開元通(tong)寶(bao)是(shi)唐代第一種貨幣。由于其(qi)質量合理,通(tong)貨控制得當,錢幣做工比(bi)較精美(mei),故深受百姓喜愛(ai)。開元通(tong)寶(bao)已(yi)經成為大五帝(di)錢的(de)一部分,具(ju)有辟邪,旺財的(de)功效。
另(ling)外,許多人(ren)都(dou)認為開元(yuan)通寶是(shi)年號錢,理由(you)是(shi)唐(tang)(tang)玄(xuan)宗李(li)隆基(ji)有個年號是(shi)開元(yuan),這是(shi)錯(cuo)誤的(de)。開元(yuan)通寶是(shi)非(fei)年號錢,在唐(tang)(tang)代初(chu)年就(jiu)已經鑄造,是(shi)由(you)歐陽詢(xun)親自題字(zi)(zi),歐陽詢(xun)是(shi)初(chu)唐(tang)(tang)人(ren)物(wu),而李(li)隆基(ji)生于盛(sheng)唐(tang)(tang),二人(ren)生活(huo)年代相差百余(yu)年,從年代上(shang)講,歐陽詢(xun)就(jiu)不可能給李(li)隆基(ji)的(de)鑄錢題字(zi)(zi)。而李(li)隆基(ji)將年號定為開元(yuan),純(chun)屬(shu)巧合。
在質(zhi)量上(shang),一(yi)般的開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)每(mei)(mei)文(wen)重一(yi)錢,每(mei)(mei)十(shi)文(wen)重一(yi)兩,每(mei)(mei)貫(即一(yi)千文(wen))重六斤四(si)兩。每(mei)(mei)文(wen)重二銖四(si)絫,折合質(zhi)量約(yue)(yue)4.2克(ke)(ke)。但(dan)在唐(tang)玄宗開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)年間(jian),由于處于盛世,開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)的銅料(liao)增加了一(yi)到二成(cheng),這時的開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)質(zhi)量約(yue)(yue)為(wei)4.5克(ke)(ke)至5克(ke)(ke),因而(er)厚重的開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)也多半是(shi)此時鑄造。
在(zai)樣式上,初唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶光背(bei)無文,中唐(tang)(tang)起錢(qian)(qian)背(bei)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始有(you)(you)星、月及其他(ta)紋(wen)飾,晚唐(tang)(tang)會昌(chang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)則在(zai)錢(qian)(qian)背(bei)面加上錢(qian)(qian)局所在(zai)地(di)名。經(jing)過三百余年(nian)鑄造(zao),版別(bie)復(fu)雜。唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)以后(hou)仍有(you)(you)冶(ye)鑄,但(dan)樣式大(da)多與唐(tang)(tang)有(you)(you)別(bie)。在(zai)規格上,開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶基本是小平錢(qian)(qian),但(dan)唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)也鑄有(you)(you)少量(liang)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶”折十大(da)錢(qian)(qian),屬開(kai)(kai)(kai)爐紀(ji)念性質,后(hou)代(dai)也有(you)(you)偽造(zao)。
《舊(jiu)唐書·食(shi)貨志(zhi)上(shang)》記載:“武德四年七月,廢五銖(zhu)錢,行開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)錢。開(kai)元(yuan)錢之(zhi)文(wen),為給事(shi)中歐陽詢制詞(ci)及(ji)書,文(wen)字莊重、雋(jun)秀(xiu)、挺拔(ba),時(shi)稱(cheng)其(qi)(qi)工。其(qi)(qi)字在篆隸之(zhi)間,其(qi)(qi)詞(ci)先上(shang)后下(xia),次右(you)左讀(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(即直讀(du)(du)(du),讀(du)(du)(du)作開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao))。自上(shang)及(ji)右(you)回環讀(du)(du)(du)之(zhi)(即旋讀(du)(du)(du),讀(du)(du)(du)作開(kai)通(tong)元(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)),其(qi)(qi)義亦通(tong),流俗謂(wei)之(zhi)開(kai)通(tong)元(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)錢。”
從《舊唐書》的記載中(zhong)看,規(gui)范讀法是“開元通寶”。但也能從記載中(zhong)了解(jie)到有些人(ren)將錢文讀成“開通元寶”。從字(zi)面意義上講,兩種讀法都有道理。
從(cong)文(wen)(wen)史依(yi)托上(shang)(shang)講,“開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”讀(du)法(fa)中(zhong)的(de)(de)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”一(yi)詞最遲在(zai)東(dong)(dong)漢(han)初年(nian)時就(jiu)(jiu)已經出(chu)現(xian)。東(dong)(dong)漢(han)初期(qi)著名(ming)學者,史學家班固在(zai)他(ta)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)章中(zhong)屢(lv)次(ci)提及(ji)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”一(yi)詞。他(ta)在(zai)《漢(han)書·李尋傳(chuan)》中(zhong)寫道:“漢(han)興至今二(er)(er)百載,歷紀(ji)開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),皇天降非(fei)才(cai)之右,漢(han)國再獲受命(ming)之符。”他(ta)還在(zai)《東(dong)(dong)都賦》中(zhong)寫道:“夫大(da)漢(han)之開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)也,奮(fen)布衣以登皇位。”兩(liang)處的(de)(de)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”均指(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)國,開(kai)(kai)(kai)辟新紀(ji)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之意。至于(yu)“通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”一(yi)詞,則(ze)為(wei)歐陽詢首創,意為(wei)流通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)物,故(gu)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)在(zai)唐(tang)代始有(you)“通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”。“開(kai)(kai)(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”一(yi)詞在(zai)唐(tang)以前(qian)古籍中(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)打通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),疏通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),引(yin)薦之意。“元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”一(yi)詞在(zai)西晉(jin)陳壽的(de)(de)《三國志》中(zhong)有(you)記載,指(zhi)(zhi)不可(ke)多得的(de)(de)人(ren)才(cai)。但二(er)(er)者均與錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)含義根(gen)本(ben)搭不上(shang)(shang)邊。故(gu)可(ke)見讀(du)成“開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”有(you)文(wen)(wen)史依(yi)托,顯得自然。而(er)讀(du)成“開(kai)(kai)(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”則(ze)缺乏文(wen)(wen)史依(yi)托,顯得突兀。另外(wai),從(cong)精(jing)神內涵上(shang)(shang)來講,“開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”能體(ti)現(xian)出(chu)唐(tang)朝包羅萬象,恢弘大(da)氣,奮(fen)發進取的(de)(de)精(jing)神,也符合(he)唐(tang)朝的(de)(de)時代背景。