九(jiu)(jiu)鼎,是中國(guo)的(de)(de)代(dai)名詞,以及王(wang)權(quan)至(zhi)高無上(shang)、國(guo)家統一昌盛的(de)(de)象征。夏朝(chao)、商(shang)朝(chao)、周朝(chao)三代(dai)奉為象征國(guo)家政權(quan)的(de)(de)傳國(guo)之(zhi)寶(bao)。戰國(guo)時,秦、楚(chu)皆有興師到周王(wang)城洛邑求鼎之(zhi)事。周顯王(wang)時,九(jiu)(jiu)鼎沒于泗水(shui)下。后世(shi)帝(di)王(wang)非常看重九(jiu)(jiu)鼎的(de)(de)權(quan)利象征與意義(yi),亦曾(ceng)屢次重鑄九(jiu)(jiu)鼎,武(wu)則天(tian)、宋(song)徽宗也曾(ceng)鑄九(jiu)(jiu)鼎。
相傳,夏朝初年(nian),夏王(wang)大(da)禹劃分(fen)天(tian)下為九(jiu)州,令(ling)九(jiu)州州牧貢獻青銅,鑄(zhu)造九(jiu)鼎,象(xiang)征(zheng)九(jiu)州,將全國九(jiu)州的名山大(da)川、奇異之(zhi)物鐫刻于九(jiu)鼎之(zhi)身,以一(yi)鼎象(xiang)征(zheng)一(yi)州,并(bing)將九(jiu)鼎集(ji)中于夏王(wang)朝都城。
《史記·封禪書》:“禹(yu)收九(jiu)牧之(zhi)金,鑄(zhu)九(jiu)鼎(ding)。皆(jie)嘗(chang)亨鬺上帝鬼神。遭圣則(ze)興,鼎(ding)遷于夏商。周德衰,宋之(zhi)社亡,鼎(ding)乃淪沒,伏而不見。”
九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding),據傳是大(da)禹在建立夏朝以后,用(yong)天(tian)下九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)牧所貢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)銅鑄成(cheng)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding),象(xiang)征九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)州。商代時,對表示王室(shi)貴(gui)族身份(fen)的(de)(de)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding),曾有(you)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)規定(ding):士用(yong)一鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)或三鼎(ding)(ding)(ding),大(da)夫用(yong)五鼎(ding)(ding)(ding),諸侯用(yong)七(qi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding),而天(tian)子(zi)才能用(yong)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding),祭祀天(tian)地祖先時行九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)大(da)禮。因此(ci),‘鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)’很自然地成(cheng)為國(guo)家擁有(you)政權的(de)(de)象(xiang)征,進而成(cheng)為國(guo)家傳國(guo)寶器(qi)。《墨子(zi)·耕注(zhu)》:夏后氏(shi)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),殷(yin)人(ren)受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);殷(yin)人(ren)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),周(zhou)人(ren)受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夏后、殷(yin)、周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相受也(ye)。
商湯逐走夏(xia)桀(jie)后,將九鼎(ding)遷(qian)至(zhi)其都。盤庚定都于殷后,九鼎(ding)遷(qian)移至(zhi)此。
周武王滅商(shang)后(hou),曾公開展示九鼎(ding)(ding)。周成王即位(wei)后(hou),周公旦(dan)營(ying)造洛邑,將九鼎(ding)(ding)置于該城(cheng),并請(qing)成王親自主(zhu)持祭(ji)禮(li),將九鼎(ding)(ding)安放在(zai)明堂之中。史記周本紀載:成在(zai)豐,使召公復營(ying)洛邑,如武王之意(yi)。周公復卜(bu)申(shen)視,卒營(ying)筑,居九鼎(ding)(ding)焉。
東周(zhou)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)后,周(zhou)朝王室衰落,各諸侯開(kai)始(shi)(shi)覬覦王權。周(zhou)定王時,楚(chu)莊王首次于(yu)洛(luo)(luo)邑“問(wen)(wen)鼎之輕(qing)重(zhong)”,被周(zhou)大夫王孫(sun)滿駁回。后楚(chu)靈王一度也(ye)動心問(wen)(wen)鼎,因(yin)國內發(fa)生叛亂,未(wei)果。(八年,伐陸渾戎,遂(sui)至洛(luo)(luo),觀(guan)兵于(yu)周(zhou)郊。周(zhou)定王使王孫(sun)滿勞楚(chu)王。楚(chu)王問(wen)(wen)鼎小大輕(qing)重(zhong),對曰:“在德(de)不在鼎。周(zhou)德(de)雖衰,天命未(wei)改。鼎之輕(qing)重(zhong),未(wei)可問(wen)(wen)也(ye)。”楚(chu)王乃歸。)
