20世紀(ji)70年(nian)代初,蘇聯(lian)有強大的經濟(ji)實力(li)和(he)人(ren)才儲備,為(wei)(wei)了贏得(de)對美(mei)國(guo)海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)的水下作戰優勢,蘇聯(lian)海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)決定(ding)繼續(xu)研(yan)制(zhi)并建造新型核(he)潛(qian)艇,于是將建造新一(yi)代核(he)潛(qian)艇的任務同時發送(song)至三家(jia)當時知名(ming)的潛(qian)艇設(she)計局(ju),即孔雀石設(she)計局(ju)(前身為(wei)(wei)蘇聯(lian)列寧格勒SKB-143特種裝備設(she)計局(ju)/船舶設(she)計局(ju))、紅(hong)寶石設(she)計局(ju)和(he)天青石設(she)計局(ju)。蘇聯(lian)海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)意圖讓三家(jia)設(she)計局(ju)各(ge)自獨立設(she)計新型核(he)潛(qian)艇,而海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)則將全(quan)部接收,并通過比較其各(ge)自的優勢進行(xing)選(xuan)用。
蘇聯對新一代(dai)核(he)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)的(de)要求是(shi)很苛刻的(de),新設計的(de)核(he)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)不僅要下(xia)(xia)潛(qian)深度(du)大、水下(xia)(xia)航速高、隱蔽性好(hao),而(er)且(qie)還要具有(you)反(fan)艦、反(fan)潛(qian)和攻(gong)擊敵方岸上目標的(de)能(neng)力,其中主要的(de)任務(wu)是(shi)提前發現美國(guo)裝載彈(dan)(dan)道(dao)導彈(dan)(dan)的(de)戰(zhan)略核(he)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)及其護航潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)并將其擊沉。為(wei)此,孔雀石設計局(ju)接受(shou)任務(wu)后,馬上以其研(yan)制的(de)671型攻(gong)擊核(he)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(北約稱維克托級,簡(jian)稱V級)PTM型和705型攻(gong)擊核(he)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(北約稱阿爾法級,簡(jian)稱A級)為(wei)基礎,在總(zong)設計師喬治·N·切尼(ni)斯夫的(de)領導下(xia)(xia)開展了研(yan)發工作,工程代(dai)號為(wei)“проекта 971 《Щука》”,即971型攻(gong)擊核(he)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)。
20世紀(ji)80年代初,971型攻擊核潛艇的(de)(de)研(yan)制工(gong)(gong)作基本全(quan)部完成。經(jing)(jing)蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)部長會議批(pi)準,首艇于1983(一說1981年)年在(zai)共青(qing)城造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)船廠(現(xian)為俄羅斯(si)阿穆爾斯(si)克(ke)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)船廠)開工(gong)(gong)建(jian)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),1984年6月下水,并經(jing)(jing)過嚴格測試。因為當時的(de)(de)蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)國土廣袤(mao),艦隊(dui)被零散分(fen)隔,北(bei)部是不便(bian)(bian)航行的(de)(de)北(bei)冰洋,因此后續艇便(bian)(bian)安排在(zai)阿穆爾斯(si)克(ke)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)船廠和北(bei)德文(wen)斯(si)克(ke)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)船廠(現(xian)為俄羅斯(si)北(bei)方機(ji)械制造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)廠)同時建(jian)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),遠東(dong)的(de)(de)阿穆爾斯(si)克(ke)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)船廠建(jian)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)核潛艇直接(jie)前往太平(ping)洋艦隊(dui)服(fu)役,而北(bei)方機(ji)械制造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)廠建(jian)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)則在(zai)北(bei)方艦隊(dui)服(fu)役,形成每年兩條的(de)(de)生產規模。
971型(xing)(xing)攻擊核潛艇的(de)(de)譯名有很多,最常見的(de)(de)有阿庫(ku)拉I級(ji)(ji)、II級(ji)(ji)或(huo)AKI級(ji)(ji)、II級(ji)(ji)。實際上按照(zhao)蘇聯(lian)/俄羅斯海軍公(gong)布(bu)的(de)(de)名稱,971型(xing)(xing)潛艇應(ying)稱之為(wei)“狗魚(yu)/梭魚(yu)”級(ji)(ji)(Щука),一種體型(xing)(xing)如梭,靈巧速動的(de)(de)海生(sheng)魚(yu)類(lei);而其改進型(xing)(xing)稱為(wei)“狗魚(yu)/梭魚(yu)-B”級(ji)(ji)(Щука-Б)。
