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基本介紹

黃(huang)鼬（學名：Mustela sibirica）：是哺乳綱、鼬科的(de)小(xiao)型的(de)食肉動物。俗名黃(huang)鼠狼。體(ti)長(chang)(chang)28-40厘米，尾(wei)長(chang)(chang)12-25厘米，體(ti)重210-1200克。雌性小(xiao)于(yu)雄(xiong)性1/2-1/3。頭骨為(wei)(wei)狹長(chang)(chang)形(xing)，頂部(bu)較(jiao)平。體(ti)形(xing)中等，身(shen)體(ti)細(xi)長(chang)(chang)。頭細(xi)，頸較(jiao)長(chang)(chang)。耳殼短而寬，稍突出(chu)于(yu)毛(mao)叢。尾(wei)長(chang)(chang)約為(wei)(wei)體(ti)長(chang)(chang)之半。冬季(ji)尾(wei)毛(mao)長(chang)(chang)而蓬松，夏秋毛(mao)絨稀(xi)薄，尾(wei)毛(mao)不散開。四肢較(jiao)短，均具5趾(zhi)，趾(zhi)端(duan)爪(zhua)尖銳，趾(zhi)間有(you)很小(xiao)的(de)皮膜(mo)。肛(gang)門腺發達。雄(xiong)獸的(de)陰(yin)莖(jing)骨基部(bu)膨大成結節狀，端(duan)部(bu)呈鉤狀。周身(shen)皮毛(mao)棕(zong)黃(huang)或(huo)橙黃(huang)色。

棲息于平原、沼澤、河谷、村莊、城市和山區等地(di)帶(dai)。夜行性(xing)，主要以嚙齒類動(dong)物(wu)為(wei)(wei)食，偶(ou)爾也吃其(qi)他(ta)(ta)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)哺乳動(dong)物(wu)，每年3-4月發情交配(pei)。選擇柴草垛下、堤岸洞(dong)穴(xue)、墓地(di)、亂石堆、樹(shu)洞(dong)等隱蔽處筑巢。雌獸妊(ren)娠期為(wei)(wei)33-37天。通常5月產仔(zi)，每胎產2-8仔(zi)。與很多鼬科(ke)動(dong)物(wu)一樣，它(ta)們體內具有臭腺，可以排(pai)出臭氣(qi)，在遇到(dao)威脅時，起到(dao)麻痹敵人的作用。主要以嚙齒類動(dong)物(wu)為(wei)(wei)食，偶(ou)爾也吃其(qi)他(ta)(ta)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)哺乳動(dong)物(wu)。

亞種細分

生長與分布

世界分布

分布于(yu)不丹、中國(guo)、印度、日本(ben)、韓國(guo)、朝鮮人民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主共和國(guo)、老撾人民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主共和國(guo)、蒙古(gu)、緬甸、尼泊爾、巴基斯坦、俄羅斯、泰(tai)國(guo)、越(yue)南。