而(er)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)卻(que)無法(fa)體(ti)現(xian)任(ren)(ren)何積極向上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)精(jing)神。從(cong)鑄期(qi)上(shang)(shang)來講,開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)作為(wei)非(fei)年(nian)號錢(qian)(qian),鑄期(qi)很長(chang)。開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)經久不息的(de)(de)奧秘就(jiu)(jiu)在(zai)于(yu)它被統(tong)治(zhi)者們(men)看做(zuo)是吉語錢(qian)(qian)。讀(du)成“開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”能明顯體(ti)會到吉語就(jiu)(jiu)是“開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,而(er)讀(du)成“開(kai)(kai)(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”卻(que)無法(fa)體(ti)現(xian)任(ren)(ren)何吉語。故(gu)綜合(he)以上(shang)(shang)分析,《舊唐(tang)書》的(de)(de)記載是正確,可(ke)靠的(de)(de),而(er)錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)正確讀(du)法(fa)就(jiu)(jiu)是“開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”。
近代泉學家唐(tang)石父(fu)先生,力排眾(zhong)議,師古不泥,從歷史典籍(ji)入手,正(zheng)本清源,認真考證,對該錢的(de)(de)正(zheng)確(que)讀(du)法,在理(li)論上作出詳盡(jin)精(jing)辟研究。明確(que)指出,唐(tang)武德錢文(wen)應(ying)為(wei)(wei)旋(xuan)讀(du),即“開通(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)寶”。他(ta)在《中(zhong)國(guo)古錢幣(bi)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)書中(zhong)列(lie)舉了(le)五方面(mian)的(de)(de)例證。一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)生活(huo)在隋唐(tang)之際(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)詩人(ren)王(wang)梵志的(de)(de)《奉(feng)使親(qin)監鑄(zhu)》中(zhong)記載:“奉(feng)使親(qin)監鑄(zhu),改故造新光。開通(tong)(tong)(tong)萬里達(da)(da),元(yuan)寶出青黃。本性使流傳(chuan),涓(juan)涓(juan)億兆陽(yang)(yang)。”他(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“廢五株(zhu),行新錢”的(de)(de)親(qin)歷者,他(ta)詩中(zhong)的(de)(de)“開通(tong)(tong)(tong)萬里達(da)(da),元(yuan)寶出青黃”解釋(shi)了(le)“開通(tong)(tong)(tong)”為(wei)(wei)了(le)流傳(chuan)萬里,“元(yuan)寶”則在青黃不接(jie)之際(ji)(ji)出現。二(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)唐(tang)錢七種,六種皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)旋(xuan)讀(du),可見唐(tang)代讀(du)法以旋(xuan)讀(du)為(wei)(wei)主。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri)本錢幣(bi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)受唐(tang)代錢幣(bi)直接(jie)影響,確(que)切說是(shi)(shi)(shi)受開通(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)寶直接(jie)影響鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de),而(er)日(ri)本皇朝十二(er)(er)錢都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)旋(xuan)讀(du),無一(yi)(yi)(yi)例外。四(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)后世錢文(wen)鑄(zhu)有周通(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)寶、漢通(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)寶、宋通(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)寶。宋歐陽(yang)(yang)修(xiu)《歸田(tian)錄》中(zhong)有“國(guo)家開寶中(zhong)所鑄(zhu)錢,文(wen)曰宋通(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)寶”,足以證明是(shi)(shi)(shi)旋(xuan)讀(du)。五是(shi)(shi)(shi)如果稱(cheng)開元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶,那自唐(tang)武德年間,開元(yuan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)詞(ci)變為(wei)(wei)常(chang)用(yong)詞(ci)語,甚為(wei)(wei)通(tong)(tong)(tong)俗,唐(tang)玄宗(zong)擬議新紀元(yuan)時便不應(ying)該再用(yong)開元(yuan)作為(wei)(wei)年號。
銅(tong)質(zhi)開元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)是(shi)比較(jiao)常(chang)見的(de)一類開元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao),由于年代較(jiao)遠(yuan),出土錢幣(bi)較(jiao)多,故大(da)多表面(mian)有銹,磨損(sun)嚴重。初唐外(wai)郭(guo)(guo)較(jiao)細,中(zhong)唐以后外(wai)郭(guo)(guo)變寬(kuan)變粗。開元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)一般內郭(guo)(guo)較(jiao)細,圓穿(chuan)鑄造方(fang)正。錢文為隸(li)書“開元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)”四字直讀。通(tong)字“甬”頭極有特色,融合了篆書的(de)特點。
“開元(yuan)(yuan)通寶”版制(zhi)較(jiao)多,可(ke)分為(wei)早中(zhong)晚三期(qi)(qi)(qi)。早期(qi)(qi)(qi)開元(yuan)(yuan)輪(lun)廓精細(xi),文字(zi)(zi)精美;中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)錢(qian)背(bei)多鑄(zhu)有(you)星(xing)、月等各種紋飾(shi);晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)的由于銅料冶煉不精,鑄(zhu)幣粗糙,以(yi)“會昌開元(yuan)(yuan)”為(wei)代表。又“開元(yuan)(yuan)通寶”四字(zi)(zi)中(zhong)元(yuan)(yuan)字(zi)(zi)形不同(tong)時期(qi)(qi)(qi)形有(you)小異,“元(yuan)(yuan)”字(zi)(zi)第(di)二筆有(you)左挑、右挑、雙挑區分,其中(zhong)又以(yi)后兩(liang)者較(jiao)少見。
除銅質(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)外(wai),唐(tang)(tang)朝也(ye)鑄造(zao)過金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、銀質(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)。(另外(wai)還有(you)玳瑁、鐵(tie)、鉛等材(cai)質(zhi)(zhi))這兩種貴重(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬幣僅限皇家(jia)賞(shang)賜(si)(si),供顯貴玩賞(shang),并(bing)不投入流(liu)通(tong),因此(ci)存世(shi)量(liang)極小,尤其是(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan),更彌足珍貴。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)仿銅開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)鑄造(zao),并(bing)不作為流(liu)通(tong)貨幣使(shi)用,為宮廷賞(shang)賜(si)(si)錢。有(you)詩曰:“開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)皇帝(di)掌中(zhong)憐,流(liu)落人間(jian)二十年,長說承天門上(shang)宴,百僚樓下拾金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)錢。”可見唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)盛世(shi)的奢(she)華。1970年西安(an)何家(jia)村(cun)出(chu)土30枚金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao),是(shi)那個時期(qi)唯一的一次發(fa)現,足見其珍稀程度。