蘇(su)聯(lian)的(de)核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)種類多(duo)、級(ji)別多(duo)、數量多(duo)、名(ming)字更多(duo)。蘇(su)聯(lian)紅海(hai)軍(jun)將核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)分為(wei)彈道導(dao)(dao)彈核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)、魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei)攻擊核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)、巡航(hang)(hang)導(dao)(dao)彈核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)。魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei)攻擊核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)主要用于反潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),也可反艦,巡航(hang)(hang)導(dao)(dao)彈核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)則是專門(men)對付美國航(hang)(hang)母(mu)編隊的(de)大(da)型(xing)(xing)核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting),武器以垂直發(fa)射的(de)巡航(hang)(hang)導(dao)(dao)彈為(wei)主,如(ru)奧斯卡級(ji)核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)。蘇(su)聯(lian)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)的(de)命(ming)名(ming)首先是一個(ge)項目發(fa)展代(dai)號(hao)(hao),如(ru)671型(xing)(xing)、971型(xing)(xing)等(deng),相對應(ying)(ying)的(de)還(huan)有一個(ge)蘇(su)聯(lian)海(hai)軍(jun)的(de)代(dai)號(hao)(hao),如(ru)671型(xing)(xing)為(wei)鱸魚(yu)(yu)級(ji),971型(xing)(xing)為(wei)狗(gou)魚(yu)(yu)級(ji)。北(bei)約還(huan)按照慣例給每一級(ji)蘇(su)聯(lian)核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)起(qi)一個(ge)代(dai)號(hao)(hao),如(ru)671型(xing)(xing)(北(bei)約稱維克托級(ji)),971型(xing)(xing)(北(bei)約稱阿庫拉級(ji))。此外(wai),北(bei)約還(huan)給蘇(su)聯(lian)核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)一個(ge)編號(hao)(hao),通常為(wei)26個(ge)字母(mu)中的(de)一個(ge),如(ru)A、V、S,其另(ling)一種稱法(fa)為(wei)字母(mu)的(de)摩爾代(dai)碼,如(ru)V對應(ying)(ying)維克托級(ji)。另(ling)外(wai)蘇(su)聯(lian)/俄羅斯內(nei)部還(huan)給每艘核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)授予(yu)以K開(kai)頭(tou)的(de)類似舷號(hao)(hao)的(de)編號(hao)(hao)和艇(ting)(ting)(ting)名(ming)。
蘇聯/俄(e)(e)羅斯海軍(jun)某級(ji)艦(jian)艇的(de)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)并不像北約(yue)習(xi)慣上那樣,以(yi)同級(ji)艦(jian)艇第(di)一(yi)艘的(de)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)命名(ming)(ming),常常另有其名(ming)(ming)。而“阿庫拉”一(yi)詞(音譯自Akula),則(ze)是冷戰(zhan)時期(qi),北約(yue)在不確(que)定當時蘇聯海軍(jun)艦(jian)艇名(ming)(ming)字及艦(jian)級(ji)的(de)情況下,給(gei)971型(xing)潛艇起的(de)“綽號”。“Akula”也(ye)并非(fei)英文單(dan)詞,而是俄(e)(e)文“鯊魚(yu)”(акула)一(yi)詞的(de)拉丁(ding)字母拼寫,因(yin)此(ci)971型(xing)潛艇又被意(yi)譯為(wei)“鯊魚(yu)”級(ji)。而“鯊魚(yu)”之名(ming)(ming)實際(ji)上是蘇聯/俄(e)(e)羅斯海軍(jun)對北約(yue)習(xi)慣上稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“臺風”級(ji)的(de)941型(xing)戰(zhan)略核潛艇的(de)真(zhen)正稱(cheng)(cheng)法。相比而言,971型(xing)攻擊核潛艇的(de)性能顯然(ran)(ran)更(geng)加(jia)像梭魚(yu),而用(yong)鯊魚(yu)形容(rong)臺風級(ji)顯然(ran)(ran)更(geng)為(wei)恰當。
1984年12月30日,971型首艇(ting)交付蘇聯海軍服役,不同于以(yi)往,蘇聯/俄羅斯海軍以(yi)各(ge)種動物來命名(ming)971型攻擊核潛(qian)艇(ting)各(ge)艇(ting)。
971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)核(he)潛艇(ting)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建造(zao)時期和外部特征,可以(yi)分為四(si)個不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao),分別是971原(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)艇(ting)(阿(a)庫(ku)拉(la)I型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)),971I型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(阿(a)庫(ku)拉(la)I改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),一說971U型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)),971U型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(阿(a)庫(ku)拉(la)II型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),一說971A型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)),971M型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(阿(a)庫(ku)拉(la)III型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)),北約則(ze)將971U和971M型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)都歸類(lei)為阿(a)庫(ku)拉(la)II型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。