黑(hei)熊是一種森林(lin)(lin)性動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu),活動(dong)(dong)范圍廣(guang)泛,棲息地的選擇除了受到(dao)食物(wu)(wu)資源豐(feng)富度的影響(xiang)之外,人(ren)為干(gan)擾更是關鍵因素,包括(kuo)道路密度、距離村(cun)落(luo)遠(yuan)近、游憩壓力等。亞洲黑(hei)熊從(cong)低(di)海拔(ba)600米(mi)的熱(re)(re)帶(dai)雨林(lin)(lin)到(dao)亞熱(re)(re)帶(dai)的常綠闊(kuo)葉林(lin)(lin),亞熱(re)(re)帶(dai)干(gan)旱河谷灌(guan)叢(cong);溫帶(dai)落(luo)葉闊(kuo)葉林(lin)(lin)、針闊(kuo)葉混交林(lin)(lin)、針葉林(lin)(lin)以及海拔(ba)4000米(mi)左(zuo)右(you)的山(shan)地寒溫帶(dai)暗針葉林(lin)(lin),都有棲息。有垂直遷徙的習慣,夏季棲息在高山(shan),入(ru)冬(dong)前從(cong)高地逐漸(jian)轉移(yi)到(dao)海拔(ba)較低(di)處,甚(shen)至到(dao)干(gan)旱河谷灌(guan)叢(cong)地區。
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亞洲(zhou)黑熊雌熊體重40~140千克(ke)(ke),雄熊體重60~200千克(ke)(ke),肩(jian)高1.2~1.9米。身(shen)體粗(cu)(cu)壯,頭(tou)部(bu)(bu)寬圓,吻較短(duan)。鼻端裸露;眼小;耳長(chang)(chang)約10至(zhi)(zhi)12厘(li)米,除(chu)胸部(bu)(bu)有(you)一明顯的(de)(de)倒人(ren)字形白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)黃色(se)(se)(se)斑,全身(shen)被著富有(you)光澤(ze)的(de)(de)漆黑色(se)(se)(se)毛;鼻面部(bu)(bu)棕(zong)(zong)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)赭(zhe)色(se)(se)(se)。頰后(hou)及頸部(bu)(bu)兩側的(de)(de)毛甚長(chang)(chang),形成兩個半(ban)圓形毛叢,胸部(bu)(bu)毛最短(duan);前(qian)(qian)足腕墊(dian)(dian)發(fa)達,與(yu)(yu)掌墊(dian)(dian)相連;前(qian)(qian)后(hou)肢(zhi)趾(zhi)。肩(jian)部(bu)(bu)較平(ping),臀部(bu)(bu)稍大于肩(jian)部(bu)(bu)。尾很短(duan),約長(chang)(chang)7至(zhi)(zhi)8厘(li)米。四(si)肢(zhi)粗(cu)(cu)健,前(qian)(qian)后(hou)肢(zhi)都具(ju)五(wu)趾(zhi),爪(zhua)彎曲呈角黑色(se)(se)(se),前(qian)(qian)足爪(zhua)長(chang)(chang)于后(hou)足爪(zhua)。前(qian)(qian)后(hou)足均肥(fei)厚,前(qian)(qian)足的(de)(de)腕墊(dian)(dian)寬大,與(yu)(yu)掌墊(dian)(dian)相連,掌墊(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)趾(zhi)墊(dian)(dian)間(jian)有(you)棕(zong)(zong)黑色(se)(se)(se)、灰(hui)黑色(se)(se)(se)短(duan)毛;后(hou)足蹠墊(dian)(dian)寬大肥(fei)厚,蹠墊(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)趾(zhi)墊(dian)(dian)間(jian)也有(you)棕(zong)(zong)黑色(se)(se)(se)、灰(hui)黑色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)短(duan)毛。
體毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)色而富有(you)光澤。因東、西部地域差異,毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)的長度有(you)些區別。東部的黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)較(jiao)短(duan),背毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)長4至5厘(li)米(mi),頸(jing)側毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)長6至10厘(li)米(mi);西南部的黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)較(jiao)長,背毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)長4至6厘(li)米(mi),頸(jing)側毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)長6至14厘(li)米(mi)。黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)胸部的毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)較(jiao)短(duan),一般都未(wei)超(chao)過4厘(li)米(mi)。毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)皮一年脫換一次,舊毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)的脫落和新毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)的長出(chu),為連續而緩慢的過程(cheng)。一些黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)的毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)皮沒有(you)絨(rong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),一些黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)皮進(jin)入冬(dong)季時有(you)絨(rong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)。
