“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭”的(de)(de)說辭,來自古(gu)老的(de)(de)天文學(xue),上(shang)古(gu)時代(dai)人們(men)選擇黃道赤(chi)道附近的(de)(de)二(er)十八個(ge)組星(xing)(xing)象作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)坐標,以此作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)觀測天象參照(zhao)物(wu)。古(gu)人根據日(ri)月星(xing)(xing)辰的(de)(de)運行軌跡和位置,把黃道附近的(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)象劃(hua)分為(wei)二(er)十八組,俗(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)“二(er)十八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”。“宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”表(biao)(biao)示居(ju)住,因(yin)為(wei)它(ta)(ta)們(men)環(huan)列在(zai)(zai)日(ri)、月、五星(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)四方(fang)(fang)(fang),很(hen)像(xiang)日(ri)、月、五星(xing)(xing)棲(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)場所,所以稱(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)“宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”。“二(er)十八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”按照(zhao)東(dong)西南(nan)北四個(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)劃(hua)分為(wei)四大(da)組,產生“四象”:東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),西方(fang)(fang)(fang)白虎,南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)朱雀,北方(fang)(fang)(fang)玄武(wu)。在(zai)(zai)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)7個(ge)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)分別叫做:“角(jiao)、亢、氐、房、心(xin)、尾(wei)、箕”,七宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)組成(cheng)一個(ge)完整的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)形星(xing)(xing)象,人們(men)稱(cheng)(cheng)它(ta)(ta)為(wei)“東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”,其(qi)中角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)角(jiao),亢宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)咽喉(hou),氐宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)爪(zhua),心(xin)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)心(xin)臟(zang),尾(wei)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)和箕宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)。在(zai)(zai)冬(dong)季,這蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)都隱沒(mei)(mei)在(zai)(zai)北方(fang)(fang)(fang)地平(ping)(ping)線(xian)下。仲春(驚蟄至春分間),角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)一星(xing)(xing)和角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)二(er)星(xing)(xing))就從(cong)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)地平(ping)(ping)線(xian)上(shang)出現(xian)了,這時整個(ge)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)身子還隱沒(mei)(mei)在(zai)(zai)地平(ping)(ping)線(xian)以下,只是(shi)角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)初露,故稱(cheng)(cheng)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭”。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭是(shi)指(zhi)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)群(qun)星(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)天空的(de)(de)隱現(xian)變化,并非是(shi)真(zhen)有一條動物(wu)之龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)變換。
蒼龍(long)(long)七宿(su)的(de)出沒(mei)周期與(yu)一(yi)年農時(shi)(shi)周期相一(yi)致。春天農耕開始之際,蒼龍(long)(long)七宿(su)在(zai)東方(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平線(xian)上(shang)(shang)開始慢慢上(shang)(shang)升(sheng),最先(xian)露(lu)出的(de)是(shi)明亮(liang)的(de)龍(long)(long)首—角宿(su);夏天作物生(sheng)長,蒼龍(long)(long)高懸于(yu)南方(fang)(fang)夜空;而(er)到了(le)秋天,莊稼豐收,蒼龍(long)(long)也開始在(zai)西(xi)方(fang)(fang)下落;冬天萬物伏藏(zang),蒼龍(long)(long)則隱藏(zang)于(yu)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平線(xian)以(yi)下。古人把(ba)仲春時(shi)(shi)蒼龍(long)(long)七宿(su)在(zai)東方(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平線(xian)上(shang)(shang)嶄露(lu)頭(tou)角稱為(wei)(wei)“見(jian)龍(long)(long)在(zai)田”(即為(wei)(wei)“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)”),仲夏蒼龍(long)(long)七宿(su)升(sheng)至正南中(zhong)(zhong)天稱為(wei)(wei)“飛龍(long)(long)在(zai)天”;此(ci)外還(huan)有(you)(you)“亢龍(long)(long)有(you)(you)悔”、“群龍(long)(long)無首”等,分別對應各時(shi)(shi)節(jie)天象。龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)在(zai)農耕文化中(zhong)(zhong)標示陽氣(qi)自地(di)(di)(di)底而(er)出,雨(yu)(yu)水增多,萬物生(sheng)機盎(ang)然,春耕由此(ci)開始了(le)。龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)時(shi)(shi)節(jie),我(wo)國長江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)下游流域以(yi)南很多地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)已開始進入雨(yu)(yu)季,春雷始鳴。元時(shi)(shi)期將(jiang)陰歷“二(er)月(yue)二(er)”稱為(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou),從節(jie)氣(qi)上(shang)(shang)說,“二(er)月(yue)初二(er)”正處(chu)在(zai)二(er)十四節(jie)氣(qi)的(de)“雨(yu)(yu)水”、“驚蟄”、“春分”之間(jian)。與(yu)“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)”相關的(de)的(de)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)很多,但不論哪種方(fang)(fang)式(shi),均圍繞(rao)美好的(de)龍(long)(long)神信(xin)仰而(er)展(zhan)開,它是(shi)人們寄托(tuo)生(sheng)存(cun)希(xi)望的(de)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)。就(jiu)全國而(er)言,由于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)域不同,各地(di)(di)(di)風俗也各有(you)(you)差異。
龍(long)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國等東亞區域古(gu)代神話傳說(shuo)生(sheng)活(huo)于(yu)(yu)大海(hai)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)神異生(sheng)物,司掌(zhang)行云布雨(yu),是(shi)和風(feng)化雨(yu)的(de)(de)主宰,常(chang)用(yong)來(lai)(lai)象(xiang)征(zheng)祥(xiang)瑞。其由來(lai)(lai)于(yu)(yu)自然天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)崇拜,與上(shang)古(gu)時(shi)代天(tian)(tian)文(wen)(wen)學對星辰運行的(de)(de)認(ren)識以及(ji)農耕文(wen)(wen)化有關。古(gu)人觀測天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)確(que)定時(shi)間,從而(er)為(wei)農業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)提(ti)供服(fu)務。龍(long)抬(tai)頭是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代農耕文(wen)(wen)化對于(yu)(yu)時(shi)令的(de)(de)反映,“龍(long)抬(tai)頭”雖有著久遠的(de)(de)歷史(shi)源頭,但廣泛流(liu)傳成為(wei)全國性節日并出現(xian)在(zai)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)上(shang)記載是(shi)在(zai)元代之后(hou)。
漢代(dai)是我國南北各地(di)文化交流融合的(de)重要(yao)時期,在漢代(dai)文獻出(chu)現了龍(long)(long)形象(xiang)的(de)記載。西漢董仲舒的(de)《春秋繁露(lu)》中(zhong)提到舞龍(long)(long)求雨的(de)活動(dong),直接借助龍(long)(long)的(de)形象(xiang)舉行求雨活動(dong)。在漢代(dai)畫像石(shi)上也刻有“戲龍(long)(long)”的(de)舞蹈場面,后世以此作為舞龍(long)(long)燈的(de)濫觴。
唐(tang)時期,在文獻上仍未出現龍抬(tai)頭的節(jie)俗記載。唐(tang)朝長安(an)人把(ba)二(er)月(yue)(yue)朔作為一(yi)(yi)個(ge)特殊的日(ri)子(zi)(zi),說這是(shi)“迎(ying)(ying)富(fu)貴”的日(ri)子(zi)(zi),在這一(yi)(yi)天要(yao)吃(chi)“迎(ying)(ying)富(fu)貴果子(zi)(zi)”,就是(shi)吃(chi)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)點心(xin)類食品。據《唐(tang)書(shu)·李泌(mi)傳》記載,唐(tang)中葉以前,在當時的長安(an)春天只有(you)三個(ge)節(jie)日(ri)——正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)九、正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)晦(hui)(三十(shi)日(ri))和三月(yue)(yue)上巳節(jie),二(er)月(yue)(yue)沒有(you)節(jie),李泌(mi)上書(shu),廢正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)晦(hui),以二(er)月(yue)(yue)一(yi)(yi)為中和節(jie)(取中正(zheng)(zheng)、平(ping)和之(zhi)意),以示務(wu)本。德宗(zong)十(shi)分(fen)贊(zan)同,并下令以正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)初九、二(er)月(yue)(yue)朔和三月(yue)(yue)上巳合稱三令節(jie)。
唐德宗(zong)時(shi)期(qi),唐德宗(zong)認為(wei),三月(yue)有“上巳(si)節”,九月(yue)有“重陽節”,而二月(yue)正(zheng)是(shi)天(tian)氣(qi)由寒轉暖(nuan)、萬物復蘇(su)、農事開始之(zhi)際,卻(que)沒有一(yi)個節日(ri),實在說不(bu)過(guo)去,于(yu)是(shi)就征求宰相李(li)泌的(de)(de)意見(jian)。李(li)泌覺得德宗(zong)所(suo)說頗(po)有道(dao)理,為(wei)此他建議:廢除以(yi)往正(zheng)月(yue)晦日(ri)(正(zheng)月(yue)最后一(yi)天(tian))為(wei)節的(de)(de)舊例(li),改貞元五年(nian)(790)二月(yue)一(yi)日(ri)為(wei)“中(zhong)和(he)節”;這一(yi)天(tian),皇帝要(yao)(yao)賜(si)宴(yan)群(qun)臣,并賜(si)給他們刀、尺(chi),表(biao)示(shi)裁度:百官要(yao)(yao)獻(xian)農書(shu),表(biao)示(shi)務本;民間要(yao)(yao)用(yong)青(qing)色(se)的(de)(de)袋子(zi)裝著(zhu)谷物及瓜果種粒,互相贈(zeng)送親(qin)友;村社居民要(yao)(yao)釀制宜春酒來祭祀勾芒神(shen),以(yi)祈禱豐(feng)收等等。德宗(zong)聽了十分高興,完全采納了李(li)泌的(de)(de)意見(jian),立即(ji)頒布了一(yi)道(dao)詔(zhao)令,以(yi)貞元五年(nian)二月(yue)一(yi)日(ri)為(wei)中(zhong)和(he)節。唐代宴(yan)會總少不(bu)了賦(fu)詩樂舞,中(zhong)和(he)節宴(yan)亦復如(ru)此。
尉遲樞《南梵新(xin)聞》記載說(shuo):“李泌謂以(yi)二月一日為中(zhong)和節,人家以(yi)青囊盛百谷果實,更(geng)相饋遺,務極新(xin)巧(qiao),宮中(zhong)亦然(ran),謂之(zhi)獻(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)子。”可見獻(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)子是中(zhong)和節活動的主(zhu)要(yao)特(te)點。
宋代時在(zai)我國一些地(di)方(fang)二月(yue)初二有(you)“挑菜”御宴活動,但與(yu)“龍(long)”無關。宋人周密(mi)在(zai)《武林舊事》中記(ji)述南宋時,二月(yue)初二這一天宮中有(you)“挑菜”御宴活動。唐宋時文(wen)獻所記(ji)載的(de)這些地(di)方(fang)“二月(yue)二”活動并沒有(you)和“龍(long)抬頭”聯系在(zai)一起(qi)。
到了元時期,在文獻上(shang),陰歷(li)二(er)月二(er)就明確作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)“龍抬頭”了。《析津志》在描述大都(dou)城的(de)風俗(su)時提(ti)到,“二(er)月二(er),謂(wei)之龍抬頭”。這天北方地(di)區(qu)人們盛(sheng)行吃面條,稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“龍須面”;還要(yao)烙餅,叫作(zuo)“龍鱗(lin)”;若包餃(jiao)子,則稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“龍牙”。總之所吃的(de)食(shi)物(wu)都(dou)要(yao)以龍體部位命名。