而(er)蘇聯內部則(ze)在原(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)艇(ting)建造(zao)第3和第4艘時,根據得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)國正在加緊(jin)改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)洛(luo)(luo)杉磯級攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)核(he)潛艇(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠情(qing)報,立即(ji)上馬了(le)針對(dui)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)造(zao)項目,對(dui)之(zhi)后建造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潛艇(ting)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了(le)名為“971現代化改(gai)(gai)裝計劃”,改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)是降低噪(zao)聲,并適當增強了(le)武器系統,以(yi)及對(dui)原(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)艇(ting)使用(yong)過程中暴露出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題加以(yi)改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)。改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)后971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比原(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)艇(ting)加長(chang)了(le)5米,其噪(zao)聲降低到了(le)105分貝左右,攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)力(li)比原(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)提高了(le)約20%,其總體性能已略高于(yu)美(mei)國海(hai)(hai)軍主力(li)洛(luo)(luo)杉磯級攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)核(he)潛艇(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),部分性能甚(shen)至達到了(le)被美(mei)海(hai)(hai)軍譽(yu)為“21世紀攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)潛艇(ting)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)狼級。此外971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)核(he)潛艇(ting)使用(yong)了(le)與(yu)941型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰(zhan)(zhan)略核(he)潛艇(ting)和949型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)巡航(hang)導彈核(he)潛艇(ting)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)VM-5型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(OK-650型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))反(fan)應堆(dui),其中K-391之(zhi)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4艘原(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)艇(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)應堆(dui)冷卻劑容器與(yu)941型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰(zhan)(zhan)略核(he)潛艇(ting)類(lei)似,采用(yong)長(chang)管式;而(er)包括K-391在內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)潛艇(ting)則(ze)采用(yong)了(le)類(lei)似949型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)巡航(hang)導彈核(he)潛艇(ting)II型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)短的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao)。
1991年(nian)蘇聯解(jie)體(ti)后(hou),俄羅斯海軍潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)部隊大(da)(da)量(liang)裁減裝備,潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)制造(zao)工業也處于一個極(ji)為艱難困苦的(de)(de)(de)時代。盡管(guan)情(qing)況如此困窘,但鑒(jian)于971型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)確(que)是一型(xing)性能(neng)先進(jin)、用途(tu)廣(guang)泛、可靠(kao)度(du)高(gao)且有(you)著重(zhong)大(da)(da)改(gai)進(jin)潛(qian)(qian)力的(de)(de)(de)多用途(tu)攻擊核潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting),再加(jia)上該(gai)型(xing)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)及其(qi)(qi)改(gai)進(jin)型(xing)在(zai)設計(ji)時適當的(de)(de)(de)考慮了成(cheng)本因素,因此雖然(ran)俄羅斯財政拮據,但仍(reng)保留了所有(you)建(jian)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)971型(xing)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting),而且還計(ji)劃(hua)繼續建(jian)造(zao)性能(neng)更先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)971M型(xing),這顯(xian)然(ran)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)強于同時期的(de)(de)(de)945型(xing)和685型(xing)。