黃鼬(you)(學(xue)名(ming):Mustela sibirica):是哺(bu)乳綱、鼬(you)科的(de)小型的(de)食肉動物。俗名(ming)黃鼠狼。體(ti)長(chang)(chang)28-40厘米(mi),尾(wei)(wei)(wei)長(chang)(chang)12-25厘米(mi),體(ti)重(zhong)210-1200克。雌性小于雄性1/2-1/3。頭(tou)骨為狹長(chang)(chang)形,頂部較(jiao)平。體(ti)形中等,身體(ti)細長(chang)(chang)。頭(tou)細,頸較(jiao)長(chang)(chang)。耳殼短(duan)而寬(kuan),稍突出于毛(mao)叢。尾(wei)(wei)(wei)長(chang)(chang)約(yue)為體(ti)長(chang)(chang)之半。冬(dong)季尾(wei)(wei)(wei)毛(mao)長(chang)(chang)而蓬松,夏秋毛(mao)絨(rong)稀(xi)薄,尾(wei)(wei)(wei)毛(mao)不(bu)散開。四肢(zhi)較(jiao)短(duan),均具5趾,趾端爪(zhua)尖(jian)銳,趾間有很小的(de)皮膜。肛門腺發達。雄獸(shou)的(de)陰莖骨基部膨大(da)成結節狀(zhuang),端部呈鉤狀(zhuang)。周(zhou)身皮毛(mao)棕黃或(huo)橙黃色。
棲息于平原(yuan)、沼澤、河(he)谷(gu)、村莊、城市和(he)山區(qu)等地帶。夜行性,主(zhu)要以(yi)嚙齒類(lei)動(dong)物(wu)為食,偶爾也吃其他(ta)小(xiao)型哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)動(dong)物(wu),每(mei)年3-4月發(fa)情交配。選擇柴草垛下(xia)、堤岸(an)洞(dong)(dong)穴、墓地、亂石堆、樹洞(dong)(dong)等隱蔽處(chu)筑巢。雌獸妊(ren)娠期(qi)為33-37天。通常5月產(chan)仔,每(mei)胎產(chan)2-8仔。與(yu)很(hen)多(duo)鼬科動(dong)物(wu)一樣,它(ta)們體內具有臭腺,可以(yi)排出臭氣,在遇到威脅(xie)時,起(qi)到麻(ma)痹(bi)敵人的(de)作用(yong)。主(zhu)要以(yi)嚙齒類(lei)動(dong)物(wu)為食,偶爾也吃其他(ta)小(xiao)型哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)動(dong)物(wu)。
中(zhong)文名稱 |
學 名 |
1 |
黃鼬西藏亞種 |
2 |
黃(huang)鼬西伯利亞亞種 |
3 |
黃(huang)鼬高麗亞種 |
4 |
黃(huang)鼬東南亞(ya)種 |
5 |
黃(huang)鼬華北亞種 |
6 |
黃鼬印度亞種 |
7 |
黃鼬東(dong)北亞種 |
8 |
黃鼬西南亞種 |
9 |
黃鼬濟(ji)州島亞(ya)種 |
10 |
黃鼬指名亞(ya)種 |
11 |
黃鼬(you)尼泊爾亞(ya)種 |
12 |
黃鼬(you)臺(tai)灣亞種 |
分布于不丹、中國(guo)、印度、日(ri)本、韓國(guo)、朝鮮人民(min)民(min)主(zhu)共(gong)(gong)和國(guo)、老(lao)撾人民(min)民(min)主(zhu)共(gong)(gong)和國(guo)、蒙古、緬甸、尼泊爾、巴基斯坦、俄羅斯、泰國(guo)、越(yue)南。
分(fen)布于北京(jing)、天(tian)津、河(he)北、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西、內蒙(meng)古(gu)、遼寧、吉(ji)林(lin)、黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、上海、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇、浙江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、安徽、福建、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)西、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東、河(he)南(nan)(nan)、湖(hu)北、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西、四川、貴州、云南(nan)(nan)、西藏、陜西、甘肅、青海、寧夏、新疆(jiang)、臺灣;分(fen)布在以(yi)下保護區(qu):天(tian)堂寨、松山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(北京(jing