玳瑁開元通寶
金開元通寶
唐高祖
不同材質的開元通寶(bao)
開元(yuan)通寶,尤其是(shi)初唐的,用料講究,做(zuo)工較為細膩,因年代久遠,內(nei)部成分會(hui)有(you)變化(hua)。銅質被氧化(hua),盡脫火氣。將真(zhen)品開元(yuan)擲(zhi)于地上(shang),清脆響(xiang)亮,有(you)一定彈(dan)性,聲音低沉(chen)則證明其內(nei)部有(you)裂。
真(zhen)品(pin)開元(yuan)通寶很(hen)多都是罐裝窖(jiao)藏,有純正(zheng)的(de)泥土香味,而(er)偽品(pin)銹(xiu)色來(lai)源于迅速的(de)化學反(fan)應,往往有刺激性氣味。
用縫(feng)(feng)衣針(zhen)對生坑(keng)開元通(tong)寶(bao)進行試挑,把縫(feng)(feng)衣針(zhen)針(zhen)頭(tou)向下(xia)豎直下(xia)壓,放手后(hou),真(zhen)品開元通(tong)寶(bao)上的(de)縫(feng)(feng)衣針(zhen)會(hui)掉下(xia)去,而偽品由于做(zuo)的(de)銹往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)富有一定彈(dan)性,針(zhen)不會(hui)掉落。
密(mi)度(du)是(shi)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)特性,可以拿與幾(ji)個開(kai)元通(tong)(tong)寶相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量或相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)種(zhong)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),真(zhen)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)元通(tong)(tong)寶在相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia),體(ti)積(ji)也(ye)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。而(er)偽品(pin)(pin)在相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia),體(ti)積(ji)比(bi)它同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一種(zhong)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da);在相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia),質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量比(bi)它同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一種(zhong)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小。如果(guo)是(shi)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量和不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de),而(er)且是(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一種(zhong)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de),則計算它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)度(du),再比(bi)較,密(mi)度(du)與同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一種(zhong)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或接近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)真(zhen)品(pin)(pin),但是(shi)密(mi)度(du)比(bi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一種(zhong)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)偽品(pin)(pin)。
對于會(hui)昌開元(yuan)鑒別(bie)應加以注意(yi)。史料記載會(hui)昌開元(yuan)有(you)23種,是各州(zhou)錢(qian)(qian)局(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)時于錢(qian)(qian)背(bei)(bei)加蓋鑄(zhu)局(ju)(ju)地名的一類特(te)殊開元(yuan)錢(qian)(qian),這(zhe)種開元(yuan)通寶錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)字(zi)體十分隨意(yi),很不規(gui)整。其中特(te)別(bie)注意(yi)揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)局(ju)(ju)所鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)為(wei)紀念會(hui)昌滅佛,背(bei)(bei)面(mian)為(wei)“昌”而非“揚(yang)(yang)”。若(ruo)發現文(wen)字(zi)秀(xiu)麗(li)規(gui)范,或背(bei)(bei)文(wen)有(you)“揚(yang)(yang)”者,定(ding)為(wei)偽(wei)古。另外,保存錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)入盒袋(dai)即可(ke),錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)應朝下或內置,以防(fang)磨損(sun)。
隋煬帝(di)大(da)(da)業十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)617年(nian)(nian)),正值隋朝(chao)(chao)末年(nian)(nian),天下大(da)(da)亂,民不(bu)聊生(sheng)。隋唐(tang)(tang)(tang)國公,太原留守李(li)淵趁機起(qi)兵,攻克隋都大(da)(da)興(xing),自封(feng)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)王,立隋煬帝(di)孫楊侑(you)為(wei)帝(di)。不(bu)久廢楊侑(you)并自立為(wei)帝(di),改大(da)(da)興(xing)為(wei)長安,建立唐(tang)(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao),隋亡。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao)初(chu)建,為(wei)統(tong)一全(quan)國,簡化軍餉(xiang)籌集步(bu)驟,故唐(tang)(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao)建國伊始(shi)(shi)仍然沿用五銖(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)。在(zai)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao)始(shi)(shi)鑄開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶之(zhi)前(qian),始(shi)(shi)于(yu)漢代的(de)五銖(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)在(zai)全(quan)國已(yi)流(liu)通(tong)700余年(nian)(nian)之(zhi)久。期間(jian)歷(li)經王朝(chao)(chao)盛衰,大(da)(da)小輕重已(yi)無(wu)統(tong)一標準。即使是版式最簡單(dan)的(de)隋五銖(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)有(you)大(da)(da)小多種規格。再加上前(qian)代的(de)北周(zhou),北齊和南(nan)朝(chao)(chao)錢(qian)幣(bi)的(de)流(liu)通(tong),通(tong)貨(huo)之(zhi)狀極(ji)其混亂,又由于(yu)隋末戰亂,貨(huo)幣(bi)大(da)(da)幅貶值,百姓生(sheng)活非(fei)常(chang)困苦(ku)。所(suo)以(yi)當(dang)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao)局勢穩定后,為(wei)適應其統(tong)治需要,于(yu)武德(de)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)621年(nian)(nian))七月,頒詔廢五銖(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian),由唐(tang)(tang)(tang)高祖(zu)李(li)淵親自主導(dao),給事中歐(ou)陽詢監制(zhi),改鑄統(tong)一的(de)開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶。