明代以后,“二月二”又(you)有關于龍抬頭的諸多習俗記載,諸如撒(sa)灰引(yin)龍、扶龍、熏蟲避(bi)蝎、剃龍頭、忌(ji)針刺龍眼等節俗,故稱龍抬頭日。元(yuan)費著《歲(sui)華紀麗(li)譜》:“二月二日踏(ta)青節,韌郡(jun)人游賞散四郊。……”。又(you)汪灝《廣群芳譜天時譜》引(yin)《翰墨記》:“洛(luo)陽風俗,以二月二日為(wei)花朝節,士庶游玩(wan),又(you)為(wei)挑菜節。”
明時期還在二(er)月(yue)二(er)還增添了“熏(xun)蟲”、“炒豆”的(de)活動。明人的(de)《帝京景物略》中(zhong)說:“二(er)月(yue)二(er)日曰龍抬頭(tou)……熏(xun)床炕,曰熏(xun)蟲,為引(yin)龍蟲不出(chu)也。”
清(qing)康熙(xi)時(shi)的《大興縣志(zhi)》記(ji)載,“二(er)月二(er),家各為(wei)葷素餅,以油烹而食(shi)(shi)之,曰熏蟲。”清(qing)咸豐《武定府志(zhi)》:“……以二(er)月二(er)日(ri)為(wei)春龍(long)(long)節,取灶灰圍屋如龍(long)(long)蛇狀,名曰引(yin)錢龍(long)(long),招福祥也(ye)。清(qing)末的《燕(yan)京(jing)歲(sui)時(shi)記(ji)》說(shuo):“二(er)月二(er)日(ri)……今(jin)人(ren)呼為(wei)龍(long)(long)抬頭。是日(ri)食(shi)(shi)餅者謂之龍(long)(long)鱗餅,食(shi)(shi)面(mian)者謂之龍(long)(long)須面(mian)。閨中停止針線(xian),恐(kong)傷龍(long)(long)目也(ye)。”這時(shi)不僅吃(chi)餅吃(chi)面(mian)條(tiao),婦女(nv)還(huan)不能操做針線(xian)活,怕傷害了龍(long)(long)的眼(yan)睛。
龍(long)(long)(long)本(ben)源于上(shang)(shang)古(gu)星(xing)宿(su)(su)崇拜,是我國傳統二十(shi)八宿(su)(su)天學體系中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由角、亢、氐、房、心、尾六(liu)宿(su)(su)星(xing)官(guan)所(suo)構成的(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)。而“見龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)田(tian)”所(suo)描述的(de)(de)則是龍(long)(long)(long)星(xing)伏沒之(zhi)后,位于龍(long)(long)(long)角的(de)(de)角宿(su)(su)從(cong)東方地(di)(di)(di)平線(xian)上(shang)(shang)重新升(sheng)起的(de)(de)天象(xiang)。《象(xiang)》曰(yue):“見龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)田(tian),德(de)施普也”。《易(yi)經·乾(qian)卦》爻辭中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)言的(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)”,實質是對蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)群星(xing)一年四(si)時(shi)運行(xing)情況的(de)(de)闡發。“初九(jiu),潛龍(long)(long)(long)勿用”;冬天的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)星(xing),潛入北方地(di)(di)(di)平線(xian)下(xia)看不見,所(suo)以無(wu)用。“九(jiu)二,見龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)田(tian)”;仲春的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)星(xing)從(cong)東方地(di)(di)(di)平線(xian)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)了起來,嶄(zhan)露頭角,龍(long)(long)(long)德(de)顯揚。“九(jiu)三,君(jun)子終日乾(qian)乾(qian),夕惕(ti)若厲,無(wu)咎”;季(ji)春上(shang)(shang)不在(zai)天,下(xia)不在(zai)田(tian),故(gu)‘乾(qian)乾(qian)’。“九(jiu)四(si),或躍在(zai)淵(yuan)”;孟夏為(wei)春夏之(zhi)交,蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)的(de)(de)全體都擺脫(tuo)了大(da)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)羈絆(ban),升(sheng)上(shang)(shang)夜(ye)空。“九(jiu)五(wu),飛(fei)龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)天”;仲夏的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)星(xing)飛(fei)躍于正南中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天,故(gu)稱“飛(fei)龍(long)(long)(long)”。九(jiu)五(wu),為(wei)乾(qian)卦諸爻當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至吉(ji)的(de)(de)爻,喻(yu)事物(wu)處于最(zui)鼎(ding)盛時(shi)期。“上(shang)(shang)九(jiu),亢龍(long)(long)(long)有悔(hui)”;季(ji)夏為(wei)夏秋(qiu)之(zhi)交,蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)開始從(cong)最(zui)高點掉頭向西(xi)下(xia)降,故(gu)稱“亢龍(long)(long)(long)”。“用九(jiu),群龍(long)(long)(long)無(wu)首(shou)(shou)”;季(ji)秋(qiu)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)群星(xing)前面的(de)(de)幾個星(xing)宿(su)(su)在(zai)正西(xi)偏北隱(yin)退潛入于地(di)(di)(di)面。見群龍(long)(long)(long)無(wu)首(shou)(shou),天德(de)不可為(wei)首(shou)(shou)也,是吉(ji)利的(de)(de)兆頭。蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)星(xing)象(xiang)運行(xing)情況的(de)(de)事象(xiang)規(gui)律,在(zai)《易(yi)經》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表現(xian)(xian)得淋漓盡(jin)致(zhi)。仲春龍(long)(long)(long)星(xing)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)于地(di)(di)(di)表上(shang)(shang),在(zai)卦象(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬吉(ji)兆,乃生(sheng)發之(zhi)象(xiang)。在(zai)農耕文化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標示著陽氣自(zi)地(di)(di)(di)底而出(chu),陽氣生(sheng)發,雨(yu)水增多,萬物(wu)生(sheng)機盎然(ran)。在(zai)人們的(de)(de)信仰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“龍(long)(long)(long)”是吉(ji)祥(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)物(wu),司掌行(xing)云布雨(yu),是和風(feng)化雨(yu)的(de)(de)主宰。自(zi)古(gu)以來人們亦將仲春龍(long)(long)(long)星(xing)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)于地(di)(di)(di)表上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)日子作為(wei)一個祈求風(feng)調雨(yu)順、驅邪(xie)攘災、納祥(xiang)(xiang)轉(zhuan)運的(de)(de)吉(ji)日。龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)驅邪(xie),百(bai)毒不侵(qin);龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)賜福,人畜平安(an);龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)發力,生(sheng)機勃勃;龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)行(xing)云,風(feng)調雨(yu)順。
在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)傳統(tong)文化(hua)中(zhong),方位是和星辰歷的干支時(shi)(shi)間(jian)以及八卦(gua)(gua)(gua)聯系在(zai)(zai)一起的。當(dang)斗(dou)柄指(zhi)向(xiang)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)東方,卦(gua)(gua)(gua)在(zai)(zai)震位,是為(wei)仲(zhong)春之月,萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)之所出(chu)達(da)也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)出(chu)則天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)變化(hua)可(ke)現矣(yi)。故《易(yi)(yi)·說(shuo)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)傳》曰:“帝(di)出(chu)乎(hu)(hu)震,齊乎(hu)(hu)巽(xun),相見(jian)(jian)乎(hu)(hu)離,致役乎(hu)(hu)坤,說(shuo)言乎(hu)(hu)兌(dui),戰(zhan)乎(hu)(hu)乾,勞乎(hu)(hu)坎,成言乎(hu)(hu)艮。”按《易(yi)(yi)經》理論,斗(dou)指(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)東,卦(gua)(gua)(gua)象(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)震,天(tian)干甲乙,地(di)(di)(di)支曰卯(mao),五行(xing)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)木,時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)春。當(dang)其(qi)時(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)出(chu)達(da),生機勃(bo)(bo)勃(bo)(bo)。斗(dou)指(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)南,卦(gua)(gua)(gua)象(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)離,天(tian)干丙丁,地(di)(di)(di)支曰午,五行(xing)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)火,時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)夏(xia)之月。當(dang)其(qi)時(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)生長,其(qi)勢盛極。斗(dou)指(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)西(xi),卦(gua)(gua)(gua)象(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)兌(dui),天(tian)干庚辛,地(di)(di)(di)支曰酉(you),五行(xing)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)金,時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)秋之月。當(dang)其(qi)時(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)豐收,天(tian)氣肅殺。斗(dou)指(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)北,卦(gua)(gua)(gua)象(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)坎,天(tian)干壬癸,地(di)(di)(di)支曰子(zi),五行(xing)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)水,時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)冬之月。當(dang)其(qi)時(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)(wan)物(wu)(wu)閉(bi)藏,不相見(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
從(cong)節(jie)氣上(shang)說,農歷(li)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初二(er),正處在(zai)“雨(yu)水”、“驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)”和(he)“春(chun)分”之(zhi)間,我國南(nan)方很多地(di)方已開(kai)始進入雨(yu)季。驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)在(zai)立春(chun)、雨(yu)水之(zhi)后,是(shi)春(chun)季的(de)(de)第三(san)個節(jie)氣,也是(shi)干支歷(li)卯(mao)(mao)(mao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)起(qi)始。卯(mao)(mao)(mao),冒(mao)也,萬(wan)(wan)物冒(mao)地(di)而(er)出(chu)(chu),為生(sheng)發(fa)(fa)之(zhi)大(da)象,代(dai)表(biao)著(zhu)生(sheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)茂(mao)發(fa)(fa),如《律(lv)書》曰:”卯(mao)(mao)(mao)之(zhi)為言茂(mao)也。言萬(wan)(wan)物茂(mao)也“。由此可知,卯(mao)(mao)(mao)是(shi)指萬(wan)(wan)物從(cong)地(di)下(xia)(xia)冒(mao)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si),也就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)草木都(dou)從(cong)地(di)下(xia)(xia)面冒(mao)出(chu)(chu)為卯(mao)(mao)(mao),卯(mao)(mao)(mao)也就(jiu)(jiu)代(dai)表(biao)著(zhu)生(sheng)命力,代(dai)表(biao)著(zhu)生(sheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),所(suo)以(yi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)也是(shi)能量迸發(fa)(fa),生(sheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)開(kai)始的(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)份,預示(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)的(de)(de)農事活(huo)動即將開(kai)始。仲春(chun)時節(jie)龍抬頭,萬(wan)(wan)物復(fu)蘇雨(yu)似油(you);年(nian)年(nian)角宿(su)光(guang)明亮,歲(sui)歲(sui)如意(yi)大(da)豐收。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)十二(er)個月(yue)(yue)(yue),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個月(yue)(yue)(yue)對(dui)(dui)應一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卦(gua)(gua),卯(mao)(mao)(mao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(包括驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)和(he)春(chun)分兩個節(jie)氣)對(dui)(dui)應的(de)(de)是(shi)雷(lei)(lei)天(tian)(tian)大(da)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卦(gua)(gua)。