床虱(shi)屬昆(kun)蟲(chong)綱,半(ban)翅目,臭(chou)蟲(chong)科、臭(chou)蟲(chong)屬,是半(ban)翅目昆(kun)蟲(chong)中具(ju)有(you)(you)醫學重要性的(de)一個類(lei)群。根據報道,全世界有(you)(you)大約75種,但(dan)絕大多數寄生于蝙(bian)蝠和(he)鳥,與人類(lei)有(you)(you)關的(de)種類(lei)較少。有(you)(you)臭(chou)腺(xian),分泌物(wu)有(you)(you)特殊(shu)的(de)氣味,因此又稱臭(chou)蟲(chong)。
成蟲:體(ti)扁,橢圓形(xing),紅棕色,體(ti)長4-5mm,寬約3mm,厚(hou)約0.5mm。雌蟲稍大于(yu)雄蟲。
卵(luan)(luan):臭蟲卵(luan)(luan)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形,長約1mm,帶卵(luan)(luan)帽,卵(luan)(luan)白色,卵(luan)(luan)殼(ke)有明顯的網狀花紋。常粘附(fu)于縫隙和粗(cu)糙表(biao)面(mian)上。
若(ruo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong):剛孵化和新蛻皮(pi)的若(ruo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)為淡(dan)褐色(se),以后變深,若(ruo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)形似(si)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),習性(xing)相近,唯蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體小(xiao),性(xing)未成(cheng)熟和顏色(se)較淺,能吸血(xue),經過5次蛻皮(pi)羽化成(cheng)為成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。
臭(chou)(chou)(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在我國(guo)古(gu)時(shi)又稱床虱、壁(bi)虱。臭(chou)(chou)(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)有(you)一對(dui)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)腺,能(neng)分泌一種異常(chang)(chang)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)液(ye),此種臭(chou)(chou)(chou)液(ye)有(you)防御天敵和(he)(he)促進交配之用,臭(chou)(chou)(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)爬過(guo)的(de)地方,都留下難聞的(de)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)氣,故名臭(chou)(chou)(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。若蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)腹(fu)部背面或(huo)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)胸(xiong)部腹(fu)面有(you)一對(dui)半月形的(de)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)腺,能(neng)分泌一種有(you)特殊臭(chou)(chou)(chou)味(wei)的(de)物質,使它(ta)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)名遠(yuan)揚。臭(chou)(chou)(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)群居于床榻、木(mu)器(qi)家具、天花板(ban)、地板(ban)、墻壁(bi)等的(de)縫隙(xi)中。可從屋頂或(huo)蚊帳上(shang)掉落于人(ren)體吸血(xue)(xue)。通常(chang)(chang)夜間活動,白(bai)天則潛伏(fu)在上(shang)述場(chang)所,消化血(xue)(xue)液(ye)及產(chan)卵。常(chang)(chang)藏匿在衣物、行李、舟車、飛機內,隨(sui)之散布各處。臭(chou)(chou)(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)一般過(guo)群居生活,因(yin)此在適宜(yi)隱匿的(de)場(chang)所常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)發現有(you)大(da)批臭(chou)(chou)(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)聚集(ji)。不(bu)論是幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),或(huo)是雌雄成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),它(ta)們都在晚上(shang)偷偷地爬出來,憑借刺(ci)吸式的(de)口器(qi)嗜吸人(ren)血(xue)(xue);在找(zhao)不(bu)到人(ren)血(xue)(xue)時(shi),也吸食家兔、白(bai)鼠和(he)(he)雞的(de)血(xue)(xue)。臭(chou)(chou)(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)吸血(xue)(xue)很快,5—10分鐘就能(neng)吸飽。人(ren)被(bei)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)叮(ding)咬后(hou)(hou),常(chang)(chang)引(yin)起皮膚發癢,過(guo)敏的(de)人(ren)被(bei)叮(ding)咬后(hou)(hou)有(you)明(ming)顯的(de)刺(ci)激反應,傷口常(chang)(chang)出現紅腫、奇癢,如(ru)搔破后(hou)(hou)往(wang)往(wang)引(yin)起細菌感(gan)染(ran)。妨礙睡眠,影響工(gong)作(zuo)和(he)(he)學習(xi)。若長期被(bei)較多(duo)臭(chou)(chou)(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)叮(ding)咬,可產(chan)生貧血(xue)(xue)( 尤其(qi)是營養不(bu)良者及兒童) 、神(shen)經過(guo)敏、體虛、哮喘、頭(tou)暈及失(shi)眠,嚴重(zhong)影響健康。