唐前(qian)期(qi),軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊以(yi)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)為主(zhu)體,同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)還有(you)北衙禁 軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)、邊防(fang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),以(yi)及(ji)不脫離生產的(de)(de)(de)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)結兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)。 府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。泛(fan)指軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)統(tong)領的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)士(shi)(shi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)唐前(qian)期(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體。高(gao)祖武(wu)(wu)(wu)德 二(er)(er)年(nian)(619),開始恢復府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)組(zu)織(zhi),設(she)驃騎、車騎軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)若干(gan)、貞觀(guan)十(shi)年(nian) (636),太(tai)宗(zong)整頓府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi),軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)更(geng)名為折(zhe)沖(chong)(chong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。全(quan)(quan)國折(zhe)沖(chong)(chong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)最(zui)多(duo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you) 633(或634)個,其(qi)中(zhong)關內道(dao)(dao)261個,占全(quan)(quan)國總(zong)(zong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)數40%以(yi)上(shang)(shang),其(qi)次(ci) 是(shi)(shi)(shi)河東(dong)、河南(nan)兩道(dao)(dao),其(qi)他各(ge)(ge)(ge)道(dao)(dao)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)數很(hen)少(shao),形(xing)成了(le)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)上(shang)(shang)居重(zhong)馭輕(qing)的(de)(de)(de) 局面。中(zhong)央統(tong)領府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)二(er)(er)衛(wei)(wei)和東(dong)宮六(liu)率。十(shi)二(er)(er)衛(wei)(wei)即(ji)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)衛(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)驍衛(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)武(wu)(wu)(wu)衛(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)威衛(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)領軍(jun)(jun)(jun)衛(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)金吾(wu)衛(wei)(wei)。諳衛(wei)(wei)置大(da)(da)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)各(ge)(ge)(ge)一人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)各(ge)(ge)(ge)二(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。左(zuo)、右(you)(you)(you)衛(wei)(wei)皆領60府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),其(qi)他諸衛(wei)(wei)領40~50 府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。東(dong)宮六(liu)率即(ji)太(tai)子左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)衛(wei)(wei)率、左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)司御(yu)率、左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)清(qing)道(dao)(dao)率,各(ge)(ge)(ge)領3~ 5府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。折(zhe)沖(chong)(chong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)分上(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)、下三等(deng),上(shang)(shang)等(deng)1200人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),中(zhong)等(deng)1000人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),下等(deng) 800人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。每(mei)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)置折(zhe)沖(chong)(chong)都尉(wei)為長,左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)果(guo)毅都尉(wei)各(ge)(ge)(ge)二(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為副。每(mei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu) 轄4~6團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan),團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)200人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(有(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)300人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)),團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)設(she)校尉(wei)。每(mei)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)轄2 旅,旅100人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),旅設(she)旅帥。