大(da)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)卦(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)卦(gua)(gua)象就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)天(tian)(tian)上(shang)開(kai)始打雷(lei)(lei)了,雷(lei)(lei)在(zai)天(tian)(tian)上(shang)響(xiang),非常形(xing)象。驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)春(chun)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聲驚(jing)(jing)雷(lei)(lei),所(suo)謂“春(chun)雷(lei)(lei)驚(jing)(jing)百蟲”,驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)時節(jie),春(chun)雷(lei)(lei)始響(xiang),蟄(zhe)伏于地(di)下(xia)(xia)冬眠的(de)(de)蟄(zhe)蟲被(bei)雷(lei)(lei)驚(jing)(jing)醒(xing),紛紛破土(tu)而(er)出(chu)(chu)。大(da)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)卦(gua)(gua)是(shi)卯(mao)(mao)(mao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue))的(de)(de)消(xiao)息(xi)卦(gua)(gua)。“卯(mao)(mao)(mao)”有(you)茂(mao)盛的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si),卯(mao)(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)五行(xing)屬木,木主生(sheng)發(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)長,所(suo)以(yi)大(da)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)卦(gua)(gua)對(dui)(dui)應的(de)(de)驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)節(jie)氣,意(yi)味著(zhu)萬(wan)(wan)物開(kai)始欣欣向榮,生(sheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)盎(ang)然,大(da)地(di)上(shang)將出(chu)(chu)現春(chun)暖(nuan)花開(kai)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)美(mei)好景(jing)象。
現(xian)代氣(qi)(qi)(qi)象科學(xue)表明(ming),“驚蟄(zhe)”前后(hou),之所以(yi)偶有雷聲,是(shi)大地濕(shi)度漸高而促使近地面(mian)熱(re)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)上升(sheng)或北(bei)上的濕(shi)熱(re)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)勢力(li)較強與活(huo)動頻(pin)繁(fan)所致。從我國各地自(zi)然物(wu)候(hou)(hou)進程看(kan),由(you)于(yu)南北(bei)跨度大,春雷始鳴的時(shi)間遲(chi)早(zao)不一。就多年平均(jun)而言,云南南部在(zai)1月底前后(hou)即可聞(wen)雷,而北(bei)京(jing)的初雷日卻在(zai)4月下旬。“驚蟄(zhe)始雷”的說(shuo)法僅與沿長(chang)江(jiang)流域以(yi)南的氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)規律相吻合。驚蟄(zhe)后(hou),是(shi)萬物(wu)生長(chang)的好時(shi)光,該種的農作物(wu)都可以(yi)開(kai)始種了(le)。作為全年氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫回升(sheng)最快(kuai)的節氣(qi)(qi)(qi),除(chu)東北(bei)、西(xi)北(bei)地區仍(reng)是(shi)銀(yin)妝素裹的冬日景象外,我國大部分地區平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫已(yi)升(sheng)至0℃以(yi)上,華北(bei)地區日平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫為3至6℃,沿江(jiang)江(jiang)南地區為8℃以(yi)上,而西(xi)南和華南已(yi)達10至15℃以(yi)上,早(zao)已(yi)是(shi)一派融融春光了(le),日照時(shi)數(shu)也有了(le)明(ming)顯的增加。
我國古(gu)代天文(wen)學家根據日月五(wu)星(xing)的(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)軌跡把天空劃分為28天宿(su),即“黃道帶”,以(yi)此(ci)來表(biao)示日月五(wu)星(xing)的(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)和位置(zhi)。28天宿(su)可(ke)分為4個(ge)大區(4象或4神(shen)),東方(fang)蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(包(bao)括角、亢(kang)、氐、房、心、尾、箕七(qi)(qi)宿(su));西方(fang)白虎(包(bao)括奎、婁、胃、昴、畢、觜、參七(qi)(qi)宿(su));南方(fang)朱雀(包(bao)括井、鬼、柳、星(xing)、張、翼、軫七(qi)(qi)宿(su));北方(fang)玄武(包(bao)括斗、牛、女、虛、危、室(shi)、壁七(qi)(qi)宿(su))。其中‘角宿(su)’就是龍(long)(long)(long)角。在仲春(chun)卯月之初東方(fang)地平(ping)線上(shang)升起了龍(long)(long)(long)角星(xing),所以(yi)稱(cheng)為龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭。即是指東方(fang)蒼龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)(qi)宿(su)星(xing)象的(de)(de)空間變(bian)化。
龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)由來與古代(dai)(dai)天象有關。中國古代(dai)(dai)天文學將周(zhou)天黃道確定為(wei)28個(ge)星(xing)座,稱為(wei)“二(er)十(shi)八(ba)宿(su)(su)”。古人又將這28個(ge)星(xing)宿(su)(su)按(an)照東南西北分(fen)在(zai)四宮,每宮7宿(su)(su),并按(an)照它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象將四宮形(xing)容為(wei)“青龍(long)(long)(long),白(bai)虎(hu),朱雀,玄(xuan)武“4種(zhong)神獸(shou)。龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭所提到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)”,指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就是是天象周(zhou)天二(er)十(shi)八(ba)宿(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東方青龍(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)。蒼龍(long)(long)(long)頭部(bu)“角宿(su)(su)”上有兩顆(ke)(ke)星(xing):角宿(su)(su)一和(he)(he)角宿(su)(su)二(er),代(dai)(dai)表蒼龍(long)(long)(long)頭上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩只(zhi)犄角。“角宿(su)(su)”之(zhi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四顆(ke)(ke)星(xing)是“亢(kang)宿(su)(su)”,亢(kang)是龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉(hou),在(zai)咽喉(hou)下面有四顆(ke)(ke)星(xing)排列成一個(ge)簸箕(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀是“氐宿(su)(su)”,代(dai)(dai)表著龍(long)(long)(long)爪。龍(long)(long)(long)爪后面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)宿(su)(su)、心(xin)宿(su)(su)、尾宿(su)(su)和(he)(he)箕(ji)宿(su)(su)分(fen)別代(dai)(dai)表了龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)臟和(he)(he)尾巴(ba)。
每年的仲春晚上(shang)(shang),蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)星宿(su)開始從(cong)(cong)東方露頭(tou),角(jiao)宿(su),代(dai)表(biao)龍(long)(long)角(jiao),開始從(cong)(cong)東方地平(ping)線上(shang)(shang)顯現(xian),約一(yi)(yi)個(ge)鐘(zhong)頭(tou)后,亢宿(su),即龍(long)(long)的咽喉,升(sheng)至地平(ping)線以上(shang)(shang),接近子夜時(shi)分,氐宿(su),即龍(long)(long)爪也出現(xian)了。這就(jiu)是“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)”的過(guo)程。之(zhi)后,每天的“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)”日期,均約提前一(yi)(yi)點(dian),經過(guo)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)多月(yue)時(shi)間(jian),整個(ge)“龍(long)(long)頭(tou)”就(jiu)“抬(tai)(tai)”起來了。當地球(qiu)(qiu)公轉(zhuan)的位置使蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)與太陽(yang)處在同一(yi)(yi)方向時(shi),太陽(yang)的光(guang)芒(mang)就(jiu)會(hui)淹沒星光(guang),人們就(jiu)會(hui)看不到天上(shang)(shang)的那(nei)條巨龍(long)(long);而過(guo)一(yi)(yi)段時(shi)間(jian)后,地球(qiu)(qiu)的位置轉(zhuan)移(yi)了,這蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)又會(hui)重(zhong)新出現(xian),周(zhou)而復始,古人找到了這個(ge)規律,并以它來判斷時(shi)令。由于(yu)“歲(sui)差”的原因(yin),現(xian)"龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)"實際時(shi)間(jian)或(huo)推遲。
“二(er)月二(er)、龍(long)抬頭”,象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)征著(zhu)生(sheng)機、萬物(wu)復蘇。中國與(yu)古代西(xi)方(fang)天(tian)文學不同,中國把恒星(xing)劃分成為“三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”和“四(si)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”七大(da)星(xing)區。所謂“垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”就是“城墻”的(de)意思。“三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”是“紫(zi)微垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)征皇宮;“太微垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)征行(xing)政機構;“天(tian)市垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)征繁華街市。這三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)環繞(rao)(rao)著(zhu)北(bei)極(ji)星(xing)呈三(san)角(jiao)狀排(pai)列。在(zai)“三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”外(wai)圍分布著(zhu)“四(si)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”:東(dong)(dong)蒼龍(long)、西(xi)白虎、南朱雀(que)、北(bei)玄武(wu),也就是說,東(dong)(dong)方(fang)的(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)一條龍(long),西(xi)方(fang)的(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)一只虎,南方(fang)的(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)一只大(da)鳥,北(bei)方(fang)的(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)龜和蛇(she)。由于(yu)地球圍繞(rao)(rao)太陽(yang)公(gong)轉,天(tian)空的(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也隨(sui)著(zhu)季節轉換。每到冬春之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)(jiao)的(de)傍晚,蒼龍(long)顯現;春夏之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)(jiao),玄武(wu)升起(qi);夏秋之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)(jiao),白虎露頭;秋冬之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)(jiao),朱雀(que)上升。
《春秋(qiu)命歷(li)序》曰:“天(tian)地開(kai)辟,萬物渾(hun)渾(hun),無(wu)(wu)知無(wu)(wu)識;陰陽(yang)所憑,天(tian)體始于(yu)北極之(zhi)野…日月五緯俱起牽牛;四萬五千(qian)年,日月五緯一輪轉;天(tian)皇出(chu)焉…定天(tian)之(zhi)象,法(fa)地之(zhi)儀(yi),作干支以(yi)定日月度。”早(zao)在遠(yuan)古(gu)時(shi)(shi)期古(gu)人就已經能“觀象授時(shi)(shi)”,定天(tian)之(zhi)象、法(fa)地之(zhi)儀(yi),并確定了(le)星宿天(tian)象、干支及二十四節(jie)氣。
詞典《爾雅》中有云:數起(qi)角亢,列(lie)宿之長。故角之見于(yu)東方也,物(wu)換春回,鳥獸生角,草木(mu)甲坼。它的意思是在萬(wan)物(wu)復蘇的春天,東方蒼龍的角宿每到傍晚將從東方升起(qi)。
龍(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)(shi)海中神物(wu),主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)主宰雨水,如《山海經(jing)》中所說(shuo)的應(ying)龍(long)(long),民間的“龍(long)(long)抬頭”節,其(qi)源頭應(ying)追溯至遠(yuan)古。神話著作《山海經(jing)》中說(shuo),應(ying)龍(long)(long)居(ju)處在南方(fang),“故南方(fang)多(duo)雨”,而(er)燭(zhu)龍(long)(long)“不食不寢不息(xi),風(feng)雨是(shi)(shi)(shi)謁”,也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)常招(zhao)來(lai)風(feng)雨。由于想象中的龍(long)(long)能騰云駕(jia)霧,于是(shi)(shi)(shi)相信龍(long)(long)能給人帶來(lai)祥(xiang)(xiang)瑞(rui)(rui)。傳說(shuo)龍(long)(long)能行(xing)云布(bu)雨、消災降福(fu),象征祥(xiang)(xiang)瑞(rui)(rui)。
《說文解字》中(zhong)解釋(shi)“龍(long)”字:“龍(long),鱗蟲之長。能(neng)幽能(neng)明,能(neng)細(xi)能(neng)巨,能(neng)短能(neng)長。春分(fen)而登天,秋分(fen)而潛(qian)淵(yuan)。”?
