金(jin)錢龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)學名為(wei)(wei)三線閉殼龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(Cuora trifasciata),別名紅邊龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、紅肚龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、斷板(ban)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、金(jin)頭龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)等,隸屬(shu)于(yu)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)鱉目(Testudines)、龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)科(Emydidae)、淡水龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)亞科(Batagurinae)、閉殼龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)屬(shu)(Cuora)。主要分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)我國(guo)的(de)(de)廣東、廣西(xi)、海南、福建、香港等省區(qu)及越南、老(lao)撾(zhua)等東南亞國(guo)家,為(wei)(wei)我國(guo)的(de)(de)二(er)級保(bao)護動(dong)物。
金錢龜(gui)是(shi)珍貴的動(dong)物資源(yuan),渾身都(dou)是(shi)寶,在藥用、觀賞(shang)、工藝制作(zuo)、食用以及現代科(ke)學(xue)研究等方面都(dou)具(ju)有重要的意義和經濟價值。人們對金錢龜(gui)的需求不斷增加(jia),但在自然界(jie)中,金錢龜(gui)由于其(qi)繁殖數(shu)量(liang)低,加(jia)上遭到人們的狂捕濫(lan)殺,其(qi)種群數(shu)量(liang)日益下降, 在野外(wai)已難覓其(qi)蹤。
三線(xian)閉殼龜頭(tou)較細長,頭(tou)頂部光滑無(wu)鱗,吻(wen)鈍,上喙略勾曲(qu),喉部、頸部呈淺(qian)橘(ju)(ju)紅色,頭(tou)兩(liang)側眼后具棱形褐斑塊(kuai)。頭(tou)背部蠟黃色,背甲(jia)(jia)紅棕色,有3條黑(hei)色縱紋,似“川”字(zi)且中央(yang)的條紋較長(幼體無(wu)),背甲(jia)(jia)前(qian)后緣(yuan)光滑不呈鋸齒狀(zhuang)。腹甲(jia)(jia)黑(hei)色,邊緣(yuan)為黃色,背、腹甲(jia)(jia)間(jian)、胸、腹盾間(jian)均靠韌帶相連,龜殼可(ke)完全閉合。腋窩、四肢、尾(wei)部的皮膚呈橘(ju)(ju)紅色。指(zhi)、趾間(jian)具蹼,尾(wei)短而尖細。
三線(xian)閉殼(ke)龜(gui)(gui)用肺呼吸,營水、陸(lu)兩(liang)棲生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)。多生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)在(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)和丘陵地(di)(di)帶的峽谷、小溪、河叉、湖(hu)泊中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也爬到潮濕(shi)的山(shan)(shan)澗、草叢及稻田內(nei)活(huo)動。晴(qing)朗天氣(qi)喜在(zai)(zai)陸(lu)地(di)(di)上曬太陽,而(er)天氣(qi)炎熱時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)大部分藏于(yu)暗處,有(you)群居、穴(xue)居習性(xing)。三線(xian)閉殼(ke)龜(gui)(gui)屬變溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)動物,其(qi)活(huo)動直(zhi)接受(shou)外(wai)界溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度的影響(xiang),適(shi)宜的生(sheng)(sheng)長溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度為24~32℃,致死(si)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為45℃,致死(si)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為4℃。當環境溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度達(da)到23~28℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),活(huo)動頻繁(fan);在(zai)(zai)水溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)29~31℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)活(huo)躍,食(shi)欲(yu)旺盛,生(sheng)(sheng)長快。當氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)高(gao)于(yu)36℃或(huo)低于(yu)16℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),其(qi)活(huo)動量(liang)及攝食(shi)量(liang)明顯減(jian)少。在(zai)(zai)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)季節,多集中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)夜晚及早晨較涼(liang)爽的時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)候活(huo)動,飽食(shi)后(hou)則(ze)潛入(ru)水中(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)隱藏在(zai)(zai)窩內(nei)作短(duan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)夏眠(mian)。氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),其(qi)活(huo)動多在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)午進(jin)(jin)行(xing)。在(zai)(zai)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度下降至10~15℃左右時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),三線(xian)閉殼(ke)龜(gui)(gui)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)冬眠(mian),華南(nan)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)每年(nian)12月(yue)至翌年(nian)2月(yue)為三線(xian)閉殼(ke)龜(gui)(gui)的冬眠(mian)期,至3月(yue)初開(kai)始離窩尋食(shi)。三線(xian)閉殼(ke)龜(gui)(gui)性(xing)情溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和,不咬人,同(tong)類很少互相攻擊,遇敵害(hai)僅有(you)躲避(bi)能力(li)而(er)無反擊能力(li)。
