金(jin)錢龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的學名為三線(xian)閉(bi)殼龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(Cuora trifasciata),別(bie)名紅邊(bian)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、紅肚龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、斷板龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、金(jin)頭(tou)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)等(deng)(deng),隸屬于(yu)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)鱉目(mu)(Testudines)、龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)科(Emydidae)、淡水(shui)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)亞科(Batagurinae)、閉(bi)殼龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)屬(Cuora)。主要(yao)分布于(yu)我國的廣(guang)東(dong)、廣(guang)西、海南(nan)、福建(jian)、香港等(deng)(deng)省區及越南(nan)、老撾等(deng)(deng)東(dong)南(nan)亞國家(jia),為我國的二級保(bao)護動物。
金錢龜是(shi)珍貴的(de)動物(wu)資源(yuan),渾(hun)身都是(shi)寶,在藥用、觀賞、工藝(yi)制作、食(shi)用以及現代科學(xue)研(yan)究等方(fang)面都具有重要的(de)意(yi)義和經濟價值。人(ren)們(men)對金錢龜的(de)需求不斷增加(jia),但在自然界中,金錢龜由于(yu)其(qi)繁殖(zhi)數量(liang)低(di),加(jia)上(shang)遭到人(ren)們(men)的(de)狂捕(bu)濫殺,其(qi)種群數量(liang)日益下降, 在野外已難覓其(qi)蹤。
三線閉(bi)殼(ke)龜頭(tou)較(jiao)細長,頭(tou)頂部(bu)光(guang)(guang)滑無鱗(lin),吻鈍,上喙略勾曲,喉部(bu)、頸(jing)部(bu)呈淺橘(ju)紅(hong)色(se)(se),頭(tou)兩側眼后(hou)具棱形褐(he)斑塊。頭(tou)背部(bu)蠟黃色(se)(se),背甲紅(hong)棕(zong)色(se)(se),有3條黑(hei)色(se)(se)縱(zong)紋,似(si)“川”字(zi)且中央(yang)的條紋較(jiao)長(幼體無),背甲前后(hou)緣光(guang)(guang)滑不呈鋸齒狀(zhuang)。腹甲黑(hei)色(se)(se),邊(bian)緣為黃色(se)(se),背、腹甲間、胸、腹盾間均(jun)靠韌帶相連(lian),龜殼(ke)可(ke)完全(quan)閉(bi)合(he)。腋窩(wo)、四肢、尾部(bu)的皮膚呈橘(ju)紅(hong)色(se)(se)。指、趾間具蹼,尾短而尖(jian)細。
三線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)用肺呼吸,營水(shui)、陸兩(liang)棲生活(huo)(huo)。多生活(huo)(huo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)山(shan)區和丘陵地帶的(de)峽谷、小溪、河叉、湖泊中(zhong),有(you)時(shi)(shi)也爬(pa)到潮濕的(de)山(shan)澗、草(cao)叢及稻田內活(huo)(huo)動(dong)。晴朗天(tian)氣(qi)喜在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)陸地上曬太陽,而(er)天(tian)氣(qi)炎熱時(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)藏(zang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)暗處(chu),有(you)群(qun)居、穴居習性。三線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)屬變溫(wen)(wen)動(dong)物,其活(huo)(huo)動(dong)直接受外界溫(wen)(wen)度的(de)影(ying)響,適宜的(de)生長溫(wen)(wen)度為(wei)24~32℃,致死高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)45℃,致死低溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)4℃。當(dang)環境溫(wen)(wen)度達(da)到23~28℃時(shi)(shi),活(huo)(huo)動(dong)頻繁;在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)溫(wen)(wen)29~31℃時(shi)(shi)活(huo)(huo)躍,食欲旺(wang)盛,生長快。當(dang)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)高(gao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)36℃或(huo)(huo)低于(yu)(yu)(yu)16℃時(shi)(shi),其活(huo)(huo)動(dong)量(liang)及攝食量(liang)明顯減少。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)季節,多集中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)夜晚及早晨(chen)較涼爽的(de)時(shi)(shi)候活(huo)(huo)動(dong),飽(bao)食后(hou)則(ze)(ze)潛入水(shui)中(zhong)或(huo)(huo)隱(yin)藏(zang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)窩(wo)內作短時(shi)(shi)夏眠。氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)低時(shi)(shi),其活(huo)(huo)動(dong)多在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)午(wu)進行。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)溫(wen)(wen)度下(xia)降至(zhi)10~15℃左右時(shi)(shi),三線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)進入冬眠,華南地區每年12月(yue)至(zhi)翌年2月(yue)為(wei)三線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)的(de)冬眠期,至(zhi)3月(yue)初開始(shi)離窩(wo)尋食。三線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)性情溫(wen)(wen)和,不咬人,同類很少互相攻擊(ji),遇敵害僅(jin)有(you)躲(duo)避能力而(er)無反擊(ji)能力。