))、牛姆林(lin)、武夷山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(福建與江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)西的交界處)、戴云山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、興(xing)(xing)隆山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、南(nan)(nan)嶺(ling)、南(nan)(nan)昆山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、黑(hei)石(shi)(shi)頂、豫北黃河(he)故道濕地、鼎湖(hu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大(da)(da)明山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大(da)(da)瑤山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(廣(guang)西)、十萬大(da)(da)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)、道真大(da)(da)沙河(he)、赤水(shui)桫欏、麻(ma)陽河(he)、雷公山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、習水(shui)、佛頂山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(石(shi)(shi)阡(qian))、梵凈山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、茂蘭(lan)、董(dong)寨鳥類(lei)、濟源(yuan)(yuan)獼猴(hou)、雞公山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、寶天(tian)曼(內鄉)、洪(hong)河(he)、涼(liang)(liang)水(shui)、興(xing)(xing)凱湖(hu)、九(jiu)宮山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、神農架、后河(he)、桃源(yuan)(yuan)洞(dong)、壺(hu)瓶山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、八(ba)大(da)(da)公山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、東洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)、索溪峪、八(ba)面山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、莽山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、莫莫格、鄱陽湖(hu)、巖(yan)泉、桃紅嶺(ling)、井岡(gang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、雙(shuang)臺河(he)口、老(lao)禿(tu)頂子(zi)、白(bai)石(shi)(shi)砬(la)子(zi)、羅山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、白(bai)芨灘、白(bai)芨灘、六盤山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(寧夏)、龐(pang)泉溝、太白(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、佛坪、王朗、臥龍(long)、縉(jin)云山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、金佛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、珠穆朗瑪峰(feng)、蒼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)洱(er)海、大(da)(da)圍山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、怒江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、高黎貢山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