秦惠王時,張儀制定策略,希望能奪得九鼎以號令(ling)(ling)諸(zhu)侯,楚頃襄王、齊國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)王亦希望爭奪寶鼎。周(zhou)赧王周(zhou)旋于兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)以(yi)及魏國(guo)(guo)、韓(han)國(guo)(guo)之間,令(ling)(ling)其(qi)相(xiang)互(hu)制約,得保九(jiu)鼎不失。
秦武(wu)(wu)王(wang)四年(nian)(前307年(nian)),秦國(guo)攻占韓(han)國(guo)重鎮宜(yi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)。秦武(wu)(wu)王(wang)大(da)喜,引任鄙、孟賁一(yi)班勇士(shi)到宜(yi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)巡視,然后直(zhi)入(ru)(ru)洛陽(yang)(yang)(yang),以窺周室。周赧(nan)王(wang)遣使郊迎,秦武(wu)(wu)王(wang)直(zhi)接入(ru)(ru)太廟明堂中欲窺九(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)。秦武(wu)(wu)王(wang)圍著(zhu)九(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)觀覽一(yi)番,贊嘆不(bu)已(yi)。秦武(wu)(wu)王(wang)指雍(yong)字一(yi)鼎(ding)(ding)嘆道:“此(ci)雍(yong)州之(zhi)鼎(ding)(ding),乃秦鼎(ding)(ding)也,寡人當攜歸咸(xian)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)。”守鼎(ding)(ding)的(de)官(guan)吏說:“此(ci)武(wu)(wu)王(wang)定鼎(ding)(ding)于此(ci),未曾移動,每鼎(ding)(ding)有千鈞之(zhi)重,無人能(neng)舉。”秦武(wu)(wu)王(wang)盡平生(sheng)之(zhi)力(li),將鼎(ding)(ding)抬離地半(ban)尺。正(zheng)要邁步,不(bu)覺力(li)盡失手,鼎(ding)(ding)墜于地,正(zheng)壓(ya)在武(wu)(wu)王(wang)右足(zu)上,喀嚓一(yi)聲(sheng),將脛骨壓(ya)斷。眾人急忙把他(ta)扶(fu)歸公(gong)館,秦武(wu)(wu)王(wang)疼痛(tong)難忍,血流(liu)不(bu)止,挨至半(ban)夜(ye),氣絕而亡。秦武(wu)(wu)王(wang)即位時(shi)曾言:“得游鞏(gong)、洛,生(sheng)死無恨。”今日(ri)果然死于洛陽(yang)(yang)(yang)。
武(wu)王竟至周,而卒于周。其弟立(li),為昭王。
秦昭襄(xiang)王(wang)在位(wei)時期,周(zhou)赧王(wang)駕崩,周(zhou)民遂東(dong)亡。秦取九鼎寶器,而遷西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)公(gong)于(yu)憚狐(hu)。后七(qi)歲,秦莊襄(xiang)王(wang)滅東(dong)周(zhou)。東(dong)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)皆入于(yu)秦,周(zhou)既(ji)不祀。
據說(shuo),秦(qin)滅周后第二年即把周王室(shi)的九鼎西遷咸陽。但到秦(qin)始皇(huang)(huang)滅六(liu)國,統(tong)一天下時,九鼎已不知下落。有(you)(you)人說(shuo)九鼎沉沒在泗水(shui)(shui)彭城(cheng),秦(qin)始皇(huang)(huang)出巡泗水(shui)(shui)彭城(cheng)地(di)方,曾(ceng)派人潛水(shui)(shui)打撈,結(jie)果徒(tu)勞無功。也有(you)(you)史學家認為,九鼎并非是九個,而是只有(you)(you)一個,因為代表九州,也叫九州鼎,簡稱(cheng)九鼎。
武(wu)則天(tian)登基后的(de)女皇要利用儒(ru)、佛、道的(de)思(si)想(xiang)來(lai)鞏固地位。制禮作(zuo)樂,向來(lai)是帝(di)王的(de)能事(shi)。武(wu)則天(tian)享(xiang)明堂、置七寶、封神(shen)(shen)岳、作(zuo)大樂、鑄(zhu)(zhu)九(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。九(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)是古代象(xiang)征(zheng)國(guo)家政權的(de)傳(chuan)國(guo)之寶。相傳(chuan)禹鑄(zhu)(zhu)九(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),以象(xiang)九(jiu)州(zhou)。武(wu)則天(tian)知九(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)難求,遂重新鑄(zhu)(zhu)之。神(shen)(shen)功元年(nian)(697)四月,鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)成,置于(yu)洛陽明堂當(dang)中,神(shen)(shen)都鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)名(ming)永(yong)昌,高一丈八尺,容(rong)1,800石。