東、西部的(de)黑(hei)熊的(de)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)色(se)(se)(se)均(jun)為富有(you)光澤的(de)漆黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)。其(qi)中鼻(bi)部毛(mao)(mao)(mao)呈(cheng)黑(hei)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)、棕褐(he)色(se)(se)(se);眉(mei)額處常(chang)有(you)稀疏白(bai)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。胸(xiong)部由白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)、淡黃色(se)(se)(se)、赭色(se)(se)(se)短毛(mao)(mao)(mao)形成“V”字形或(huo)“U”字形,部分(fen)黑(hei)熊胸(xiong)斑(ban)較小(xiao),且多呈(cheng)黃色(se)(se)(se)和赭色(se)(se)(se)。背部毛(mao)(mao)(mao)基灰(hui)黑(hei),毛(mao)(mao)(mao)尖深黑(hei),絨毛(mao)(mao)(mao)也(ye)呈(cheng)灰(hui)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)。幼(you)體(ti)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)色(se)(se)(se)黑(hei)褐(he),頭部顏色(se)(se)(se)稍淡,呈(cheng)棕褐(he)沾灰(hui)黑(hei),四肢毛(mao)(mao)(mao)色(se)(se)(se)較深,胸(xiong)部的(de)白(bai)斑(ban)極為明(ming)顯。
黑熊的(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)略呈(cheng)長(chang)圓形(xing),與棕(zong)熊相比,前(qian)(qian)短后長(chang)。吻部(bu)較短,鼻骨(gu)(gu)長(chang)度約等于(yu)頭骨(gu)(gu)在第一上(shang)臼齒(chi)(chi)前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)橫寬;眼眶前(qian)(qian)緣(yuan)至中(zhong)央門齒(chi)(chi)齒(chi)(chi)槽前(qian)(qian)緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離小于(yu)左右眶后突之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離,額骨(gu)(gu)平緩(huan),中(zhong)央不下陷。頂骨(gu)(gu)較寬;即使老齡個(ge)體也達(da)不到頂骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)三分之(zhi)一處;乳狀突很發達(da),致使頭骨(gu)(gu)后部(bu)顯得(de)寬大(da)。顴弓較弱。腭骨(gu)(gu)延伸到后臼齒(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)后面。鼓室扁(bian)平。下頜骨(gu)(gu)短,最后下臼齒(chi)(chi)位于(yu)眼窩前(qian)(qian)緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)后邊。
亞洲黑熊(xiong)(xiong)是典型(xing)的(de)林(lin)棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu),北方的(de)黑熊(xiong)(xiong)有冬(dong)(dong)(dong)眠習性,并在大樹(shu)的(de)樹(shu)洞、巖洞和地洞、圓木(mu)或石下、河堤邊、暗溝和淺(qian)洼地建立(li)巢穴。秋天會(hui)大量進食,以(yi)準備冬(dong)(dong)(dong)眠會(hui)吃大量食物(wu)將脂肪儲存(cun)起來,整個冬(dong)(dong)(dong)季(ji)蟄伏洞中,不吃不動(dong)(dong),處于(yu)半睡眠狀態,冬(dong)(dong)(dong)眠后會(hui)自動(dong)(dong)降低體溫、心率,以(yi)節省身體的(de)新陳代謝。至翌年三、四月(yue)份(fen)出洞。
亞洲黑熊(xiong)的(de)嗅覺和聽(ting)覺很靈敏,順(shun)風(feng)可(ke)聞到(dao)半公(gong)里(li)以(yi)外(wai)的(de)氣味,能聽(ting)到(dao)300步以(yi)外(wai)的(de)腳步聲(sheng)。但視覺差,故有“黑瞎(xia)子(zi)”之稱。亞洲黑熊(xiong)可(ke)以(yi)像人類一(yi)樣直立行走,也能像人一(yi)樣坐著,但行動謹慎又緩慢,很少(shao)攻(gong)擊人類。一(yi)般在(zai)夜晚活(huo)動,白(bai)天(tian)在(zai)樹洞或巖(yan)洞中睡覺。其(qi)善于攀爬,可(ke)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)到(dao)很高的(de)樹上(shang)(shang)去取果子(zi)和蜂蜜;并善游泳。