《帝京(jing)景(jing)物略·卷二(er)春場》:“二(er)月二(er),曰龍(long)抬頭(tou),煎(jian)元(yuan)旦祭余(yu)餅,熏床炕,謂之熏蟲(chong)兒(er),謂引(yin)龍(long),沖、蟲(chong)不出也。”
《燕京歲時記(ji)》:“二(er)月二(er)日,古之(zhi)中和(he)節(jie)也(ye)。今人(ren)呼(hu)為龍(long)抬頭。是日食餅者謂之(zhi)龍(long)鱗餅,食面者謂之(zhi)龍(long)須面。閨中停止針線,恐傷龍(long)目。”
《大同府志》:“二(er)月(yue)二(er)日,各(ge)村疃社醵錢獻生,謂(wei)之‘扶龍頭(tou)’。提壺汲井水(shui)注之,曰‘引龍頭(tou)’。”
唐代(dai)著名詩人白居(ju)易有詩云:“二月(yue)二日(ri)新雨晴,草芽菜甲一時生;輕衫(shan)細馬春年(nian)少,十字津頭一字行。”
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)民間認為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是吉祥之(zhi)物(wu)(wu),和風(feng)化雨(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)宰(zai)。“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”,意味(wei)著陽氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)、萬物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)機盎然。故(gu)自古(gu)以(yi)(yi)來,人(ren)們(men)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)(shi)節(jie),會舉行(xing)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)祈(qi)(qi)雨(yu)、放生(sheng)(sheng),以(yi)(yi)求(qiu)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)吉祥豐(feng)收,并(bing)將龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)(shi)節(jie)作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)個納祥轉運的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日子(zi)。在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)(guo)流傳著“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er),拜(bai)村社;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou),祈(qi)(qi)豐(feng)收;八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er),祭(ji)村堂;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)收尾(wei),送龍(long)(long)(long)(long)歸”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa)。從節(jie)氣(qi)上說(shuo),農(nong)歷二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初,正處在(zai)(zai)“雨(yu)水”、“驚蟄”和“春分”之(zhi)間,我國(guo)(guo)南方(fang)很多地方(fang)已開(kai)始進入雨(yu)季。俗(su)(su)話說(shuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)不(bu)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)天(tian)不(bu)雨(yu)”。在(zai)(zai)古(gu)代神(shen)(shen)格譜系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是海(hai)中(zhong)(zhong)神(shen)(shen)物(wu)(wu),掌管著降(jiang)雨(yu),降(jiang)雨(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多少直接關系(xi)(xi)到(dao)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莊稼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐(feng)歉(qian),因(yin)此,為(wei)了求(qiu)得(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)行(xing)云(yun)布(bu)雨(yu),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)(shi)節(jie)要在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)廟前擺供,舉行(xing)隆重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭(ji)拜(bai)儀式,同時(shi)(shi)唱大戲(xi)以(yi)(yi)娛神(shen)(shen);敬(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)祈(qi)(qi)雨(yu),放生(sheng)(sheng),以(yi)(yi)求(qiu)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)吉祥豐(feng)收;也(ye)有一(yi)(yi)些(xie)地方(fang)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)節(jie)有“起龍(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動。二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)既是龍(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)節(jie)也(ye)是“土(tu)地誕”,在(zai)(zai)南方(fang)沿海(hai)地區,二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)主(zhu)要舉行(xing)社祭(ji),祭(ji)祀(si)土(tu)地神(shen)(shen)。我國(guo)(guo)民間有剃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)、祭(ji)祀(si)、敬(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)文昌(chang)神(shen)(shen)、吃(chi)面條、炸油糕、爆(bao)玉米花、吃(chi)豬頭(tou)(tou)等習俗(su)(su)。“剃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)”習俗(su)(su),或源(yuan)于古(gu)人(ren)對龍(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰(teng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇拜(bai),如古(gu)籍中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)記載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)人(ren)斷(duan)發(fa)紋身以(yi)(yi)像龍(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)習俗(su)(su)。“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er)”這天(tian),許多人(ren)都要理發(fa),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日子(zi)理發(fa)叫(jiao)作“剃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)”,這預示一(yi)(yi)年(nian)有好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)始。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)(shi)節(jie)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)習俗(su)(su),體現了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)“天(tian)人(ren)合一(yi)(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然觀。在(zai)(zai)天(tian)氣(qi)漸漸轉暖、雨(yu)水開(kai)始增多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)節(jie),人(ren)們(men)希望通過(guo)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)祈(qi)(qi)福(fu)順應這一(yi)(yi)過(guo)程,從而做到(dao)與(yu)自然和諧相處。
古時我國北方一些地區二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)有圍(wei)糧(liang)囤、引田(tian)龍(long)、敲房梁、理(li)發、煎燜子(zi)、吃(chi)(chi)豬頭肉、吃(chi)(chi)面(mian)條(tiao)、吃(chi)(chi)水餃(jiao)、吃(chi)(chi)糖豆、吃(chi)(chi)煎餅(bing)、忌(ji)動針線的(de)習俗。為了納吉,二(er)(er)月初二(er)(er)這天我國北方人的(de)吃(chi)(chi)食(shi)物均(jun)取與(yu)“龍(long)”相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)名(ming)字,面(mian)條(tiao)不叫(jiao)“面(mian)條(tiao)”,稱(cheng)作“龍(long)須面(mian)”;水餃(jiao)稱(cheng)作“龍(long)耳”、“龍(long)角”;米(mi)飯稱(cheng)作“龍(long)子(zi)”;煎餅(bing)烙成龍(long)鱗(lin)狀,稱(cheng)作“龍(long)鱗(lin)餅(bing)”;面(mian)條(tiao)、餛飩一塊煮(zhu)叫(jiao)做“龍(long)拿(na)珠”;吃(chi)(chi)豬頭稱(cheng)作“食(shi)龍(long)頭”;吃(chi)(chi)蔥餅(bing)叫(jiao)做“撕龍(long)皮(pi)”。一切均(jun)取與(yu)龍(long)有關(guan)的(de)象征(zheng)與(yu)寓意。
民間有許多禁忌(ji)(ji)避諱“龍(long)(long)抬頭”,諸(zhu)如此日家(jia)中忌(ji)(ji)動(dong)針(zhen)線,怕傷到龍(long)(long)眼,招災惹(re)禍(huo);忌(ji)(ji)擔水,認(ren)為(wei)這(zhe)天晚上龍(long)(long)要出(chu)來活動(dong),禁止到河(he)邊或井邊擔水,以免(mian)驚(jing)擾龍(long)(long)的行動(dong),招致旱災之年;忌(ji)(ji)諱蓋房打夯,以防傷“龍(long)(long)頭”;再者,忌(ji)(ji)諱磨(mo)(mo)面,認(ren)為(wei)磨(mo)(mo)面會榨到龍(long)(long)頭,不吉利。俗話說“磨(mo)(mo)為(wei)虎(hu),碾為(wei)龍(long)(long)”,有石磨(mo)(mo)的人家(jia),這(zhe)天要將磨(mo)(mo)支起上扇(shan),方(fang)便“龍(long)(long)抬頭升天”。除如上習俗外,民間往往還(huan)舉行多種(zhong)活動(dong)納吉,諸(zhu)如舞(wu)龍(long)(long)、戴龍(long)(long)尾(wei)、開筆等。
