唐前期(qi),軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)以(yi)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)為(wei)(wei)主體,同時(shi)還有北衙禁 軍(jun)(jun)、兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)、邊(bian)防軍(jun)(jun),以(yi)及(ji)不脫離生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)團(tuan)結(jie)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng)。 府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。泛(fan)指軍(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)統(tong)領(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)士,是唐前期(qi)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主體。高(gao)祖(zu)武德 二年(619),開(kai)始恢復府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)組(zu)織,設驃騎(qi)、車騎(qi)軍(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)若干、貞觀十(shi)年 (636),太宗(zong)整頓府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),軍(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)更名為(wei)(wei)折(zhe)沖府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。全(quan)國(guo)(guo)折(zhe)沖府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)最多(duo)時(shi)有 633(或(huo)(huo)(huo)634)個,其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)關內道(dao)261個,占全(quan)國(guo)(guo)總府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)數40%以(yi)上(shang),其(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci) 是河東、河南兩道(dao),其(qi)(qi)(qi)他各(ge)道(dao)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)數很(hen)少(shao),形成了軍(jun)(jun)事上(shang)居重(zhong)馭輕的(de)(de)(de)(de) 局面。中(zhong)央(yang)統(tong)領(ling)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)二衛(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)東宮六率。十(shi)二衛(wei)(wei)(wei)即(ji)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)驍衛(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)武衛(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)威衛(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)金吾衛(wei)(wei)(wei)。諳(an)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)大(da)(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)各(ge)一人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)各(ge)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。左(zuo)(zuo)、右(you)(you)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)皆領(ling)60府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)他諸衛(wei)(wei)(wei)領(ling)40~50 府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。東宮六率即(ji)太子左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)率、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)司(si)御(yu)率、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)清道(dao)率,各(ge)領(ling)3~ 5府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。折(zhe)沖府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)分上(shang)、中(zhong)、下三等(deng)(deng),上(shang)等(deng)(deng)1200人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),中(zhong)等(deng)(deng)1000人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),下等(deng)(deng) 800人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。每(mei)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)置(zhi)折(zhe)沖都尉為(wei)(wei)長,左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)果毅都尉各(ge)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)副。每(mei)軍(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu) 轄4~6團(tuan),團(tuan)200人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(有時(shi)以(yi)300人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)團(tuan)),團(tuan)設校(xiao)尉。每(mei)團(tuan)轄2 旅(lv),旅(lv)100人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),旅(lv)設旅(lv)帥。每(mei)旅(lv)轄2隊(dui)(dui),隊(dui)(dui)50人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),隊(dui)(dui)設隊(dui)(dui)正。每(mei)隊(dui)(dui)分 為(wei)(wei)5火(huo),火(huo)10人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),火(huo)置(zhi)火(huo)長。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)總稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)士,善弓馬者為(wei)(wei)越騎(qi), 余為(wei)(wei)步兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、排矛(mao)手、步射(she)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)平(ping)時(shi)講(jiang)武習(xi)射(she),上(shang)番前進行(xing)試(shi)閱,每(mei) 年冬季由軍(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)組(zu)織教戰(zhan)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要任(ren)(ren)務是輪(lun)流(liu)到京(jing)(jing)師長安(an)(an)宿(su)衛(wei)(wei)(wei),其(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci)是出(chu)征(zheng)作 戰(zhan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)戍守邊(bian)防 府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing) 上(shang)番,按距(ju)長 安(an)(an)遠近確定(ding)番 