中國分布

分(fen)布(bu)(bu)于北京、天(tian)(tian)津、河(he)北、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)、內蒙(meng)古(gu)、遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)、吉林(lin)(lin)、黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)(jiang)、上海(hai)、江(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)、浙江(jiang)(jiang)、安(an)(an)徽、福建、江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)、河(he)南(nan)、湖(hu)北、湖(hu)南(nan)、廣(guang)東(dong)、廣(guang)西(xi)、四川、貴(gui)州(zhou)、云(yun)南(nan)、西(xi)藏、陜西(xi)、甘(gan)肅、青海(hai)、寧(ning)(ning)夏、新疆、臺灣；分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)以下(xia)保護(hu)區：天(tian)(tian)堂寨、松山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)（北京）、牛姆林(lin)(lin)、武夷山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)（福建與江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)的交界(jie)處(chu)）、戴云(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、興(xing)隆山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南(nan)嶺、南(nan)昆山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、黑(hei)石頂、豫北黃河(he)故道(dao)濕(shi)地(di)、鼎湖(hu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大(da)(da)明(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大(da)(da)瑤(yao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)（廣(guang)西(xi)）、十萬大(da)(da)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)、道(dao)真大(da)(da)沙河(he)、赤水(shui)(shui)桫欏、麻陽(yang)(yang)河(he)、雷公山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、習水(shui)(shui)、佛(fo)頂山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)（石阡）、梵(fan)凈山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、茂蘭、董寨鳥類、濟(ji)源(yuan)(yuan)獼(mi)猴、雞公山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、寶(bao)天(tian)(tian)曼（內鄉(xiang)）、洪河(he)、涼水(shui)(shui)、興(xing)凱湖(hu)、九宮山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、神農架、后(hou)河(he)、桃源(yuan)(yuan)洞(dong)、壺瓶山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、八大(da)(da)公山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東(dong)洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)、索(suo)溪峪(yu)、八面山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、莽山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、莫(mo)莫(mo)格(ge)、鄱陽(yang)(yang)湖(hu)、巖泉、桃紅嶺、井岡(gang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、雙(shuang)臺河(he)口、老禿頂子、白(bai)石砬子、羅山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、白(bai)芨(ji)灘(tan)、白(bai)芨(ji)灘(tan)、六盤山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)（寧(ning)(ning)夏）、龐泉溝(gou)、太(tai)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、佛(fo)坪、王朗、臥龍(long)、縉云(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、金佛(fo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、珠(zhu)穆朗瑪峰、蒼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)洱海(hai)、大(da)(da)圍(wei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、怒江(jiang)(jiang)、高(gao)黎貢山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、銅壁關、南(nan)麂(ji)列島(dao)、清(qing)涼峰、天(tian)(tian)目山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)（浙江(jiang)(jiang)）、古(gu)田山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、烏巖嶺、三江(jiang)(jiang)（黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)(jiang)）、瓦屋山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大(da)(da)霧嶺、南(nan)洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)濕(shi)地(di)和水(shui)(shui)禽、賽罕(han)烏拉(la)、朱(zhu)家山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、安(an)(an)溪云(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小(xiao)溪、黃河(he)三角洲、額濟(ji)納胡楊林(lin)(lin)、南(nan)靖南(nan)亞(ya)熱帶雨林(lin)(lin)；分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)以下(xia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈湖(hu)泊：長(chang)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、中條山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大(da)(da)別山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、玉龍(long)雪山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、都龐嶺、高(gao)黎貢山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)峰、關帝(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、賀(he)蘭山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小(xiao)興(xing)安(an)(an)嶺、香山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、五臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、六盤山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、蘆牙山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、太(tai)岳山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、清(qing)涼峰、秦嶺、阿(a)爾泰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)、伏牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。

形態及特征

黃鼬(you)體(ti)長28-40厘米(mi)，尾長12-25厘米(mi)，體(ti)重210-1200克。體(ti)形中等，身體(ti)細長。頭細，頸較長。耳(er)殼短而寬，稍(shao)突出(chu)于毛(mao)(mao)叢。尾長約為體(ti)長之半。冬季尾毛(mao)(mao)長而蓬松，夏秋毛(mao)(mao)絨稀薄，尾毛(mao)(mao)不散開(kai)。四肢(zhi)較短，均具5趾(zhi)，趾(zhi)端爪尖銳，趾(zhi)間有很小的皮膜。肛門腺發達。雄獸的陰莖骨基部膨大成結節狀，端部呈鉤狀。

黃(huang)鼬的(de)毛(mao)色(se)(se)從淺沙棕(zong)色(se)(se)到(dao)黃(huang)棕(zong)色(se)(se)，色(se)(se)澤較淡。毛(mao)絨相對較稀短(duan)，針(zhen)毛(mao)長(chang)25-29毫(hao)米，絨毛(mao)長(chang)15-18毫(hao)米，針(zhen)毛(mao)粗(cu)118-130微(wei)米。背毛(mao)略深(shen)；腹毛(mao)稍淺，四(si)肢(zhi)、尾(wei)與身體(ti)同(tong)(tong)色(se)(se)。鼻基(ji)部(bu)(bu)、前額及(ji)眼周(zhou)淺褐(he)色(se)(se)，略似面紋。鼻墊基(ji)部(bu)(bu)及(ji)上、下唇(chun)為白色(se)(se)，喉部(bu)(bu)及(ji)頸下常(chang)有(you)白斑。但變異極(ji)大(da)，即(ji)使同(tong)(tong)一地點，有(you)些(xie)個體(ti)缺(que)如。有(you)的(de)呈大(da)形斑，有(you)的(de)從喉部(bu)(bu)延伸至胸部(bu)(bu)。