、銅壁(bi)關、南(nan)(nan)麂列(lie)島、清涼(liang)(liang)峰(feng)、天(tian)目山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(浙江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang))、古(gu)田山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、烏(wu)巖(yan)嶺(ling)、三江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang))、瓦屋山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大(da)(da)霧嶺(ling)、南(nan)(nan)洞(dong)庭(ting)湖(hu)濕地和水(shui)禽、賽罕烏(wu)拉、朱(zhu)家山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、安溪云山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小溪、黃河(he)三角洲、額(e)濟納(na)胡楊林(lin)、南(nan)(nan)靖南(nan)(nan)亞熱帶雨林(lin);分(fen)布在以(yi)下山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)湖(hu)泊:長白(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、中(zhong)條山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、大(da)(da)別山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、玉(yu)龍(long)雪山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、都龐(pang)嶺(ling)、高黎貢山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)峰(feng)、關帝山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、賀蘭(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、小興(xing)(xing)安嶺(ling)、香山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、五臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、六盤山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、蘆牙山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、太岳山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、清涼(liang)(liang)峰(feng)、秦嶺(ling)、阿(a)爾泰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地、伏牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。
黃鼬(you)體(ti)長28-40厘米,尾(wei)(wei)長12-25厘米,體(ti)重(zhong)210-1200克(ke)。體(ti)形中(zhong)等,身體(ti)細(xi)長。頭細(xi),頸較(jiao)長。耳殼短而寬,稍突出于毛(mao)叢。尾(wei)(wei)長約為(wei)體(ti)長之(zhi)半。冬(dong)季尾(wei)(wei)毛(mao)長而蓬(peng)松,夏秋(qiu)毛(mao)絨稀(xi)薄,尾(wei)(wei)毛(mao)不散(san)開。四(si)肢較(jiao)短,均(jun)具5趾(zhi),趾(zhi)端(duan)爪尖銳,趾(zhi)間(jian)有(you)很小的(de)皮膜。肛(gang)門腺發達。雄獸的(de)陰莖骨基部膨(peng)大成結(jie)節狀,端(duan)部呈(cheng)鉤狀。
黃鼬的(de)毛色(se)從淺沙棕色(se)到黃棕色(se),色(se)澤較淡。毛絨相(xiang)對較稀短(duan),針毛長(chang)25-29毫米,絨毛長(chang)15-18毫米,針毛粗(cu)118-130微米。背毛略深;腹毛稍(shao)淺,四肢、尾(wei)與(yu)身體同色(se)。鼻基部、前(qian)額及眼周淺褐色(se),略似面紋。鼻墊(dian)基部及上、下唇為白(bai)色(se),喉部及頸下常(chang)有(you)白(bai)斑(ban)。但(dan)變異(yi)極大,即使同一(yi)地點,有(you)些(xie)個體缺如。有(you)的(de)呈大形斑(ban),有(you)的(de)從喉部延伸至胸部。
