安(an)哥(ge)拉山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)古老的(de)(de)毛(mao)(mao)用(yong)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)種,屬于毛(mao)(mao)用(yong)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)種之(zhi)一原產于土耳(er)(er)其草原地帶走(zou)耳(er)(er)其首都(dou)安(an)卡拉周圍,主要分布于氣候干燥、土層瘩薄、牧草稀(xi)疏的(de)(de)安(an)納托利亞(ya)高原在安(an)哥(ge)拉高原上繁殖最多,具有(you)(you)(you)生產光澤(ze)好(hao)、價(jia)(jia)值高的(de)(de)馬(ma)海(hai)毛(mao)(mao),因(yin)此逐漸被人們重(zhong)(zhong)視,16世紀(ji)相繼出口到一些國(guo)家(jia)(jia)。安(an)哥(ge)拉山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)產毛(mao)(mao)量高,毛(mao)(mao)長(chang)而(er)有(you)(you)(you)光澤(ze),彈性大(da),且結實,國(guo)際市場上稱之(zhi)為馬(ma)海(hai)毛(mao)(mao),用(yong)于高級精紡,是(shi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)毛(mao)(mao)中價(jia)(jia)格最昂(ang)貴的(de)(de)一種。后又擴散到阿根(gen)廷、萊索托、澳(ao)大(da)利亞(ya)和(he)俄(e)羅斯等國(guo)家(jia)(jia)飼養。西歐一些國(guo)家(jia)(jia)引進則未獲成(cheng)功。現以土耳(er)(er)其、美(mei)國(guo)和(he)南非飼養最多,該品(pin)種公、母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)均(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)(you)角(jiao),顏面平直(zhi)耳(er)(er)大(da)下垂,嘴唇端(duan)或(huo)耳(er)(er)緣有(you)(you)(you)深色(se)斑點頹短體(ti)軀窄(zhai)。全身(shen)被毛(mao)(mao)白色(se)由辮狀結構(gou)組成(cheng)呈波(bo)浪(lang)形(xing)具絹絲光澤(ze)。成(cheng)年公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)40·5千(qian)克(ke)(ke)母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)30·5千(qian)克(ke)(ke)。安(an)哥(ge)拉山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)體(ti)格中等,公、母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)均(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)(you)角(jiao),耳(er)(er)大(da)下,垂鼻(bi)梁平直(zhi)或(huo)微凹(ao),胸狹窄(zhai),民(min)傾斜,骨(gu)骼細(xi),體(ti)質較弱。全身(shen)被毛(mao)(mao)白色(se)毛(mao)(mao)被由波(bo)浪(lang)形(xing)或(huo)螺旋形(xing)的(de)(de)毛(mao)(mao)辮組成(cheng)毛(mao)(mao)辮長(chang)可垂地。成(cheng)年公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)體(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)40·5千(qian)克(ke)(ke)母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)30·5千(qian)克(ke)(ke)。羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)毛(mao)(mao)長(chang)度13·6厘(li)米,細(xi)度平均(jun)(jun)32微米左右。
安(an)哥拉山(shan)羊(yang)性成熟較(jiao)晚,一(yi)般母(mu)羊(yang)18齡開始配種多產單羔,繁殖率(lv)及泌乳(ru)量(liang)均低。羔羊(yang)在大群(qun)粗放條件(jian)下放牧成活率(lv)為75%。安(an)哥拉山(shan)羊(yang)被毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)主要由無髓(sui)同型(xing)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)纖維組(zu)成,部分羊(yang)只的(de)被毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)中含有3%左右的(de)有髓(sui)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)。剪(jian)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)量(liang)公羊(yang)為35·.0千克(ke)(ke),母(mu)羊(yang)為25·5千克(ke)(ke)。毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)股(gu)自(zi)然(ran)長(chang)度18·5厘米,最長(chang)可達35厘米,毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)纖維直徑35·2納米,羊(yang)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)細度隨(sui)年齡增(zeng)大而(er)變粗。羊(yang)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)含脂率(lv)6%,凈毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)率(lv)65%。在土耳其(qi)每年剪(jian)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)一(yi)次美國和(he)南(nan)非年剪(jian)兩次。與(yu)本地品種羊(yang)的(de)雜(za)交其(qi)后代(dai)產毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)量(liang)和(he)羊(yang)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)品質(zhi)一(yi)般隨(sui)雜(za)交代(dai)數的(de)增(zeng)加而(er)提高但體重則降低。
