歷(li)史上最(zui)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)成文法典是古代西亞烏(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)第(di)三王朝創始者烏(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆頒布的(de)(de)(de)。它適(shi)應奴(nu)隸制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，主要用(yong)來保護奴(nu)隸占(zhan)有(you)和(he)私有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)，鎮壓(ya)奴(nu)隸和(he)貧(pin)民的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)抗。這(zhe)部法典大部損壞，只剩殘片。烏(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)第(di)三王朝（約公元前2113~前2006年）創始人烏(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆（約公元前2113~前2096年在(zai)位）建(jian)立了強(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)中央(yang)集權(quan)(quan)制(zhi)(zhi)度，總(zong)攬全國大權(quan)(quan)，統一兩(liang)河流域的(de)(de)(de)法律，適(shi)應奴(nu)隸制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)奴(nu)隸主鎮壓(ya)奴(nu)隸反(fan)抗的(de)(de)(de)需要，緩和(he)自由民內部的(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)盾，他下令用(yong)蘇美(mei)爾(er)(er)(er)文（楔形文字）寫成了一部適(shi)用(yong)于烏(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)全境的(de)(de)(de)法典，這(zhe)便是《烏(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)姆法典》。
法(fa)典(dian)包括序言(yan)和(he)正文29條（傳(chuan)下來的只有(you)23條）兩(liang)大部分，沒(mei)有(you)結語，主要涉(she)及政治(zhi)、宗教和(he)法(fa)律等方(fang)面(mian)。序言(yan)宣稱，是神授予烏(wu)爾納姆統治(zhi)權力，烏(wu)爾納姆在人世間的行為是按(an)照神意，確立(li)「正義」和(he)「社會秩序」，并列(lie)舉了(le)他在保護貧弱、抑制豪(hao)強等方(fang)面(mian)所(suo)采取的措施。
現(xian)已(yi)(yi)發現(xian)的最(zui)早抄本(ben)大約是巴比倫(lun)時代的，但大部分已(yi)(yi)毀損，僅存幾條殘片。從(cong)破(po)損較嚴重的法(fa)(fa)典殘片看，法(fa)(fa)典的主(zhu)要內(nei)容是對(dui)奴(nu)(nu)隸(li)制(zhi)度、婚姻、家庭、繼承、刑罰(fa)(fa)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)面的規定。如：第一次(ci)離婚支(zhi)付(fu)1米納白(bai)銀，而第二次(ci)離婚應當支(zhi)付(fu)1/2米納白(bai)銀，通奸者(zhe)將被(bei)處死；強暴自己(ji)的女奴(nu)(nu)者(zhe)將被(bei)課以5西克爾(er)罰(fa)(fa)金(jin)；作(zuo)偽證將被(bei)處以罰(fa)(fa)款；斗毆中打折骨頭需支(zhi)付(fu)1米納白(bai)銀，損傷腳需支(zhi)付(fu)10西克爾(er)；外國人(ren)(ren)的土地被(bei)淹沒，每0.3公頃土地將給(gei)予3古爾(er)（約900公升大麥）補償；將逃亡奴(nu)(nu)隸(li)捉回的奴(nu)(nu)隸(li)主(zhu)要給(gei)捕捉者(zhe)適(shi)當的報酬；傷害他人(ren)(ren)的身世(shi)要處以酷刑并罰(fa)(fa)款；禁止行巫術；破(po)壞他人(ren)(ren)耕地者(zhe)要支(zhi)付(fu)食物(wu)賠償；女奴(nu)(nu)對(dui)女主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)不敬則(ze)予體罰(fa)(fa)。婦女在家庭中地位(wei)低下(xia)，如犯通奸罪則(ze)處死等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。這些條文充(chong)分表明了當時立法(fa)(fa)已(yi)(yi)采用罰(fa)(fa)金(jin)賠款等(deng)(deng)方(fang)式(shi)逐步取(qu)代同態復(fu)仇。
從現在僅(jin)存的(de)二十(shi)多條(tiao)殘(can)篇來看，涉及(ji)女(nv)(nv)奴的(de)有(you)五條(tiao)，她(ta)(ta)們時常(chang)遭受強(qiang)暴、買賣(mai)和(he)毆打；有(you)兩條(tiao)涉及(ji)寡(gua)婦(fu)，她(ta)(ta)們的(de)社(she)會(hui)地(di)位(wei)(wei)較(jiao)之女(nv)(nv)奴較(jiao)好(hao)——法典(dian)序(xu)言提(ti)到(dao)不允許有(you)勢力的(de)人支配寡(gua)婦(fu)，正文又提(ti)到(dao)遺(yi)棄(qi)寡(gua)婦(fu)的(de)男人應賠償一定數額的(de)白銀；法典(dian)也涉及(ji)普(pu)通婦(fu)女(nv)(nv)，她(ta)(ta)們的(de)社(she)會(hui)地(di)位(wei)(wei)比(bi)女(nv)(nv)奴和(he)婦(fu)女(nv)(nv)高，但(dan)較(jiao)普(pu)通男子卑(bei)下。盡管(guan)法典(dian)中仍殘(can)存著(zhu)讓河神澄(cheng)清妖術罪(zui)和(he)妻子被控(kong)通奸罪(zui)的(de)規定，但(dan)有(you)關身體傷害的(de)處罰規定比(bi)原始的(de)處罰有(you)了很大的(de)進步。
《烏爾納姆法典》無論在內容上或形式上，都有創新之處，在西亞地區占有重要的地位，對后來兩河流域各國制定的法典影響頗大。
序言
The prologue, typical of Mesopotamian law codes, invokes the deities for Ur-Nammu's kingship and decrees "equity in the land".