冀(ji)州(zhou)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)名(ming)武(wu)興,雍(yong)州(zhou)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)名(ming)長安,兗州(zhou)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)名(ming)日(ri)觀,青州(zhou)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)名(ming)少陽,徐州(zhou)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)名(ming)東原,揚(yang)州(zhou)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)名(ming)江(jiang)都,荊(jing)州(zhou)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)名(ming)江(jiang)陵,梁州(zhou)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)名(ming)成都,均高一丈四尺,容(rong)1,200石,各圖(tu)山川物(wu)產于(yu)其上(shang),共用銅56萬余斤。
如《資治通鑒》引記:“則(ze)天順圣(sheng)皇后中之下神功元年(nian)(697)……夏(xia),四(si)月,鑄九鼎(ding)成,徙置通天宮。豫州(zhou)鼎(ding)高丈八(ba)尺,受千(qian)八(ba)百石(三(san)十(shi)斤(jin)為鈞(jun),四(si)鈞(jun)為石。即1,800x120=216,000斤(jin));梁州(zhou)高丈四(si)尺,受千(qian)二百石;各圖山川物產于(yu)其(qi)上(shang),共(gong)(gong)用銅五十(shi)六萬七百余斤(jin)。太后欲以黃(huang)金千(qian)兩涂(tu)之,姚濤曰:“九鼎(ding)神器,貴于(yu)天質自然(ran)。且臣觀其(qi)五采煥炳相(xiang)雜(za),不待金色以為炫(xuan)耀。”太后從之。自玄武門(men)曳入,令(ling)宰相(xiang)、諸王帥南北(bei)牙宿衛兵十(shi)余萬人(ren)并(bing)仗內大牛、白(bai)象共(gong)(gong)曳之。
如《宋史》所記(ji):“崇(chong)寧四年(nian)(1105年(nian))三月,鑄(zhu)九(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),用(yong)金甚厚,取(qu)九(jiu)(jiu)州水土內鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)中。”宋徽宗以(yi)銅二十二萬斤鑄(zhu)造九(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),裝飾以(yi)黃金,并仿明(ming)堂,在汴京(jing)中太一宮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)建造九(jiu)(jiu)成宮,內有(you)九(jiu)(jiu)室(shi),陳(chen)列九(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。中央之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)帝鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),東方(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)蒼(cang)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),南(nan)方(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)彤鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),北(bei)(bei)方(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)寶鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),東北(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)牡(mu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),東南(nan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)岡鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),西(xi)南(nan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)阜鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),西(xi)方(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)晶鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),西(xi)北(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)魁鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。政和七(qi)年(nian)(1112年(nian))又鑄(zhu)造了“神霄九(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”,分別命名為(wei)(wei)(wei)“太極飛云洞(dong)(dong)劫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”、“蒼(cang)梧祀(si)天(tian)貯醇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”、“山岳五神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”、“精明(ming)洞(dong)(dong)淵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”、“天(tian)地陰陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”、“混(hun)沌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”、“浮光洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”、“靈光晃曜煉(lian)神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”、“蒼(cang)龜大(da)蛇蟲魚金輪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”。