滄(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)全(quan)(quan)名滄(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),肌纖維細,肉(rou)質(zhi)細嫩,味(wei)道鮮美,膻味(wei)極(ji)小,營養價值高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),被認(ren)定為(wei)(wei)綠(lv)色(se)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),養殖中(zhong)攝取多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)藥(yao)成(cheng)分(fen)的(de)(de)草食(shi)(shi)(shi),肉(rou)質(zhi)并具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)藥(yao)用(yong)滄(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)價值,經(jing)(jing)權威部門進(jin)行肉(rou)質(zhi)分(fen)析,蛋白質(zhi)含量(liang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)達(da)(da)20%,脂肪(fang)低于(yu)3%,膽固醇含量(liang)僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)60mg/kg,15種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氨基(ji)酸含量(liang)齊全(quan)(quan),特別(bie)(bie)是(shi)人體(ti)(ti)(ti)必須氨基(ji)酸尤為(wei)(wei)豐富(fu),滋(zi)補(bu)作(zuo)用(yong)極(ji)強(qiang),長期食(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong),可(ke)補(bu)虛(xu)(xu)、強(qiang)體(ti)(ti)(ti),特別(bie)(bie)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)年老、體(ti)(ti)(ti)弱、多(duo)病者,常食(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)或(huo)配以適(shi)宜的(de)(de)滋(zi)補(bu)藥(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin),以達(da)(da)到(dao)補(bu)虛(xu)(xu)、健康、延(yan)年的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong).經(jing)(jing)過(guo)養殖發(fa)現滄(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)適(shi)宜規(gui)模(mo)圈(quan)養或(huo)放養的(de)(de)。滄(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)全(quan)(quan)身純黑(hei)(hei)光亮,無(wu)(wu)雜毛(mao),皮(pi)呈青緞色(se),是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)極(ji)其(qi)珍(zhen)貴食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)資(zi)源。肉(rou)質(zhi)優(you)良等(deng)特點受到(dao)眾多(duo)消費者的(de)(de)喜愛,酒店餐(can)飲行業,肉(rou)制品(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)業對此(ci)的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)日益上升,是(shi)在(zai)中(zhong)國東(dong)南沿海一(yi)帶及港(gang)澳臺地區(qu)(qu)享(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)較高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)聲譽(yu)、傳統(tong)專(zhuan)供香港(gang)的(de)(de)優(you)質(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。該(gai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)抗病力(li)強(qiang),耐(nai)(nai)寒(han)、耐(nai)(nai)熱、耐(nai)(nai)粗飼,能(neng)適(shi)應(ying)產(chan)區(qu)(qu)0~40℃的(de)(de)氣(qi)溫環境,繁殖率高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),一(yi)般可(ke)年產(chan)兩(liang)胎,每胎可(ke)產(chan)兩(liang)羔,養殖滄(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)經(jing)(jing)濟效益好(hao)是(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農民(min)發(fa)家(jia)致富(fu)的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)重要的(de)(de)養殖門路(lu)。