每(mei)旅轄2隊,隊50人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),隊設(she)隊正。每(mei)隊分 為5火(huo),火(huo)10人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),火(huo)置火(huo)長。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)總(zong)(zong)稱(cheng)為衛(wei)(wei)士(shi)(shi),善弓馬者(zhe)為越騎, 余為步兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、排矛(mao)手、步射(she)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)平時(shi)(shi)(shi)講(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)習射(she),上(shang)(shang)番(fan)前(qian)進行試閱,每(mei) 年(nian)冬季由軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)組(zu)織(zhi)教(jiao)戰(zhan)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要任(ren)務是(shi)(shi)(shi)輪流(liu)到京師長安(an)宿(su)衛(wei)(wei),其(qi)次(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)出(chu)(chu)征作 戰(zhan)或戍守邊防(fang) 府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing) 上(shang)(shang)番(fan),按距長 安(an)遠近確定番(fan) 期(qi),如500里(li) 內五(wu)番(fan),1000 里(li)七番(fan),1500 里(li)八番(fan),即(ji)將全(quan)(quan)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)士(shi)(shi)分成5組(zu),7組(zu)或8組(zu),輪流(liu)到京師宿(su)衛(wei)(wei),每(mei)番(fan)一個月,期(qi)滿后(hou)返回(hui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)服役和從(cong)事(shi)農(nong)(nong)業生產密切結合(he),體現(xian)了(le)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)農(nong)(nong)合(he) 一的(de)(de)(de)歷史特點,既(ji)減(jian)輕(qing)了(le)國家經費(fei)開支、又保證了(le)農(nong)(nong)業生產的(de)(de)(de)進 行。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)建立在均田制(zhi)基礎之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)。高(gao)宗(zong)以(yi)后(hou),土地兼并日重(zhong), 均田制(zhi)遭到破壞,加之(zhi)士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)逃散,府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi)急劇(ju)衰(shuai)落,府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)土崩瓦(wa)解。 兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)莫(mo)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)唐前(qian)期(qi)臨時(shi)(shi)(shi)征募(mu)(mu)民丁組(zu)建的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊.又叫(jiao)募(mu)(mu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、征人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、募(mu)(mu) 兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。一般選取富(fu)戶多(duo)丁、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)材(cai)驍勇者(zhe)充當,舉薦前(qian)資官(guan)(guan)(非現(xian)任(ren)文武(wu)(wu)(wu) 官(guan)(guan))、勛官(guan)(guan)或有(you)才能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)任(ren)各(ge)(ge)(ge)級將領。兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)備由當地政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)供(gong)給, 不足則(ze)由本人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)自備或由親鄰互(hu)相(xiang)資助。由于府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)主(zhu)要分番(fan)赴京師 宿(su)衛(wei)(wei),從(cong)事(shi)征成的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)員有(you)限(xian),所以(yi)多(duo)次(ci)征戰(zhan)主(zhu)要征發兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)進行,如 高(gao)宗(zong)征伐遼東(dong),一次(ci)出(chu)(chu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)50余萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),大(da)(da)多(duo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)。玄宗(zong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)沿邊鎮兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)60余萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),其(qi)中(zhong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)很(hen)大(da)(da)。兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)戍邊年(nian)限(xian)不固(gu)定,有(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)長達 五(wu)六(liu)年(nian)。
除十二衛(wei)(wei)所領上番府(fu)兵(bing)(南衙(ya)禁軍(jun))保衛(wei)(wei)京(jing)城外,還有單獨組(zu)建守衛(wei)(wei)宮禁的北(bei)衙(ya)禁軍(jun)。北(bei)衙(ya)禁軍(jun)原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)元(yuan)從(cong)禁軍(jun),后(hou)來改從(cong)衛(wei)(wei) 士簡補或召募。太宗于(yu)玄武(wu)門置左(zuo)右屯營,號稱(cheng)“飛騎(qi)”,挑(tiao)選其中 驍健善(shan)射者百(bai)人(ren)名為(wei)(wei)“百(bai)騎(qi),武(wu)后(hou)再擴大為(wei)(wei)“千騎(qi)”,中宗又(you)改名 為(wei)(wei)“萬騎(qi)”。高宗、玄宗又(you)分別建立左(zuo)右羽林軍(jun)、左(zuo)右龍(long)武(wu)軍(jun),官員、 名稱(cheng)與諸衛(wei)(wei)相(xiang)同。此后(hou),肅宗置左(zuo)右神(shen)武(wu)軍(jun)。史籍統(tong)稱(cheng)左(zuo)右羽林、 龍(long)武(wu)、神(shen)武(wu)為(wei)(wei)六軍(jun)。