在(zai)(zai)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)始鑄(zhu)之(zhi)后,唐(tang)(tang)朝(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)618年(nian)—公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)907年(nian))于貞觀(guan)二年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)628年(nian))滅掉盤踞朔方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)梁師都,成(cheng)為了(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)多民族國家。這時(shi),封建地主經濟(ji)與文(wen)化(hua)在(zai)(zai)全國范圍(wei)內得到(dao)了(le)較長時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)穩定發(fa)(fa)展,整個(ge)(ge)封建社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)與文(wen)化(hua)均(jun)呈(cheng)現(xian)出(chu)繁(fan)榮景象。唐(tang)(tang)太宗(zong)(zong)于公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)626年(nian)8月即位后,勵(li)精圖治(zhi),審(shen)慎地調整了(le)統(tong)治(zhi)政策,在(zai)(zai)政治(zhi)、經濟(ji)、軍(jun)事、文(wen)化(hua)諸方(fang)(fang)面(mian)進(jin)行了(le)一(yi)(yi)系列(lie)改革,使封建國家出(chu)現(xian)了(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)相對(dui)(dui)穩定的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)面(mian),史(shi)稱(cheng)“貞觀(guan)之(zhi)治(zhi)”。唐(tang)(tang)玄宗(zong)(zong)李隆基于先(xian)(xian)天(tian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)712年(nian))登(deng)基后,在(zai)(zai)位44年(nian),歷經先(xian)(xian)天(tian),開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)三個(ge)(ge)年(nian)號。在(zai)(zai)他統(tong)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)間,唐(tang)(tang)朝進(jin)入極盛(sheng)時(shi)期,是唐(tang)(tang)朝高度發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)黃金(jin)階段,史(shi)稱(cheng)“開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)盛(sheng)世(shi)”。在(zai)(zai)農(nong)業方(fang)(fang)面(mian),均(jun)田制的(de)(de)(de)推行,使耕地面(mian)積擴大(da),百姓(xing)生活殷實(shi)(shi)富足,府(fu)庫充實(shi)(shi)。詩人杜甫(fu)在(zai)(zai)《憶(yi)(yi)昔詩》中寫到(dao):“憶(yi)(yi)昔開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)全盛(sheng)日,小邑猶(you)藏萬家室;稻米流脂(zhi)粟米白,公私倉廩俱豐實(shi)(shi)”。生動(dong)形象地描(miao)繪了(le)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)興盛(sheng)情景。此時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)唐(tang)(tang)朝,城市商業興旺,交通發(fa)(fa)達(da),很多城市都設邸店,為商人服務(wu),并(bing)出(chu)現(xian)了(le)原始的(de)(de)(de)匯票“飛錢”(或稱(cheng)“便換”)和信(xin)用機構(gou)“柜(ju)坊(fang)”,當(dang)(dang)時(shi)商品交換活躍、錢幣(bi)收支頻繁(fan)程度可(ke)見一(yi)(yi)斑(ban)。唐(tang)(tang)代冶煉技術取得新成(cheng)就,全國有(you)168個(ge)(ge)銀、銅、鐵、錫冶煉所,金(jin)屬器物以捶擊(ji)與澆鑄(zhu)制為主,運用切削、刻鑿、焊接等(deng)技術,效率大(da)大(da)提(ti)高。可(ke)見,開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)行對(dui)(dui)歷史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)程有(you)著良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)推進(jin)作用。
我國在(zai)唐朝以(yi)前,多以(yi)銖(zhu)(zhu)、兩(liang)來表示錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)質量(liang)(liang)。從秦半兩(liang)到隋五銖(zhu)(zhu),貨(huo)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)度量(liang)(liang)都(dou)是(shi)以(yi)二(er)十(shi)四銖(zhu)(zhu)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兩(liang)的(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)四進制(zhi)為標準(zhun)。秦朝規定(ding),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兩(liang)為16克(ke),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)銖(zhu)(zhu)為0.67克(ke),此(ci)后(hou)直至唐朝,度量(liang)(liang)衡都(dou)沒(mei)有太大(da)變化。從唐朝開(kai)始(shi),采(cai)用新的(de)(de)(de)度量(liang)(liang)衡,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兩(liang)改為40克(ke)。而(er)自從二(er)銖(zhu)(zhu)四絫(約(yue)4克(ke))的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)流通(tong)(tong)以(yi)后(hou),十(shi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兩(liang)的(de)(de)(de)新的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)進制(zhi)度量(liang)(liang)衡便由此(ci)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng),二(er)十(shi)四進制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)銖(zhu)(zhu)兩(liang)制(zhi)就(jiu)逐漸(jian)退出了歷史(shi)舞臺(tai)。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)實際重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)也不再以(yi)錙,銖(zhu)(zhu),兩(liang)的(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)四進制(zhi)去計量(liang)(liang),而(er)是(shi)開(kai)始(shi)以(yi)厘(li),分,錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),兩(liang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)進制(zhi)去計量(liang)(liang)。開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao),徑八分(約(yue)2.4厘(li)米),重(zhong)(zhong)二(er)銖(zhu)(zhu)四絫(約(yue)4克(ke)),即(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(貨(huo)幣(bi)單位或(huo)面額一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)亦即(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)),每(mei)十(shi)文重(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兩(liang),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千文重(zhong)(zhong)六斤四兩(liang)。