民(min)諺云:“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou),八月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)龍(long)(long)收尾。”二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou)作(zuo)為(wei)古代民(min)俗的(de)一種節日,如(ru)今已經基本上(shang)從(cong)中國(guo)人(ren)的(de)現代生活中淡(dan)化出去了。不(bu)過,對于“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”的(de)一些文(wen)化內涵,例(li)如(ru)古人(ren)對龍(long)(long)的(de)崇拜(bai)、“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”在(zai)古天文(wen)學上(shang)的(de)唯(wei)物解(jie)釋(shi)等等,是仍然具有研究(jiu)價值。
二(er)月二(er)既是龍抬(tai)頭節也(ye)是土地(di)公的誕辰,“土地(di)誕”也(ye)稱(cheng)(cheng)“社(she)(she)日節”。社(she)(she)日分為(wei)春社(she)(she)日和秋社(she)(she)日,古時春社(she)(she)是立春后第(di)(di)五個戊(wu)日,秋社(she)(she)是立秋后第(di)(di)五個戊(wu)日(戊(wu),五行(xing)屬(shu)土)。古人認為(wei)土生萬物(wu),土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)是廣(guang)為(wei)敬奉的神(shen)(shen)(shen)靈之一。人們認為(wei)土地(di)公管理著五谷的生長(chang)和地(di)方(fang)的平安,很(hen)多地(di)方(fang)的百姓都在社(she)(she)日奉祀土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。土地(di)公又稱(cheng)(cheng)福德正神(shen)(shen)(shen),在中國南方(fang)地(di)區,為(wei)給土地(di)公公“暖壽”,有(you)的地(di)方(fang)有(you)舉辦“土地(di)會”的習俗(su):家家湊錢為(wei)土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)祝賀(he)生日,到土地(di)廟燒香祭(ji)祀,敲(qiao)鑼鼓,放(fang)鞭炮。
古(gu)代把土(tu)地神(shen)和祭祀土(tu)地神(shen)的(de)(de)地方都叫"社",按照民(min)間的(de)(de)習俗(su),每到播種或收獲(huo)的(de)(de)季(ji)節,農民(min)們都要立社祭祀,祈求或酬(chou)報(bao)土(tu)地神(shen)。土(tu)地神(shen)在(zai)人(ren)的(de)(de)日常生活中處于(yu)重(zhong)要地位,不但家(jia)族大(da),而且分布(bu)廣。在(zai)居(ju)家(jia)中有居(ju)家(jia)土(tu)地神(shen),村(cun)屯(tun)有村(cun)屯(tun)的(de)(de)土(tu)地神(shen),城市有城市的(de)(de)土(tu)地神(shen),有的(de)(de)將土(tu)地供奉在(zai)家(jia)中,有的(de)(de)供奉在(zai)門(men)口(kou),有的(de)(de)則(ze)供在(zai)村(cun)落(luo)的(de)(de)社廟中。總之(zhi)土(tu)地神(shen)的(de)(de)職責就是保(bao)佑著一方土(tu)地之(zhi)內(nei)的(de)(de)人(ren)物康泰,人(ren)口(kou)清潔,出入平安了。
二月二這天在(zai)飲食上也有一定的講(jiang)究,北方百姓在(zai)這天飲食多以龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)為(wei)名。吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)名曰(yue)“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)面條(tiao)名曰(yue)“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)須”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)餛飩為(wei)“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)眼(yan)”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)餃子(zi)則叫(jiao)“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)耳(er)”,面條(tiao)、餛飩一塊煮叫(jiao)做(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)拿珠(zhu)”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)蔥餅(bing)叫(jiao)做(zuo)“撕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)皮(pi)”。有些地方還有吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)眼(yan)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)須”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舌(she)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)耳(er)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)皮(pi)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)蛋”以及吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)豬頭肉的習俗。一切均取與龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有關的象征與寓(yu)意。這些都寄托了人們祈龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)賜福(fu)的強烈愿望。
北方(fang)地區過二(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)(er),農(nong)家(jia)(jia)就開始準備炒(chao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)料。二(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)(er)早上(shang)(shang),家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶戶都用(yong)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)炒(chao)花(hua)生和黃(huang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)叫糖(tang)(tang)(tang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)叫蝎(xie)豆(dou)(dou)(dou),還有(you)的(de)(de)(de)爆玉米花(hua)。過去都是自(zi)家(jia)(jia)制作自(zi)家(jia)(jia)食用(yong),現(xian)在不(bu)同了(le)(le),一般沒有(you)自(zi)家(jia)(jia)制作的(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)。城(cheng)里的(de)(de)(de)超市里,農(nong)村的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)市上(shang)(shang),二(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)(er)前后擺滿(man)了(le)(le)各式各樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou),大概有(you)十幾(ji)種甚至更多。隨吃(chi)隨買,香甜可口(kou)。二(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)(er)這天(tian),農(nong)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)餐桌上(shang)(shang)要擺多種糖(tang)(tang)(tang)豆(dou)(dou)(dou),以示慶(qing)賀這個節(jie)日。
早上(shang)卯(mao)(mao)時(shi)(5點(dian)到7點(dian)之間(jian)),卯(mao)(mao)月的第一(yi)個卯(mao)(mao)日卯(mao)(mao)時(shi),出(chu)門面向東方(fang)深吸氣,此為一(yi)吉。
指二月初二理發(fa),兒(er)童理發(fa),叫剃“喜頭”,借龍抬頭之吉時(shi),保佑孩(hai)童健康成長,長大后(hou)出人頭地;大人理發(fa),辭(ci)舊迎新,希望帶來好(hao)運,新的一年順(shun)順(shun)利(li)利(li)。
古時,龍(long)抬頭(tou)節(jie)是祭(ji)祀(si)龍(long)神的日(ri)子(zi),每年的這一(yi)天,人們都要到(dao)龍(long)神廟或水畔焚香上供祭(ji)祀(si)龍(long)神,祈求龍(long)神興云(yun)化(hua)雨(yu),保(bao)佑(you)一(yi)年五(wu)谷豐登。龍(long)抬頭(tou)時節(jie)我國部分地(di)區(qu)會有“起龍(long)船”的活動,請龍(long)出水,以及祈求事(shi)事(shi)順利(li)的心愿。
“龍抬頭”也是農(nong)村(cun)的農(nong)事節(jie)。農(nong)諺曰:“二月二龍抬頭,大(da)家小戶使耕牛”。農(nong)時春雨(yu)貴如油(you)。倘春雨(yu)充沛(pei),預(yu)示(shi)著(zhu)一(yi)年的大(da)豐(feng)收。
相傳農歷二月(yue)初三為(wei)文昌(chang)(主宰功名之(zhi)神)誕辰日,舊時這天讓孩子(zi)開筆寫字(zi),取龍(long)抬頭之(zhi)吉兆(zhao),為(wei)孩子(zi)正衣冠、點朱砂啟蒙(meng)明(ming)智,寓意孩子(zi)眼明(ming)心明(ming),祝愿孩子(zi)長大斷文識字(zi)。開筆禮是(shi)人生的第一次(ci)大禮,是(shi)中國傳統(tong)中對少(shao)兒(er)開始識字(zi)習(xi)禮的啟蒙(meng)教育(yu)形式。
每(mei)當(dang)春龍(long)(long)(long)(long)節到來(lai),我(wo)國部分地區在(zai)這(zhe)天(tian)早晨家家戶戶打著燈籠到井邊或(huo)河(he)邊挑水,回到家里(li)便點燈、燒(shao)香、上(shang)供。舊時,人(ren)(ren)們(men)把(ba)這(zhe)種(zhong)儀式(shi)叫做(zuo)“引(yin)(yin)田龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”。引(yin)(yin)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)伏(fu)(fu)蟲(chong)的(de)活(huo)動有(you)很多,最有(you)特點是撒(sa)(sa)灰(hui)。撒(sa)(sa)灰(hui)十分講究,灰(hui)多選用(yong)(yong)草木灰(hui),人(ren)(ren)們(men)自家門(men)口以(yi)草木灰(hui)撒(sa)(sa)一條龍(long)(long)(long)(long)到河(he)邊,再用(yong)(yong)谷糠撒(sa)(sa)一條龍(long)(long)(long)(long)引(yin)(yin)到家,意為送走(zou)懶(青)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、引(yin)(yin)來(lai)錢(黃(huang))龍(long)(long)(long)(long),保佑人(ren)(ren)財兩旺(wang);從臨街大門(men)外(wai)一直撒(sa)(sa)到廚房灶(zao)間,并繞水缸一圈,叫做(zuo)“引(yin)(yin)錢龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”;將(jiang)草木灰(hui)撒(sa)(sa)于門(men)口,攔門(men)辟災;將(jiang)草木灰(hui)撒(sa)(sa)于墻(qiang)腳,呈龍(long)(long)(long)(long)蛇狀,以(yi)招福祥、避(bi)蟲(chong)害。陜西富縣(xian)一帶還流行(xing)撒(sa)(sa)灰(hui)圍莊墻(qiang)外(wai)的(de)做(zuo)法,也是伏(fu)(fu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)驅(qu)蟲(chong)的(de)表現。后(hou)來(lai),也出現用(yong)(yong)石灰(hui)替(ti)代(dai)草木灰(hui)伏(fu)(fu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)降蟲(chong)的(de)做(zuo)法。
