床虱(shi)屬(shu)昆蟲(chong)綱,半翅目(mu),臭蟲(chong)科(ke)、臭蟲(chong)屬(shu),是半翅目(mu)昆蟲(chong)中具有醫學(xue)重(zhong)要性的(de)一個(ge)類(lei)群。根據(ju)報(bao)道,全世界有大約75種(zhong)(zhong),但絕大多數寄生于蝙(bian)蝠和鳥,與人類(lei)有關的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)較少。有臭腺,分泌物有特殊的(de)氣味,因此又稱臭蟲(chong)。
成蟲(chong)(chong):體扁,橢圓形(xing),紅(hong)棕色,體長4-5mm,寬(kuan)約3mm,厚(hou)約0.5mm。雌蟲(chong)(chong)稍大于雄蟲(chong)(chong)。
卵(luan):臭(chou)蟲卵(luan)橢圓形(xing),長約(yue)1mm,帶卵(luan)帽,卵(luan)白色(se),卵(luan)殼(ke)有明顯的網狀花紋。常粘附于縫隙和粗糙表面上。
若蟲:剛孵化和(he)新蛻(tui)皮(pi)的若蟲為(wei)淡褐色,以(yi)后變深(shen),若蟲形(xing)似成(cheng)蟲,習性相近,唯(wei)蟲體小,性未成(cheng)熟和(he)顏色較淺,能吸血,經過5次蛻(tui)皮(pi)羽化成(cheng)為(wei)成(cheng)蟲。
臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)我國古時又稱床(chuang)虱(shi)、壁虱(shi)。臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)對臭(chou)腺,能(neng)分泌(mi)(mi)一(yi)(yi)種異常(chang)臭(chou)液(ye)(ye),此(ci)種臭(chou)液(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)防御天(tian)敵和(he)促(cu)進(jin)交配(pei)之用,臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)爬(pa)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方,都留下難聞(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臭(chou)氣,故(gu)名(ming)臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。若蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)腹部(bu)背面或(huo)(huo)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)胸部(bu)腹面有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)對半(ban)月形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臭(chou)腺,能(neng)分泌(mi)(mi)一(yi)(yi)種有(you)(you)(you)特殊臭(chou)味的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質,使它(ta)(ta)臭(chou)名(ming)遠(yuan)揚。臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)群居(ju)于床(chuang)榻、木器家(jia)具、天(tian)花板、地(di)(di)板、墻壁等的(de)(de)(de)(de)縫(feng)隙中。可從屋(wu)頂或(huo)(huo)蚊帳上掉落于人(ren)體吸血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。通常(chang)夜間(jian)活(huo)動,白(bai)天(tian)則潛(qian)伏在(zai)(zai)上述場所(suo),消化血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)及產卵。常(chang)藏匿在(zai)(zai)衣物(wu)(wu)、行(xing)李、舟車、飛(fei)機內,隨之散布各處。臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)(yi)般過群居(ju)生(sheng)活(huo),因此(ci)在(zai)(zai)適(shi)宜(yi)隱匿的(de)(de)(de)(de)場所(suo)常(chang)常(chang)發現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)大批臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)聚集。不論(lun)是幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),或(huo)(huo)是雌雄成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),它(ta)(ta)們都在(zai)(zai)晚上偷(tou)偷(tou)地(di)(di)爬(pa)出來,憑(ping)借(jie)刺(ci)吸式的(de)(de)(de)(de)口器嗜(shi)吸人(ren)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue);在(zai)(zai)找不到(dao)人(ren)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)時,也吸食家(jia)兔(tu)、白(bai)鼠(shu)和(he)雞的(de)(de)(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)吸血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)很快,5—10分鐘就能(neng)吸飽。人(ren)被(bei)臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)叮咬后(hou)(hou),常(chang)引起(qi)皮(pi)膚發癢,過敏的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)被(bei)叮咬后(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)刺(ci)激(ji)反應,傷口常(chang)出現(xian)紅腫、奇癢,如搔破后(hou)(hou)往往引起(qi)細菌感(gan)染。妨(fang)礙(ai)睡眠(mian),影響(xiang)工作和(he)學習(xi)。若長期被(bei)較多臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)叮咬,可產生(sheng)貧(pin)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)( 尤其(qi)是營養不良者及兒(er)童) 、神經過敏、體虛、哮喘(chuan)、頭暈及失眠(mian),嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)健康。