就轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)了。及至唐代(dai)(dai)，有(you)(you)些從事煉金(jin)術活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)士就利用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)個化(hua)(hua)學變(bian)化(hua)(hua)把(ba)石膽水(shui)和水(shui)銀(yin)放在(zai)大鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)鍋中加(jia)熱(re)熬(ao)煉，被置(zhi)換(huan)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)便(bian)與(yu)水(shui)銀(yin)形成汞(gong)齊(qi)。然后，他們(men)把(ba)那些很像砂(sha)粒的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)汞(gong)齊(qi)加(jia)熱(re)，蒸出(chu)水(shui)銀(yin)，便(bian)得(de)到了紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉(fen)。他們(men)美其名叫“紅(hong)銀(yin)”，很自以(yi)為(wei)(wei)得(de)意，認為(wei)(wei)真(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)實現了使鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)向銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)嬗變(bian)。唐代(dai)(dai)后期方(fang)士金(jin)陵(ling)子所(suo)撰(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)《龍虎還丹訣(jue)》就記載了這(zhe)(zhe)項(xiang)“絕(jue)技”。
約在(zai)(zai)(zai)五(wu)代(dai)時，“膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)冶銅(tong)(tong)(tong)”正式成(cheng)為一(yi)種實用性生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)方法。及至宋(song)代(dai)，這種工藝發展(zhan)到(dao)很大(da)的(de)規(gui)(gui)模。據《宋(song)會要(yao)·食貨篇》記(ji)(ji)載(zai)，北宋(song)徽宗(zong)年間以膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)冶銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)地(di)區有(you)(you)11處，以韶州(zhou)岑水(shui)(在(zai)(zai)(zai)廣(guang)東(dong))、信州(zhou)鉛(qian)山(在(zai)(zai)(zai)江(jiang)西)、饒(rao)州(zhou)德興(也在(zai)(zai)(zai)江(jiang)西)三處規(gui)(gui)模較(jiao)大(da)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)崇寧二年(公(gong)元(yuan)1103年)時，全國膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)總產(chan)(chan)(chan)量達到(dao)了(le)1874427斤(jin)，約占當(dang)時銅(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量的(de)12%。而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)趙宋(song)王朝偏(pian)安江(jiang)南(nan)以后(hou)，所領江(jiang)南(nan)14州(zhou)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量銳減(jian)，而(er)乾道年間膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量仍有(you)(you)21萬斤(jin)，竟占到(dao)南(nan)宋(song)當(dang)年銅(tong)(tong)(tong)總產(chan)(chan)(chan)量的(de)80%。所以宋(song)代(dai)的(de)人對膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)非常重視，南(nan)宋(song)人張甲曾專門寫(xie)了(le)一(yi)部(bu)書(shu)《浸銅(tong)(tong)(tong)要(yao)略(lve)》，記(ji)(ji)載(zai)了(le)當(dang)時膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)情況。關于浸取膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)具體操作(zuo)(zuo)，《宋(song)史(shi)·食貨志》有(you)(you)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)：把生(sheng)鐵(tie)(tie)打(da)成(cheng)薄片，排放在(zai)(zai)(zai)貯有(you)(you)膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)的(de)槽中(zhong)，浸漬幾天，然后(hou)刮取析(xi)出的(de)泥狀銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(稱作(zuo)(zuo)“赤煤(mei)”)，入煉爐化(hua)煉。當(dang)時的(de)效益，大(da)約每用鐵(tie)(tie)二斤(jin)四兩可得銅(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)斤(jin)，技(ji)術水(shui)平是(shi)相(xiang)當(dang)高(gao)的(de)。此外，那時還有(you)(you)利用膽(dan)(dan)土煎銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)“淋銅(tong)(tong)(tong)法”，基本原理與(yu)“膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)法”是(shi)相(xiang)同的(de)，此法“工多利少”，但“其(qi)土無窮，若(ruo)比(bi)之礦銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，其(qi)利已厚”，所以也被普遍利用過。
精靈世界 