"…After Anand Enlilhad turned over the Kingship of Ur to Nanna, at that time did Ur-Nammu, son born of Ninsun, for his beloved mother who bore him, in accordance with his principles of equity and truth... Then did Ur-Nammu the mighty warrior, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, by the might of Nanna, lord of the city, and in accordance with the true word of Utu, establish equity in the land; he banished malediction, violence and strife, and set the monthly Temple expenses at 90 gur of barley, 30 sheep, and 30 sila of butter. He fashioned the bronze sila-measure, standardized the one-minaweight, and standardized the stone weight of a shekelof silver in relation to one mina... The orphan was not delivered up to the rich man; the widow was not delivered up to the mighty man; the man of one shekel was not delivered up to the man of one mina."
正文
1. If a man commits a murder, that man must be killed.
2. If a man commits a robbery, he will be killed.
3. If a man commits a kidnapping, he is to be imprisoned and pay 15 shekels of silver.
4. If a slave marries a slave, and that slave is set free, he does not leave the household.
5. If a slave marries a native (i.e. free) person, he/she is to hand the firstborn son over to his owner.
6. If a man violates the right of another and deflowers the virgin wife of a young man, they shall kill that male.
7. If the wife of a man followed after another man and he slept with her, they shall slay that woman, but that male shall be set free. (§4 in some translations)
8. If a man proceeded by force, and deflowered the virgin slavewoman of another man, that man must pay five shekels of silver. (5)
9. If a man divorces his first-time wife, he shall pay her one mina of silver. (6)
10. If it is a (former) widow whom he divorces, he shall pay her half a mina of silver. (7)
11. If the man had slept with the widow without there having been any marriage contract, he need not pay any silver. (8)
13. If a man is accused of sorcery he must undergo ordeal by water; if he is proven innocent, his accuser must pay 3 shekels. (10)
14. If a man accused the wife of a man of adultery, and the river ordeal proved her innocent, then the man who had accused her must pay one-third of a mina of silver. (11)
15. If a prospective son-in-law enters the house of his prospective father-in-law, but his father-in-law later gives his daughter to another man, the father-in-law shall return to the rejected son-in-law twofold the amount of bridal presents he had brought. (12)
17. If a slave escapes from the city limits, and someone returns him, the owner shall pay two shekels to the one who returned him. (14)
18. If a man knocks out the eye of another man, he shall weigh out ½ a mina of silver. (15)
19. If a man has cut off another man’s foot, he is to pay ten shekels. (16)
20. If a man, in the course of a scuffle, smashed the limb of another man with a club, he shall pay one mina of silver. (17)
21. If someone severed the nose of another man with a copper knife, he must pay two-thirds of a mina of silver. (18)
22. If a man knocks out a tooth of another man, he shall pay two shekels of silver. (19)
24. [...] If he does not have a slave, he is to pay 10 shekels of silver. If he does not have silver, he is to give another thing that belongs to him. (21)
25. If a man’s slave-woman, comparing herself to her mistress, speaks insolently to her, her mouth shall be scoured with 1 quart of salt. (22)
28. If a man appeared as a witness, and was shown to be a perjurer, he must pay fifteen shekels of silver. (25)
