該圖片由注冊用戶""提供， 反饋黃(huang)蜂的(de)口器為咀嚼式，觸角具12或13節。通(tong)常有(you)翅，胸腹之(zhi)間以(yi)纖細的(de)“腰”相(xiang)連(lian)，腹部(bu)具可怕的(de)螫刺。成蟲(chong)主(zhu)要(yao)以(yi)花(hua)蜜為食，但幼蟲(chong)以(yi)母體提供(gong)的(de)昆蟲(chong)為食。已知有(you)20000多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，絕大(da)部(bu)分為獨棲，社會性的(de)黃(huang)蜂僅限(xian)于胡蜂超科(ke)（Vespoidea）胡蜂科(ke)（Vespidae）的(de)約1000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，還包括大(da)胡蜂及黃(huang)衣小胡蜂類(lei)。這些(xie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)與(yu)蛛蜂科(ke)（Pompilidae，同屬(shu)胡蜂超科(ke)）種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)和其(qi)他黃(huang)蜂類(lei)的(de)不(bu)同之(zhi)處是(shi)休息時其(qi)翅縱(zong)向折疊。
黃蜂成蟲(chong)時期的(de)身體(ti)外觀亦具有昆(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)的(de)標準(zhun)特征，包括(kuo)頭部(bu)(bu)、胸部(bu)(bu)、腹部(bu)(bu)、三(san)對(dui)腳和一對(dui)觸角；同時，它(ta)的(de)單眼、復眼與翅(chi)(chi)膀，也是(shi)多(duo)數昆(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)共(gong)有的(de)特征；此外，腹部(bu)(bu)尾端(duan)內隱藏(zang)了一支退化(hua)的(de)輸卵管，即有毒(du)蜂針。成蟲(chong)體(ti)多(duo)呈黑、黃、棕(zong)三(san)色相間，或為單一色。具大(da)小不(bu)同的(de)刻點(dian)或光(guang)滑。茸(rong)毛一般較短(duan)。足較長(chang)。翅(chi)(chi)發達，飛翔迅速。靜止前翅(chi)(chi)縱折，覆蓋身體(ti)背(bei)面(mian)。
口器(qi)發達，上顎較(jiao)粗(cu)壯。雄蜂(feng)(feng)腹部7節(jie)，無螫針(zhen)。雌蜂(feng)(feng)腹部6節(jie)，末端有由(you)產(chan)卵器(qi)形成的螫針(zhen)，上連毒(du)囊，分泌(mi)毒(du)液，毒(du)力較(jiao)強。蛹為離(li)蛹，黃白色，顏色隨齡期(qi)而加深。頭、胸、腹分明，主要器(qi)官均(jun)明顯(xian)可見。很多蜾蠃以(yi)蛹越冬。幼蟲梭形，白色，無足。體分13節(jie)。
毒(du)(du)素(su)和螫(shi)針：胡(hu)蜂(feng)的(de)毒(du)(du)素(su)分(fen)溶血毒(du)(du)和神經毒(du)(du)2類，可引起人的(de)肝(gan)、腎等臟(zang)器的(de)功(gong)能衰竭(jie)，特別(bie)是(shi)蜇到人血管上有(you)生命(ming)之憂，對過(guo)敏(min)體質的(de)人尤其危險(xian)。胡(hu)蜂(feng)毒(du)(du)刺上無毒(du)(du)腺蓋，可對人發動(dong)多次襲(xi)擊(ji)或蜇刺人。
黃(huang)蜂也叫胡蜂，養殖胡蜂具有較高的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效益和(he)廣闊的(de)開發前景(jing)。胡蜂一生包括(kuo)卵、幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、蛹和(he)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)四個(ge)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)態，1年發生3代(dai)，第1代(dai)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)6月中旬(xun)羽化(hua)，第2代(dai)一般6月中旬(xun)至(zhi)7月上旬(xun)發生，第3代(dai)7月中旬(xun)至(zhi)8月上中旬(xun)羽化(hua)，10月下旬(xun)交配(pei)，開始(shi)越冬(dong)。雄(xiong)(xiong)蜂多在第3代(dai)出現，交配(pei)后死亡，壽命(ming)較短。越冬(dong)雄(xiong)(xiong)蜂有群集性，常(chang)抱團越冬(dong)，抵御寒氣(qi)。春季雌(ci)蜂單獨覓食筑巢，一般將巢筑于樹上或樹洞(dong)中。成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)捕食鱗翅(chi)目幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，并取食果汁及嫩葉。
（1）蜂籠。木制(zhi)或用(yong)鐵紗網制(zhi)成，體(ti)積約(yue)為0.03～0.04立方(fang)米，使(shi)其有(you)充分活動的余地。
（2）蜂(feng)(feng)棚。大小視采收(shou)蜂(feng)(feng)巢的(de)(de)多(duo)少(shao)而(er)定(ding)，可利用(yong)大型玻璃(li)溫室、大型廠(chang)房或建立專用(yong)育(yu)蜂(feng)(feng)棚。蜂(feng)(feng)棚用(yong)鐵、木作(zuo)支架，鐵窗紗(sha)作(zuo)圍網，一般面積(ji)在100平方米左右(you)，高2m，棚內(nei)種植玉米、大豆、棉花等(deng)易接入昆蟲生存(cun)的(de)(de)作(zuo)物，棚的(de)(de)一面留有(you)紗(sha)門。棚內(nei)要懸掛(gua)盛有(you)蜜水、水果、瓜(gua)皮等(deng)飼(si)料的(de)(de)小盤，使(shi)蜂(feng)(feng)能在放入后取(qu)食并自(zi)由活動。
（3）蜂箱(xiang)。用木材做成(cheng)，邊長15～20cm，上(shang)下(xia)用薄木板做成(cheng)蓋和(he)底。蓋上(shang)裝有(you)掛(gua)鉤(gou)，四周掛(gua)有(you)紗(sha)窗，一側留有(you)活門(men)。
飼(si)料水(shui)(shui)果，如熟透的(de)蘋果、桃等；水(shui)(shui)分較(jiao)多的(de)青菜；糖蜜；瓜皮等。
飼養(yang)管理飼養(yang)胡蜂的(de)關鍵問題是：冬季保護雌種(zhong)蜂安全度過冬季，春季引導早筑巢、多(duo)筑巢。