黃鼬的頭骨為(wei)狹(xia)長形(xing)，頂部較平。鼻骨、上頜骨、額骨和(he)頂骨完(wan)全(quan)愈合，不(bu)見(jian)骨縫。顴(quan)弓窄。聽泡為(wei)長橢圓形(xing)。雄獸的矢(shi)狀嵴和(he)人字嵴明(ming)顯，眶間寬較眶后突(tu)后之(zhi)腦顱前端為(wei)寬。

牙齒(chi)的齒(chi)式為：3·1·3·1/3·1·3·2=34。上(shang)門齒(chi)成一橫列，第二(er)下門齒(chi)著生位置略靠后。犬齒(chi)長而直。上(shang)裂齒(chi)前緣內側、下裂齒(chi)的后葉(xie)均(jun)有一明顯小(xiao)尖(jian)。上(shang)臼齒(chi)橫列，內葉(xie)大(da)于外葉(xie)。內葉(xie)中央(yang)小(xiao)尖(jian)明顯，外葉(xie)具二(er)個(ge)小(xiao)尖(jian)。

生活習性

夜行(xing)(xing)性(xing)，尤其是清晨和(he)(he)黃昏活(huo)動(dong)頻繁(fan)(fan)，有時(shi)也在白天活(huo)動(dong)。通常(chang)單獨行(xing)(xing)動(dong)。善于奔走，能(neng)貼伏(fu)地面前進、鉆越縫(feng)隙和(he)(he)洞(dong)穴，也能(neng)游泳、攀樹和(he)(he)墻(qiang)壁等。除繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)期(qi)外，一般沒有固定的(de)巢穴。通常(chang)隱藏在柴(chai)草堆下、亂(luan)石(shi)堆、墻(qiang)洞(dong)等處。嗅覺十(shi)分靈敏，但視覺較差(cha)。性(xing)情兇猛，常(chang)捕殺超過其食量的(de)獵物。

警惕性

黃(huang)鼬(you)冬(dong)季(ji)常追隨(sui)鼠(shu)類遷移而潛入村落附近，在石穴和(he)樹洞中筑窩。它們(men)擅長攀援(yuan)登高和(he)下(xia)水游泳，也能(neng)高蹦低竄，在干溝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亂石堆里閃電(dian)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追襲獵食對(dui)象。黃(huang)鼬(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)警(jing)覺性很高，時刻(ke)保持著高度(du)戒備狀態(tai)，要想對(dui)黃(huang)鼬(you)出其(qi)(qi)不意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偷(tou)襲是很困(kun)難的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)旦遭(zao)到(dao)狗或(huo)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追擊(ji)，在沒有退路和(he)無(wu)法逃脫時，黃(huang)鼬(you)就會兇猛(meng)地(di)對(dui)進犯(fan)者(zhe)發起殊死(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)攻，顯得無(wu)畏(wei)而又十分兇猛(meng)。黃(huang)鼬(you)及其(qi)(qi)家(jia)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)他成員還(huan)有一(yi)種退敵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武(wu)器，那就是位于肛門(men)兩旁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)對(dui)黃(huang)豆形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臭腺，它們(men)在奔(ben)逃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，能(neng)從臭腺中迸射出一(yi)股(gu)臭不可忍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分泌物。假如(ru)追敵被這種分泌物射中頭部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，就會引起中毒，輕者(zhe)感到(dao)頭暈目眩，惡心(xin)嘔吐，嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)會倒(dao)地(di)昏迷不醒。

食雜性

黃(huang)(huang)鼬食性很雜，在(zai)野(ye)外以(yi)老鼠(shu)和野(ye)兔為主(zhu)食，盡管野(ye)兔在(zai)短距離內跑(pao)得很快(kuai)，但在(zai)長時間的(de)高速追逐下(xia)，最后總會由于恐懼和力(li)竭而被趕上咬斷(duan)脖(bo)頸，做了黃(huang)(huang)鼬口下(xia)的(de)犧牲品。也吃(chi)鳥卵(luan)及幼雛、魚(yu)、蛙和昆蟲；在(zai)住家附近，常在(zai)夜(ye)間偷襲家禽，首先吸食其血液，再(zai)吃(chi)內臟及軀體，性嗜(shi)吸血。以(yi)臭(chou)腺放出臭(chou)氣自衛。據調查，每頭(tou)黃(huang)(huang)鼬一夜(ye)之間可(ke)以(yi)捕食6～7只老鼠(shu)。