各(ge)邊(bian)防(fang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事機(ji)構分為(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、守(shou)捉、鎮、戍(shu)(shu)所轄的(de)屯戍(shu)(shu)部隊。其中(zhong)鎮、 戍(shu)(shu)各(ge)分上(shang)中(zhong)下(xia)三(san)等:500人(ren)(ren)為(wei)上(shang)鎮,300人(ren)(ren)為(wei)中(zhong)鎮,不足(zu)300人(ren)(ren)為(wei)下(xia) 鎮;50人(ren)(ren)為(wei)上(shang)戍(shu)(shu),30人(ren)(ren)為(wei)中(zhong)戍(shu)(shu),不足(zu)30人(ren)(ren)為(wei)下(xia)戍(shu)(shu)。每鎮、戍(shu)(shu)分別置(zhi)(zhi) 鎮將、鎮副(fu),戍(shu)(shu)主(zhu)、戍(shu)(shu)副(fu)各(ge)一人(ren)(ren)。軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、守(shou)捉自(zi)高宗起(qi)逐漸(jian)增多。各(ge)置(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)和副(fu)使(shi),所領兵(bing)數比鎮、戍(shu)(shu)多。隨(sui)著邊(bian)防(fang)線的(de)延(yan)長(chang)(chang)和戰爭的(de)頻繁,遂設節(jie)度(du)使(shi)為(wei)邊(bian)境(jing)區域性的(de)最高長(chang)(chang)官(guan)。景云(yun)二年(nian)(nian)(711),首以賀拔(ba)延(yan)嗣為(wei)河(he)西(xi)節(jie)度(du)使(shi),即軍(jun)(jun)(jun)區的(de)固定(ding)長(chang)(chang)官(guan),至天(tian)寶九(jiu)年(nian)(nian),沿邊(bian)地(di)區已有安西(xi)、北庭、河(he)西(xi)、朔方、河(he)東、范陽(yang)、平盧、隴右、劍南(nan)、嶺南(nan)九(jiu)節(jie)度(du)使(shi)、一經略使(shi)。節(jie)度(du)使(shi)所轄軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、守(shou)捉、鎮、戊的(de)邊(bian)防(fang)體制(zhi)更加(jia)完(wan)備。
又稱(cheng)團(tuan)(tuan)練兵(bing),土團(tuan)(tuan),是由各(ge)州(zhou)刺(ci)史統掌的(de)(de)不長期脫離生產的(de)(de)地方武(wu)裝。武(wu)后萬歲通天元年(696),為防御契丹的(de)(de)需要,始 于(yu)山東近邊諸州(zhou)置武(wu)騎團(tuan)(tuan)兵(bing)。圣(sheng)歷元年(698),河南、河北置武(wu)騎團(tuan)(tuan)防備(bei)突厥:每(mei)150戶(hu)征(zheng)兵(bing)15人,馬一匹。代宗大(da)歷十二年(777)規定,團(tuan)(tuan)結兵(bing)春夏歸農,秋(qiu)冬追集,服役期間發給身糧(liang)醬菜。各(ge)地征(zheng)召的(de)(de)數量(liang)也(ye)越來越多。團(tuan)(tuan)結兵(bing)不入軍籍,一般在本境內(nei)防守(shou)或應調(diao)配合作戰,軍事任務結束即回鄉耕種。
主要是神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)六軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、藩鎮(zhen)兵。神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),原先是隴右(you)洮州的(de)(de)一(yi)支邊(bian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。安(an)史亂起,神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)千余(yu)(yu)人奔赴(fu)中(zhong)原平叛,屯駐(zhu)(zhu)陜州,后進入長安(an)禁苑升為(wei)天子禁軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。貞元十二年(nian)(796年(nian)),分神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)左(zuo)、右(you)兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),命宦(huan)官竇文場、霍仙鳴為(wei)左(zuo)、右(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)護軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)尉,從此開(kai)創宦(huan)官統領(ling)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)固定(ding)制度。宦(huan)官還進一(yi)步控制了人數不多的(de)(de)左(zuo)右(you)羽林(lin)、左(zuo)右(you)龍(long)武、左(zuo)右(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)武等六軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在宦(huan)官的(de)(de)統領(ling)下,賞賜優厚,其將吏(li)升遷也(ye)遠超其余(yu)(yu)諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),極盛時(shi)發展到18萬余(yu)(yu)人,分別屯駐(zhu)(zhu)于京師及京西(xi)北諸鎮(zhen),在保(bao)衛(wei)唐(tang)王朝及平定(ding)地方動(dong)亂中(zhong)起過(guo)重要的(de)(de)作用。至唐(tang)末,經過(guo)黃巢起義軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)打擊和朱(zhu)溫的(de)(de)誅殺,被殲滅(mie)殆盡,最(zui)終被解散。
藩(fan)鎮軍(jun)(jun)(jun),即節(jie)(jie)度使(shi)統領(ling)的軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊。唐后期,全國有(you)四(si)五十個藩(fan)鎮,各(ge)藩(fan)鎮節(jie)(jie)度使(shi)都擁有(you)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊,少(shao)則(ze)數(shu)千,多至(zhi)10萬人(ren)。各(ge)藩(fan)鍺兵(bing)(bing),由 于屯駐地(di)區與擔負任務不同,分為牙兵(bing)(bing)(又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)中軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、牙中軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、牙內兵(bing)(bing),屯駐在節(jie)(jie)度使(shi)治(zhi)所)、牙外軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)外營兵(bing)(bing),屯駐在節(jie)(jie)度使(shi)治(zhi)所的外城)、外鎮兵(bing)(bing)(屯駐藩(fan)鎮屬郡關(guan)津要(yao)地(di))等(deng)。牙兵(bing)(bing)系節(jie)(jie)度使(shi)的親 兵(bing)(bing),人(ren)數(shu)較(jiao)多,戰斗(dou)力強,給唐朝社會(hui)、政(zheng)治(zhi)造成很大的影(ying)響。如河 朔三鎮牙軍(jun)(jun)(jun),長期父(fu)子(zi)世襲,互通婚(hun)姻(yin),享有(you)種種政(zheng)治(zhi)、經濟特(te)權, 形成桀驁不馴的驕兵(bing)(bing)集團。動輒發起兵(bing)(bing)變,驅逐將帥,或支持節(jie)(jie)度使(shi)竊地(di)割據,反抗(kang)朝廷,危害極為嚴重。