（1）采集(ji)(ji)。每年9月(yue)底10月(yue)初，胡蜂(feng)(feng)開(kai)(kai)始脫離(li)舊(jiu)巢，遷移到適宜(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)場所(suo)群(qun)集(ji)(ji)越(yue)(yue)(yue)冬(dong)，此時收(shou)(shou)(shou)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)蜂(feng)(feng)最(zui)為適宜(yi)(yi)。夜間用(yong)捕(bu)蟲網(wang)在(zai)(zai)群(qun)蜂(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)越(yue)(yue)(yue)冬(dong)處收(shou)(shou)(shou)集(ji)(ji)，養殖(zhi)在(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)籠(long)中(zhong)。每個蜂(feng)(feng)籠(long)放入300～500頭(tou)，并(bing)用(yong)黑布遮光(guang)(guang)，放在(zai)(zai)干(gan)燥(zao)通風、不(bu)受干(gan)擾的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)室內(nei)，減少活動量，促使(shi)其(qi)提(ti)前進入冬(dong)眠狀(zhuang)態。為避免蜂(feng)(feng)群(qun)脫巢后(hou)不(bu)易尋(xun)找，也可(ke)于9月(yue)中(zhong)旬在(zai)(zai)原巢上(shang)(shang)采收(shou)(shou)(shou)，放入籠(long)或(huo)箱中(zhong)，利用(yong)群(qun)蜂(feng)(feng)向上(shang)(shang)習性，在(zai)(zai)籠(long)底投放熟透的(de)(de)(de)蘋果、桃和水分較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)青菜。中(zhong)午氣溫(wen)高時，在(zai)(zai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)下曬3～4h，使(shi)其(qi)活動并(bing)取食，推遲休眠期，不(bu)但(dan)補充了營養，仍能(neng)使(shi)其(qi)安(an)全越(yue)(yue)(yue)冬(dong)。胡蜂(feng)(feng)為半冬(dong)眠昆蟲，氣溫(wen)降(jiang)(jiang)至(zhi)5℃開(kai)(kai)始抱(bao)(bao)團(tuan)，氣溫(wen)越(yue)(yue)(yue)低，抱(bao)(bao)團(tuan)越(yue)(yue)(yue)緊；氣溫(wen)稍高，則抱(bao)(bao)團(tuan)松散(san)；溫(wen)度高于7℃時，便開(kai)(kai)始散(san)團(tuan)，越(yue)(yue)(yue)冬(dong)后(hou)成活率的(de)(de)(de)高低主(zhu)要與抱(bao)(bao)團(tuan)好(hao)壞有關，所(suo)以(yi)，在(zai)(zai)越(yue)(yue)(yue)冬(dong)期間，要經常檢查，箱籠(long)10～15日進行1次抱(bao)(bao)團(tuan)情況(kuang)檢查。如(ru)果發現散(san)團(tuan)，應及時降(jiang)(jiang)溫(wen)，加厚(hou)遮光(guang)(guang)外套。
（2）飼(si)養管理(li)。第(di)2年3月上(shang)旬(xun)氣溫回(hui)升到10℃以上(shang)，越冬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始散團(tuan)(tuan)，在(zai)(zai)籠(long)(long)(long)壁活(huo)(huo)動。此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)立(li)(li)即投入(ru)蘋(pin)果、糖(tang)蜜、糖(tang)拌(ban)饃(mo)等飼(si)料進(jin)行人(ren)(ren)工(gong)飼(si)養，喂養至4月中(zhong)旬(xun)，籠(long)(long)(long)內蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)振翅活(huo)(huo)動一(yi)段時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間，才可(ke)放(fang)(fang)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)出籠(long)(long)(long)，回(hui)歸大(da)(da)自然筑巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)。人(ren)(ren)工(gong)輔(fu)助(zhu)筑巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)是在(zai)(zai)自然條件下建筑蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)棚(peng)(peng)。春季氣溫恒定(ding)在(zai)(zai)13℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，越冬胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始散團(tuan)(tuan)活(huo)(huo)動，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)夜(ye)間移入(ru)大(da)(da)棚(peng)(peng)中(zhong)，輕開(kai)(kai)(kai)籠(long)(long)(long)門或箱蓋，來日胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)即在(zai)(zai)棚(peng)(peng)內飛(fei)翔。氣溫恒定(ding)在(zai)(zai)17℃以上(shang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始進(jin)入(ru)筑巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)產卵(luan)階段，應(ying)(ying)隨(sui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)觀察，見有(you)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)在(zai)(zai)棚(peng)(peng)頂(ding)及(ji)四周(zhou)紗(sha)網(wang)上(shang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)飛(fei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)停，應(ying)(ying)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)籠(long)(long)(long)掛在(zai)(zai)棚(peng)(peng)內各處，將籠(long)(long)(long)開(kai)(kai)(kai)啟一(yi)半而(er)拴牢。