飼草資(zi)源豐富(fu)的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)農民(min)可(ke)大(da)力(li)發(fa)展山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)生產(chan)。湖(hu)南地區(qu)(qu)特有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)滄(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)經(jing)(jing)湖(hu)南常德鼎城區(qu)(qu)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao)繁育基(ji)地多(duo)年培(pei)育的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),純綠(lv)色(se)草食(shi)(shi)(shi)動物,是(shi)我國確認(ren)的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害草食(shi)(shi)(shi)類肉(rou)用(yong)性(xing)地方良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)之一(yi),業已(yi)被列為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)保護種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)。滄(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)主(zhu)要采食(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)天然牧草和無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害綠(lv)色(se)植物,其(qi)毛(mao)色(se)純黑(hei)(hei),有(you)(you)(you)著體(ti)(ti)(ti)型(xing)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)健,性(xing)情溫順(shun),出(chu)(chu)生重,生長快,耐(nai)(nai)潮濕炎熱,抗病力(li)強(qiang),出(chu)(chu)肉(rou)率高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),肉(rou)質(zhi)好(hao)等(deng)優(you)勢特點,幼羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)出(chu)(chu)生重達(da)(da)3~5公(gong)斤,成(cheng)年羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)最重可(ke)達(da)(da)100公(gong)斤左右,出(chu)(chu)肉(rou)率高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)達(da)(da)58.9%至60%,為(wei)(wei)純綠(lv)色(se)最佳肉(rou)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin);其(qi)毛(mao)皮(pi)光澤度強(qiang),為(wei)(wei)優(you)質(zhi)板皮(pi)。隨著近些年來(lai),人們生活水平的(de)(de)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),膳食(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)改變,山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)蛋白、低脂肪(fang)、低膽固醇的(de)(de)綠(lv)色(se)安(an)全(quan)(quan)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)市場需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)日益增大(da),特別(bie)(bie)是(shi)滄(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)最搶手的(de)(de)綠(lv)色(se)肉(rou)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin),被國內外市場普遍(bian)看好(hao),供不(bu)應(ying)求(qiu)(qiu)。滄(cang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)以其(qi)容易繁殖生長,經(jing)(jing)濟價值高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),市場需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)旺,為(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害草食(shi)(shi)(shi)類肉(rou)用(yong)性(xing)動物,發(fa)展前(qian)景十分(fen)廣闊。