971M型(xing)首(shou)艇(ting)(ting)K-335“獵豹(bao)”號(hao)建(jian)造(zao)速度(du)極(ji)其(qi)(qi)緩慢,其(qi)(qi)于1991年(nian)開工建(jian)造(zao),直到1999年(nian)才(cai)下水(shui),并于2001年(nian)服役(yi),該(gai)型(xing)艇(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)體(ti)性能(neng)可與美(mei)國(guo)海狼級攻擊核潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)相媲美(mei),俄羅斯曾(ceng)計(ji)劃(hua)在(zai)財力允許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下建(jian)造(zao)7艘(sou)。971型(xing)攻擊核潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)截至K-152“環斑海豹(bao)”號(hao)2009年(nian)12月服役(yi),共建(jian)造(zao)了15艘(sou)。
艇型
971型(xing)(xing)(xing)攻擊(ji)核潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)采用了水(shui)滴線(xian)艇(ting)(ting)型(xing)(xing)(xing),它的(de)長(chang)寬比為8.2:1,較之美國海狼(lang)級的(de)7.7:1,它離水(shui)滴型(xing)(xing)(xing)理想(xiang)的(de)7:1的(de)要求差別(bie)要大些,但從造型(xing)(xing)(xing)上(shang)來說(shuo),971型(xing)(xing)(xing)已經非常接近水(shui)滴型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)形(xing)態。971型(xing)(xing)(xing)艇(ting)(ting)艏圓鈍,前粗后細,為了追求最(zui)佳線(xian)型(xing)(xing)(xing),取(qu)消(xiao)了方便艇(ting)(ting)員作業的(de)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)甲(jia)板,整(zheng)個艇(ting)(ting)身(shen)前部(bu)(bu)剖面(mian)(mian)呈橢(tuo)圓形(xing),到(dao)(dao)艇(ting)(ting)長(chang)2/5處艇(ting)(ting)寬達到(dao)(dao)最(zui)大值,隨后艇(ting)(ting)身(shen)的(de)外輪廓線(xian)條向潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)中線(xian)收(shou)縮(suo),光滑過渡到(dao)(dao)尖細的(de)艇(ting)(ting)艉(wei),非常像拉長(chang)了的(de)水(shui)滴。艏水(shui)平(ping)舵(duo)設(she)在艇(ting)(ting)體(ti)前部(bu)(bu),可收(shou)縮(suo),指揮臺圍(wei)殼位于距艇(ting)(ting)艏1/3艇(ting)(ting)長(chang)處,內部(bu)(bu)安(an)裝有(you)偵察(cha)雷達、搜(sou)索潛(qian)望鏡等升(sheng)降設(she)備,艇(ting)(ting)艉(wei)采用十字型(xing)(xing)(xing)尾舵(duo),上(shang)部(bu)(bu)垂直(zhi)舵(duo)頂部(bu)(bu)有(you)一(yi)個流線(xian)型(xing)(xing)(xing)導(dao)流罩,內裝拖曳聲(sheng)吶(na)收(shou)放裝置,艇(ting)(ting)艉(wei)為尖艉(wei)、單(dan)軸和7葉大側斜螺旋(xuan)槳(jiang)
971型(xing)攻(gong)擊核(he)潛艇(ting)(ting)采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)(wai)型(xing),在(zai)排水(shui)量(liang)和主(zhu)機(ji)功率相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia),減少(shao)(shao)了(le)(le)艇(ting)(ting)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)濕表面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)和艇(ting)(ting)體(ti)阻力(li),從(cong)而(er)使(shi)該(gai)艇(ting)(ting)對主(zhu)動聲吶信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)反射(she)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)較(jiao)少(shao)(shao),增(zeng)加了(le)(le)潛艇(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)隱身性(xing)能,也提高了(le)(le)潛艇(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)航速。同(tong)時(shi)這種(zhong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)型(xing)減少(shao)(shao)了(le)(le)潛艇(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)回轉(zhuan)半徑,改善了(le)(le)機(ji)動性(xing),而(er)且小(xiao)長寬(kuan)比線型(xing)會使(shi)耐壓殼(ke)體(ti)直徑增(zeng)大,使(shi)艙室容積(ji)加大,從(cong)而(er)允(yun)許容納(na)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)器和設備。