①山東地區用灶煙在地面畫一(yi)條(tiao)龍。一(yi)是請龍回(hui)來興云布(bu)雨,祈求豐收;二是龍為(wei)百(bai)蟲(chong)之神(shen),龍來了(le),蟲(chong)都躲(duo)起來,對人體健康、農作物(wu)生長都有益。
②晉西北地區引(yin)錢(qian)龍(long),選擇(ze)一棵大樹或一塊(kuai)大石,用(yong)灰線圍灑(sa)一圈,再用(yong)紅線拴一枚銅錢(qian)置圈內,牽線回(hui)家,用(yong)容器蓋住(zhu)即成。
③還有地區在這天清早,人們從井里挑(tiao)水回(hui)家,倒(dao)入水缸。誰最(zui)先挑(tiao)回(hui)家就最(zui)先引到錢龍,這年財運就會(hui)非(fei)常好,所以經常出(chu)現凌晨爭(zheng)先恐后挑(tiao)水的情(qing)形。
黃(huang)河三角洲及一些沿河地區還(huan)有”放龍(long)燈“的習俗。不少人(ren)家用蘆葦或秫秸扎(zha)成小(xiao)船,插上(shang)蠟燭或放上(shang)用蘿卜挖成的小(xiao)油(you)碗,待到(dao)傍晚時分,放到(dao)河里(li)或灣里(li)點燃,為(wei)龍(long)照路。借此娛樂同時又(you)傳(chuan)遞一種美好的祝愿。
東(dong)北(bei)部分地區在(zai)二月二早(zao)晨,以長竿擊打(da)房(fang)(fang)梁(liang)(liang),謂(wei)之”敲(qiao)龍(long)頭“。把龍(long)喚醒,佑一(yi)方(fang)平安。大人小孩還念著:”二月二,龍(long)抬(tai)頭,大倉滿(man),小倉流(liu)。“有的(de)地方(fang)在(zai)院子里用(yong)灶灰撒一(yi)個個大圓(yuan)圈,將五谷(gu)雜糧放于中間,稱(cheng)作”打(da)囤(dun)“或(huo)”填倉“,預祝(zhu)當年五谷(gu)豐登,倉囤(dun)盈滿(man)。擊房(fang)(fang)梁(liang)(liang)就(jiu)是用(yong)木(mu)棍或(huo)者竹竿敲(qiao)擊房(fang)(fang)梁(liang)(liang),以驚(jing)走蛇、蝎等(deng)毒蟲,毋(wu)使為害。有的(de)地方(fang)流(liu)行敲(qiao)擊炕(kang)沿,目的(de)與敲(qiao)擊房(fang)(fang)梁(liang)(liang)相同。
我國北方廣泛的(de)(de)流傳著“二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er),龍抬頭;大(da)(da)倉(cang)滿,小(xiao)倉(cang)流”的(de)(de)民(min)諺。農(nong)歷二(er)月(yue)(yue)初二(er)清晨,北方很多(duo)地區的(de)(de)村民(min)早早起床,家庭主婦從自家鍋(guo)灶底下(xia)掏(tao)一(yi)筐燒(shao)柴(chai)禾余下(xia)的(de)(de)草木灰(hui),拿一(yi)把(ba)(ba)小(xiao)鐵鏟子鏟些草木灰(hui),人走手搖,在地上畫出一(yi)個個圓來。圍(wei)倉(cang)的(de)(de)圓圈,大(da)(da)套小(xiao),少則三圈,多(duo)則五(wu)圈,圍(wei)單不(bu)圍(wei)雙。圍(wei)好(hao)倉(cang)后,把(ba)(ba)家中(zhong)的(de)(de)糧食(shi)虔誠地放在倉(cang)的(de)(de)中(zhong)間(jian),還(huan)有意撒在倉(cang)的(de)(de)外(wai)圍(wei),象征當年的(de)(de)大(da)(da)豐(feng)收。
古代將自然(ran)界中的生物(wu)分成毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、羽(yu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、介蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、人類(lei)(lei)五大類(lei)(lei)。毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)(zhi)披毛獸類(lei)(lei),羽(yu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)(zhi)鳥類(lei)(lei),介蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)(zhi)帶(dai)甲殼類(lei)(lei),鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)鱗(lin)(lin)之魚和(he)帶(dai)翅昆(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)(lei)。龍(long)是鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)之長,龍(long)出則百(bai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)伏藏。二月初(chu)二正(zheng)是驚蟄(zhe)前后,百(bai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)萌(meng)動,疾(ji)病(bing)易生,蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害也是莊稼的天敵(di),因此人們引龍(long)伏蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),希望(wang)借龍(long)威鎮伏百(bai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),保佑人畜平安,五谷(gu)豐登。進(jin)入農歷二月,天氣(qi)漸暖,各(ge)種昆(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)開始活(huo)動,有(you)(you)些昆(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)對(dui)人的健康(kang)是有(you)(you)害的,所(suo)以二月二這一天,人們紛紛攤烙煎餅、燃(ran)燒熏香,希望(wang)憑借煙氣(qi)驅走毒蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。
二月初二吃(chi)(chi)(chi)豬(zhu)頭(tou)肉也有(you)說法。自古以來(lai)(lai),供奉祭神總要用豬(zhu)牛(niu)羊三(san)(san)牲,后來(lai)(lai)簡化為三(san)(san)牲之(zhi)頭(tou),豬(zhu)頭(tou)即其中之(zhi)一。如今就有(you)一道名菜叫做“扒(ba)豬(zhu)臉”,經(jing)過選料、清洗、噴烤、洗泡、醬制等十二道步(bu)驟,歷經(jing)十多個小時的烹飪(ren),才能端上餐桌。“扒(ba)豬(zhu)臉”有(you)三(san)(san)種,一是原(yuan)汁(zhi)原(yuan)味(wei)吃(chi)(chi)(chi);二是蘸醬汁(zhi)吃(chi)(chi)(chi);三(san)(san)是卷煎餅吃(chi)(chi)(chi)。每一種吃(chi)(chi)(chi)法都有(you)不同的滋味(wei)。
撒灰引龍、打灰囤
我國山東部分地(di)區農村,這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)有“撒灰引(yin)龍”、“打(da)(da)灰囤”的習俗。這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian),天(tian)(tian)還(huan)(huan)蒙(meng)蒙(meng)亮的時(shi)候(hou),家家戶戶就開始撒灰了(le),用(yong)簸箕(ji)盛著(zhu)(zhu)草木灰,沿著(zhu)(zhu)自家房子外圍墻(qiang)根密(mi)密(mi)的撒一(yi)(yi)圈(quan),因為這(zhe)(zhe)條(tiao)灰線又(you)(you)細(xi)又(you)(you)長,形似傳(chuan)說中的龍,所以(yi)這(zhe)(zhe)個舉動也(ye)被叫做(zuo)“撒灰引(yin)龍”,寓意把象征吉祥的龍請到家里(li)。除(chu)此之外,家家戶戶還(huan)(huan)會在門前、場(chang)院用(yong)草木灰圍成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個個圓圈(quan),中間(jian)放上五(wu)谷、硬幣。代(dai)表著(zhu)(zhu)糧食屯(tun)、錢屯(tun),有的囤外再畫上梯子,以(yi)表明囤的高大(da)。一(yi)(yi)邊用(yong)灰畫圈(quan)還(huan)(huan)一(yi)(yi)面嘴里(li)念(nian)叨(tao)著(zhu)(zhu):“二(er)月二(er)、打(da)(da)簸箕(ji),大(da)囤滿、小囤漾”,希望來年家里(li)糧食豐收(shou),財(cai)源滾(gun)滾(gun)。
實(shi)(shi)際(ji)上,撒(sa)灰除了(le)象征意義,在(zai)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)中也(ye)是有(you)用(yong)(yong)的,在(zai)農村,舊式的農家房屋(wu)為(wei)土(tu)木建(jian)筑,房舍墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)或由(you)土(tu)墼壘砌,寒冬(dong)里,墻(qiang)(qiang)縫(feng)、炕縫(feng)自然成了(le)蝎(xie)子、蚰蜒、“草(cao)(cao)鞋底(di)(di)”等毒(du)蟲蟄(zhe)伏之處。驚蟄(zhe)以后,這些毒(du)蟲伺機出動,危(wei)害人身。二月二當天,村民便在(zai)炕墻(qiang)(qiang)下面及房屋(wu)墻(qiang)(qiang)根底(di)(di)下撒(sa)上點草(cao)(cao)木灰,也(ye)有(you)熏(xun)蟲辟邪的作用(yong)(yong)。臨沂(yi)一些地(di)(di)方(fang)這一天舉辦土(tu)地(di)(di)會,農戶湊錢為(wei)土(tu)地(di)(di)爺(ye)過生日(ri),到土(tu)地(di)(di)廟燒香祭祀、敲鑼鼓(gu)、放鞭炮(pao),以求土(tu)地(di)(di)爺(ye)保佑有(you)個好收(shou)成。
剃龍頭
二(er)月初二(er),民間(jian)最大(da)的習俗是(shi)“剃(ti)龍頭”,不管是(shi)老人(ren)(ren)小孩,剪發、修(xiu)容,讓自己煥然一(yi)(yi)新,預示(shi)著可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)求得一(yi)(yi)年的好運。從(cong)一(yi)(yi)大(da)早開始,一(yi)(yi)些理(li)發店里就(jiu)人(ren)(ren)來人(ren)(ren)往,顧客迎門(men),理(li)發師們(men)都忙得不亦樂乎。許多人(ren)(ren)之所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)選(xuan)在(zai)這(zhe)天(tian)剪發,是(shi)因為民間(jian)有(you)習俗,正(zheng)月剃(ti)頭不吉利,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)很多人(ren)(ren)普遍(bian)是(shi)在(zai)年前理(li)一(yi)(yi)次發,然后(hou)一(yi)(yi)直等(deng)到二(er)月二(er)才“理(li)發去舊”。
吃豆子、攤煎餅(bing),舞龍燈(deng)
二(er)月二(er)這(zhe)天,山東傳統民俗,這(zhe)一天要(yao)吃炒黃豆、炒豆萁,也都有(you)攤煎餅的習(xi)俗。祈(qi)求今(jin)年五谷豐登,有(you)個好收(shou)成。不(bu)少(shao)地方還有(you)舞龍燈(deng)等活動,為的就(jiu)是祈(qi)福送(song)福。