飼養方法

籠舍設施

籠(long)(long)(long)舍(she)(she)由鐵(tie)絲(si)籠(long)(long)(long)和巢箱(xiang)聯接(jie)組(zu)成。鐵(tie)絲(si)籠(long)(long)(long)是吃食(shi)和活動的(de)場(chang)(chang)所，長(chang)70厘米(mi)、寬40厘米(mi)、高40厘米(mi)，由鋼筋或(huo)角鋼焊成框架(jia)，圍(wei)以鐵(tie)絲(si)網，網眼直徑1-2厘米(mi)。籠(long)(long)(long)的(de)上面(mian)設門，以便喂料、清掃；籠(long)(long)(long)的(de)側面(mian)底(di)部留一孔(kong)與巢箱(xiang)貫(guan)通，供(gong)(gong)黃(huang)鼬出入。巢箱(xiang)供(gong)(gong)黃(huang)鼬休息(xi)和產仔用，較籠(long)(long)(long)略小，由硬厚木板釘成，箱(xiang)上也設一個門，供(gong)(gong)清掃和檢查(cha)用。籠(long)(long)(long)舍(she)(she)場(chang)(chang)地應干(gan)燥、通風、向陽、衛(wei)生和安靜，盡量避免人為干(gan)擾(rao)，大規模飼(si)養或(huo)有(you)條件者，可(ke)在(zai)籠(long)(long)(long)舍(she)(she)上搭設遮雨防(fang)曬的(de)棚頂，另用磚石或(huo)鐵(tie)皮建(jian)圍(wei)墻(qiang)。

繁殖

黃鼬(you)(you)(you)(you)8-10月齡性(xing)成(cheng)熟，年產(chan)1胎(tai)，可利用3-4年，懷(huai)孕(yun)期(qi)33-38天，每胎(tai)產(chan)仔(zi)(zi)數5-10只。黃鼬(you)(you)(you)(you)屬于季節性(xing)繁(fan)(fan)殖動(dong)物，南方(fang)每年2-4月，北方(fang)4-5月為發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)交配期(qi)。發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)期(qi)雄(xiong)、雌(ci)鼬(you)(you)(you)(you)活動(dong)頻繁(fan)(fan)，食量(liang)減少，時常呼叫，尋求異性(xing)。雄(xiong)鼬(you)(you)(you)(you)睪(gao)丸膨大，呈(cheng)(cheng)圓形，性(xing)情(qing)(qing)急躁，不時發(fa)(fa)出“咕咕”叫聲。雌(ci)鼬(you)(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)初期(qi)，外陰(yin)部略腫(zhong)(zhong)脹(zhang)突出，呈(cheng)(cheng)粉(fen)紅色(se)(se)，外露明(ming)顯(xian)；發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)旺期(qi)，外陰(yin)部明(ming)顯(xian)紅腫(zhong)(zhong)，呈(cheng)(cheng)紅色(se)(se)或(huo)紫(zi)紅色(se)(se)，陰(yin)唇外翻(fan)，有(you)粘液，陰(yin)毛束倒向兩(liang)側，性(xing)情(qing)(qing)溫(wen)和。在此種情(qing)(qing)況下交配，受(shou)孕(yun)率最高，初配后應復配2-3次，公母(mu)比(bi)例以1：4-5為宜。黃鼬(you)(you)(you)(you)懷(huai)孕(yun)30天左(zuo)右時進行營巢，這時將柔軟干(gan)凈的干(gan)草放入巢箱。雌(ci)鼬(you)(you)(you)(you)產(chan)前興奮(fen)不安，出入頻繁(fan)(fan)，甚至拒食，產(chan)仔(zi)(zi)過程(cheng)20-30分鐘。繁(fan)(fan)殖期(qi)保(bao)持環境安靜，以免(mian)雌(ci)鼬(you)(you)(you)(you)受(shou)驚(jing)而流產(chan)、早產(chan)、難(nan)產(chan)或(huo)咬食仔(zi)(zi)鼬(you)(you)(you)(you)。

