長白石(shi),又稱(cheng)長白玉、馬鹿玉,也(ye)稱(cheng)長白五彩石(shi),產于吉林省(sheng)長白縣馬鹿溝一(yi)帶(dai)。該石(shi)石(shi)質(zhi)細膩致密,溫潤潔凈,堅而不(bu)頑;顏(yan)色有(you)綠、黃(huang)、青、藍、深褐(he)、紫(zi)紅、灰白等;紋(wen)理自然流暢,各色混生形成卷紋(wen)、流紋(wen)、蟒紋(wen)、龜紋(wen)、流霞紋(wen)等;光澤度(du)好,多(duo)為微(wei)透明(ming)至半透明(ming),少數透明(ming);折射率(lv)約1.56~1.60;摩氏硬度(du)約2~2.5度(du),斷口呈(cheng)貝殼(ke)狀,密度(du)約為2.0~2.8。
長(chang)白石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主要形成(cheng)于距(ju)今1.3億(yi)多年前,由火(huo)山碎屑物質沉積、交代而成(cheng),其主要成(cheng)分(fen)有葉蠟石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、高嶺石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、地(di)(di)開石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等。有的長(chang)白石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因局部(bu)硅化(hua)(hua)(hua)或(huo)含(han)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英構成(cheng)"石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)釘",或(huo)含(han)金屬礦物構成(cheng)"鐵釘",而局部(bu)受綠(lv)泥石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、絹(juan)云(yun)母化(hua)(hua)(hua)、高嶺石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)則導致質地(di)(di)變軟,均有損于長(chang)白石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的質量。優質長(chang)白石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質地(di)(di)脂潤(run),色彩(cai)(cai)俊俏,紋飾秀麗,柔而易攻,尤以質地(di)(di)純凈透(tou)明度高者(zhe)(凍石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))為(wei)佳。長(chang)白石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)俏色分(fen)明,色彩(cai)(cai)對比強烈,是常用(yong)于印(yin)章(zhang)和雕刻的理(li)想石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料,又稱(cheng)"印(yin)章(zhang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)",亦可用(yong)來(lai)雕制工藝品。
長白石產于吉(ji)林省白山市長白朝(chao)鮮族自治縣馬鹿溝一(yi)帶(dai)。
長(chang)白(bai)(bai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)又分(fen)為地(di)開(kai)(kai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和高(gao)嶺石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩大類。地(di)開(kai)(kai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)凍石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),顏(yan)色(se)(se)俊俏(qiao),花紋(wen)奇特而美麗,是(shi)目前僅有的(de)(de)一(yi)類品種,珍(zhen)貴無比,其(qi)中(zhong)偶有透明的(de)(de)晶(jing)體石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),多呈灰(hui)藍諸色(se)(se),但質(zhi)材較(jiao)小,一(yi)側偶有小米粒大小的(de)(de)鋁質(zhi)結晶(jing)沉積(ji)分(fen)布;無花紋(wen)者瑩潤(run)細(xi)膩(ni),顏(yan)色(se)(se)純正。高(gao)嶺石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)彩(cai)色(se)(se)印石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),花色(se)(se)繁(fan)多,紋(wen)理多樣,構成了(le)長(chang)白(bai)(bai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)難以數記(ji)的(de)(de)品種。目前能叫出名字(zi)的(de)(de)長(chang)白(bai)(bai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)已逾百種,各具特色(se)(se),且以透明的(de)(de)晶(jing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和半透明的(de)(de)凍石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居多,肌理晶(jing)瑩、堅(jian)韌光潔。其(qi)名貴品種有白(bai)(bai)墨(mo)、長(chang)白(bai)(bai)綠凍、長(chang)白(bai)(bai)燈光凍、長(chang)白(bai)(bai)根、長(chang)白(bai)(bai)蘭(lan)、地(di)圖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、翡翠花斑、高(gao)梁(liang)紅等,如蘭(lan)天凍、蘭(lan)花青田(tian)、白(bai)(bai)芙蓉、艾葉綠、虎皮(pi)凍等罕見(jian)名品也有發現。 它(ta)是(shi)繼壽(shou)山(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、青田(tian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)后的(de)(de)新興規模較(jiao)大、品類繁(fan)多、適宜做為印章篆刻、工藝雕刻的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料。