起用這種新衡制(zhi),換(huan)算便利,適合商(shang)品經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)需要。在(zai)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)鑄造的(de)(de)(de)形制(zhi)和重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)上,開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)成為唐代(dai)以(yi)后(hou)各代(dai)銅錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)。開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng),有著深刻的(de)(de)(de)社會經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)原因。經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)決定(ding)金(jin)融,開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)是(shi)當時商(shang)品生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)和商(shang)品交換(huan)逐漸(jian)擴大(da)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)物。
開元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)錢(qian)(qian),在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)史上具有劃(hua)時(shi)代(dai)的地位。“開元(yuan)(yuan)”,意指開辟新紀元(yuan)(yuan);“通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)”,意指通(tong)(tong)行寶(bao)貨(huo)。開元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)的劃(hua)時(shi)代(dai)地位表現在(zai):唐代(dai)以前的錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi),多(duo)以形(xing)制或重量為名稱(cheng),如刀(dao)幣(bi)、五(wu)銖錢(qian)(qian)等,而(er)自開元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)后,改稱(cheng)“寶(bao)”、“通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)”、“元(yuan)(yuan)寶(bao)”等。開元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)是唐朝(chao)統治290年(nian)中的主要流通(tong)(tong)貨(huo)幣(bi),而(er)且(qie)影響了中國(guo)1000多(duo)年(nian)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)的形(xing)制、錢(qian)(qian)文模(mo)式和十進位衡法。
唐(tang)代(dai)開(kai)(kai)元通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)的鑄(zhu)制與流通(tong)(tong),在(zai)我國(guo)錢(qian)幣形制發展史(shi)上有著劃時代(dai)的意(yi)義。開(kai)(kai)元通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)簡稱開(kai)(kai)元錢(qian)或通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)錢(qian)。開(kai)(kai)元即“開(kai)(kai)國(guo)奠基”之意(yi);通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)則(ze)是“流通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)貨”之內涵。銅錢(qian)名曰通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao),反映了當時人(ren)(ren)們(men)對貨幣作(zuo)用有了進(jin)一步的認識,以錢(qian)為寶(bao)(bao),則(ze)意(yi)味著貨幣即財寶(bao)(bao)觀念的增強和人(ren)(ren)們(men)對其崇拜(bai)程度。
開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)不但成了(le)后世小(xiao)平錢(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本鑄(zhu)式,還被沿襲了(le)一千三(san)百年(nian)之久,開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)控制(zhi)(zhi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)貨(huo)狀(zhuang)況良好(hao),貞觀年(nian)間斗米僅三(san)五文,開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)間斗米僅十文。《龍川略論》中記載,蘇轍至京師,參(can)知(zhi)政事王介甫(即(ji)(ji)王安石(shi))問鑄(zhu)錢(qian)。對曰(yue):“唐開(kai)(kai)(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)錢(qian)最善,今難及矣(yi)”。開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現,開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)、通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)方孔圓錢(qian)之先河,宣告了(le)自秦以來流通(tong)(tong)(tong)了(le)八百多年(nian)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)銖兩貨(huo)幣(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結束。從此(ci),我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)方孔圓錢(qian)多以通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)、元(yuan)(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)相稱,亦即(ji)(ji)寶(bao)(bao)文錢(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)文字、重量(liang)、形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)均成為后世鑄(zhu)錢(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)楷模。如五代的(de)(de)(de)(de)周元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao),宋(song)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)宋(song)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)都模仿了(le)開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文字形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)。
另外,日本、越南、朝鮮(xian)錢(qian)制也(ye)受到(dao)開元通寶的(de)影響,而通寶的(de)稱謂一直延用至近代。
常見(jian)的開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶共(gong)有12個版別(bie)。分別(bie)是大(da)字(zi),大(da)字(zi)狹元(yuan),遒勁,容(rong)弱,短頭(tou)元(yuan),直元(yuan),尨(與莽同音)字(zi),低(di)頭(tou)通(tong),平頭(tou)通(tong),小(xiao)字(zi),小(xiao)通(tong),小(xiao)通(tong)小(xiao)寶。可依(yi)據12種版別(bie)的特(te)征進行集版收藏。其(qi)中,大(da)字(zi),大(da)字(zi)狹元(yuan),遒勁,容(rong)弱,尨字(zi)和(he)小(xiao)字(zi)為特(te)色版別(bie),下面是對(dui)特(te)色版別(bie)的詳解。
大字(zi)(zi)是開(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)的(de)代表字(zi)(zi)體,整體錢文肥大。”開(kai)“字(zi)(zi)橫而(er)(er)闊,”元(yuan)“字(zi)(zi)相對比其它(ta)三字(zi)(zi)稍小,“通”字(zi)(zi)足部長而(er)(er)銳(rui),“寶(bao)”字(zi)(zi)肥大與內廓(kuo)相接(jie),上(shang)下延(yan)伸超過內廓(kuo)長度(du)。
大(da)字狹(xia)元的文字書寫近(jin)(jin)似大(da)字。錢文整(zheng)體(ti)狹(xia)長(chang),“元”字下部窄高且靠(kao)近(jin)(jin),“寶”字整(zheng)體(ti)長(chang)度超過內廓(kuo),“寶”中(zhong)的“貝(bei)”比大(da)字較(jiao)窄。