波(bo)(bo)爾山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)原產自于(yu)南非,是(shi)世界上十分(fen)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)以肉(rou)(rou)用為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品種(zhong)。目前主(zhu)(zhu)要分(fen)布在德國、美(mei)國、新(xin)西蘭等地。波(bo)(bo)爾山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)可分(fen)為(wei)(wei)5種(zhong)類型(xing),普通型(xing)、長毛型(xing)、無角型(xing)、土種(zhong)型(xing)和改良(liang)型(xing)。改良(liang)型(xing)的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)體(ti)型(xing)比(bi)較(jiao)均(jun)勻,羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)毛色澤一(yi)致(zhi),生長較(jiao)快、體(ti)型(xing)比(bi)較(jiao)大,內(nei)質(zhi)好,有(you)很(hen)強的(de)(de)適應性,是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)作為(wei)(wei)理想的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品種(zhong)。當前,世界上肉(rou)(rou)用最為(wei)(wei)優(you)質(zhi)的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品種(zhong)就是(shi)原產自于(yu)南非的(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)爾山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),波(bo)(bo)爾山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)有(you)著(zhu)十分(fen)明顯的(de)(de)肉(rou)(rou)用體(ti)型(xing),背部(bu)寬并且平直,腿部(bu)短、粗壯,肋骨開張較(jiao)好。山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要部(bu)位有(you)著(zhu)豐滿的(de)(de)肌肉(rou)(rou),身體(ti)呈現圓桶形狀(zhuang)。羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)生長速度(du)也比(bi)較(jiao)快。
波(bo)爾(er)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)勻稱,身體結實,有(you)(you)十分明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)肉用特點,波(bo)爾(er)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼻梁隆起,耳(er)(er)朵長、寬,較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)光(guang)(guang)滑(hua),呈(cheng)下(xia)垂勢。公山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)羊(yang)角的(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)曲方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)后、向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)下(xia),母山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)羊(yang)角則是(shi)(shi)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)上、向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)外(wai)。波(bo)爾(er)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)眼睛是(shi)(shi)棕(zong)色的(de)(de)(de)(de),有(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)澤。頭、頸(jing)(jing)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)肩部(bu)結合(he)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao),頸(jing)(jing)部(bu)粗壯(zhuang)。山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)胸部(bu)寬深,肋骨開張較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao),有(you)(you)平(ping)直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)背腰(yao),腹部(bu)大(da)而緊湊。脊骨末端的(de)(de)(de)(de)長和(he)寬比(bi)鈄小,山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臀(tun)部(bu)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)股部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)肌(ji)肉比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)豐滿。有(you)(you)粗壯(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)肢,羊(yang)蹄堅實,山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)步(bu)態比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)穩健。公山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)胸頸(jing)(jing)部(bu)褶(zhe)(zhe)皺褶(zhe)(zhe)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)明(ming)顯,睪(gao)丸(wan)發(fa)育(yu)良(liang)好(hao),大(da)小對稱、適(shi)中。母山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)房(fang)發(fa)育(yu)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao),比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)柔軟,富有(you)(you)彈性(xing),乳(ru)頭比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)勻稱。被毛(mao)(mao)是(shi)(shi)白(bai)色的(de)(de)(de)(de),毛(mao)(mao)質短且有(you)(you)光(guang)(guang)澤,頭部(bu)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)耳(er)(er)部(bu)呈(cheng)現淺(qian)棕(zong)色或者是(shi)(shi)深棕(zong)色,額(e)部(bu)呈(cheng)現廣流(liu)星(xing)。