大禹鑄的九鼎是什么(me)式樣?是方是圓?是四足還是三足?鼎內外(wai)有什么(me)銘文和紋飾?至今無所考稽。
唯(wei)獨《史記·趙世家》中提到(dao)九鼎(ding)之一的雍州鼎(ding)為龍(long)文(wen),赤(chi)色。“十八年,秦(qin)武王與孟說(shuo)舉(ju)龍(long)文(wen)赤(chi)鼎(ding),絕臏(bin)而死。”
宋(song)代(dai)胡三省注《資治通(tong)鑒》曰:“八(ba)月(yue),王與孟說舉鼎(ding)(ding),絕脈(mo)(mo)而(er)薨。脈(mo)(mo),莫獲翻。脈(mo)(mo)者(zhe),系絡臟腑(fu),其血理(li)分(fen)行(xing)于支體之間,人舉重而(er)力不能勝,故(gu)脈(mo)(mo)絕而(er)死(si)。按《史記(ji)·甘茂傳》云:武王至周而(er)卒于周。蓋(gai)舉鼎(ding)(ding)者(zhe),舉九鼎(ding)(ding)也。《世家》以為龍(long)文赤鼎(ding)(ding)。”
又(you)《拾遺記》卷二載(zai)曰:“禹(yu)鑄九鼎(ding)(ding),五者以(yi)應(ying)陽法,四者以(yi)象陰(yin)數。使工(gong)師以(yi)雌金(jin)(jin)為(wei)陰(yin)鼎(ding)(ding),以(yi)雄金(jin)(jin)為(wei)陽鼎(ding)(ding)。鼎(ding)(ding)中常滿,以(yi)占氣象之休(xiu)否。當(dang)夏桀(jie)之世,鼎(ding)(ding)水忽沸(fei)。及周(zhou)將末,九鼎(ding)(ding)咸震(zhen)。皆應(ying)滅亡之兆。后世圣人,因禹(yu)之跡,代代鑄鼎(ding)(ding)焉(yan)。”
以(yi)上(shang)雄金、雌(ci)金的(de)含義(yi)諸(zhu)書無解(jie),大概是指(zhi)合金的(de)硬度而言(yan)。“以(yi)占(zhan)氣(qi)象之(zhi)休否”就是測國運之(zhi)興衰。可見(jian),鼎從容器(qi)(qi)、炊具、到祭器(qi)(qi)、禮器(qi)(qi)、又到寶器(qi)(qi)、神(shen)器(qi)(qi),代代演(yan)變已徹底改變了實際用(yong)途,變成了國家(jia)供奉的(de)神(shen)物。
大禹九鼎之(zhi)紋(wen)飾(shi)雖無實物可證,據現(xian)已出土的當時陶器紋(wen)飾(shi)推測,也不外于獸面類、龍鳳類、動物類、云雷類、火類、幾何類等。
夏代(dai)的(de)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)業,已相(xiang)當(dang)發達。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和錫的(de)合金,熔點低,便于(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)冶煉。夏代(dai)的(de)煉銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)業。古文獻(xian)中亦有記載(zai)。《越絕書》卷十一日(ri):“禹穴之時(shi)(shi),以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)為兵。”關(guan)于(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)九鼎,《墨子·耕(geng)柱(zhu)》曰:“昔(xi)日(ri)夏后開(啟)使蜚廉折金于(yu)(yu)山川,而陶鑄(zhu)(zhu)之于(yu)(yu)昆吾,……九鼎既(ji)成(cheng),遷(qian)于(yu)(yu)三國。”三國指(zhi)夏、商、周。《左傳》宣公三年曰:“桀有昏德,鼎遷(qian)于(yu)(yu)商。”即言此事。據考古材料證明,當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)奴隸在鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)象(xiang)九鼎這樣的(de)大型(xing)器(qi)(qi)件時(shi)(shi),一般是首先用(yong)(yong)質細的(de)泥土制(zhi)成(cheng)器(qi)(qi)范(fan),再用(yong)(yong)木炭作燃料,用(yong)(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)的(de)坩鍋(guo)冶煉銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),錫礦塊,最后將銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錫溶液注入(ru)范(fan)中,就成(cheng)為青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)。