此外(wai)(wai)(wai),971型(xing)攻(gong)擊核(he)潛艇(ting)(ting)在(zai)減少(shao)(shao)航行阻力(li)方面(mian)(mian)(mian)還采取了(le)(le)其(qi)它措施,如整個艇(ting)(ting)體(ti)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)平順光(guang)滑(hua)、很少(shao)(shao)突起(qi),各種(zhong)開口也減至(zhi)最少(shao)(shao);在(zai)建造(zao)工(gong)藝上(shang),雖然(ran)艏(shou)水(shui)平舵仍然(ran)習慣(guan)性(xing)地放在(zai)艇(ting)(ting)艏(shou)位置(zhi),但當(dang)收起(qi)時(shi),它與(yu)艇(ting)(ting)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)結(jie)合(he)得嚴絲合(he)縫、不(bu)(bu)露痕(hen)跡,魚雷(lei)發(fa)射(she)管前蓋導流(liu)罩(zhao)也是如此;指(zhi)揮(hui)臺(tai)圍殼(ke)的(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)升(sheng)降(jiang)裝置(zhi)都設有外(wai)(wai)(wai)艙蓋,當(dang)它們降(jiang)下(xia)時(shi),整個指(zhi)揮(hui)臺(tai)圍殼(ke)也非常光(guang)滑(hua)、不(bu)(bu)留孔洞(dong);另外(wai)(wai)(wai),指(zhi)揮(hui)臺(tai)圍殼(ke)本身也選用(yong)了(le)(le)低阻造(zao)型(xing),這種(zhong)自(zi)V級核(he)潛艇(ting)(ting)開創的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)被A級與(yu)971型(xing)進(jin)(jin)一步發(fa)揚光(guang)大,甚(shen)至(zhi)連美國(guo)(guo)新型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)弗吉尼亞級攻(gong)擊核(he)潛艇(ting)(ting)據說也將(jiang)要采用(yong)類(lei)似(si)造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)揮(hui)臺(tai)圍殼(ke),美國(guo)(guo)將(jiang)其(qi)命名(ming)為“先進(jin)(jin)指(zhi)揮(hui)臺(tai)圍殼(ke)”。
艙室
971型攻擊核潛艇(ting)(ting)從艇(ting)(ting)艏至艇(ting)(ting)艉共分有7個耐壓艙(cang)(cang)(cang),分別為武(wu)器艙(cang)(cang)(cang)、指揮艙(cang)(cang)(cang)、前輔(fu)機(ji)艙(cang)(cang)(cang)、反應堆、后輔(fu)機(ji)艙(cang)(cang)(cang)、主電機(ji)艙(cang)(cang)(cang)和尾艙(cang)(cang)(cang)。由于儲(chu)備(bei)浮力大(da),通常一個艙(cang)(cang)(cang)進(jin)(jin)水(shui),其依然能(neng)執行(xing)戰斗任(ren)務;兩至三個艙(cang)(cang)(cang)進(jin)(jin)水(shui),潛艇(ting)(ting)還能(neng)在海上(shang)漂浮數小時,以供艇(ting)(ting)員(yuan)逃生。另外在指揮臺圍(wei)殼中部(bu)位(wei)置(zhi)裝備(bei)了(le)更加完善的(de)、可以疏散全(quan)部(bu)艇(ting)(ting)員(yuan)的(de)救生艙(cang)(cang)(cang)。參數
971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)攻擊(ji)核潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)由(you)于改型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)眾多,因(yin)(yin)此關于其性能(neng)(neng)數據(ju)有(you)許多相互矛盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說法(fa),甚至(zhi)俄(e)羅(luo)斯(si)自身發表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)也(ye)說法(fa)不(bu)(bu)一。俄(e)羅(luo)斯(si)1995年以(yi)(yi)前(qian)發表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)料,971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)上(shang)排水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)5700噸,水(shui)下(xia)(xia)(xia)排水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)7900噸,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)將其認(ren)定為(wei)(wei)971原型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);而在(zai)(zai)俄(e)方(fang)出版的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《1997-1998俄(e)羅(luo)斯(si)艦(jian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)》一書(shu)中,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)上(shang)排水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)8140噸,水(shui)下(xia)(xia)(xia)排水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)12770噸,蘇(su)聯潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)備浮力(li)一般都(dou)在(zai)(zai)30%-40%左(zuo)右,如果(guo)按(an)照此數據(ju)計算(suan),其儲(chu)備浮力(li)將超過(guo)50%,而過(guo)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)備浮力(li)也(ye)會給(gei)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)帶來許多弊端,因(yin)(yin)此顯然這個數據(ju)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)準確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);另外還有(you)資(zi)料顯示,“阿庫拉”II型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)上(shang)排水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)7500噸,水(shui)下(xia)(xia)(xia)排水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)9500噸。