三線閉(bi)殼龜屬雜(za)食(shi)(shi)性,在(zai)野外覓食(shi)(shi)各(ge)種水生動物(wu)如魚蝦(xia)等(deng),也采(cai)食(shi)(shi)少量野菜、野果,喜歡(huan)采(cai)食(shi)(shi)蚯蚓、蜂蛹及動物(wu)內臟等(deng)。人工養殖時,以肉食(shi)(shi)性為主,也可用蛋白含量在(zai)40%左右(you)的全(quan)價配合餌(er)料投(tou)喂。
性(xing)成熟(shu)年齡與性(xing)別鑒定
龜(gui)類性(xing)(xing)成熟年齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)因(yin)性(xing)(xing)別不同而(er)有差異。野生三線(xian)閉殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)雌(ci)龜(gui)的(de)性(xing)(xing)成熟年齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)6~7齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),體(ti)重(zhong)1.25~1.50kg;雄(xiong)龜(gui)的(de)性(xing)(xing)成熟年齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)4~5齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),體(ti)重(zhong)0.70~1.00kg。在(zai)人工養(yang)殖(zhi)環境中,雌(ci)龜(gui)的(de)性(xing)(xing)成熟年齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)7齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),雄(xiong)龜(gui)為(wei)4~5齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)。性(xing)(xing)成熟的(de)三線(xian)閉殼(ke)(ke)龜(gui)雌(ci)性(xing)(xing)個體(ti)的(de)泄殖(zhi)孔內緣僅到達(da)背殼(ke)(ke)后緣,尾較粗(cu)短;雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)個體(ti)的(de)泄殖(zhi)孔內緣超出背殼(ke)(ke)后緣,尾較細長。
發情與產卵
三線(xian)閉殼龜的(de)(de)發情(qing)和(he)交(jiao)配(pei)時間均在(zai)(zai)每(mei)(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)春季和(he)秋(qiu)季,氣溫(wen)在(zai)(zai)20~28℃、水溫(wen)在(zai)(zai)16~25℃范圍內,三線(xian)閉殼龜均有交(jiao)配(pei)行(xing)為。而在(zai)(zai)廣州地(di)區,雌(ci)、雄龜一般在(zai)(zai)每(mei)(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)秋(qiu)季發情(qing)和(he)交(jiao)配(pei)。交(jiao)配(pei)多(duo)在(zai)(zai)黃昏后(hou)(hou),并在(zai)(zai)水中(zhong)完成。交(jiao)配(pei)時間持續約(yue)20min。三線(xian)閉殼龜在(zai)(zai)人工養(yang)殖環(huan)境中(zhong),在(zai)(zai)氣溫(wen)25~35℃范圍內均能自然產卵(luan)(luan)(luan),產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)一般在(zai)(zai)每(mei)(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)5~9月(yue)進(jin)行(xing),高峰期在(zai)(zai)6月(yue)中(zhong)旬至7月(yue)底。雌(ci)龜多(duo)在(zai)(zai)傍(bang)晚(wan)上岸尋找(zhao)適宜(yi)的(de)(de)產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)場(chang)所,并常在(zai)(zai)靠近水邊的(de)(de)樹根(gen)旁(pang)、土質松(song)軟處(chu)用后(hou)(hou)肢挖窩產卵(luan)(luan)(luan),窩深(shen)70~100mm、直徑(jing)50~60mm、呈瓶頸狀。雌(ci)龜產完卵(luan)(luan)(luan)后(hou)(hou)再用后(hou)(hou)肢和(he)腹(fu)部(bu)將(jiang)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)用沙土壓平(ping),然后(hou)(hou)自行(xing)離開,具(ju)無護卵(luan)(luan)(luan)習(xi)性,與(yu)黃喉擬水龜(Mauremys mutica Cantor)的(de)(de)產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)習(xi)性相似。三線(xian)閉殼龜每(mei)(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)1~2次(ci),每(mei)(mei)(mei)次(ci)1~9枚(mei),平(ping)均3.6枚(mei)。
長期(qi)以來,將產(chan)于廣東、廣西、海南(nan)及(ji)越南(nan)等地的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)甲(jia)(jia)棕紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se),具3條(tiao)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)條(tiao)紋(wen),腹(fu)(fu)甲(jia)(jia)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se),腋(ye)部(bu)(bu)和(he)胯(kua)部(bu)(bu)橘(ju)紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se),頭背(bei)部(bu)(bu)蠟黃色(se)(se)(se),喉部(bu)(bu)、頸部(bu)(bu)淺橘(ju)黃色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)線(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui),即金錢(qian)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)。