但《左傳》中談到九鼎(ding)(ding)鑄造的(de)情況是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de):夏朝初(chu)年,大(da)禹(yu)劃(hua)天(tian)下為九州,州設州牧。后(hou)夏啟令九州牧貢獻青(qing)銅,鑄造九鼎(ding)(ding)。事先派人把全國(guo)各州的(de)名山(shan)大(da)川(chuan)、形勝之地(di)、奇異(yi)之物畫成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圖冊(ce),然后(hou)派精選出來的(de)著名工(gong)匠,將(jiang)這(zhe)(zhe)些畫仿刻于九鼎(ding)(ding)之身,以一(yi)鼎(ding)(ding)象征一(yi)州。所(suo)刻圖形亦反(fan)(fan)映(ying)該州山(shan)川(chuan)名勝之狀。九鼎(ding)(ding)象征九州,反(fan)(fan)映(ying)了(le)全國(guo)的(de)統一(yi)和王(wang)權(quan)(quan)的(de)高度(du)集中,顯示夏王(wang)已成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為天(tian)下之共(gong)主,是(shi)順應(ying)“天(tian)命”的(de)。正所(suo)謂:“普(pu)天(tian)之下,莫非(fei)王(wang)土,率(lv)土之濱(bin),莫非(fei)王(wang)臣。”從此,九州成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為中國(guo)的(de)代(dai)名詞(ci),“定(ding)鼎(ding)(ding)”,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為全國(guo)政權(quan)(quan)建立的(de)代(dai)名詞(ci)了(le)。
商(shang)(shang)湯逐走夏桀后(hou)(hou),將九鼎(ding)遷至其都。盤庚定都于殷后(hou)(hou),九鼎(ding)遷移至此(ci)。周(zhou)武王滅商(shang)(shang)后(hou)(hou),曾公開展示(shi)九鼎(ding)。周(zhou)成王即位后(hou)(hou),周(zhou)公旦營(ying)造雒邑,將九鼎(ding)遷至該城(cheng),依武王之(zhi)愿定鼎(ding)雒邑,并請(qing)成王親(qin)自(zi)主持祭禮,將九鼎(ding)安放在太(tai)廟之(zhi)中。
東周開始(shi)后,周朝王室衰(shuai)落,各諸侯開始(shi)覬覦王權。周定王時,楚莊王首次“問(wen)鼎之(zhi)輕重”,被周大夫王孫滿駁回(hui)。后楚靈王一度也動心問(wen)鼎,因國(guo)內發生(sheng)叛亂,未果。
秦(qin)惠王(wang)(wang)時,張儀制(zhi)定策(ce)略(lve),希(xi)望能奪(duo)得(de)九(jiu)鼎以號令諸(zhu)侯(hou),楚(chu)頃襄王(wang)(wang)與齊(qi)王(wang)(wang)亦希(xi)望爭奪(duo)寶鼎。周(zhou)赧王(wang)(wang)周(zhou)旋兩國以及(ji)魏(wei)國、韓國之間,使(shi)其相互制(zhi)約,保(bao)九(jiu)鼎不(bu)失。
關于九鼎的(de)下落,史(shi)家眾說紛壇,不一而足。
司(si)馬遷(qian)(qian)在(zai)他(ta)撰(zhuan)著的(de)《史(shi)記(ji)》一書中,對(dui)九(jiu)鼎(ding)的(de)記(ji)敘,就有出入,前(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)不(bu)一。如:在(zai)周、秦(qin)(qin)二“本紀”中說(shuo)(shuo),秦(qin)(qin)昭襄王(wang)五十(shi)二年(公元(yuan)前(qian)255年),周赧王(wang)死,秦(qin)(qin)從雒(luo)邑(yi)掠九(jiu)鼎(ding)入秦(qin)(qin)。但在(zai)《封禪書》中說(shuo)(shuo):“周德(de)衰,宋(song)之(zhi)(zhi)社(she)亡,鼎(ding)乃淪(lun)沒,伏(fu)而(er)不(bu)見(jian)。”由后(hou)(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)分析,九(jiu)鼎(ding)在(zai)秦(qin)(qin)滅周之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian),即“宋(song)之(zhi)(zhi)社(she)亡”時(shi)(shi),已經不(bu)見(jian);那么(me),前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)所述(shu)秦(qin)(qin)昭襄王(wang)五十(shi)二年,秦(qin)(qin)從雒(luo)邑(yi)掠九(jiu)鼎(ding)歸(gui)秦(qin)(qin),豈不(bu)是(shi)自相(xiang)矛盾(dun),令人費解!司(si)馬遷(qian)(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),東(dong)漢的(de)著名史(shi)學家班固,在(zai)其所著的(de)《漢書》中,對(dui)九(jiu)鼎(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)落,采取(qu)兼收(shou)并蓄之(zhi)(zhi)法,收(shou)錄了司(si)馬遷(qian)(qian)的(de)上述(shu)兩說(shuo)(shuo),同時(shi)(shi),又(you)補充了一條史(shi)料,說(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)在(zai)周顯(xian)王(wang)四十(shi)二年,即公元(yuan)前(qian)327年,九(jiu)鼎(ding)沉(chen)沒在(zai)彭(peng)城(今江(jiang)蘇徐州)泗(si)水之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)來秦(qin)(qin)始皇南巡之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi),派(pai)了幾(ji)千人在(zai)泗(si)水中進行打(da)撈,畢竟是(shi)江(jiang)水滔滔,無從覓處,只得徒(tu)勞而(er)返。