吃春餅
二(er)月(yue)二(er)日(ri)既然是(shi)“龍抬頭”之時,許多食(shi)品就與龍牽扯在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)民(min)俗食(shi)品,一(yi)種(zhong)烙(luo)得很薄的面餅,又稱(cheng)薄餅。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)方地區還(huan)時興(xing)食(shi)用面條(tiao)、水餃等。每年立春(chun)日(ri),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人都要(yao)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅,名(ming)曰“咬春(chun)”。農歷(li)二(er)月(yue)初二(er),這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人也(ye)要(yao)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅,名(ming)曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)龍鱗”。春(chun)餅比吃(chi)(chi)(chi)烤鴨的薄餅要(yao)大,并且有韌性(北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人稱(cheng)為要(yao)有“骨立勁(jing)兒”),因(yin)為要(yao)卷很多菜吃(chi)(chi)(chi)。昔日(ri),吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅時講究到盒(he)子鋪去叫“蘇盤(pan)”(又稱(cheng)盒(he)子菜)。吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅時,全家圍坐一(yi)起,把烙(luo)好的春(chun)餅放在(zai)(zai)蒸鍋里,隨吃(chi)(chi)(chi)隨拿,為的是(shi)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)個熱乎勁(jing)兒。若在(zai)(zai)二(er)月(yue)二(er)這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人還(huan)講究把出嫁的姑娘接回家吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅。
吃“驢打滾”
老北京(jing)的(de)習俗,人們喜歡(huan)在農歷(li)二月二買“驢打滾”品嘗(chang)。黃豆粉面裹豆沙餡兒(er)的(de)驢打滾外形圓潤,有“財源(yuan)滾滾”的(de)吉祥含義。
照房梁、驅蟲
在北(bei)京民間有(you)民諺說“二月(yue)二,照房梁(liang),蝎子(zi)蜈(wu)蚣(gong)無(wu)處藏”,老百姓(xing)要在這天驅除害(hai)蟲(chong),點著(zhu)蠟燭,照著(zhu)房梁(liang)和墻壁驅除蝎子(zi)、蜈(wu)蚣(gong)等(deng),這些蟲(chong)兒(er)一見亮光(guang)就掉下來被消滅了。龍抬頭這一天進行驅蟲(chong)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)習俗(su)主要流行于我國北(bei)方地區。二月(yue)二時(shi)各種昆蟲(chong)包括(kuo)毒蟲(chong)的(de)活(huo)動(dong)開始(shi)頻繁,為了避免毒蟲(chong)的(de)傷害(hai),人們舉行一些含有(you)驅蟲(chong)意味的(de)活(huo)動(dong)。如用棍棒、掃帚(zhou)或者鞋子(zi)敲打梁(liang)頭、墻壁、門戶、床炕等(deng),以避蛇(she)蝎、蚰蜒、老鼠等(deng)蟲(chong)物。通(tong)常還要念吟唱歌謠,如“二月(yue)二,龍抬頭,蝎子(zi)、蜈(wu)蚣(gong)不露(lu)頭。”(天津)。”
在晉西北(bei)地區,人們盛行“司錢龍(long)”,早(zao)上(shang)太陽未出山,家家戶戶提一把(ba)茶壺(hu),到河(he)邊(bian)或(huo)井上(shang)去汲(ji)水(shui)(shui)。按照(zhao)這一年(nian)幾龍(long)治水(shui)(shui)的(de)推算,在茶壺(hu)內放幾枚銅錢或(huo)硬幣。汲(ji)水(shui)(shui)以(yi)后,隨(sui)走(zou)隨(sui)傾地灑一條水(shui)(shui)跡回(hui)到家中(zhong),將余(yu)下(xia)的(de)水(shui)(shui)與錢全(quan)部倒入水(shui)(shui)缸,錢龍(long)就引(yin)回(hui)家來了(le),意喻一年(nian)發財。“引(yin)錢龍(long)”時(shi)特別忌說話,以(yi)免驚跑(pao)了(le)錢龍(long)。
晉西(xi)北一些地方的(de)引錢龍,選擇(ze)一棵大(da)樹或一塊大(da)石,用(yong)(yong)灰線(xian)圍(wei)灑一圈(quan)(quan)。再用(yong)(yong)紅線(xian)拴一枚銅錢,先將(jiang)銅錢置放(fang)在灰線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)內,手拉線(xian)牽回(hui)家中,用(yong)(yong)容器蓋住即成(cheng)。
另一習俗(su)(su)是(shi)驅毒活動。俗(su)(su)話說:“驚蟄(zhe)(zhe)過,百蟲蘇。”《陽城縣志(zhi)》載:“百蟄(zhe)(zhe)初(chu)驚,懸天師符(fu)以辟蟲毒。”
陜西西安(an)地區這一(yi)天(tian),一(yi)般是(shi)外婆(po)(舅家(jia))給外甥(女)送爆米(mi)花及(ji)餑餑饃。媽(ma)媽(ma)會前一(yi)天(tian)炒好(hao)齊(qi)子(zi)豆(dou),準備給家(jia)里人。齊(qi)子(zi)豆(dou)是(shi)用油(you)、水和(he)面(mian),然(ran)后切成小(xiao)的立(li)方體,再(zai)用油(you)炒了(le)。有的地方會把(ba)花生和(he)齊(qi)子(zi)豆(dou)一(yi)齊(qi)炒。
二(er)月二(er)在河北,農村早起有(you)(you)挑(tiao)龍蛋的(de)風(feng)俗(su),天(tian)還(huan)沒有(you)(you)亮的(de)時候,男主(zhu)人(ren)用水(shui)(shui)桶(tong)從村里的(de)水(shui)(shui)井(jing)(jing)里打水(shui)(shui),相傳(chuan)二(er)月二(er)的(de)水(shui)(shui)井(jing)(jing)里會有(you)(you)龍蛋,挑(tiao)回家里以求風(feng)調雨順,取吉祥之意。
邯鄲:吃“龍須面”;“龍耳(er)”、“龍角”(餃(jiao)子(zi));“龍子(zi)”(米飯);“龍拿(na)珠”(混沌面);“食龍頭”(豬頭)。每逢(feng)農歷二月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二,磁(ci)州(zhou)附近山村有姑娘(niang)們過(guo)乞巧(qiao)節的習俗。這一天,姑娘(niang)們可自由(you)結伴(ban),穿上好衣裳,帶好小米、白面、油、鹽及鍋、碗、盆、勺等工具,一起上山野餐,這就是磁(ci)州(zhou)古時流傳下來的"姑娘(niang)二月(yue)(yue)二吃乞巧(qiao)飯"習俗。
石家莊(zhuang):吃麻花,豬頭肉,餃子。那(nei)邊是(shi)要吃那(nei)種(zhong)面(mian)片(pian),石家莊(zhuang)人(ren)叫(jiao)咸(xian)食,混(hun)著雞蛋(dan)和(he)(he)面(mian)粉香味的(de)面(mian)片(pian)香;也有叫(jiao)菜餅子的(de),就(jiu)是(shi)把在(zai)地窖里藏了一冬天(tian)的(de)蘿卜挖出來(lai)(lai),切成絲(si)和(he)(he)面(mian)和(he)(he)到一起(qi),烙(luo)出來(lai)(lai)的(de)餅,沾著蒜泥和(he)(he)醋,很多人(ren)吃不習慣(guan),不過(guo)這么(me)多年的(de)風(feng)俗沿(yan)襲下來(lai)(lai),而且還一直能傳承(cheng)下去(qu)。
承(cheng)德:早(zao)起煎餅(bing)早(zao)起煎餅(bing)午餃(jiao)子煎肉片煎魚(yu):二月(yue)二炸魚(yu)煎肉,這叫“熏(xun)蟲(chong)兒”。因為(wei)二月(yue)二正(zheng)值(zhi)驚(jing)蟄(zhe)前(qian)后,百蟲(chong)蠢動,疫病易(yi)生,人們(men)祈望用這香味熏(xun)醒傳說(shuo)中的龍(long)鎮住毒蟲(chong),吃(chi)豬頭肉。
滄(cang)州(zhou):吃(chi)龍(long)拿珠,就(jiu)是(shi)面條和餃(jiao)子一起下鍋煮(zhu),煮(zhu)熟了再吃(chi)。吃(chi)餃(jiao)子就(jiu)是(shi)龍(long)耳(er)朵(duo)的意(yi)思或面條就(jiu)是(shi)龍(long)須(xu)子意(yi)思。吃(chi)龍(long)鱗餅。
奉祀土地公
南(nan)方”二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er)“主要(yao)以祭(ji)社(she)(土(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen))習(xi)俗(su)為主,祭(ji)龍習(xi)俗(su)主要(yao)在龍升天的(de)(de)(de)仲(zhong)夏端午(wu)。在浙江(jiang)、福建、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)區,既有龍抬(tai)頭節習(xi)俗(su),又以祭(ji)社(she)為主的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)。由于”地(di)(di)載萬物“、”聚財于地(di)(di)“,我國南(nan)方普(pu)遍奉祀(si)土(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen),土(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)又稱(cheng)”社(she)“、”社(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)“、”土(tu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)“、“土(tu)地(di)(di)公”、”福德正(zheng)神(shen)(shen)(shen)“,客家人稱(cheng)”土(tu)地(di)(di)伯公“。”二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er)“(古(gu)時(shi)春社(she)是立春后第五個戊日,秋社(she)是立秋后第五個戊日)社(she)日節主要(yao)是祭(ji)祀(si)土(tu)地(di)(di)和聚社(she)會飲(yin),借敬神(shen)(shen)(shen)、娛神(shen)(shen)(shen)而(er)娛人。從(cong)上古(gu)開始,社(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)就成(cheng)為了(le)(le)祭(ji)祀(si)系(xi)統中的(de)(de)(de)祀(si)典之神(shen)(shen)(shen)。時(shi)至今日,古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)“社(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)”已有了(le)(le)很多變(bian)化,但祭(ji)祀(si)土(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)一(yi)直保留(liu)下來(lai),并隨著華人的(de)(de)(de)遷徙(xi),在泰國,新(xin)加(jia)坡,馬(ma)來(lai)西亞等(deng)(deng)東南(nan)亞國家也(ye)開花結果,落地(di)(di)生(sheng)根。
分祭豬肉
分祭肉,聚眾(zhong)宴(yan)飲,奏樂歡(huan)娛(yu)。社(she)祭作為民眾(zhong)歡(huan)聚節日的習俗(su),在龍抬頭這天也會(hui)上演。《廣(guang)州府志》引(yin)《番禺志》載(zai):“二(er)月(yue)二(er)日土地(di)會(hui),大小衙署及(ji)(ji)街巷無不召梨園奏樂娛(yu)神。”昔日那祭社(she)的盛(sheng)況及(ji)(ji)人們聚眾(zhong)宴(yan)飲的歡(huan)娛(yu)場面,在這些(xie)記載(zai)中(zhong)可見一斑。?