971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)攻擊(ji)核潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)體依然采用(yong)(yong)(yong)蘇(su)聯/俄(e)羅(luo)斯(si)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙殼(ke)(ke)體,關于其耐(nai)壓殼(ke)(ke)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料,也(ye)有(you)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點(dian)。有(you)資(zi)料認(ren)為(wei)(wei)971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)壓殼(ke)(ke)體使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鈦合(he)金(jin)(jin)制造,大(da)下(xia)(xia)(xia)潛(qian)深(shen)度(du)有(you)400米(mi)、520米(mi)到(dao)(dao)600米(mi)之說。也(ye)有(you)觀點(dian)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)同(tong)一型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)號中,有(you)全用(yong)(yong)(yong)鈦合(he)金(jin)(jin)制造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)潛(qian)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)鈦合(he)金(jin)(jin)制造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)壓殼(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)保證潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)在(zai)(zai)深(shen)達650米(mi)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海底安(an)然無恙。美國(guo)海軍首次發現971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)能(neng)(neng)夠下(xia)(xia)(xia)潛(qian)到(dao)(dao)650米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)下(xia)(xia)(xia)時(shi),竟然不(bu)(bu)知所措。即使(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)21世(shi)紀,世(shi)界上(shang)絕(jue)大(da)多數反潛(qian)武器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打擊(ji)深(shen)度(du)和核潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)(xia)潛(qian)深(shen)度(du)均不(bu)(bu)超過(guo)500米(mi)。從蘇(su)聯解體后,俄(e)羅(luo)斯(si)在(zai)(zai)經濟困(kun)難的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)(xia)(xia),仍能(neng)(neng)繼續(xu)建造該型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)核潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting),可(ke)見971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)設(she)計時(shi)顯然考慮(lv)(lv)到(dao)(dao)了成本因(yin)(yin)素,選用(yong)(yong)(yong)了較為(wei)(wei)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓水(shui)堆和消磁高強(qiang)度(du)鋼艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)體,僅在(zai)(zai)一些重(zhong)點(dian)部(bu)位使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)了鈦合(he)金(jin)(jin),這使(shi)(shi)得其造價大(da)大(da)低于同(tong)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting),因(yin)(yin)此能(neng)(neng)夠繼續(xu)生產(chan)。此外971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高航(hang)速(su)(su)也(ye)有(you)28節(jie)、33節(jie)到(dao)(dao)35節(jie)各種不(bu)(bu)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說法(fa),但考慮(lv)(lv)蘇(su)聯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓水(shui)堆技(ji)術已經十分(fen)成熟并且可(ke)以(yi)(yi)獲得較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率密度(du),因(yin)(yin)此971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)水(shui)下(xia)(xia)(xia)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)獲得將近(jin)35節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高航(hang)速(su)(su),這一指標完(wan)全可(ke)以(yi)(yi)滿足作戰需求(qiu),而不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)過(guo)度(du)追求(qiu)航(hang)速(su)(su)。
魚雷