分布于草(cao)原、山地等干燥區(qu)域(yu);主要(yao)分布于溫(wen)帶。人類也有馴養。
角細,它的角很長,向兩側開張。山羊的(de)瞳(tong)(tong)孔在擴大時,其(qi)形狀就(jiu)接近矩(ju)形,這是由山羊眼(yan)睛(jing)玻(bo)璃體的(de)光學特性、視網膜的(de)形狀和敏感度(du),以及山羊的(de)生(sheng)存環境和需要(yao)決定。事實上,大多(duo)數蹄趾(zhi)類動物的(de)瞳(tong)(tong)孔在放(fang)大時,都近似于矩(ju)形。
山羊(yang)勇敢活潑(po),敏捷機智,喜歡登(deng)高,善于(yu)游走,屬活潑(po)型小反芻動物,愛角斗。
山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)的(de)覓(mi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)力(li)強(qiang),食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性雜(za),能食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)百樣(yang)草,對各種(zhong)牧草、灌木枝葉、作物秸稈、菜(cai)葉、果皮、藤(teng)蔓、農副產(chan)品等均可采(cai)(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),其(qi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)植物的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)較其(qi)他家畜廣泛。據(ju)對5種(zhong)家畜飼(si)(si)喂植物的(de)試驗,山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)能采(cai)(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)植物有(you)607種(zhong),不采(cai)(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)有(you)83種(zhong),采(cai)(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)率為88%,而(er)綿羊(yang)(yang)、牛、馬、豬的(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)率分(fen)別為80%、64%、73%和46%在(zai)(zai)飼(si)(si)草匱乏的(de)情(qing)況下(xia),山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)覓(mi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)力(li)較強(qiang)。在(zai)(zai)荒漠、半荒漠地區,牛不能利用的(de)多數植物,山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)也能有(you)效利用。山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)的(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時間大(da)多集中在(zai)(zai)白天(tian),日出(chu)時開(kai)始采(cai)(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),但并不連續采(cai)(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),而(er)是在(zai)(zai)每天(tian)的(de)一定時間內(nei)攝食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量大(da),而(er)在(zai)(zai)其(qi)他時間進行(xing)反芻(chu)、休息(xi)。據(ju)測定,每天(tian)清晨和黃昏,山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)的(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量大(da)。因此,在(zai)(zai)舍飼(si)(si)或半舍飼(si)(si)半放(fang)牧時,供給山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)的(de)草料應(ying)多樣(yang)化,且需少食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多餐。
山(shan)羊具有較強的(de)合群性(xing)。無論放牧還是(shi)舍飼,山(shan)羊總喜歡在(zai)一起活動,其中年(nian)齡大(da)、后代多、身強體壯的(de)羊擔任“頭羊”的(de)角色。在(zai)頭羊帶領(ling)下,其他羊只(zhi)能順(shun)從地(di)跟隨(sui)放牧、出入(ru)、起臥、過(guo)橋及通過(guo)狹窄(zhai)處(chu)。合群性(xing)給(gei)山(shan)羊的(de)大(da)群放牧提供(gong)了便(bian)利。