三線閉殼龜屬雜(za)食性,在(zai)野(ye)外(wai)覓食各種(zhong)水生動(dong)(dong)物如(ru)魚蝦等(deng),也(ye)采食少(shao)量野(ye)菜、野(ye)果,喜歡采食蚯蚓(yin)、蜂(feng)蛹及動(dong)(dong)物內臟等(deng)。人工養(yang)殖時,以肉食性為主,也(ye)可用蛋(dan)白含(han)量在(zai)40%左(zuo)右的全價配合餌料投喂(wei)。
性成熟年齡與性別(bie)鑒(jian)定
龜(gui)(gui)類性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)熟年(nian)(nian)齡(ling)(ling)因性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)別(bie)不(bu)同而有差異。野(ye)生三(san)線閉殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)雌龜(gui)(gui)的性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)熟年(nian)(nian)齡(ling)(ling)為(wei)6~7齡(ling)(ling),體(ti)重(zhong)1.25~1.50kg;雄(xiong)龜(gui)(gui)的性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)熟年(nian)(nian)齡(ling)(ling)為(wei)4~5齡(ling)(ling),體(ti)重(zhong)0.70~1.00kg。在人工養殖環(huan)境中,雌龜(gui)(gui)的性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)熟年(nian)(nian)齡(ling)(ling)為(wei)7齡(ling)(ling),雄(xiong)龜(gui)(gui)為(wei)4~5齡(ling)(ling)。性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)熟的三(san)線閉殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)雌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)個體(ti)的泄殖孔內緣(yuan)(yuan)僅到(dao)達背殼(ke)(ke)后緣(yuan)(yuan),尾(wei)較(jiao)粗短;雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)個體(ti)的泄殖孔內緣(yuan)(yuan)超出背殼(ke)(ke)后緣(yuan)(yuan),尾(wei)較(jiao)細長。
發情與產卵
三(san)線閉(bi)殼(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)的發(fa)情和交(jiao)配(pei)時間均在(zai)(zai)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)的春季和秋季,氣(qi)溫(wen)在(zai)(zai)20~28℃、水溫(wen)在(zai)(zai)16~25℃范(fan)圍內,三(san)線閉(bi)殼(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)均有(you)交(jiao)配(pei)行(xing)為。而(er)在(zai)(zai)廣(guang)州地區,雌、雄龜(gui)(gui)(gui)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)的秋季發(fa)情和交(jiao)配(pei)。交(jiao)配(pei)多在(zai)(zai)黃昏后(hou),并在(zai)(zai)水中完成。交(jiao)配(pei)時間持續約20min。三(san)線閉(bi)殼(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)在(zai)(zai)人工養殖環境中,在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)溫(wen)25~35℃范(fan)圍內均能自(zi)(zi)然(ran)產卵(luan)(luan)(luan),產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)的5~9月進(jin)行(xing),高峰期在(zai)(zai)6月中旬(xun)至(zhi)7月底。雌龜(gui)(gui)(gui)多在(zai)(zai)傍晚上(shang)岸尋找適宜的產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)場(chang)所,并常(chang)在(zai)(zai)靠近水邊的樹(shu)根旁、土質松(song)軟(ruan)處用后(hou)肢挖窩產卵(luan)(luan)(luan),窩深70~100mm、直徑50~60mm、呈瓶頸(jing)狀。雌龜(gui)(gui)(gui)產完卵(luan)(luan)(luan)后(hou)再用后(hou)肢和腹部(bu)將卵(luan)(luan)(luan)用沙土壓平,然(ran)后(hou)自(zi)(zi)行(xing)離開(kai),具無護卵(luan)(luan)(luan)習性(xing),與(yu)黃喉(hou)擬(ni)水龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(Mauremys mutica Cantor)的產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)習性(xing)相(xiang)似(si)。三(san)線閉(bi)殼(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)1~2次(ci),每(mei)(mei)次(ci)1~9枚,平均3.6枚。
長(chang)期以(yi)來,將(jiang)產于(yu)廣東、廣西、海南(nan)及越南(nan)等(deng)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)甲棕紅色(se)(se),具3條黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)條紋,腹(fu)甲黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se),腋部(bu)(bu)(bu)和胯部(bu)(bu)(bu)橘紅色(se)(se),頭(tou)背(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)蠟(la)黃色(se)(se),喉部(bu)(bu)(bu)、頸部(bu)(bu)(bu)淺橘黃色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)稱為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)線閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui),即金錢(qian)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)。