到了(le)清代,九(jiu)鼎(ding)之下落(luo)更加難以(yi)考察尋覓。后代史(shi)家(jia)只能(neng)隨意加以(yi)揣測了(le)。王(wang)(wang)先謙(qian)(qian)在(zai)《漢書補注·郊祀(si)志》中(zhong)(zhong)認為(wei):東周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)室在(zai)衰落(luo)的過程中(zhong)(zhong),已(yi)無力(li)(li)量保護自己。而戰(zhan)國時(shi)期各個(ge)實力(li)(li)雄厚的諸(zhu)侯國,卻虎視(shi)眈眈,力(li)(li)圖統一中(zhong)(zhong)國,取周(zhou)(zhou)而代之。因此(ci),象征王(wang)(wang)權(quan)和“天命所歸”的九(jiu)鼎(ding),自然成為(wei)各諸(zhu)侯必欲奪之的稀世國寶;加之此(ci)時(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)室財政困難,入不(bu)敷出(chu),于是銷(xiao)毀九(jiu)鼎(ding)以(yi)鑄銅錢,對外則詭稱九(jiu)鼎(ding)已(yi)不(bu)知(zhi)去向(xiang),甚至(zhi)說(shuo)其中(zhong)(zhong)一鼎(ding)已(yi)東飛沉人泗水(shui)之中(zhong)(zhong),免得諸(zhu)侯國興兵前來問鼎(ding),自找麻煩,王(wang)(wang)光謙(qian)(qian)的說(shuo)法雖(sui)似有理,但(dan)提不(bu)出(chu)任何一點史(shi)料加以(yi)證實,因此(ci),是使人難以(yi)置信的。
后世帝王亦曾屢次重鑄九鼎(ding),以武則(ze)天(tian)萬歲通(tong)天(tian)元年(nian)(nian)和宋徽宗崇(chong)寧三年(nian)(nian)兩次最(zui)為有名。
縱觀中國(guo)歷代(dai)史(shi)(shi)籍,關于(yu)九鼎下落的(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)雖多,但往(wang)往(wang)自相矛(mao)盾,提不出充分可靠的(de)(de)依據(ju),不禁(jin)讓人產(chan)生疑問:在地下埋藏的(de)(de)古物中,九鼎今(jin)天(tian)究竟是(shi)(shi)否還存(cun)在?在歷史(shi)(shi)上,根據(ju)歷代(dai)史(shi)(shi)書記(ji)載(zai)(zai),它確實曾作為夏、商、周三(san)代(dai)的(de)(de)鎮國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)寶,傳承了二千年(nian);并且,從未發(fa)現過古人關于(yu)它已銷毀的(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)記(ji)載(zai)(zai)。因(yin)此,九鼎的(de)(de)下落,至今(jin)仍是(shi)(shi)一個謎。或許(xu),今(jin)后(hou)會有揭破(po)這個千載(zai)(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)謎的(de)(de)一天(tian),那可能也是(shi)(shi)九鼎重見天(tian)日(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)時。
九(jiu)鼎,作為中國(guo)文明時代入口處的一塊里(li)程碑,已經遺失了2000多年,它們(men)能否(fou)突然破(po)土而出呢?這是(shi)人們(men)經常(chang)關(guan)心的一個問題。
中(zhong)國古代青銅(tong)工藝高度發達,傳(chuan)下了許多稀世之寶。然而(er)就歷(li)史價值(zhi)而(er)言,卻(que)沒有一件(jian)比得上夏朝(chao)的九鼎。后人(ren)將(jiang)爭奪政權稱(cheng)為“定鼎”,就是因為三代以來,九鼎一直被視為王權象征的緣故。
關于(yu)鑄造(zao)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding),《墨子·耕柱》曰:“昔日夏(xia)(xia)后開(啟)......九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)既成,遷于(yu)三(san)國(guo)(guo)。”三(san)國(guo)(guo)指夏(xia)(xia)、商、周。根(gen)據《左(zuo)傳》宣公三(san)年(公元前606年)的記載,夏(xia)(xia)朝初(chu)年,令(ling)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)州州牧貢銅,鑄造(zao)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding),事先將全國(guo)(guo)各地山川(chuan)奇(qi)異之物畫成圖形,然后分別刻于(yu)鼎(ding)身。九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)鑄成后,陳(chen)列于(yu)宮門之外,使人們一看便知道(dao)所(suo)去之處,有哪(na)些(xie)鬼神(shen)精(jing)怪,以避(bi)兇就吉,據說此舉深得上天的贊美,因而夏(xia)(xia)朝獲(huo)得了天帝的保佑。
九鼎(ding)一(yi)出世,就(jiu)(jiu)蒙上了(le)一(yi)層神秘色彩。其實,透(tou)過神話因素(su),就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)難看出它的政治價(jia)值。再以(yi)九州(zhou)之銅鑄(zhu)成九鼎(ding),再以(yi)九鼎(ding)象征九州(zhou),無(wu)非是要(yao)表明自(zi)己(ji)乃九州(zhou)之主,實現了(le)天(tian)下一(yi)統。
此后,九鼎便成了(le)三代(dai)傳(chuan)國(guo)之(zhi)寶。夏亡之(zhi)后,鼎遷于(yu)(yu)商,商亡之(zhi)后,鼎遷于(yu)(yu)周。周成王正(zheng)式定鼎于(yu)(yu)郟(今(jin)河南洛陽境內),表明天(tian)命之(zhi)所(suo)歸。