遒勁在字(zi)(zi)體上基本同大(da)字(zi)(zi)一(yi)樣,錢文由大(da)字(zi)(zi)演變而來,較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)字(zi)(zi)窄(zhai)且(qie)更為強勁。“元”字(zi)(zi)第二(er)筆強頓成直角,“通”字(zi)(zi)足頭第一(yi)筆較(jiao)(jiao)長頓。
容弱體的開元通(tong)寶四字(zi)書(shu)寫較弱,收(shou)筆之處多(duo)圓潤。“元”字(zi)雙足(zu)(zu)平(ping)衡,挑筆較弱,“通(tong)”字(zi)走步為(wei)三(san)撇(pie),三(san)撇(pie)較小且(qie)多(duo)為(wei)向下四十(shi)五度角斜,“寶”字(zi)廣貝,足(zu)(zu)小且(qie)開,收(shou)筆也是較圓潤。多(duo)鑄于唐高(gao)宗后期。
尨字(zi)(zi)由(you)短頭(tou)元(yuan)演變(bian)而來,四(si)字(zi)(zi)均較闊。“開(kai)”字(zi)(zi)寬(kuan),“元(yuan)”字(zi)(zi)第(di)二(er)橫(heng)較長,“通”頭(tou)較大,足頭(tou)第(di)一點彎,“寶(bao)(bao)”字(zi)(zi)頭(tou)寬(kuan),光背尨字(zi)(zi)中(zhong)“寶(bao)(bao)”字(zi)(zi)下端一般不封(feng)口。
小(xiao)字(zi)版(ban)也叫窄通寶版(ban),四字(zi)錢文都有各自特(te)點。“元”字(zi)小(xiao)而勁挑(tiao),“通”字(zi)頭大,部分(fen)“通”為(wei)斷舟通(即(ji)通字(zi)足部長(chang)橫斷開為(wei)兩橫,據(ju)說(shuo)是為(wei)了說(shuo)明反周(zhou)復唐。),“寶”字(zi)窄長(chang)。多(duo)鑄于武周(zhou)時期。
關(guan)于開(kai)元通(tong)寶(bao)分期問題,根據(ju)幾位專家對唐初紀(ji)年墓考證,分為以下時期:
公元(yuan)621年,開元(yuan)通寶(bao)始鑄(zhu)。初(chu)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)開元(yuan)始于唐(tang)(tang)(tang)高(gao)祖武德四年,終于唐(tang)(tang)(tang)高(gao)宗(zong)中(zhong)后(hou)期。初(chu)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)開元(yuan)通寶(bao)行用錢(qian)是錢(qian)文(wen)為(wei)(wei)歐陽(yang)詢所(suo)書、經錢(qian)監嚴密督造的一(yi)種(zhong)優(you)質(zhi)開元(yuan)錢(qian),又(you)叫武德開元(yuan)。從質(zhi)地上(shang)看,初(chu)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)開元(yuan)所(suo)用材料為(wei)(wei)青(qing)銅(tong)和白銅(tong),面、背肉好,廓整,錢(qian)文(wen)深竣清晰(xi),銅(tong)質(zhi)純凈,鑄(zhu)造精良。從形(xing)體(ti)上(shang)看,錢(qian)徑24毫(hao)(hao)米至25毫(hao)(hao)米,穿徑7毫(hao)(hao)米,廓寬2毫(hao)(hao)米,質(zhi)量為(wei)(wei)3.7克(ke)到4.2克(ke),集中(zhong)于4克(ke)。
從錢(qian)文(wen)上看,正面“開(kai)元通寳(bao)”四字(zi)(zi)(zi)含八分(fen)及隸體,筆(bi)劃端莊沉穩,“開(kai)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)間(jian)架勻稱,疏密有致;內(nei)部(bu)作(zuo)“井(jing)(jing)”狀(zhuang)且“井(jing)(jing)”部(bu)不與(yu)內(nei)廓相接,“元”字(zi)(zi)(zi)首(shou)劃為一(yi)短(duan)橫(heng),次劃長橫(heng)左(zuo)挑(tiao);“通”字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)“辶”前三筆(bi)各不相連(lian),呈三撇狀(zhuang),“甬”部(bu)上筆(bi)開(kai)口較大;“寳(bao)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)著(zhu)筆(bi)莊重,其“貝(bei)”部(bu)內(nei)為兩短(duan)橫(heng),不與(yu)左(zuo)右兩豎筆(bi)連(lian)接,整(zheng)體錢(qian)文(wen)筆(bi)畫(hua)較粗(cu),但書寫的(de)自(zi)然,靈(ling)動,富有活(huo)力。錢(qian)背光(guang)背無文(wen)。但是(shi),自(zi)初唐后期(qi)起(qi),出現了一(yi)些寄郭(guo)大字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)版別(bie),筆(bi)畫(hua)也(ye)逐漸變細,并(bing)著(zhu)手開(kai)始向盛唐開(kai)元過渡。
盛(sheng)唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)于(yu)唐(tang)(tang)高宗中后(hou)期,終(zhong)于(yu)唐(tang)(tang)玄宗天(tian)寶末(mo)年。從(cong)質(zhi)地上(shang)(shang)看,盛(sheng)唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)主要(yao)采用(yong)青銅(tong)和紫銅(tong)鑄(zhu)造。面(mian)(mian),廓(kuo)更加(jia)(jia)(jia)精(jing)細(xi),做工(gong)(gong)更加(jia)(jia)(jia)精(jing)美。從(cong)形體上(shang)(shang)看,錢(qian)(qian)徑(jing)25毫米(mi)(mi)到27毫米(mi)(mi),穿徑(jing)7毫米(mi)(mi),廓(kuo)寬2毫米(mi)(mi)到3毫米(mi)(mi),質(zhi)量為(wei)4.2克到5克,集中于(yu)4.7克。從(cong)錢(qian)(qian)文上(shang)(shang)看,盛(sheng)唐(tang)(tang)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)文是變(bian)化中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。相比初(chu)唐(tang)(tang),盛(sheng)唐(tang)(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)文變(bian)得更加(jia)(jia)(jia)纖細(xi),并(bing)(bing)逐步從(cong)歐(ou)陽(yang)詢書寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)文端(duan)莊沉穩(wen),大氣灑脫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)筆(bi)體,演(yan)(yan)變(bian)成筆(bi)劃疏朗,纖細(xi)清秀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)筆(bi)體,“開(kai)(kai)”字(zi)逐步變(bian)長,內(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“井”部與(yu)(yu)內(nei)廓(kuo)相連。“元(yuan)(yuan)”字(zi)首橫加(jia)(jia)(jia)長,次(ci)劃左挑(tiao),“通(tong)”字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“辶(chuo)”前三筆(bi)由三撇狀(zhuang)逐步演(yan)(yan)變(bian)為(wei)似連非連的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頓折(zhe)狀(zhuang),進而(er)又演(yan)(yan)變(bian)為(wei)連續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拐(guai)折(zhe)狀(zhuang)。“甬”部上(shang)(shang)筆(bi)開(kai)(kai)口逐漸變(bian)扁,“寳”字(zi)之(zhi)“貝”部內(nei)中間(jian)兩橫加(jia)(jia)(jia)長,與(yu)(yu)左右(you)兩豎筆(bi)相銜(xian)接(jie)。“宀”下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“爾”逐步演(yan)(yan)變(bian)為(wei)三個豎道。整個字(zi)體比初(chu)唐(tang)(tang)更加(jia)(jia)(jia)標準,規范,但少了(le)初(chu)唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)字(zi)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靈(ling)動與(yu)(yu)活潑。這(zhe)些(xie)演(yan)(yan)變(bian)在唐(tang)(tang)玄宗開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)年間(jian)完全定(ding)(ding)型(xing),脫離了(le)初(chu)唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體系,自(zi)成一版并(bing)(bing)趨于(yu)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)。