黃(huang)鼬的(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)為(wei)狹長(chang)(chang)形,頂部較(jiao)平。鼻骨(gu)(gu)、上(shang)頜骨(gu)(gu)、額骨(gu)(gu)和(he)頂骨(gu)(gu)完全愈合,不見骨(gu)(gu)縫(feng)。顴弓窄。聽泡為(wei)長(chang)(chang)橢圓形。雄獸的(de)(de)矢狀嵴和(he)人字嵴明(ming)顯,眶間寬(kuan)較(jiao)眶后(hou)(hou)突后(hou)(hou)之(zhi)腦顱前(qian)端為(wei)寬(kuan)。
牙齒(chi)(chi)的(de)齒(chi)(chi)式為:3·1·3·1/3·1·3·2=34。上(shang)門齒(chi)(chi)成一橫(heng)列,第二(er)下(xia)門齒(chi)(chi)著生(sheng)位置(zhi)略靠后(hou)。犬齒(chi)(chi)長而直(zhi)。上(shang)裂齒(chi)(chi)前(qian)緣內側、下(xia)裂齒(chi)(chi)的(de)后(hou)葉(xie)均有一明(ming)顯(xian)小(xiao)尖。上(shang)臼(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)橫(heng)列,內葉(xie)大于外葉(xie)。內葉(xie)中央小(xiao)尖明(ming)顯(xian),外葉(xie)具二(er)個(ge)小(xiao)尖。
夜行(xing)性,尤其(qi)是(shi)清晨和黃(huang)昏活(huo)(huo)動(dong)頻繁(fan)(fan),有時也(ye)在(zai)白天活(huo)(huo)動(dong)。通常(chang)(chang)單獨行(xing)動(dong)。善于奔走,能貼伏地面前進(jin)、鉆越縫隙和洞(dong)穴,也(ye)能游(you)泳、攀樹和墻(qiang)壁等(deng)。除繁(fan)(fan)殖期外,一般沒有固(gu)定的(de)(de)巢(chao)穴。通常(chang)(chang)隱藏(zang)在(zai)柴草(cao)堆下(xia)、亂石堆、墻(qiang)洞(dong)等(deng)處。嗅覺(jue)十分靈敏,但視覺(jue)較差。性情(qing)兇猛(meng),常(chang)(chang)捕殺超過其(qi)食(shi)量的(de)(de)獵(lie)物(wu)。
黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)鼬(you)冬(dong)季(ji)常追隨鼠類遷移而潛入村落附近,在石穴和(he)(he)樹洞中(zhong)(zhong)筑窩。它(ta)們(men)擅長攀援登(deng)高和(he)(he)下水(shui)游(you)泳,也(ye)能高蹦低竄,在干溝的(de)亂(luan)石堆里閃電般(ban)的(de)追襲獵食對(dui)(dui)象。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)鼬(you)的(de)警覺(jue)性(xing)很高,時刻保持著高度戒(jie)備(bei)狀態,要想對(dui)(dui)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)鼬(you)出其(qi)不意的(de)偷襲是很困難(nan)的(de)。一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)遭到(dao)狗(gou)或人(ren)的(de)追擊,在沒有(you)退(tui)路和(he)(he)無(wu)法逃脫時,黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)鼬(you)就會(hui)兇猛地對(dui)(dui)進犯者(zhe)發起殊(shu)死的(de)反攻,顯(xian)得無(wu)畏而又十分(fen)(fen)兇猛。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)鼬(you)及其(qi)家族(zu)的(de)其(qi)他(ta)成(cheng)員還有(you)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)退(tui)敵的(de)武器,那就是位(wei)于(yu)肛門兩旁的(de)一(yi)(yi)對(dui)(dui)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)豆形的(de)臭(chou)腺(xian),它(ta)們(men)在奔逃的(de)同時,能從臭(chou)腺(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)迸射出一(yi)(yi)股(gu)臭(chou)不可忍(ren)的(de)分(fen)(fen)泌物。假如追敵被這種(zhong)分(fen)(fen)泌物射中(zhong)(zhong)頭部(bu)的(de)話,就會(hui)引起中(zhong)(zhong)毒,輕者(zhe)感到(dao)頭暈目眩(xuan),惡心嘔(ou)吐,嚴重(zhong)的(de)還會(hui)倒地昏迷不醒。