春秋時期,隨著王(wang)室(shi)力量(liang)的衰落,強大(da)的諸侯(hou)對(dui)九(jiu)鼎便產生了(le)覬覦之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)。公元前606年(nian),春秋五霸之(zhi)(zhi)一的楚莊(zhuang)王(wang),在整飭(chi)內政(zheng)(zheng),興修(xiu)水利,厲行(xing)改革,國富兵(bing)強的形勢(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)下,興兵(bing)攻擊陸渾(hun)之(zhi)(zhi)戎(rong),逼近雒邑的郊(jiao)外(wai),周(zhou)定王(wang)被迫派(pai)人為(wei)他舉行(xing)慰勞(lao)歡(huan)迎之(zhi)(zhi)禮,莊(zhuang)王(wang)“問(wen)鼎小大(da)輕(qing)重(zhong)”,表明了(le)他有滅周(zhou)的野(ye)心(xin)。從(cong)此,后人將爭奪政(zheng)(zheng)權,稱之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)“問(wen)鼎”。
《戰(zhan)國(guo)策》開篇東周(zhou)策一(yi)(yi)《秦(qin)興師臨周(zhou)求九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)章》就(jiu)(jiu)記載了(le)秦(qin)要侵(qin)略周(zhou)奪取(qu)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)的(de)故事。周(zhou)人顏(yan)率(lv)有謀略,先鼓動齊國(guo)幫助驅秦(qin),答應把九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)給齊國(guo),齊國(guo)來要,顏(yan)率(lv)便(bian)問齊王(wang)(wang)走哪(na)條路(lu),結果都(dou)不(bu)合(he)適,還(huan)說九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)個(ge)(ge),一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)要用九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)萬人,九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)八十一(yi)(yi)萬人方全能拉走,顏(yan)率(lv)又說:“今(jin)大(da)王(wang)(wang)縱有其(qi)人,何途之(zhi)(zhi)從(cong)(cong)而出?臣竊為(wei)大(da)王(wang)(wang)私憂之(zhi)(zhi)。”齊王(wang)(wang)曰:“子之(zhi)(zhi)數來者(zhe),猶無(wu)與耳。”顏(yan)率(lv)曰:“不(bu)敢欺大(da)國(guo),疾定(ding)所從(cong)(cong)出,弊邑遷鼎(ding)以待命。”齊王(wang)(wang)就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)再提拉九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)的(de)事了(le)。從(cong)(cong)這里看九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)真夠重的(de),不(bu)過一(yi)(yi)定(ding)有夸張(zhang),但(dan)從(cong)(cong)這個(ge)(ge)文獻(xian)看,九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)很重,還(huan)是(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)個(ge)(ge)。
《史(shi)記·周(zhou)本紀》:“定(ding)王元年,楚莊(zhuang)王伐陸渾之(zhi)戎,次洛,使人(ren)問九(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)。王使王孫滿應設以辭(ci),楚兵乃(nai)去(qu)。”《史(shi)記·封禪書》:“禹(yu)收九(jiu)(jiu)牧(mu)之(zhi)金(jin),鑄九(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)。皆嘗(chang)亨鬺(shang)上帝鬼(gui)神(shen)。遭圣則(ze)興,鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)遷于夏商。周(zhou)德衰,宋之(zhi)社亡(wang),鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)乃(nai)淪沒,伏而不見。”《史(shi)記·孝(xiao)武本紀》:“禹(yu)收九(jiu)(jiu)牧(mu)之(zhi)金(jin),鑄九(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding),皆嘗(chang)鬺(shang)烹上帝鬼(gui)神(shen)。”后亦以九(jiu)(jiu)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)借指國柄。
南朝宋謝瞻《張子房詩》:“力政吞(tun)九鼎,苛慝(ni)暴三(san)殤。”
宋楊(yang)萬里《讀嚴子陵傳(chuan)》詩(shi):“早遣(qian)阿瞞移九鼎,人(ren)間何處有嚴陵。”
明馮夢(meng)龍《東周列國志》第五十一(yi)回:“寡人聞(wen)大禹鑄有九鼎,三代相傳(chuan),以為世(shi)寶,今(jin)在雒陽。不知鼎形大小與其輕(qing)重何如(ru)?寡人愿一(yi)聞(wen)之!”