山(shan)(shan)羊性成熟(shu)早,繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)力強(qiang),具有多(duo)(duo)胎多(duo)(duo)產(chan)的特點。大多(duo)(duo)數品種的山(shan)(shan)羊每胎可(ke)產(chan)羔(gao)(gao)2~3只,平均產(chan)羔(gao)(gao)率200%以(yi)上,比綿羊產(chan)羔(gao)(gao)率高得(de)多(duo)(duo)。山(shan)(shan)羊的多(duo)(duo)胎性使其繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)效率遠大于綿羊,為自繁(fan)(fan)自養,發(fa)展肉羊規(gui)模養殖(zhi)創(chuang)造了條件(jian)。
山(shan)羊(yang)喜(xi)清(qing)潔、愛(ai)干(gan)燥,厭惡污濁、潮濕,其嗅覺高度發達,采食(shi)前(qian)總是先用鼻子嗅一嗅,凡是有異味、沾有糞便(bian)或腐敗的(de)(de)飼(si)料(liao),被污染的(de)(de)飲水或被踐踏(ta)過(guo)的(de)(de)草料(liao),山(shan)羊(yang)寧愿受渴挨(ai)餓也不采食(shi)。因(yin)此,羊(yang)場應選擇在干(gan)燥、通風(feng)、向陽的(de)(de)地方,喂給(gei)的(de)(de)草料(liao)要少給(gei)勤(qin)添,飲水要放在水槽或水盆(pen)里(li),保持(chi)清(qing)潔衛生。
羊(yang)(yang)舍(she)應選在地勢高(gao)(gao)燥、排水良(liang)好,向陽的(de)地方。羊(yang)(yang)舍(she)地面(mian)要(yao)高(gao)(gao)出(chu)地面(mian)20cm以上。建筑材料(liao)應就地取材,總的(de)要(yao)求是堅固、保暖和通風良(liang)好。羊(yang)(yang)舍(she)的(de)面(mian)積可根據(ju)飼養規模(mo)而定,一(yi)般每(mei)只羊(yang)(yang)要(yao)保證(zheng)1.0~2.0m2。每(mei)間(jian)羊(yang)(yang)舍(she)不能飼養太多羊(yang)(yang),否則(ze)不易管(guan)理(li),還增加了傳染病發生的(de)幾率。參考(kao)值為(wei)種公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)1.5~2.0m2/只,空(kong)懷母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)0.8~1.0m2/只,妊娠或(huo)哺乳母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)2.0~2.3m2/只,幼齡(ling)羊(yang)(yang)0.5~0.6m2/只。羊(yang)(yang)只多時,為(wei)方便(bian)飼養管(guan)理(li),應設飼養員通道(dao),通道(dao)兩側用鐵筋或(huo)木桿(gan)隔開(kai),羊(yang)(yang)吃料(liao)和飲(yin)水時,從(cong)欄桿(gan)探出(chu)頭采食(shi)或(huo)飲(yin)水。羊(yang)(yang)舍(she)的(de)高(gao)(gao)視羊(yang)(yang)舍(she)的(de)面(mian)積而定,如(ru)果是封閉羊(yang)(yang)舍(she),高(gao)(gao)度要(yao)考(kao)慮陽光照射的(de)面(mian)積
一般情(qing)況下(xia),優質(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)10月齡時(shi)可(ke)適(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)配(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)初期(qi)(qi),要(yao)(yao)適(shi)(shi)當配(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)。羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)放牧后,種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)晚上要(yao)(yao)單獨(du)分圈飼(si)養,讓種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)有(you)充分時(shi)間(jian)休息,還要(yao)(yao)補(bu)(bu)飼(si)一定的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)(jing)料(liao)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)一歲可(ke)正式投入配(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)產,但(dan)都必須(xu)(xu)進(jin)(jin)行補(bu)(bu)料(liao)。每(mei)(mei)(mei)只(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)及(ji)(ji)受體(ti)(ti)母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)受配(pei)(pei)情(qing)況,都要(yao)(yao)有(you)詳細的(de)(de)記(ji)錄,以便根據實際情(qing)況進(jin)(jin)行合(he)理調整,使每(mei)(mei)(mei)只(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)發(fa)揮最大效能。要(yao)(yao)想種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)體(ti)(ti)格(ge)健壯、膘情(qing)適(shi)(shi)中(zhong)、精(jing)(jing)(jing)力(li)充沛、性(xing)欲(yu)旺盛并具有(you)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)(jing)液(ye)品質(zhi)(zhi),必須(xu)(xu)加強(qiang)種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)飼(si)養管理,以提高(gao)種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)利用率并延長其(qi)使用年限。