黃(huang)鼬食(shi)(shi)性很雜(za),在(zai)(zai)野(ye)外以老(lao)鼠(shu)和(he)野(ye)兔為主食(shi)(shi),盡(jin)管(guan)野(ye)兔在(zai)(zai)短距(ju)離(li)內(nei)跑得很快(kuai),但在(zai)(zai)長(chang)時間(jian)的高速追逐(zhu)下(xia),最后(hou)總(zong)會(hui)由于恐懼和(he)力(li)竭而(er)被趕上(shang)咬斷脖頸,做了黃(huang)鼬口(kou)下(xia)的犧牲品。也(ye)吃鳥(niao)卵(luan)及(ji)幼雛、魚(yu)、蛙(wa)和(he)昆(kun)蟲(chong);在(zai)(zai)住家附近(jin),常在(zai)(zai)夜間(jian)偷襲家禽(qin),首先吸食(shi)(shi)其血液,再吃內(nei)臟及(ji)軀(qu)體,性嗜吸血。以臭腺放出臭氣自(zi)衛(wei)。據調(diao)查,每頭(tou)黃(huang)鼬一夜之(zhi)間(jian)可(ke)以捕食(shi)(shi)6~7只老(lao)鼠(shu)。
籠(long)舍由鐵絲(si)籠(long)和(he)巢箱(xiang)(xiang)聯接組成。鐵絲(si)籠(long)是吃食和(he)活動(dong)的(de)場所(suo),長70厘(li)米、寬40厘(li)米、高40厘(li)米,由鋼(gang)筋或(huo)角(jiao)鋼(gang)焊成框架,圍(wei)以鐵絲(si)網(wang)(wang),網(wang)(wang)眼(yan)直徑1-2厘(li)米。籠(long)的(de)上面(mian)(mian)設(she)門,以便喂料、清掃;籠(long)的(de)側面(mian)(mian)底(di)部留一孔與巢箱(xiang)(xiang)貫通,供(gong)黃鼬出(chu)入(ru)。巢箱(xiang)(xiang)供(gong)黃鼬休(xiu)息和(he)產仔(zi)用,較(jiao)籠(long)略小,由硬(ying)厚(hou)木板釘成,箱(xiang)(xiang)上也設(she)一個(ge)門,供(gong)清掃和(he)檢查用。籠(long)舍場地(di)應干燥、通風、向陽、衛生和(he)安靜(jing),盡量(liang)避免人為(wei)干擾(rao),大規模飼養或(huo)有條件者,可在籠(long)舍上搭設(she)遮雨防曬的(de)棚頂,另用磚石(shi)或(huo)鐵皮(pi)建圍(wei)墻。
黃(huang)鼬(you)(you)(you)8-10月齡(ling)性成熟,年產1胎,可(ke)利用3-4年,懷孕(yun)期(qi)(qi)33-38天(tian),每胎產仔(zi)(zi)數5-10只(zhi)。黃(huang)鼬(you)(you)(you)屬于季(ji)節性繁(fan)殖動物,南方(fang)每年2-4月,北(bei)方(fang)4-5月為發情(qing)(qing)(qing)交配(pei)期(qi)(qi)。發情(qing)(qing)(qing)期(qi)(qi)雄、雌(ci)鼬(you)(you)(you)活動頻繁(fan),食(shi)量減(jian)少,時(shi)常呼(hu)叫(jiao),尋求異(yi)性。雄鼬(you)(you)(you)睪(gao)丸膨大(da),呈(cheng)圓形,性情(qing)(qing)(qing)急躁,不(bu)時(shi)發出(chu)“咕咕”叫(jiao)聲。雌(ci)鼬(you)(you)(you)發情(qing)(qing)(qing)初(chu)(chu)期(qi)(qi),外(wai)陰(yin)部略腫脹(zhang)突出(chu),呈(cheng)粉紅色,外(wai)露(lu)明顯(xian)(xian);發情(qing)(qing)(qing)旺期(qi)(qi),外(wai)陰(yin)部明顯(xian)(xian)紅腫,呈(cheng)紅色或(huo)紫紅色,陰(yin)唇(chun)外(wai)翻,有粘(zhan)液,陰(yin)毛束(shu)倒向兩側(ce),性情(qing)(qing)(qing)溫和。在此種情(qing)(qing)(qing)況下交配(pei),受(shou)孕(yun)率最高,初(chu)(chu)配(pei)后應(ying)復配(pei)2-3次,公(gong)母比例以1:4-5為宜。