971型(xing)(xing)攻擊核(he)潛艇設(she)有8具(ju)魚雷發(fa)(fa)射(she)管(guan)(guan),其中4具(ju)為650毫(hao)米口徑(jing),4具(ju)為533毫(hao)米口徑(jing),全部布置在艇艏,并采用可在大深(shen)度發(fa)(fa)射(she)的(de)(de)液壓(ya)發(fa)(fa)射(she)方式,這(zhe)與(yu)美國潛艇是不(bu)同的(de)(de)。另外(wai)據俄(e)資(zi)料顯示(shi),后期建(jian)造的(de)(de)新型(xing)(xing)K-157和K-335具(ju)有14具(ju)魚雷發(fa)(fa)射(she)管(guan)(guan),除8具(ju)常規發(fa)(fa)射(she)管(guan)(guan)外(wai),還有6具(ju)533毫(hao)米口徑(jing)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)射(she)管(guan)(guan)設(she)在耐壓(ya)艇體的(de)(de)外(wai)面,因(yin)此不(bu)具(ju)備水(shui)下再裝填(tian)能力,類似戰斗機攜(xie)帶(dai)的(de)(de)導彈(dan)。971型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)載彈(dan)量也同樣驚人(ren),可攜(xie)帶(dai)40枚(mei)(mei)魚雷或導彈(dan),但相比于美國海狼(lang)級(ji)52枚(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)載彈(dan)量,還是稍遜一籌(chou)。如果執行(xing)布雷任務,最多可攜(xie)帶(dai)80枚(mei)(mei)水(shui)雷,包括PMK-1型(xing)(xing)上浮式反潛水(shui)雷、MSHM近(jin)海水(shui)雷和SMDM自航式沉底水(shui)雷。
導彈
971型(xing)的533毫米(mi)魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)管(guan)可(ke)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)533毫米(mi)口徑魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei)、RPK-2暴風(feng)雪(xue)/“海星”反(fan)潛(qian)導(dao)彈(dan)(dan)(SS-N-15)、RK-55“石(shi)榴石(shi)”潛(qian)射(she)(she)巡航(hang)(hang)導(dao)彈(dan)(dan)(SS-N-21)、3M-54“俱樂部”潛(qian)射(she)(she)反(fan)艦(jian)導(dao)彈(dan)(dan)(SS-N-27 “熾熱”反(fan)艦(jian)導(dao)彈(dan)(dan))以及水雷(lei),其(qi)裝(zhuang)載(zai)的3M-54“俱樂部”系列潛(qian)射(she)(she)反(fan)艦(jian)導(dao)彈(dan)(dan)具有單(dan)艇對水面艦(jian)艇編(bian)隊發(fa)(fa)起(qi)飽(bao)和(he)(he)式導(dao)彈(dan)(dan)攻擊的能力,另外(wai)因為其(qi)能攜帶和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)RK-55“石(shi)榴石(shi)”潛(qian)射(she)(she)巡航(hang)(hang)導(dao)彈(dan)(dan),因此被定義為多(duo)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)核潛(qian)艇。971U型(xing)和(he)(he)M型(xing)的650毫米(mi)魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)管(guan)可(ke)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)650毫米(mi)口徑魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei)和(he)(he)RPK-7勁(jing)風(feng)/“牡(mu)馬”遠程反(fan)潛(qian)導(dao)彈(dan)(dan)(一(yi)說SS-N-16),其(qi)中魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei)主要為大口徑、大威(wei)力、遠射(she)(she)程的65型(xing)魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei),它分為65-73反(fan)艦(jian)型(xing)和(he)(he)65-76反(fan)艦(jian)/反(fan)潛(qian)兩用(yong)(yong)型(xing)。65-76型(xing)魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei),重4500千克(ke)(ke),彈(dan)(dan)頭(tou)裝(zhuang)藥450-500千克(ke)(ke),可(ke)以是(shi)核/常(chang)規裝(zhuang)藥,采用(yong)(yong)尾流(liu)自導(dao)+聲(sheng)自導(dao),泵噴(pen)推進,最大潛(qian)深400米(mi),航(hang)(hang)程50公里/50節航(hang)(hang)速(su),100公里/30節航(hang)(hang)速(su),這種魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei)造價昂貴,而(er)且由于使用(yong)(yong)過(guo)氧化(hua)氫作(zuo)燃料,其(qi)安全性不好,許多(duo)跡象(xiang)表明(ming),庫爾斯(si)克(ke)(ke)號就是(shi)因為該型(xing)魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei)而(er)沉沒(mei)。
971型的管內(nei)武器發射后能(neng)快速裝填,武器發射率很(hen)高。另外971U型和(he)M型還在指揮(hui)臺(tai)圍殼處布置有“針-M”短程(cheng)防(fang)空(kong)導彈(SA-N-10)發射裝置,載(zai)彈量(liang)為18枚,因(yin)而具有一定(ding)的防(fang)空(kong)能(neng)力。
水聲(sheng)系(xi)統(tong)971型攻擊(ji)核潛艇安裝(zhuang)有(you)МГК-500“鰩”綜合聲(sheng)吶,“鯊魚鰓(sai)”型艇殼低(di)頻(pin)主(zhu)(zhu)/被(bei)(bei)動搜索與攻擊(ji)聲(sheng)吶,“鼠(shu)叫(jiao)”型低(di)/中頻(pin)主(zhu)(zhu)/被(bei)(bei)動搜索跟蹤聲(sheng)吶和“散射”-3型甚低(di)頻(pin)拖曳(ye)線列陣(zhen)聲(sheng)吶及聲(sheng)速(su)儀。