于育蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)棚(peng)(peng)中(zhong)僅有(you)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)設置的(de)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)籠(long)(long)(long)是遮光(guang)避雨、擋風的(de)適宜筑巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)地點，蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)很自然地飛(fei)入(ru)籠(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)。只(zhi)要經過短暫的(de)適應(ying)(ying)，用(yong)足及(ji)口器(qi)在(zai)(zai)籠(long)(long)(long)頂(ding)清理(li)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)基，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)飼(si)料盤中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)添加糖(tang)蜜成分，以利于蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)建造牢固的(de)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)柄(bing)。然后(hou)(hou)建立(li)(li)第(di)1個(ge)(ge)(ge)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)。巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)是胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)將口器(qi)啃嚼(jiao)后(hou)(hou)的(de)朽木及(ji)紙張等糊狀纖維物質銜入(ru)籠(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)，粘連在(zai)(zai)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)柄(bing)上(shang)，再稍修砌(qi)而(er)成的(de)，因此(ci)，要在(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)棚(peng)(peng)內放(fang)(fang)上(shang)腐朽木材，棚(peng)(peng)壁紗(sha)網(wang)上(shang)掛些廢紙條，備蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)取用(yong)。第(di)1個(ge)(ge)(ge)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)建好后(hou)(hou)，后(hou)(hou)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)便在(zai)(zai)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)近底部側壁產下1粒帶(dai)短柄(bing)的(de)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)卵(luan)。蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)卵(luan)孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)前，后(hou)(hou)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)會很快在(zai)(zai)位于巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)柄(bing)下第(di)1巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)側面(mian)接圓周(zhou)狀巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)，邊建邊產卵(luan)，直(zhi)至卵(luan)粒依次孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)。后(hou)(hou)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)不(bu)斷產卵(luan)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擔(dan)負外出覓食和飼(si)育幼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)任務。巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)體不(bu)斷擴大(da)(da)，幼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)隨(sui)之增加，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要特別注意飼(si)料的(de)供應(ying)(ying)。經過5個(ge)(ge)(ge)月的(de)飼(si)養管理(li)，蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)籠(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)直(zhi)徑可(ke)達10CM以上(shang)，有(you)百(bai)余只(zhi)成蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。天氣漸冷，雌(ci)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)產卵(luan)停止。雌(ci)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)內的(de)蛹將要羽化(hua)(hua)完(wan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，宜關閉籠(long)(long)(long)門，防成蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)離(li)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)。