黃(huang)鼬(you)(you)(you)懷孕(yun)30天(tian)左(zuo)右時(shi)進行營(ying)巢,這(zhe)時(shi)將(jiang)柔軟干凈的干草放入巢箱(xiang)。雌(ci)鼬(you)(you)(you)產前興奮不(bu)安(an),出(chu)入頻繁(fan),甚至拒(ju)食(shi),產仔(zi)(zi)過(guo)程20-30分鐘。繁(fan)殖期(qi)(qi)保(bao)持環境(jing)安(an)靜(jing),以免雌(ci)鼬(you)(you)(you)受(shou)驚而流產、早產、難產或(huo)咬食(shi)仔(zi)(zi)鼬(you)(you)(you)。
仔鼬(you)(you)出生2周內,完全靠(kao)母乳(ru)生活。當(dang)雌鼬(you)(you)開始喂(wei)仔鼬(you)(you)時,應供(gong)應營養(yang)豐(feng)富(fu),并富(fu)含(han)維生素(su)A、維生素(su)D的(de)飼(si)料。仔鼬(you)(you)能(neng)自由采食時,日喂(wei)2次,飼(si)料以易消化而富(fu)營養(yang)的(de)半(ban)液(ye)狀或粘稠狀食物為好,如牛奶、蛋類(lei)和切(qie)碎的(de)鮮魚等(deng),注意保溫和新鮮。正常情況下,30日齡可(ke)斷乳(ru),斷乳(ru)后(hou)分(fen)窩(wo)飼(si)養(yang),按(an)同等(deng)大(da)小(xiao)仔鼬(you)(you)合籠飼(si)養(yang),每籠2-3只。夏季做好籠舍遮蔭,保證充足(zu)飲水,防止中暑(shu)。用(yong)具經常清(qing)洗,消毒(du),籠舍及時清(qing)掃。發(fa)現(xian)(xian)仔鼬(you)(you)精神萎靡、行動遲緩、豎毛(mao)、眼(yan)睛干(gan)燥、后(hou)背拱起(qi)、尾毛(mao)沾糞便,拒食等(deng)反常表(biao)現(xian)(xian),應及時檢查(cha)治療。90日齡后(hou)按(an)成鼬(you)(you)飼(si)養(yang)管理。當(dang)年的(de)仔鼬(you)(you)入冬即可(ke)取皮,或翌春投入種群(qun)繁殖。
日(ri)(ri)喂(wei)(wei)兩(liang)次,上(shang)午(wu)(wu)7-8點投喂(wei)(wei)日(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)的(de)40%,下午(wu)(wu)5-6點(冬季(ji)4-5點)投喂(wei)(wei)日(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)的(de)60%。妊娠(shen)和哺乳期(qi)的(de)雌鼬,中午(wu)(wu)少量增喂(wei)(wei)1次。除冬季(ji)和哺乳期(qi)外每周停食(shi)1次,刺激其采食(shi)。每日(ri)(ri)檢查(cha)黃鼬的(de)精神、活動、食(shi)欲、糞便等狀況,發病(bing)(bing)時(shi)及時(shi)治療。經常檢查(cha)籠舍,破損處馬上(shang)修補。每日(ri)(ri)傍晚飼喂(wei)(wei)前,徹底(di)清(qing)掃籠舍,更(geng)換墊草,刷洗食(shi)具,補足(zu)清(qing)水。場(chang)地、籠舍和用具定期(qi)消毒。夏季(ji)做好防暑(shu)、防潮、防病(bing)(bing)工作。
黃鼬混合料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)力求(qiu)多樣(yang)化(hua),營養豐富(fu),適(shi)口性(xing)強。動(dong)物性(xing)飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)包(bao)括(kuo)畜(chu)、禽及鼠、蛙(wa)、魚、鳥、蛇、昆蟲等;谷物飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)包(bao)括(kuo)玉米面、麩糠、豆餅(bing)等;蔬菜(cai)飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)包(bao)括(kuo)蘿卜、白菜(cai)、甜菜(cai)等,新鮮(xian)或干貯的均可,礦物質飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)包(bao)括(kuo)食鹽、骨(gu)粉(fen)等。