對(dui)于(yu)錢(qian)(qian)背(bei)面(mian)(mian)而(er)言(yan),盛(sheng)唐(tang)(tang)初(chu)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光背(bei)無文,從(cong)唐(tang)(tang)玄宗開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)年間(jian)起開(kai)(kai)始(shi)有星月(yue)印(yin)記(ji)。背(bei)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)型(xing)印(yin)記(ji)在坊間(jian)傳說為(wei)楊貴妃(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指甲痕,故民間(jian)又稱(cheng)其(qi)為(wei)貴妃(fei)錢(qian)(qian)。其(qi)實(shi)這(zhe)些(xie)說法并(bing)(bing)不可信。事實(shi)上(shang)(shang),星月(yue)型(xing)印(yin)記(ji)為(wei)各錢(qian)(qian)局(ju)錢(qian)(qian)爐(lu)(lu)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爐(lu)(lu)記(ji),用(yong)來區分不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)爐(lu)(lu)。另外,對(dui)于(yu)做工(gong)(gong)精(jing)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那些(xie)右(you)挑(tiao),雙挑(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶,一般也鑄(zhu)于(yu)此時。
中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)始(shi)于唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)肅宗初(chu)年(nian),終(zhong)于唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)憲(xian)宗元(yuan)和末年(nian)。這(zhe)一時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)開(kai)元(yuan)通寶特點與盛唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)后(hou)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)大同小異(yi)(yi)。從(cong)質地上(shang)(shang)看(kan),中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)主(zhu)要采(cai)用青銅和紫(zi)銅鑄(zhu)(zhu)造,并夾有一定量的(de)(de)鐵,鉛(qian)。面(mian),廓比(bi)(bi)較精(jing)(jing)整,但做工不(bu)及(ji)初(chu)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)精(jing)(jing)美(mei)。從(cong)形體(ti)上(shang)(shang)看(kan),中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)的(de)(de)直徑在(zai)23毫米(mi)到26毫米(mi)之(zhi)間,穿(chuan)徑7毫米(mi),廓寬2毫米(mi)到3毫米(mi),質量為(wei)(wei)3.2克到4.5克,相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)盛唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)有所減(jian)重。從(cong)錢文(wen)上(shang)(shang)看(kan),中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)的(de)(de)正面(mian)錢文(wen)與盛唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)后(hou)期(qi)(qi)無異(yi)(yi),只是“開(kai)”字向(xiang)寬體(ti)發展,相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)正面(mian)其背(bei)(bei)文(wen)卻更加繁縟,出現了如祥云,同心(xin)結等新型背(bei)(bei)文(wen)。同時,傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)星(xing)月背(bei)(bei)文(wen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造量也大幅增加且成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)導。中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)初(chu)期(qi)(qi)錢文(wen)尚且精(jing)(jing)整,但經歷安史之(zhi)亂后(hou)的(de)(de)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)朝,鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢水(shui)平(ping)呈下(xia)滑態勢,后(hou)期(qi)(qi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)工不(bu)精(jing)(jing),邊廓不(bu)整,向(xiang)晚唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)過渡。這(zhe)一時期(qi)(qi)出現了闊字版(ban)的(de)(de)開(kai)元(yuan)通寶,并在(zai)之(zhi)后(hou)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)流(liu)。關(guan)于花穿(chuan)開(kai)元(yuan),專家考證其主(zhu)要鑄(zhu)(zhu)造于中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),流(liu)行于晚唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),但多為(wei)(wei)私鑄(zhu)(zhu),做工也很草率,應屬后(hou)期(qi)(qi)所鑄(zhu)(zhu)。
(特殊晚唐(tang)開元)
會昌(chang)(chang)五年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)845年(nian))唐(tang)(tang)武宗滅佛(fo)(fo),將滅佛(fo)(fo)所(suo)得銅料鑄成(cheng)會昌(chang)(chang)開元(yuan)(yuan)。大小(xiao)徑(jing)寸(cun)如之(zhi)前的(de)(de)(de)開元(yuan)(yuan)通寶(bao),只是在錢(qian)(qian)(qian)背(bei)鑄上鑄錢(qian)(qian)(qian)局(ju)所(suo)在州的(de)(de)(de)州名,如京師長安鑄“京”字(zi)、東都(dou)洛陽鑄“洛”字(zi)。而淮南的(de)(de)(de)揚州為(wei)紀念會昌(chang)(chang)滅佛(fo)(fo),所(suo)鑄背(bei)文為(wei)“昌(chang)(chang)”字(zi)。從質(zhi)地(di)上看,會昌(chang)(chang)開元(yuan)(yuan)采用較為(wei)優質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)銅鑄造,銅質(zhi)為(wei)青銅和紫銅。從形體(ti)上看,會昌(chang)(chang)開元(yuan)(yuan)普遍質(zhi)量(liang)在3.2克(ke)到4.2克(ke)之(zhi)間,錢(qian)(qian)(qian)體(ti)大小(xiao)與中唐(tang)(tang)基(ji)本(ben)相(xiang)同,但也有小(xiao)錢(qian)(qian)(qian),可能是私(si)鑄品。相(xiang)比初唐(tang)(tang)開元(yuan)(yuan)通寶(bao)的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi),晚(wan)唐(tang)(tang)時的(de)(de)(de)各地(di)鑄錢(qian)(qian)(qian)工藝存在著明顯的(de)(de)(de)差別,多數周廓偏(pian)斜,鑄文模糊,個別出現花穿現象。時過一(yi)年(nian),唐(tang)(tang)武宗駕崩,但繼(ji)任的(de)(de)(de)唐(tang)(tang)宣宗認為(wei)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)精好,繼(ji)續鑄造,并持續至唐(tang)(tang)亡(wang)。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)學界(jie)一(yi)般將會昌(chang)(chang)開元(yuan)(yuan)視為(wei)晚(wan)唐(tang)(tang)開元(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型標本(ben)。