清龔自珍《妙法(fa)蓮華(hua)經四十(shi)二問》:“諸(zhu)經有《法(fa)華(hua)》,王者(zhe)之(zhi)有九鼎,家業之(zhi)有總帳(zhang)簿也。”
三國魏(wei)曹丕《與鐘繇五(wu)熟(shu)釜(fu)書》:"昔有黃三鼎﹐周之九(jiu)寶(bao)﹐咸以一體﹐使調(diao)一味。"詳(xiang)"九(jiu)鼎"。
《史(shi)記·平原君虞卿列傳》:“毛先(xian)生一至(zhi)(zhi)楚,而使趙重(zhong)於九鼎大呂。”司馬貞索(suo)隱:“言(yan)毛遂(sui)至(zhi)(zhi)楚,使趙重(zhong)於九鼎大呂,言(yan)為天下所重(zhong)也。”
宋黃庭堅(jian)《次(ci)韻答叔原會寂照房(fang)呈稚(zhi)川》:“聲名九鼎重,冠蓋(gai)萬(wan)夫(fu)望。”
明張(zhang)煌(huang)言(yan)《懷古》詩:“人定能勝天(tian),一言(yan)重九鼎。”
1912年國民(min)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)建立(li),陸軍(jun)部(bu)制定《勛(xun)章(zhang)章(zhang)程》,規定勛(xun)章(zhang)種(zhong)(zhong)類為九(jiu)鼎虎(hu)羆醒獅三種(zhong)(zhong),每種(zhong)(zhong)各分九(jiu)等。此后還公(gong)布過一些(xie)勛(xun)章(zhang),國民(min)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)奠都南京后,上述勛(xun)章(zhang)全部(bu)廢(fei)止(zhi)。
1、相傳(chuan)夏禹鑄(zhu)九鼎(ding)(ding),象征(zheng)九州(zhou),夏商(shang)周三(san)代(dai)奉為(wei)象征(zheng)國(guo)(guo)家政(zheng)權的傳(chuan)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)寶。戰國(guo)(guo)時,秦楚皆(jie)有(you)興師到周都(dou)雒陽問(wen)鼎(ding)(ding)之(zhi)事。周顯王時,九鼎(ding)(ding)沒於泗水下(xia)。唐武后、宋徽宗也曾鑄(zhu)九鼎(ding)(ding)。
①《史記·周本紀》:“定王元年,楚莊(zhuang)王伐陸渾之戎,次(ci)洛,使(shi)人問(wen)九鼎。王使(shi)王孫滿應設以辭,楚兵乃(nai)去。”
②《史記·封禪書(shu)》:“禹(yu)收九(jiu)牧(mu)之金,鑄九(jiu)鼎(ding)。皆嘗(chang)亨鬺上帝鬼神。遭圣則興,鼎(ding)遷于夏商。周德衰,宋之社亡,鼎(ding)乃(nai)淪沒,伏而不見。”
③《史記·孝武本紀》:“禹(yu)收九(jiu)牧之金,鑄九(jiu)鼎(ding),皆嘗鬺(shang)烹上帝鬼神。”后亦以九(jiu)鼎(ding)借指國柄。
④南朝宋(song)謝(xie)瞻《張子房詩》:“力政吞九鼎,苛(ke)慝暴(bao)三殤。”
⑤宋楊萬里《讀嚴子陵傳(chuan)》詩:“早遣(qian)阿瞞移九鼎,人間何處(chu)有嚴陵。”
⑥明馮夢(meng)龍《東(dong)周列國志》第五十(shi)一(yi)回:“寡人(ren)聞大禹鑄有九鼎,三代相傳,以(yi)為(wei)世寶,今在雒陽。不知鼎形大小(xiao)與其輕重(zhong)何如?寡人(ren)愿一(yi)聞之!”
⑦清龔(gong)自珍《妙(miao)法(fa)蓮華經四十二(er)問》:“諸經有(you)(you)《法(fa)華》,王者(zhe)之有(you)(you)九(jiu)鼎,家業之有(you)(you)總(zong)帳簿也。”
⑧三國(guo)魏曹丕《與鐘(zhong)繇(zhou)五熟(shu)釜書(shu)》:"昔有黃三鼎﹐周之(zhi)九寶(bao)﹐咸以一(yi)體﹐使(shi)調一(yi)味。"詳"九鼎"。
⑨《文選·陸機》:“在周(zhou)之衰,難興王室,放命(ming)者七臣(chen),干位(wei)者三子,嗣王委其九鼎,兇(xiong)族據其天邑,鉦(zheng)鼙(pi)震(zhen)於閫宇,鋒鏑流乎絳闕,然禍止畿(ji)甸(dian),害不覃及。”劉良注:“畿(ji)甸(dian),近國(guo)也。”
2、喻分量重。
①《史記·平(ping)原君(jun)虞(yu)卿列傳》:“毛先生一(yi)至楚(chu),而使(shi)趙重(zhong)於九鼎大呂(lv)。”司馬貞索隱:“言(yan)毛遂至楚(chu),使(shi)趙重(zhong)於九鼎大呂(lv),言(yan)為(wei)天(tian)下所重(zhong)也。”
②宋黃(huang)庭堅《次韻答叔原會寂照房呈稚川》:“聲(sheng)名九(jiu)鼎重(zhong),冠蓋萬夫(fu)望。”
③明張(zhang)煌言《懷古》詩:“人定(ding)能(neng)勝天,一(yi)言重九鼎。”