日糧配(pei)方:非繁殖期(qi)(qi)為(wei)魚(yu)、肉30%、內(nei)臟25%、谷(gu)物35%、蔬(shu)菜10%、另加(jia)食(shi)鹽0.5克(ke)(ke)(ke)、骨(gu)粉(fen)2克(ke)(ke)(ke)、酵母2克(ke)(ke)(ke)、魚(yu)肝(gan)油(you)0.5克(ke)(ke)(ke)。繁殖期(qi)(qi)為(wei)魚(yu)、肉40%、內(nei)臟25%、乳(ru)類5%、谷(gu)物20%、蔬(shu)菜10%、外(wai)加(jia)食(shi)鹽0.5克(ke)(ke)(ke)、骨(gu)粉(fen)1.5克(ke)(ke)(ke)、酵母2克(ke)(ke)(ke)、魚(yu)肝(gan)油(you)1克(ke)(ke)(ke)。90日齡以上的成鼬(you)日糧為(wei)雄鼬(you)150-200克(ke)(ke)(ke)、雌鼬(you)130-180克(ke)(ke)(ke),以吃飽(bao)而(er)不剩余為(wei)好。
非繁殖期動物性(xing)飼料(liao)(liao)以雞(ji)內臟、魚(yu)類及(ji)青蛙、蟬蛹(yong)為佳,以保證對蛋白質(zhi)的(de)(de)需要(yao),提高毛皮質(zhi)量;在發(fa)情配(pei)種(zhong)期增喂(wei)(wei)魚(yu)粉,畜禽(qin)頭和(he)內臟,促進性(xing)器官的(de)(de)發(fa)育;在妊娠(shen)和(he)哺(bu)乳(ru)期,要(yao)喂(wei)(wei)全價(jia)飼料(liao)(liao),多喂(wei)(wei)青蛙、活泥鰍等適(shi)口飼料(liao)(liao)。蔬菜要(yao)新鮮(xian)衛生,不喂(wei)(wei)變質(zhi)的(de)(de)飼料(liao)(liao)。
每年3-4月發情(qing)交配。懷孕(yun)后(hou)期的雌(ci)獸行動謹慎、緩慢。臨產前選(xuan)擇柴草垛下、堤(di)岸洞(dong)穴、墓地、亂(luan)石堆、樹(shu)洞(dong)等隱蔽處筑巢。雌(ci)獸妊(ren)娠期為33-37天。通常5月產仔(zi),每胎產2-8仔(zi)。初生的幼仔(zi)全身被白色胎毛(mao),雙(shuang)眼(yan)緊閉,側身躺臥。9-10月齡(ling)達到性成熟。壽命為10-20年。
黃鼬(you)(you)大量捕食鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)類(lei),是害鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)天敵(di)。據(ju)估算,一只鼬(you)(you)一年可吃1500-3200只老鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)。黃鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)狼的(de)毛(mao)(mao)皮,經加(jia)工(gong)后可制成裘皮大衣,不(bu)過它的(de)皮,夏天不(bu)值錢,非要(yao)入(ru)冬(dong)以(yi)后的(de)大雪、小雪時節的(de)皮才(cai)很昂(ang)貴。中(zhong)國用(yong)其尾毛(mao)(mao)制做毛(mao)(mao)筆,稱為狼毫。鼬(you)(you)皮、鼬(you)(you)毛(mao)(mao)是中(zhong)國傳統(tong)的(de)野生毛(mao)(mao)皮動物(wu)出口項目商(shang)品。
【藥材名】鼬鼠肉
【拉(la)丁名】MustelasibiricaPallas
【名稱(cheng)考證】黃鼬,黃鼠狼,鼪鼠,地猴(hou),鬛鼠。
【科(ke)目來(lai)源】鼬(you)科(ke)動物(wu)。
【藥用部位】黃鼬的肉。
【性味歸經】甘、溫、有小毒入肺、腎(shen)二(er)經。
【功效主治】殺蟲療(liao)瘡、溫腎縮尿(niao)。治疥瘡、瘡潰不愈(yu)合、尿(niao)頻。
【用(yong)法(fa)用(yong)量】內服:燒存性研末,0.5一(yi)1錢。外用(yong):煎油(you)徐或燒灰研末撤。
【資源分布】分布遍及全國(guo)。
【古(gu)籍考(kao)證(zheng)】出自(zi)《本草(cao)綱(gang)目》;《綱(gang)目》:“按《廣雅》,鼠狼即鼬也。此物健于搏鼠及(ji)離畜,又(you)能制(zhi)蛇虺。”“鼬,處處有(you)之(zhi),狀似(si)鼠而身長(chang)尾大,黃色(se)帶亦,其氣(qi)(qi)極臊奧。”“鼬鼠心肝,氣(qi)(qi)味臭,微毒,治心腹痛(tong),殺蟲。《海上仙方》用黃鼠心、肝、肺(fei)一(yi)具,陰干(gan)瓦焙(bei)為末(mo),入(ru)乳香(xiang)、沒藥、孩兒茶、血竭(jie)末(mo)各三分,每服一(yi)錢,燒酒調下立(li)止。”
【相(xiang)關選(xuan)方】治(zhi)淋(lin)病:鼬鼠全身(shen)黑燒粉末(mo)(mo),與(yu)等量之梓白皮細末(mo)(mo)混合,每次約服一匙許,開水送。