從錢文上看,會昌開元有京(長(chang)安,今(jin)(jin)西安),昌(揚州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)),洛(洛陽(yang)),益(成都),荊(jing)(江陵,今(jin)(jin)荊(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)),襄(xiang)(襄(xiang)陽(yang)),藍(lan)(藍(lan)田),越(越州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)紹(shao)興(xing)),宣(xuan)(宣(xuan)城),洪(洪州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)南昌),潭(tan)(潭(tan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)長(chang)沙),兗(兗州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)濟寧),潤(潤州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)鎮(zhen)江),鄂(鄂州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)武漢),平(平州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)秦(qin)皇島),興(xing)(興(xing)平,今(jin)(jin)咸陽(yang)),梁(liang)(梁(liang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)漢中),廣(廣州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)),梓(zi)(梓(zi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)三臺),福(福州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)),桂(桂陽(yang),今(jin)(jin)郴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)),丹(dan)(丹(dan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)宜川(chuan)),永(永州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou))共(gong)23個記地錢局標識。
普通晚(wan)唐開元在唐憲宗(zong)元和年間之(zhi)后鑄(zhu)(zhu)造,一直持續至(zhi)唐亡。它沿襲了中(zhong)唐開元的(de)特點。從(cong)(cong)質地上(shang)看(kan)(kan),這種開元通寶所用(yong)銅(tong)料很(hen)雜,說(shuo)不(bu)清是(shi)何種銅(tong)合金,銅(tong)質發黑,純度低,含鐵量高,個別(bie)可被磁鐵吸引。從(cong)(cong)形(xing)體(ti)上(shang)看(kan)(kan),質量較小,普遍(bian)(bian)不(bu)超過4克。錢(qian)徑在23毫(hao)(hao)米至(zhi)24毫(hao)(hao)米之(zhi)間。鑄(zhu)(zhu)工草率,多數輪廓不(bu)整,普遍(bian)(bian)不(bu)如中(zhong)唐開元精美。很(hen)多應屬私鑄(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)列。從(cong)(cong)錢(qian)文(wen)上(shang)看(kan)(kan),正面(mian)錢(qian)文(wen)筆劃比較纖細,與中(zhong)唐后期的(de)錢(qian)文(wen)一致,但字跡模糊。在背文(wen)上(shang),多有小型月(yue)痕(hen)(hen),對(dui)月(yue)月(yue)痕(hen)(hen),多月(yue)痕(hen)(hen)及孕(yun)星(xing)開元出現,還有合背開元。它們普遍(bian)(bian)做工粗糙,有的(de)連(lian)錢(qian)文(wen)都難以辨識(shi)。
指錢(qian)徑(jing)在21毫(hao)米至23毫(hao)米之間(jian)的(de)開元(yuan)錢(qian),這(zhe)種小(xiao)開元(yuan)可能都是各個(ge)時(shi)期的(de)民間(jian)私鑄錢(qian)幣(bi)。《舊唐書·食貨(huo)志(zhi)》寫道:“如聞官鑄之外(wai),私鑄頗多”。專(zhuan)家(jia)根據發掘出(chu)土(tu)的(de)小(xiao)開元(yuan)標本(ben),按其(qi)流行階段,大體分出(chu)三型(xing):
一型(xing),錢文筆跡極力摹仿(fang)武德(de)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan),惟錢徑僅23毫(hao)米,重(zhong)量不(bu)到(dao)3克(ke),錢文尚清晰,穿廓尚規整,銅質(zhi)(zhi)并不(bu)很差;二型(xing),中唐小開(kai)(kai)元(yuan),字體模(mo)糊(hu),鑄(zhu)(zhu)造工(gong)藝粗陋,銅質(zhi)(zhi)內摻(chan)雜鐵鉛,銹蝕嚴重(zhong);三(san)型(xing),晚唐小開(kai)(kai)元(yuan),周廓寬窄不(bu)一,銅質(zhi)(zhi)發黑,摻(chan)雜鐵鉛,肉(rou)薄量輕,鑄(zhu)(zhu)范模(mo)糊(hu),錢背穿廓近平,錢徑為22毫(hao)米至23毫(hao)米,質(zhi)(zhi)量在1.7克(ke)到(dao)3克(ke)之間,多數(shu)是私鑄(zhu)(zhu)。
公元(yuan)907年6月1日(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)哀帝天佑四(si)年四(si)月十八日),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)朝滅亡,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)歷史進入五代十國(guo)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)閩,楚,南(nan)漢,南(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)、后(hou)(hou)蜀等政權(quan)先后(hou)(hou)鑄造過開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao),除(chu)南(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)延續(xu)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)代開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)特(te)點外,其(qi)余(yu)皆形(xing)制與唐(tang)(tang)(tang)有(you)別。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),閩開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)字體雄健,背后(hou)(hou)有(you)“閩”,“福”,“殷”字樣,過去曾被誤認為(wei)是會昌開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)。楚和南(nan)漢的(de)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)多為(wei)小(xiao)平鉛制,錢(qian)幣輕(qing)小(xiao),做工粗(cu)糙,文(wen)字漫晦(hui),背文(wen)多種多樣,但(dan)(dan)由于(yu)(yu)鑄量較(jiao)小(xiao),市價(jia)較(jiao)高(gao)。南(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)延續(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)特(te)點并有(you)所發(fa)展(zhan),開(kai)(kai)創對錢(qian),即除(chu)字體不同其(qi)余(yu)特(te)征(zheng)完全(quan)相(xiang)同的(de)一組錢(qian)。南(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)有(you)篆書(shu)和隸(li)書(shu)兩種,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隸(li)書(shu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)沿襲唐(tang)(tang)(tang)制,無論篆書(shu)還是隸(li)書(shu),做工均很精美。它(ta)們(men)是五代錢(qian)幣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)做工非常(chang)精致的(de)。早(zao)期(qi)(qi)錢(qian)幣緣較(jiao)闊(kuo),后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)由于(yu)(yu)南(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)國(guo)力(li)衰退,鑄幣較(jiao)初期(qi)(qi)輕(qing)小(xiao)些。由于(yu)(yu)南(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)鑄量大,價(jia)格較(jiao)低,但(dan)(dan)比(bi)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)略貴(gui)。另外南(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還有(you)背四(si)決紋的(de),價(jia)格較(jiao)貴(gui)。
宋(song)(song)太祖開寶(bao)(bao)八年(公元(yuan)975年)宋(song)(song)滅南(nan)唐,由于宋(song)(song)朝通(tong)(tong)行宋(song)(song)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao),故(gu)開元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)官鑄停鑄并退出流(liu)通(tong)(tong)舞臺,但直至清末民(min)間仍(reng)有私鑄,主要是厭勝(sheng)錢。