該科昆蟲喜歡(huan)生活(huo)在水邊或濕潤的環境(jing),通(tong)常在夜間活(huo)動(dong)。
螢科昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)體長4-18mm;體扁(bian),多(duo)黑色、紅(hong)褐色或褐色;頭隱于前(qian)(qian)(qian)胸(xiong)背(bei)(bei)板(ban)下,觸角11節(jie)(jie),絲狀(zhuang)、櫛狀(zhuang)等(deng);復眼(yan)發達;前(qian)(qian)(qian)胸(xiong)背(bei)(bei)板(ban)多(duo)為半圓(yuan)形(xing);前(qian)(qian)(qian)中足(zu)基(ji)(ji)節(jie)(jie)圓(yuan)錐形(xing),前(qian)(qian)(qian)足(zu)具(ju)亞(ya)基(ji)(ji)節(jie)(jie);后足(zu)基(ji)(ji)節(jie)(jie)橫形(xing),跗(fu)節(jie)(jie)5-5-5;鞘翅(chi)扁(bian)寬,蓋及腹端,翅(chi)面多(duo)具(ju)脊線(xian);腹部可見7-8節(jie)(jie),末(mo)端2節(jie)(jie)(雄)或1節(jie)(jie)(雌),內有磷化(hua)物發光(guang)(guang)質,經發光(guang)(guang)酵素作用(yong),可發黃綠冷光(guang)(guang);雌蟲(chong)(chong)多(duo)缺(que)翅(chi)。成蟲(chong)(chong)壽命一(yi)般(ban)只有5天至(zhi)2星期,發光(guang)(guang)用(yong)以(yi)吸引異性(xing),發光(guang)(guang)時(shi)間(jian)一(yi)般(ban)只維(wei)持2至(zhi)3小時(shi),不(bu)同種閃光(guang)(guang)間(jian)隔不(bu)一(yi)樣(yang)。成、幼蟲(chong)(chong)均捕(bu)食性(xing),一(yi)般(ban)多(duo)發生(sheng)在水邊(bian)和溫暖潮濕的地方。其它(ta)兩科均白(bai)天活(huo)動,不(bu)發光(guang)(guang)。
肉(rou)食(shi)性,捕(bu)食(shi)蝸牛、蛞蝓(yu)等軟體(ti)動(dong)物和(he)蚯蚓等環節(jie)動(dong)物,獲(huo)得獵物后,用上(shang)顎將(jiang)分(fen)泌(mi)液(ye)注入(ru)獵物體(ti)內(nei),進(jin)行體(ti)外(wai)消(xiao)化,然后再吸入(ru)體(ti)內(nei)。通常一只(zhi)蝸牛會有許多(duo)只(zhi)螢火蟲來(lai)分(fen)享。卵、幼蟲、蛹和(he)成蟲都能發(fa)光,成蟲的發(fa)光有引誘異性的作(zuo)用。