仔鼬哺育

仔鼬出生2周內，完全靠母乳(ru)生活。當雌鼬開始喂仔鼬時(shi)，應供應營養豐富，并富含(han)維生素A、維生素D的(de)飼(si)(si)料。仔鼬能自由(you)采食時(shi)，日喂2次，飼(si)(si)料以易消(xiao)化而富營養的(de)半液狀(zhuang)或粘稠(chou)狀(zhuang)食物為好，如牛奶、蛋類和切碎的(de)鮮魚等(deng)，注(zhu)意(yi)保(bao)溫(wen)和新鮮。正常情況(kuang)下(xia)，30日齡可(ke)斷乳(ru)，斷乳(ru)后(hou)分窩飼(si)(si)養，按同(tong)等(deng)大小仔鼬合籠飼(si)(si)養，每籠2-3只。夏季做好籠舍遮蔭，保(bao)證充足飲水(shui)，防(fang)止中暑。用具經(jing)常清洗，消(xiao)毒，籠舍及(ji)時(shi)清掃。發現仔鼬精(jing)神萎(wei)靡、行動(dong)遲(chi)緩、豎(shu)毛、眼睛干(gan)燥、后(hou)背拱起、尾毛沾糞便(bian)，拒食等(deng)反(fan)常表現，應及(ji)時(shi)檢查(cha)治(zhi)療。90日齡后(hou)按成(cheng)鼬飼(si)(si)養管理。當年的(de)仔鼬入冬即可(ke)取皮，或翌春投(tou)入種群繁殖。

喂養

日(ri)喂(wei)兩次(ci)，上午7-8點投喂(wei)日(ri)糧的(de)(de)40%，下午5-6點（冬(dong)季4-5點）投喂(wei)日(ri)糧的(de)(de)60%。妊娠和哺乳期(qi)的(de)(de)雌鼬，中午少量增喂(wei)1次(ci)。除冬(dong)季和哺乳期(qi)外每周停食1次(ci)，刺激其采食。每日(ri)檢查黃鼬的(de)(de)精(jing)神、活動、食欲、糞便等狀況(kuang)，發(fa)病(bing)(bing)時及時治療。經常檢查籠(long)(long)舍(she)，破(po)損處(chu)馬上修補(bu)。每日(ri)傍晚飼(si)喂(wei)前，徹底(di)清(qing)掃(sao)籠(long)(long)舍(she)，更換墊(dian)草，刷(shua)洗食具(ju)，補(bu)足(zu)清(qing)水。場地、籠(long)(long)舍(she)和用具(ju)定期(qi)消(xiao)毒(du)。夏季做好防(fang)暑、防(fang)潮、防(fang)病(bing)(bing)工作。

飼料

黃鼬混合料力求多樣化，營養豐(feng)富(fu)，適口性強(qiang)。動物(wu)性飼料包括(kuo)(kuo)畜、禽及鼠、蛙、魚(yu)、鳥、蛇、昆蟲(chong)等(deng)；谷物(wu)飼料包括(kuo)(kuo)玉米面、麩糠、豆餅等(deng)；蔬菜飼料包括(kuo)(kuo)蘿(luo)卜、白菜、甜菜等(deng)，新鮮或(huo)干貯的(de)均(jun)可，礦物(wu)質(zhi)飼料包括(kuo)(kuo)食鹽、骨粉等(deng)。

日(ri)糧(liang)配方(fang)：非繁殖(zhi)(zhi)期為魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、肉(rou)30%、內臟25%、谷物35%、蔬菜(cai)10%、另加(jia)食鹽0．5克、骨(gu)粉(fen)(fen)2克、酵(jiao)(jiao)母(mu)2克、魚(yu)(yu)(yu)肝油(you)0．5克。繁殖(zhi)(zhi)期為魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、肉(rou)40%、內臟25%、乳類5%、谷物20%、蔬菜(cai)10%、外加(jia)食鹽0．5克、骨(gu)粉(fen)(fen)1．5克、酵(jiao)(jiao)母(mu)2克、魚(yu)(yu)(yu)肝油(you)1克。90日(ri)齡以(yi)上的成鼬日(ri)糧(liang)為雄(xiong)鼬150-200克、雌鼬130-180克，以(yi)吃飽而不剩(sheng)余為好。