但部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)專(zhuan)家(jia)認為(wei)(wei),金錢(qian)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)包括(kuo)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui),即三(san)(san)(san)(san)線閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(Cuora trifasciata也稱中(zhong)國(guo)三(san)(san)(san)(san)線閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui))和圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(Cuora cyclornata也稱越南(nan)三(san)(san)(san)(san)線閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui))。三(san)(san)(san)(san)線閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈金黃色(se)(se),腹(fu)甲為(wei)(wei)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se);而(er)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)灰色(se)(se),腹(fu)甲淡黃色(se)(se),前(qian)半(ban)部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈米(mi)字(zi)(zi)上半(ban)部(bu)(bu)(bu)形(xing)狀(zhuang)或呈黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)蘑(mo)(mo)菇狀(zhuang)斑紋。三(san)(san)(san)(san)線閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)甲中(zhong)央(yang)較(jiao)(jiao)隆(long)起(qi),外形(xing)呈長(chang)矩形(xing),后(hou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)最(zui)寬;而(er)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)甲較(jiao)(jiao)平坦,呈卵圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)最(zui)寬,其腋部(bu)(bu)(bu)和胯部(bu)(bu)(bu)更鮮紅,具有更美麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外表(biao),故稱圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(其種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)名(ming)cyclornata中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)cycl是(shi)從希臘單詞“kyklos”轉化而(er)來,意為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);ornata來自(zi)于(yu)拉(la)丁語“ornatus”,意為(wei)(wei)華(hua)麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de))。三(san)(san)(san)(san)線閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)名(ming)trifasciata則(ze)來自(zi)拉(la)丁字(zi)(zi)母tria(表(biao)示(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si))和fascia(表(biao)示(shi)條紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si))。圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)又(you)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)2個亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)指名(ming)亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Cuora cyclornata cyclornata,又(you)稱為(wei)(wei)越南(nan)三(san)(san)(san)(san)線閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)指名(ming)亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))和圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)梅氏亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Cuora cyclornata meieri,又(you)稱為(wei)(wei)越南(nan)三(san)(san)(san)(san)線閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)邁氏亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))。其主要區別(bie)是(shi)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)指名(ming)亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)甲為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),較(jiao)(jiao)平坦;下頜(he)(he)橙色(se)(se);腹(fu)甲前(qian)半(ban)部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈米(mi)字(zi)(zi)上半(ban)部(bu)(bu)(bu)形(xing)狀(zhuang),后(hou)半(ban)部(bu)(bu)(bu)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se);邊緣淡黃色(se)(se)。圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)梅氏亞(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)甲卵圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing);下頜(he)(he)白色(se)(se);腹(fu)甲黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se),似蘑(mo)(mo)菇狀(zhuang)。圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)是(shi)否能(neng)訂為(wei)(wei)新種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),值得進一步探討。