種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)飼(si)養,要(yao)(yao)求飼(si)料(liao)營養價值(zhi)高(gao),有(you)足量(liang)(liang)優質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)、維生(sheng)素及(ji)(ji)無機鹽等,且易消化,適(shi)(shi)口性(xing)好(hao)(hao)。非(fei)配(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi),每(mei)(mei)(mei)天定時(shi)喂給兩次優質(zhi)(zhi)青干草和(he)少量(liang)(liang)鮮綠多汁飼(si)料(liao),同時(shi)每(mei)(mei)(mei)只(zhi)成(cheng)年種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)每(mei)(mei)(mei)天補(bu)(bu)給全價配(pei)(pei)合(he)飼(si)料(liao)0.3kg左(zuo)右。采精(jing)(jing)(jing)期(qi)(qi)每(mei)(mei)(mei)天補(bu)(bu)給全價配(pei)(pei)合(he)飼(si)料(liao)0.4kg左(zuo)右,最好(hao)(hao)補(bu)(bu)飼(si)生(sheng)雞蛋(dan)1~2枚。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)每(mei)(mei)(mei)天放牧的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)為(wei)6~8h,任其(qi)自由采食。這(zhe)樣不僅可(ke)以保(bao)持種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)體(ti)(ti)型,增(zeng)強(qiang)抗病(bing)能力(li),而且可(ke)增(zeng)強(qiang)其(qi)性(xing)欲(yu)。種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)還要(yao)(yao)定期(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)行檢查、預防(fang)接種(zhong)(zhong)和(he)防(fang)治體(ti)(ti)內、外寄生(sheng)蟲,日常(chang)應注意觀察種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神狀態,發(fa)現疾病(bing),要(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)進(jin)(jin)行治療。
在(zai)母羊(yang)(yang)懷孕(yun)前3個月,加強放(fang)牧(mu),做(zuo)到不(bu)急趕、不(bu)打、不(bu)嚇、慢出、慢進(jin)、嚴禁擁(yong)擠。使(shi)母羊(yang)(yang)盡快復膘,保(bao)證胎(tai)兒生(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)育,防止流產。在(zai)懷孕(yun)最后兩個月,一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面胎(tai)兒生(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)育快,新增(zeng)體重約(yue)占羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)初生(sheng)體重的(de)(de)90%,需(xu)(xu)要營養(yang)物質(zhi)較多;另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面母羊(yang)(yang)胃容積(ji)隨胎(tai)兒增(zeng)長(chang)受到影響。因此,加強放(fang)牧(mu)的(de)(de)同時(shi)要補以適量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)營養(yang)全面的(de)(de)精料,在(zai)滿足(zu)能量(liang)(liang)、蛋白需(xu)(xu)要的(de)(de)同時(shi),要適當添加一(yi)(yi)些礦物質(zhi),多種維(wei)生(sheng)素等,以滿足(zu)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)生(sheng)長(chang)及基礎代謝需(xu)(xu)要。
(1)羔(gao)羊落地后,立(li)即掏盡和(he)擦(ca)干口鼻腔內粘液(ye),不僅利(li)于呼吸,還避免誤(wu)咽羊水(shui)而造成異物性(xing)肺炎;同時(shi)擦(ca)干頭、四肢、腹下粘液(ye),身軀上讓母羊自行舔食干,以利(li)母子親和(he);及時(shi)斷臍和(he)消(xiao)毒,將臍帶距(ju)腹部3~4cm處用5%碘酒溶液(ye)消(xiao)毒后剪斷。
(2)初產羔要吃好初乳(ru)(ru),用溫消毒藥水清洗母羊乳(ru)(ru)房并(bing)擦干(gan),擠掉最初幾滴(di)奶(nai)后(hou),盡(jin)快(kuai)讓羔羊吃上(shang)、吃好初乳(ru)(ru),以獲得較(jiao)高的母源(yuan)抗體。
(3)搞好羔羊的(de)欄(lan)舍(she)衛生(sheng),勤(qin)換產(chan)(chan)欄(lan)墊(dian)草(cao),保持產(chan)(chan)欄(lan)清(qing)潔干燥及母仔羊衛生(sheng),夏季產(chan)(chan)欄(lan)舍(she)要通風良好,冬季要做(zuo)好防寒(han)保暖工(gong)作。
(4)加(jia)強缺奶羔羊(yang)的(de)補飼(si)和護理,無母孤羔及一胎多羔羊(yang),我們應采用寄(ji)養,擠(ji)其他母羊(yang)奶哺喂或用牛奶人工(gong)補飼(si)。
放牧管理的主要目(mu)的是(shi)羊兒吃(chi)飽吃(chi)好,達(da)到膘肥體壯。
根據(ju)筆者多年的(de)牧羊經驗,羊一(yi)天的(de)攝食(shi)時間應不(bu)低(di)于8h,要(yao)達到“四個(ge)(ge)飽(bao)”。羊從上山采食(shi)到反(fan)芻叫一(yi)個(ge)(ge)飽(bao),一(yi)個(ge)(ge)飽(bao)的(de)周期是2h左右,四個(ge)(ge)飽(bao)應是8h。