29. If a man appears as a witness, but withdraws his oath, he must make payment, to the extent of the value in litigation of the case. (26)
30. If a man stealthily cultivates the field of another man and he raises a complaint, this is however to be rejected, and this man will lose his expenses. (27)
31. If a man flooded the field of a man with water, he shall measure out three kur of barley per iku of field. (28)
32. If a man had let an arable field to a(nother) man for cultivation, but he did not cultivate it, turning it into wasteland, he shall measure out three kur of barley per iku of field. (29)
烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)(na)(na)姆(mu)（Ur-Nammu）約公元(yuan)前(qian)2113年(nian)(nian)－公元(yuan)前(qian)2096年(nian)(nian)在(zai)位阿(a)卡德王國(guo)滅亡后(hou)(hou)，蠻族庫(ku)提人(ren)統治(zhi)(zhi)蘇(su)美(mei)(mei)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)地區，雖然其間(jian)有些蘇(su)美(mei)(mei)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)城邦保持(chi)著(zhu)相對的(de)(de)獨立和繁榮。公元(yuan)前(qian)2120年(nian)(nian)，漁夫出身的(de)(de)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)魯克(ke)人(ren)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)(tu)赫加爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)起兵自立為(wei)(wei)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)魯克(ke)王，并且打敗了庫(ku)提人(ren)，俘(fu)獲了庫(ku)提人(ren)的(de)(de)末代國(guo)王梯里根（Tiriga），烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)(tu)赫加爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)占(zhan)領烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)任命烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)(na)(na)姆(mu)治(zhi)(zhi)理烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)(tu)赫加爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)與(yu)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)(na)(na)姆(mu)的(de)(de)關系現在(zai)仍是史學界研究(jiu)的(de)(de)課題，一說烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)(na)(na)姆(mu)是烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)(tu)赫加爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)的(de)(de)弟(di)(di)弟(di)(di)，另一說烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)(na)(na)姆(mu)則是烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)(tu)赫加爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)的(de)(de)女(nv)婿。但可能(neng)(neng)在(zai)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)(tu)赫加爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)尚在(zai)世時(shi)，烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)(na)(na)姆(mu)就已經(jing)與(yu)他(ta)反(fan)目為(wei)(wei)仇，不(bu)臣服(fu)于(yu)他(ta)了。約公元(yuan)前(qian)2112年(nian)(nian)，烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)圖(tu)(tu)赫加爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)死于(yu)一場意外（或者可能(neng)(neng)是陰(yin)謀）。此(ci)后(hou)(hou)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)(na)(na)姆(mu)南征(zheng)北戰，繼(ji)阿(a)卡德王國(guo)以后(hou)(hou)，統一整個美(mei)(mei)索不(bu)達米亞，建立起了強大的(de)(de)中央集權制王朝。（另一強大的(de)(de)蘇(su)美(mei)(mei)城邦拉格什于(yu)約公元(yuan)前(qian)2110年(nian)(nian)被征(zheng)服(fu)）烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)(na)(na)姆(mu)留給(gei)后(hou)(hou)人(ren)一部《烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)納(na)(na)(na)(na)姆(mu)法(fa)典》，今天考古(gu)所得的(de)(de)只是這部法(fa)典的(de)(de)一小(xiao)部分。
《烏(wu)(wu)爾(er)納姆法典》是(shi)部成(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)法律，蘇美爾(er)文(wen)明的(de)法制體系已經經歷了很(hen)長時間的(de)發展。雖(sui)然如此，《烏(wu)(wu)爾(er)納姆法典》但(dan)仍然可視(shi)為人(ren)類(lei)文(wen)明史上現存的(de)最(zui)早的(de)成(cheng)文(wen)法。
歲月靜好 