但部(bu)(bu)分專家認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),金錢(qian)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)包括2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui),即三(san)線(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(Cuora trifasciata也稱(cheng)(cheng)中國三(san)線(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui))和(he)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(Cuora cyclornata也稱(cheng)(cheng)越南(nan)三(san)線(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui))。三(san)線(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)頭部(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)金黃色(se)(se)(se),腹(fu)(fu)甲(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se);而圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)頭部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灰(hui)色(se)(se)(se),腹(fu)(fu)甲(jia)(jia)淡(dan)黃色(se)(se)(se),前半(ban)(ban)部(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)米(mi)字(zi)上半(ban)(ban)部(bu)(bu)形(xing)(xing)狀或呈(cheng)(cheng)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)蘑菇狀斑紋(wen)。三(san)線(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)甲(jia)(jia)中央較隆起,外形(xing)(xing)呈(cheng)(cheng)長矩形(xing)(xing),后(hou)部(bu)(bu)最(zui)寬;而圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)甲(jia)(jia)較平坦,呈(cheng)(cheng)卵(luan)(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),中部(bu)(bu)最(zui)寬,其腋(ye)部(bu)(bu)和(he)胯(kua)部(bu)(bu)更(geng)鮮紅(hong),具有更(geng)美麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)外表(biao),故稱(cheng)(cheng)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(其種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)名(ming)cyclornata中的(de)(de)(de)cycl是(shi)從希臘單詞“kyklos”轉化而來,意為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de);ornata來自于拉丁語“ornatus”,意為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)華麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de))。三(san)線(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)名(ming)trifasciata則(ze)來自拉丁字(zi)母(mu)tria(表(biao)示三(san)的(de)(de)(de)意思)和(he)fascia(表(biao)示條(tiao)紋(wen)的(de)(de)(de)意思)。圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)又(you)可分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2個亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)指名(ming)亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Cuora cyclornata cyclornata,又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)越南(nan)三(san)線(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)指名(ming)亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))和(he)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)梅氏亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(Cuora cyclornata meieri,又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)越南(nan)三(san)線(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)邁氏亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))。其主要區別是(shi)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)指名(ming)亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)甲(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),較平坦;下(xia)頜橙色(se)(se)(se);腹(fu)(fu)甲(jia)(jia)前半(ban)(ban)部(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)米(mi)字(zi)上半(ban)(ban)部(bu)(bu)形(xing)(xing)狀,后(hou)半(ban)(ban)部(bu)(bu)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se);邊(bian)緣淡(dan)黃色(se)(se)(se)。圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)梅氏亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)甲(jia)(jia)卵(luan)(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing);下(xia)頜白色(se)(se)(se);腹(fu)(fu)甲(jia)(jia)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se),似蘑菇狀。圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)是(shi)否能訂為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)新種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),值得進(jin)一(yi)步探討。