(1)夏秋季因日長夜短(duan),氣溫高,羊(yang)的飲水量增加,需食(shi)量增加,此時(shi)應一(yi)天放(fang)牧兩次,中(zhong)午讓羊(yang)回到圈舍中(zhong)休息(xi)、飲水并適當補(bu)鹽,具體的時(shi)間是早晨7~11點,下(xia)午4~8點。
(2)冬春季晝短(duan)夜長,氣溫低,牧草老化,此時必(bi)須延長放牧時間(jian),讓(rang)羊只多攝入營養,應全天放羊,早(zao)9~10點上(shang)山,下午5~6點收羊。
(3)適當輪牧,緩解草場壓力,減少寄(ji)生蟲病發(fa)生。
山(shan)羊(yang)越冬管(guan)理時(shi)間(jian)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)每年(nian)農歷(li)十一(yi)月(yue)到(dao)次年(nian)二月(yue)上旬(xun)。歷(li)時(shi)3個半月(yue)時(shi)間(jian),在此期(qi)間(jian)氣溫低,牧草(cao)枯,所以越冬管(guan)理實際就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)人為地在越冬期(qi)內造就(jiu)(jiu)一(yi)個溫暖的生活環境和補(bu)給充(chong)分的草(cao)料或精料。
(1)山羊性溫(wen)怕寒(han),適宜的(de)溫(wen)度15~25℃。當溫(wen)度低于(yu)10℃時(shi),山羊采食量、采食時(shi)間(jian)減少,好動(dong)性不明顯。當氣(qi)溫(wen)低于(yu)5℃時(shi),多(duo)數(shu)(shu)羊只停止采食,出(chu)現群體(ti)取暖或往低洼處避寒(han)。如果(guo)哺乳(ru)母(mu)羊在5℃以下(xia),連續受寒(han)兩(liang)天,多(duo)數(shu)(shu)母(mu)羊停止泌乳(ru),這是(shi)造(zao)成冬羔(gao)大量死亡的(de)致命(ming)因素,也是(shi)多(duo)數(shu)(shu)養羊戶(hu)失敗(bai)的(de)一個重要(yao)原因。如果(guo)長時(shi)間(jian)的(de)陰雨和下(xia)雪結冰時(shi),應停止放(fang)牧(mu),轉為(wei)圈養。
(2)越冬(dong)期氣溫低、草(cao)質差(cha),放牧(mu)時山羊(yang)攝食(shi)量減少(shao),攝入的(de)牧(mu)草(cao)營(ying)養差(cha),而(er)抵御(yu)風寒,又要消耗過(guo)多體能(neng),如不(bu)人工補料,羊(yang)的(de)代謝就會(hui)失(shi)去(qu)平(ping)衡而(er)紊亂,膘力(li)下降,體質變差(cha),免疫力(li)降低,發病率(lv)升(sheng)高(gao),造(zao)成大批(pi)死亡,所以冬(dong)季(ji)必須補料和調整營(ying)養。
山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)疾病(bing)防治一(yi)直是山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)中的(de)薄弱環節,必須引起養(yang)殖戶的(de)高度重(zhong)視(shi)。在管理上(shang)除做好清潔衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和防寒保(bao)暖外,定期消毒(du)(du)、免(mian)疫注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)和驅除體(ti)內(nei)、外寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)是預防山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)疾病(bing)、降(jiang)低死亡率和提高養(yang)殖效益的(de)3大技(ji)術措施。養(yang)殖戶每月(yue)需對羊(yang)(yang)(yang)圈和運動場進行一(yi)次徹底消毒(du)(du)。消毒(du)(du)藥(yao)可(ke)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)高效碘、百毒(du)(du)殺(sha)或(huo)燒堿等(deng),最好輪(lun)流使(shi)用(yong)(yong)不同的(de)消毒(du)(du)藥(yao),以增加消毒(du)(du)效果。山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)體(ti)內(nei)、外寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)春秋各驅蟲(chong)一(yi)次。本著以預防為主的(de)原則(ze),除每年應進行的(de)春秋兩季口(kou)蹄疫強制(zhi)免(mian)疫外,還應在羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)15日齡(ling)(ling)時(shi)(shi),內(nei)唇粘膜注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)傳染性膿皰(pao)皮(pi)炎活(huo)疫苗(miao)(miao)(羊(yang)(yang)(yang)口(kou)瘡);30日齡(ling)(ling)時(shi)(shi)肌肉(rou)注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)傳染性胸膜肺炎滅活(huo)苗(miao)(miao);60日齡(ling)(ling)時(shi)(shi)尾(wei)根皮(pi)下注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)痘(dou)疫苗(miao)(miao);90日齡(ling)(ling)時(shi)(shi)肌肉(rou)注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)口(kou)蹄疫疫苗(miao)(miao),21~28d重(zhong)復一(yi)次。各種(zhong)疫苗(miao)(miao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)要詳細閱讀(du)說明書,接種(zhong)前應搖均,嚴格按照劑(ji)量注(zhu)(zhu)射(she),減少免(mian)疫失(shi)敗的(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。