亞(ya)洲黑熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)是標準的(de)雜(za)食(shi)性動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),而且以植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)性食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為主。所吃的(de)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)別繁雜(za),包括各(ge)種(zhong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)芽、葉、莖、根、果(guo)實(shi),以及菇類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、蝦、蟹、魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、無脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、嚙齒類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)腐肉;也會挖掘(jue)蟻窩和(he)蜂(feng)巢。雖然肉類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)在其飲食(shi)中只占非(fei)常小(xiao)的(de)部分,但亞(ya)洲黑熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)被(bei)認為比美洲黑熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)更多食(shi)肉。
因為(wei)許多天然(ran)食(shi)物(wu)有明顯的(de)季(ji)(ji)節性變動,黑熊(xiong)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)食(shi)也常會有季(ji)(ji)節性變化(hua)的(de)現(xian)象。春季(ji)(ji)時(shi),黑熊(xiong)多以(yi)新鮮多汁的(de)嫩草、樹木(mu)的(de)幼芽及嫩葉為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)食(shi)。夏季(ji)(ji),則以(yi)各種富含碳水化(hua)合物(wu)營養份的(de)果(guo)實和漿果(guo)例(li)(li)如懸鉤(gou)子(zi)、山枇杷(pa)、獼猴(hou)桃、及各種樟科的(de)果(guo)實,螞蟻、蜜蜂等昆蟲為(wei)食(shi)。秋、冬季(ji)(ji)節時(shi),黑熊(xiong)則以(yi)脂肪含量(liang)豐富的(de)堅果(guo)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)食(shi),例(li)(li)如山胡桃、殼斗科的(de)橡(xiang)實。
黑(hei)熊基本為(wei)獨居(ju)動物,只有交(jiao)配的(de)時候才(cai)會雌雄(xiong)相(xiang)會,并可能在(zai)(zai)一起尋找食物。不同(tong)地區的(de)黑(hei)熊交(jiao)配季節也有所不同(tong),生(sheng)活在(zai)(zai)俄羅斯(si)的(de)黑(hei)熊在(zai)(zai)每年的(de)6~7月(yue)份交(jiao)配,而(er)它(ta)們的(de)幼(you)仔通常(chang)(chang)在(zai)(zai)12月(yue)至翌(yi)年的(de)3月(yue)間出生(sheng);生(sheng)活在(zai)(zai)巴基斯(si)坦的(de)黑(hei)熊通常(chang)(chang)在(zai)(zai)10月(yue)份才(cai)會交(jiao)配,幼(you)仔一般在(zai)(zai)次年的(de)2月(yue)前后降生(sheng)。
受精卵在(zai)(zai)植入(ru)雌性子宮后(hou)不(bu)(bu)發(fa)育(yu),有延(yan)遲著床的(de)(de)現(xian)象,到雌熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)在(zai)(zai)冬(dong)眠期間才開(kai)始成長,經歷十周的(de)(de)快速發(fa)育(yu)。在(zai)(zai)自(zi)然界帶仔的(de)(de)雌熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)隔年生(sheng)殖一(yi)(yi)次。幼熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)通(tong)(tong)常會(hui)(hui)在(zai)(zai)1或2月出生(sheng),新(xin)生(sheng)熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)仔很小,體重(zhong)約500克左右(you),1個(ge)月后(hou)方(fang)睜開(kai)眼,雙胞胎很常見,也(ye)有1或3仔者。幼熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)出生(sheng)時看(kan)不(bu)(bu)清東西,在(zai)(zai)春天(tian)暖(nuan)和后(hou),黑熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)開(kai)始離開(kai)巢(chao)穴,幼熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)充滿(man)活(huo)力,好奇并(bing)喜歡玩耍。當(dang)它們(men)(men)媽媽感覺到危險,它就會(hui)(hui)叫那些幼熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)爬上樹上。通(tong)(tong)常在(zai)(zai)第(di)一(yi)(yi)年的(de)(de)6至8個(ge)月斷奶,并(bing)在(zai)(zai)首個(ge)冬(dong)天(tian)和熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)媽媽一(yi)(yi)起生(sheng)活(huo)。而第(di)二年冬(dong)天(tian)它們(men)(men)已獨立生(sheng)活(huo)。幼熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)的(de)(de)生(sheng)存完全是依靠熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)媽媽教它們(men)(men)覓(mi)食的(de)(de)技能,怎樣尋找食物(wu)和棲身的(de)(de)洞穴,如何(he)尋找庇護來保暖(nuan)和避開(kai)危險。在(zai)(zai)繁殖季節,雌熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)通(tong)(tong)常會(hui)(hui)帶著小熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)避開(kai)公熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong),以免對小熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)造成傷害。