期(qi),如500里 內五番,1000 里七番,1500 里八番,即(ji)將(jiang)全(quan)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)士分成5組(zu),7組(zu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)8組(zu),輪(lun)流(liu)到京(jing)(jing)師宿(su)衛(wei)(wei)(wei),每(mei)番一個月,期(qi)滿后返(fan)回軍(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)服役(yi)和(he)從(cong)事農業(ye)生(sheng)產密切結(jie)合,體現了兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)農合 一的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史特點,既減(jian)輕了國(guo)(guo)家經費開(kai)支、又保證(zheng)了農業(ye)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)進 行(xing)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是建(jian)立(li)在均(jun)田制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基礎之上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。高(gao)宗(zong)以(yi)后,土(tu)地兼并日重(zhong), 均(jun)田制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遭(zao)到破壞,加之士兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)逃散,府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)急劇衰落,府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)土(tu)崩瓦解(jie)。 兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)莫。是唐前期(qi)臨(lin)時(shi)征(zheng)募(mu)民丁組(zu)建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui).又叫募(mu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、征(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、募(mu) 兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。一般選取富戶多(duo)丁、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)材驍勇(yong)者充當,舉薦前資官(guan)(非現任(ren)(ren)文(wen)武 官(guan))、勛官(guan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)有才能的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)任(ren)(ren)各(ge)級將(jiang)領(ling)。兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝備(bei)由當地政府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)供給, 不足則由本人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)自備(bei)或(huo)(huo)(huo)由親鄰互(hu)相資助。由于府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)主要分番赴(fu)京(jing)(jing)師 宿(su)衛(wei)(wei)(wei),從(cong)事征(zheng)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)員有限(xian),所以(yi)多(duo)次(ci)征(zheng)戰(zhan)主要征(zheng)發兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)進行(xing),如 高(gao)宗(zong)征(zheng)伐(fa)遼東,一次(ci)出(chu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)50余萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),大(da)(da)多(duo)是兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)。玄(xuan)宗(zong)時(shi)沿(yan)邊(bian)鎮兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)60余萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比重(zhong)很(hen)大(da)(da)。兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)戍邊(bian)年限(xian)不固定(ding),有時(shi)長達 五六年。
除十二衛(wei)所領上番府兵(bing)(南衙禁軍(jun))保衛(wei)京(jing)城外,還有單獨組建(jian)守衛(wei)宮禁的北衙禁軍(jun)。北衙禁軍(jun)原(yuan)為(wei)元從禁軍(jun),后(hou)來改(gai)從衛(wei) 士簡補或(huo)召募(mu)。太宗(zong)于玄武(wu)(wu)(wu)門置(zhi)左(zuo)右屯營,號稱(cheng)“飛騎(qi)”,挑選其中 驍健善射者百人名為(wei)“百騎(qi),武(wu)(wu)(wu)后(hou)再(zai)擴大為(wei)“千騎(qi)”,中宗(zong)又改(gai)名 為(wei)“萬騎(qi)”。高宗(zong)、玄宗(zong)又分(fen)別建(jian)立左(zuo)右羽林(lin)軍(jun)、左(zuo)右龍武(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun),官員、 名稱(cheng)與諸(zhu)衛(wei)相同。此后(hou),肅宗(zong)置(zhi)左(zuo)右神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)。史籍統稱(cheng)左(zuo)右羽林(lin)、 龍武(wu)(wu)(wu)、神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)六軍(jun)。
各邊(bian)(bian)(bian)防軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事機構分(fen)為(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、守捉(zhuo)(zhuo)、鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、戍(shu)(shu)所轄(xia)的屯(tun)戍(shu)(shu)部隊。其中(zhong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、 戍(shu)(shu)各分(fen)上中(zhong)下(xia)三等:500人(ren)為(wei)(wei)上鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),300人(ren)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),不(bu)足300人(ren)為(wei)(wei)下(xia) 鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen);50人(ren)為(wei)(wei)上戍(shu)(shu),30人(ren)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)戍(shu)(shu),不(bu)足30人(ren)為(wei)(wei)下(xia)戍(shu)(shu)。每鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、戍(shu)(shu)分(fen)別置(zhi) 鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)將、鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)副,戍(shu)(shu)主(zhu)、戍(shu)(shu)副各一(yi)人(ren)。軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、守捉(zhuo)(zhuo)自(zi)高宗(zong)起逐(zhu)漸增多。各置(zhi)使(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)副使(shi)(shi),所領(ling)兵數比鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、戍(shu)(shu)多。