971型(xing)還安裝了兩種(zhong)水聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)抗(kang)系統。一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)從533毫米(mi)(mi)魚雷(lei)發射管發射的(de)(de)潛艇模擬器,直徑533毫米(mi)(mi),長(chang)4米(mi)(mi),重達800千克,其(qi)航(hang)速15節,航(hang)程為(wei)15公里,能模擬潛艇的(de)(de)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)吶回(hui)波(bo)并進(jin)行噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)干擾。遇(yu)(yu)到敵(di)方的(de)(de)反潛自導(dao)魚雷(lei)攻擊(ji)時,它(ta)又是(shi)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)誘餌,負責引開自導(dao)魚雷(lei)。另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)口徑為(wei)170毫米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)氣幕(mu)(mu)(mu)彈發射器,它(ta)能發射氣幕(mu)(mu)(mu)彈,內裝有化學藥劑(ji),遇(yu)(yu)海水后會產生(sheng)大量氣幕(mu)(mu)(mu),以阻隔對(dui)方潛艇或魚雷(lei)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)吶的(de)(de)探測,其(qi)作用相當于坦(tan)克遇(yu)(yu)敵(di)反坦(tan)克導(dao)彈攻擊(ji)時施放的(de)(de)煙幕(mu)(mu)(mu)彈。
971型(xing)攻擊核潛(qian)艇安裝有新型(xing)的雷(lei)達、導航(hang)、通(tong)信(xin)(xin)及(ji)電(dian)子對(dui)抗設(she)備,雷(lei)達為(wei)“魔伴”搜索雷(lei)達和(he)“停(ting)車燈”雷(lei)達偵察(cha)儀(yi);電(dian)子對(dui)抗為(wei)圓(yuan)邊帽”及(ji)“磚群”電(dian)子對(dui)抗設(she)備和(he)“克里(li)木-2”敵我識(shi)別裝置;導航(hang)系(xi)統(tong)包括慣性導航(hang)、靜電(dian)陀螺儀(yi)、衛星導航(hang)、無(wu)線電(dian)定位儀(yi);通(tong)信(xin)(xin)設(she)備包括中(zhong)波(bo)、短波(bo)、超(chao)短波(bo)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)設(she)備,甚(shen)低(di)頻拖曳通(tong)信(xin)(xin)浮標天線,極低(di)頻拖曳浮力天線,“公(gong)園(yuan)燈”測向儀(yi);“公(gong)共汽車”作戰情報指揮系(xi)統(tong)。
971型的作戰指揮系統(tong)、動力系統(tong)、潛艇艇務和損管系統(tong)都實現了(le)自動化(hua),通(tong)過其艇員編制人(ren)數可見自動化(hua)水平(ping)之(zhi)高。
971型(xing)攻(gong)擊核(he)(he)潛(qian)艇強(qiang)調(diao)隱身性,因而采用各種辦(ban)法(fa)降(jiang)低噪(zao)(zao)(zao)聲(sheng)便成(cheng)了(le)俄(e)羅(luo)斯(si)設(she)計師(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)設(she)計的(de)重點,對潛(qian)艇外型(xing)、總體布局(ju)、設(she)備(bei)選擇、管(guan)路降(jiang)噪(zao)(zao)(zao)、隔振措施、材料(liao)使(shi)用等各個環節進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)精心(xin)設(she)計,并(bing)且(qie)不(bu)惜增大(da)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)量以安(an)排(pai)眾多的(de)減振降(jiang)噪(zao)(zao)(zao)設(she)備(bei)。971型(xing)采用水(shui)(shui)滴型(xing)艇體以及平滑、開口很少的(de)艇體外表(biao)以減少渦流噪(zao)(zao)(zao)聲(sheng);采用低噪(zao)(zao)(zao)設(she)備(bei)以降(jiang)低機(ji)械噪(zao)(zao)(zao)聲(sheng);大(da)量安(an)裝(zhuang)減振浮閥以防止(zhi)機(ji)械振動向艇外傳遞;采用加工(gong)精度極(ji)高、葉型(xing)設(she)計考究的(de)7葉大(da)側(ce)斜螺(luo)旋(xuan)槳以降(jiang)低螺(luo)旋(xuan)槳航(hang)行(xing)(xing)噪(zao)(zao)(zao)聲(sheng);艇身外表(biao)敷(fu)設(she)改進(jin)(jin)的(de)消(xiao)聲(sheng)瓦,以減少敵方主動聲(sheng)吶的(de)回波反射。采取了(le)這(zhe)些措施后,雖然在一些指標上(shang)相(xiang)對于以前型(xing)號的(de)核(he)(he)潛(qian)艇來(lai)說顯得有些倒退,但使(shi)971型(xing)的(de)水(shui)(shui)下航(hang)行(xing)(xing)噪(zao)(zao)(zao)聲(sheng)降(jiang)到了(le)105-110分(fen)貝(bei),低于洛杉磯級(ji)攻(gong)擊核(he)(he)潛(qian)艇改進(jin)(jin)型(xing)的(de)噪(zao)(zao)(zao)聲(sheng)水(shui)(shui)平,與(yu)美國新一代的(de)海狼(lang)級(ji)和弗吉尼(ni)亞(ya)級(ji)相(xiang)差也不(bu)大(da)。
據說,以前(qian)美(mei)國(guo)潛艇遠在100千米的(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離上(shang)就可(ke)以發現“吵吵嚷嚷”的(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇聯核潛艇。在971型(xing)(xing)首艇海外試航期間,西方(fang)國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)核潛艇曾(ceng)經(jing)秘(mi)密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)其進行跟蹤和監聽,而監聽的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)讓西方(fang)國(guo)家不知所措,971型(xing)(xing)核潛艇噪聲之(zhi)低大(da)(da)大(da)(da)出(chu)乎了之(zhi)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預測水(shui)平,曾(ceng)經(jing)讓美(mei)國(guo)人自豪無比的(de)(de)(de)(de)核潛艇減噪技術上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大(da)(da)代差已經(jing)被蘇聯縮小(xiao)到僅有3-4年的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平差距(ju),可(ke)見其潛艇靜音技術取得的(de)(de)(de)(de)成果(guo)。