非(fei)繁殖(zhi)期動物性(xing)飼(si)料(liao)以雞內臟、魚類及青蛙、蟬蛹(yong)為佳，以保證對蛋白(bai)質(zhi)的(de)需要，提高(gao)毛皮(pi)質(zhi)量(liang)；在(zai)發(fa)情配種期增喂(wei)魚粉，畜(chu)禽(qin)頭和(he)內臟，促進性(xing)器官的(de)發(fa)育(yu)；在(zai)妊娠和(he)哺乳期，要喂(wei)全(quan)價飼(si)料(liao)，多喂(wei)青蛙、活泥鰍等適口飼(si)料(liao)。蔬(shu)菜要新鮮衛生，不喂(wei)變質(zhi)的(de)飼(si)料(liao)。

繁殖方式

每(mei)年3-4月發情交(jiao)配。懷孕后期的雌獸(shou)行動(dong)謹(jin)慎、緩慢。臨產前(qian)選(xuan)擇柴草垛下、堤岸洞穴、墓地、亂石堆(dui)、樹洞等隱蔽(bi)處筑巢。雌獸(shou)妊娠期為33-37天(tian)。通(tong)常5月產仔，每(mei)胎產2-8仔。初生(sheng)的幼仔全身(shen)被白色胎毛，雙眼緊閉，側身(shen)躺臥(wo)。9-10月齡達到性成熟。壽(shou)命為10-20年。

價值及其他

經濟價值

黃鼬(you)大(da)量捕(bu)食鼠(shu)類，是(shi)害鼠(shu)的天敵(di)。據估(gu)算(suan)，一只(zhi)(zhi)鼬(you)一年(nian)可(ke)吃1500-3200只(zhi)(zhi)老鼠(shu)。黃鼠(shu)狼的毛(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)，經加工后可(ke)制成裘皮(pi)(pi)(pi)大(da)衣，不過(guo)它的皮(pi)(pi)(pi)，夏天不值錢，非要(yao)入冬以后的大(da)雪、小雪時節的皮(pi)(pi)(pi)才很昂貴。中國用其尾毛(mao)(mao)制做毛(mao)(mao)筆，稱為狼毫。鼬(you)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)、鼬(you)毛(mao)(mao)是(shi)中國傳統的野生毛(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)動物出口項目商品。

藥用價值

【藥(yao)材名(ming)】鼬鼠肉(rou)

【拉丁(ding)名(ming)】MustelasibiricaPallas

【名(ming)稱(cheng)考(kao)證】黃鼬，黃鼠狼，鼪鼠，地猴，鬛鼠。

【科目來(lai)源(yuan)】鼬(you)科動物(wu)。

【藥用部(bu)位】黃(huang)鼬的肉。

【性(xing)味歸經】甘、溫、有小(xiao)毒入肺、腎二經。

【功效主治】殺蟲療瘡、溫腎縮尿。治疥(jie)瘡、瘡潰不愈合、尿頻(pin)。

【用(yong)法用(yong)量】內服(fu)：燒存性研(yan)末，0.5一1錢(qian)。外用(yong)：煎油徐(xu)或燒灰研(yan)末撤。

【資源分布】分布遍及全國。

【古籍考證】出自《本草綱(gang)目》；《綱(gang)目》：“按(an)《廣雅》，鼠狼即鼬(you)(you)也。此物健于搏鼠及離畜(chu)，又能制蛇(she)虺。”“鼬(you)(you)，處處有之，狀(zhuang)似鼠而身(shen)長尾大，黃(huang)色帶(dai)亦，其氣極臊奧(ao)。”“鼬(you)(you)鼠心(xin)(xin)肝，氣味臭(chou)，微毒(du)，治心(xin)(xin)腹痛，殺蟲。《海上仙(xian)方》用黃(huang)鼠心(xin)(xin)、肝、肺(fei)一具，陰(yin)干瓦(wa)焙(bei)為末，入(ru)乳香(xiang)、沒(mei)藥(yao)、孩兒茶、血竭(jie)末各三分，每服一錢，燒酒調下立止。”

【相關(guan)選(xuan)方】治(zhi)淋病(bing)：鼬鼠全(quan)身黑(hei)燒粉末(mo)，與等(deng)量(liang)之(zhi)梓白皮細末(mo)混合，每次(ci)約服一匙許，開水(shui)送(song)。