隨著邊(bian)(bian)(bian)防線的延長和(he)(he)戰爭的頻繁,遂設節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)境區域性的最(zui)高長官(guan)。景云二年(711),首以(yi)賀拔延嗣為(wei)(wei)河(he)西(xi)節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi),即軍(jun)(jun)(jun)區的固定長官(guan),至天寶九(jiu)(jiu)年,沿(yan)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)地區已有安西(xi)、北庭、河(he)西(xi)、朔方、河(he)東、范陽、平盧、隴(long)右、劍南(nan)、嶺南(nan)九(jiu)(jiu)節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)、一(yi)經略(lve)使(shi)(shi)。節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)所轄(xia)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、守捉(zhuo)(zhuo)、鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、戊的邊(bian)(bian)(bian)防體制更加完備。
又稱(cheng)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)練兵(bing)(bing),土團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan),是由各州刺史統掌的不(bu)長期(qi)脫(tuo)離生產的地方武裝。武后萬歲通天(tian)元年(nian)(696),為防御契丹的需要,始(shi) 于(yu)山東近邊諸州置(zhi)武騎(qi)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)兵(bing)(bing)。圣歷(li)元年(nian)(698),河南(nan)、河北置(zhi)武騎(qi)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)防備(bei)突(tu)厥:每150戶征兵(bing)(bing)15人,馬一匹(pi)。代宗大(da)歷(li)十二年(nian)(777)規定(ding),團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)結兵(bing)(bing)春(chun)夏歸農,秋冬追(zhui)集,服役(yi)期(qi)間發給身糧醬菜。各地征召的數量也越(yue)來越(yue)多。團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)結兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)入軍(jun)籍(ji),一般在本境內防守或應調(diao)配合作戰,軍(jun)事(shi)任務結束即回(hui)鄉耕種。
主要是神(shen)策(ce)六軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、藩鎮(zhen)兵。神(shen)策(ce)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),原先是隴(long)右洮州的(de)(de)(de)一支邊軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。安史(shi)亂(luan)起(qi),神(shen)策(ce)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)千余人奔赴中(zhong)(zhong)原平叛,屯(tun)(tun)駐(zhu)陜州,后(hou)進入長安禁苑升為(wei)(wei)天(tian)子禁軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。貞元(yuan)十二年(796年),分神(shen)策(ce)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)左(zuo)、右兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),命宦(huan)官(guan)竇文場、霍(huo)仙鳴為(wei)(wei)左(zuo)、右神(shen)策(ce)護軍(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)(zhong)尉(wei),從此開創宦(huan)官(guan)統領神(shen)策(ce)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)固定制度。宦(huan)官(guan)還進一步控制了(le)人數不(bu)多的(de)(de)(de)左(zuo)右羽林(lin)、左(zuo)右龍武(wu)、左(zuo)右神(shen)武(wu)等六軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。神(shen)策(ce)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在宦(huan)官(guan)的(de)(de)(de)統領下,賞賜優(you)厚,其將吏升遷也(ye)遠超其余諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun),極盛時發展到(dao)18萬余人,分別屯(tun)(tun)駐(zhu)于京(jing)師(shi)及(ji)京(jing)西(xi)北諸鎮(zhen),在保衛(wei)唐王朝及(ji)平定地方動(dong)亂(luan)中(zhong)(zhong)起(qi)過重要的(de)(de)(de)作用。至唐末,經過黃(huang)巢起(qi)義(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)打擊和朱溫的(de)(de)(de)誅(zhu)殺,被殲滅殆盡,最終被解(jie)散。
藩鎮(zhen)(zhen)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),即節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)統領的軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊。唐后期(qi),全國有四五十個(ge)藩鎮(zhen)(zhen),各藩鎮(zhen)(zhen)節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)都(dou)擁有軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊,少(shao)則數千,多至10萬人。各藩鍺(zang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),由 于屯駐地(di)區與擔(dan)負(fu)任務(wu)不同,分為牙兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(又稱中(zhong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、牙中(zhong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、牙內兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),屯駐在節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)治所)、牙外(wai)(wai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(又稱外(wai)(wai)營兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),屯駐在節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)治所的外(wai)(wai)城)、外(wai)(wai)鎮(zhen)(zhen)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(屯駐藩鎮(zhen)(zhen)屬(shu)郡關津要地(di))等。牙兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)系節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)的親 兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),人數較多,戰斗力強,給唐朝社會、政(zheng)治造成(cheng)很大(da)的影響。如河 朔三鎮(zhen)(zhen)牙軍(jun)(jun)(jun),長期(qi)父子世襲,互通(tong)婚(hun)姻,享有種(zhong)種(zhong)政(zheng)治、經濟(ji)特(te)權, 形成(cheng)桀驁不馴的驕兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)集團(tuan)。動輒發(fa)起兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)變,驅逐(zhu)將帥,或支持節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)竊地(di)割據(ju),反抗(kang)朝廷,危害極為嚴重。