收回(hui)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)籠(long)(long)(long)，利用(yong)夜(ye)間蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)群(qun)安靜時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，將蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)籠(long)(long)(long)倒(dao)放(fang)(fang)，待蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)群(qun)爬向上(shang)方離(li)開(kai)(kai)(kai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，摘取蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)房(fang)，取出尚未羽化(hua)(hua)的(de)殘蛹，掛在(zai)(zai)通風、干(gan)燥、無鼠、無蟲處晾干(gan)，備作藥(yao)用(yong)。蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)群(qun)旺盛時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，還可(ke)提取蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)毒，藥(yao)用(yong)價值更高。
危害胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)天敵種類(lei)很(hen)多，包括(kuo)昆蟲(chong)、蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛、鳥(niao)類(lei)及老(lao)鼠等(deng)(deng)，還有(you)病原微生物引起的(de)病害。危害蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)最嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)是鱗翅目瞑蛾科(ke)的(de)黃尾巢(chao)(chao)(chao)螟(ming)，其成(cheng)蟲(chong)夜間(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)上(shang)(shang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)，4～5D后孵化(hua)出(chu)幼蟲(chong)。幼蟲(chong)穿行于(yu)(yu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)內蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)室中，咬食(shi)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)幼蟲(chong)，造成(cheng)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)解體，且巢(chao)(chao)(chao)螟(ming)喜夜間(jian)活(huo)(huo)動，而(er)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)白(bai)天活(huo)(huo)動，晚上(shang)(shang)伏于(yu)(yu)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)上(shang)(shang)不(bu)動，任巢(chao)(chao)(chao)螟(ming)將(jiang)其卵(luan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)于(yu)(yu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)上(shang)(shang)而(er)無動于(yu)(yu)衷。一旦巢(chao)(chao)(chao)螟(ming)入(ru)侵蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)，可使(shi)大量胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)死(si)亡。對巢(chao)(chao)(chao)螟(ming)的(de)預(yu)防(fang)(fang)，一是讓胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)將(jiang)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)建在(zai)(zai)(zai)離地(di)(di)面較遠的(de)位置，因(yin)為自然(ran)界的(de)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，一般(ban)距地(di)(di)面近的(de)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)受(shou)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)螟(ming)危害嚴(yan)重(zhong)，距地(di)(di)面遠的(de)較輕(qing)；二是人工飼養箱中的(de)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)螟(ming)產(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)的(de)2～3D內，每晚將(jiang)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)箱門關上(shang)(shang)，可避免巢(chao)(chao)(chao)螟(ming)在(zai)(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)箱內產(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)。幼蟲(chong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)高溫多雨季(ji)節易得(de)腐臭病，感染(ran)后會(hui)很(hen)快(kuai)發(fa)病死(si)亡。可以將(jiang)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)箱疏散(san)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)上(shang)(shang)用噴霧器噴灑(sa)抗生素(su)進行預(yu)防(fang)(fang)。此外，危害胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)動物還有(you)烏鴉、喜鵲、螞(ma)蟻、蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛、壁虎等(deng)(deng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)冬(dong)季(ji)越冬(dong)時，老(lao)鼠也會(hui)咬食(shi)成(cheng)群(qun)越冬(dong)的(de)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，這些都需要加強防(fang)(fang)范。