開筆禮
“二(er)月二(er),龍抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou),龍不抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)我抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)。”在傳統習俗里,為取龍抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)之吉兆(zhao)。兒童(tong)在二(er)月二(er)這(zhe)天(tian)(tian),會舉行“開筆禮(li)”,過去私(si)塾(shu)先(xian)生多在這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)(tian)收(shou)學生,謂(wei)之“占(zhan)鰲(ao)頭(tou)”。人(ren)們(men)希望通過這(zhe)種方式,祝愿每(mei)一(yi)個孩(hai)子長大后(hou)斷文識字。
起龍船
在(zai)龍(long)抬頭這(zhe)天,廣東一些地方(fang)有“起(qi)龍(long)船”的(de)活動,眾人跳(tiao)入水中“起(qi)龍(long)船”,請龍(long)出水、清(qing)洗龍(long)船、試扒龍(long)船。人們選(xuan)擇(ze)這(zhe)天作為傳(chuan)統(tong)“起(qi)龍(long)船”的(de)日子(zi),是為了顯示百姓對龍(long)舟(zhou)的(de)尊重,以及祈求事事順(shun)利(li)的(de)心愿(yuan)。
敬龍神
在過去,潮州有“迎青龍(long)”之俗,是以(yi)青色蛇為青龍(long),用彩車、彩隊(dui)扛(kang)了游(you)巡,這是敬(jing)祭龍(long)神的遺風(feng)。
剪龍頭
一(yi)直流傳著二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)“剪(jian)龍頭(tou)”的(de)習俗,這天大人、孩子(zi)都剃頭(tou),叫“剃喜(xi)頭(tou)”。特別(bie)是男孩子(zi),都要理發,謂之(zhi)“剪(jian)龍頭(tou)”,據說在這一(yi)天理發能夠(gou)帶(dai)來一(yi)年的(de)好(hao)運,也有要想(xiang)鴻運當(dang)剃頭(tou)的(de)寓意。
炮會
二(er)月二(er)土地神誕辰,在廣(guang)東部分地區,當地男(nan)女老少會(hui)用震(zhen)天的鞭炮(pao)祈(qi)求風調(diao)雨順、五谷豐(feng)登,這一習俗被人們稱作“炮(pao)會(hui)”。
龍食
由于人們對龍的(de)崇拜,龍抬頭(tou)這天人們要吃有“龍”字的(de)食(shi)(shi)品來沾“龍氣”,所(suo)以(yi)龍抬頭(tou)風味食(shi)(shi)物大都以(yi)“龍”來命(ming)名(ming)。面(mian)條稱(cheng)作(zuo)“龍須面(mian)”、面(mian)餅稱(cheng)作(zuo)“龍鱗(lin)餅”……,人們希望以(yi)此祈求龍王(wang)保佑一年(nian)風調雨順(shun)。
浙南(nan):泗溪二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)廟(miao)(miao)會(hui),地處浙江南(nan)部的(de)(de)泰順(shun)縣(xian)泗溪鎮是(shi)著名的(de)(de)廊橋(qiao)之(zhi)鄉,世界最美(mei)廊橋(qiao)“姊妹橋(qiao)”的(de)(de)所在(zai)(zai)地,這里山(shan)清水(shui)秀,空氣清新。在(zai)(zai)泗溪鎮白粉墻(qiang)村有著近三百年(nian)(nian)歷史的(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)祈福(fu)廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong),每年(nian)(nian)農歷二(er)(er)(er)月初二(er)(er)(er)這天,白粉墻(qiang)村都要在(zai)(zai)本村的(de)(de)“陳十四(si)娘(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)”廟(miao)(miao)舉行二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)(祈福(fu)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong))。該習俗興起于清朝(chao)雍正年(nian)(nian)間,俗稱“做(zuo)福(fu)”或“福(fu)酒”,從(cong)清代至(zhi)民(min)國“二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)”廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)發展到鼎盛,前(qian)往參(can)加“福(fu)宴”的(de)(de)人群除本境鄉民(min),更多的(de)(de)來(lai)客都是(shi)從(cong)十鄉八里之(zhi)外慕名面(mian)來(lai),可謂盛況空前(qian)。廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)內(nei)容精彩(cai),其(qi)中最大的(de)(de)地方特(te)色是(shi)“娘(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)踩街”、“福(fu)宴”和浙南(nan)木偶戲。
唐山(shan)遷安(an):遷安(an)地區的風(feng)俗是登山(shan)。
江蘇南(nan)通:民(min)間(jian)有用面粉制作壽(shou)桃、牲畜(chu),蒸(zheng)熟后(hou)插在(zai)竹簽上(shang)(shang),晚上(shang)(shang)再插在(zai)田間(jian),認為這(zhe)是供百蟲之神(shen)和(he)祭(ji)祀祖先(xian)的(de)食(shi)品,祈求祖先(xian)驅趕蟲災,也(ye)希望百蟲之神(shen)不(bu)要(yao)危害(hai)莊稼。山東日照(zhao)濰坊地(di)區(qu)農(nong)村(cun)會用草木(mu)灰在(zai)地(di)上(shang)(shang)畫谷倉(cang)(cang)糧倉(cang)(cang),在(zai)倉(cang)(cang)內撒(sa)上(shang)(shang)五谷,祈禱新一(yi)年谷糧滿倉(cang)(cang)。并在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)天炒糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou),(白糖(tang)、冰糖(tang)和(he)花生一(yi)起(qi)炒)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou)。是日,各地(di)普遍把食(shi)品名(ming)稱加上(shang)(shang)“龍(long)(long)(long)”的(de)頭(tou)(tou)銜,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)水餃叫吃(chi)(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)耳”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春餅叫吃(chi)(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)鱗”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)面條叫食(shi)“龍(long)(long)(long)須”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)米飯叫吃(chi)(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)子(zi)”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)餛飩叫吃(chi)(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)眼”等(deng)。婦(fu)女們(men)在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)天不(bu)能做針(zhen)(zhen)線活,因為蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)天要(yao)抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou)觀(guan)望天下(xia),使用針(zhen)(zhen)會刺傷龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)眼睛。婦(fu)女起(qi)床前(qian),先(xian)念“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er),龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou),龍(long)(long)(long)不(bu)抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou)我抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”。起(qi)床后(hou)還要(yao)打著燈籠(long)照(zhao)房梁,邊照(zhao)邊念“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er),照(zhao)房梁,蝎(xie)子(zi)蜈蚣無處藏”。有的(de)地(di)方婦(fu)女停止洗衣服,怕傷了龍(long)(long)(long)皮,等(deng)等(deng)。山東菏澤民(min)間(jian)習(xi)俗是二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)這(zhe)天炒鹽水黃豆(dou)(dou),讓黃豆(dou)(dou)開(kai)花。
福建莆(pu)田:莆(pu)田民間有(you)(you)(you)“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er),龍抬(tai)頭(tou),打(da)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)祭,大(da)聚餐”之俗。農歷二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)(er)(er),俗稱(cheng)“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er)”,莆(pu)仙(xian)(xian)人(ren)稱(cheng)二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er)為(wei)“頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”,而且與臘月(yue)(yue)(yue)十六的(de)(de)(de)(de)“尾(wei)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”同等重視(shi)。按地方方言,“做牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”也叫“打(da)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)祭”。所(suo)謂“打(da)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)祭”,在(zai)《現代漢語詞(ci)典》注(zhu)解說:“原(yuan)指每逢月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu)、月(yue)(yue)(yue)中吃(chi)一(yi)頓有(you)(you)(you)葷菜的(de)(de)(de)(de)飯(fan),后(hou)來泛指偶而吃(chi)一(yi)頓豐盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)飯(fan)。”然(ran)而,在(zai)莆(pu)仙(xian)(xian),整(zheng)個正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)里(li)鬧元宵,都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)“豐盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)菜肴”,算不(bu)上(shang)是“做牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”“打(da)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)祭”。到(dao)二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)(er)(er),才是一(yi)年中“做牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)一(yi)次,所(suo)以(yi)稱(cheng)為(wei)“頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”。“頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”這一(yi)天,按傳統慣例,各行業、商店鋪、包括各戶(hu)主,一(yi)到(dao)黃(huang)昏前后(hou)時段,置辦果(guo)品酒肴等,點香燭、燒(shao)“貢銀”、放鞭炮等。城里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)把供(gong)案擺在(zai)自家店門前,鄉村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)到(dao)田頭(tou)、社廟祭祀(si)土(tu)地神,祈求豐收。然(ran)后(hou),以(yi)祭神福余(yu),邀請(qing)雇(gu)傭伙友工匠(jiang)們聚餐,未得(de)邀請(qing)者,就(jiu)意(yi)味著被“解雇(gu)”。莆(pu)仙(xian)(xian)村(cun)民凡有(you)(you)(you)雇(gu)傭木工、泥(ni)工等工匠(jiang)做工的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)家,戶(hu)主須于二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)(er)(er)晚(wan)上(shang)辦酒席請(qing)工匠(jiang)“做頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”。
福建(jian)福清:江陰(yin)鎮的(de)(de)南曹村二(er)月初二(er)日報(bao)恩(en)寺桃溪境迎(ying)春神游(you)甚為壯觀,人們(men)裝(zhuang)扮成狀元(yuan)、榜眼、探花郎、文武百官,彩旗、腰鼓隊、旱船、蚌(bang)女、十(shi)番、舞龍、舞獅參(can)游(you)人數眾多(duo)(duo)。春和景明,大(da)地綠(lv)遍(bian),到(dao)郊外走走,空(kong)氣(qi)新鮮,陽光充足,大(da)氣(qi)中的(de)(de)“長壽素(su)”——陰(yin)離子(zi)較多(duo)(duo),是(shi)調整人體代(dai)謝(xie)的(de)(de)天然“藥物(wu)”,更(geng)是(shi)治療精神緊張的(de)(de)理想(xiang)“解毒(du)劑”。村民(min)們(men)以淳樸的(de)(de)情懷用古老(lao)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)方式迎(ying)接著新一年的(de)(de)平安(an)與豐收,祈盼著風調雨順、五谷(gu)豐登、繁(fan)榮昌(chang)盛(sheng)。
傳(chuan)說(shuo)堯王(wang)的(de)(de)父親帝(di)(di)嚳(帝(di)(di)俊(jun))共有(you)(you)(you)(you)四個(ge)王(wang)妃:姜嫄(jiāng yuán)、簡狄(jiǎn dí)、慶都(dou)、常儀(yi)。本來(lai)(lai)常儀(yi)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)位(wei)最低,可自從生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)兒子(zi)(zi)(zi),眾人就(jiu)(jiu)另眼(yan)相看(kan)(kan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。慶都(dou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)直為沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)兒子(zi)(zi)(zi)煩(fan)惱。有(you)(you)(you)(you)人告訴她(ta),神(shen)母(mu)廟求(qiu)(qiu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)很(hen)靈(ling)驗,只要真心實意(yi),沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)成的(de)(de)。慶都(dou)照女(nv)巫(wu)說(shuo)的(de)(de),在(zai)元宵節的(de)(de)晚(wan)飯后(hou)(hou)(hou),去廟里(li)擺上供品,然后(hou)(hou)(hou)恭恭敬(jing)敬(jing)地(di)(di)磕了(le)(le)(le)(le)仨頭(tou),雙(shuang)手合(he)十,祈求(qiu)(qiu)神(shen)靈(ling)賜(si)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。話分兩頭(tou)說(shuo)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)年大(da)(da)旱,百姓(xing)生(sheng)活困苦。天(tian)上有(you)(you)(you)(you)條(tiao)赤龍,看(kan)(kan)見人間的(de)(de)凄慘境況(kuang),產生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)憐(lian)憫之心,私下(xia)里(li)下(xia)了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)場雨。這事被(bei)玉皇(huang)(huang)大(da)(da)帝(di)(di)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道了(le)(le)(le)(le),就(jiu)(jiu)把赤龍壓在(zai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座山(shan)底下(xia)。百姓(xing)為赤龍求(qiu)(qiu)情(qing),玉皇(huang)(huang)大(da)(da)帝(di)(di)發話說(shuo):“除非金(jin)(jin)豆(dou)子(zi)(zi)(zi)開(kai)花。”到了(le)(le)(le)(le)二(er)月二(er)這天(tian),不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)從哪里(li)來(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)個(ge)老媽媽,一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)勁地(di)(di)喊:“賣金(jin)(jin)豆(dou)子(zi)(zi)(zi)!”人們很(hen)納(na)悶,買回家(jia)(jia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)看(kan)(kan),是(shi)些(xie)黃豆(dou)。這些(xie)黃豆(dou)放在(zai)鍋(guo)里(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)炒,噼里(li)啪啦地(di)(di)開(kai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)花。玉帝(di)(di)得知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),只得把那(nei)條(tiao)赤龍放了(le)(le)(le)(le)出(chu)來(lai)(lai),貶(bian)下(xia)凡間。慶都(dou)從神(shen)母(mu)廟求(qiu)(qiu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),就(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)天(tian)盼(pan)著好(hao)消息。一(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)夜里(li),她(ta)夢見一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)赤龍追隨,從此,就(jiu)(jiu)懷孕了(le)(le)(le)(le)。到了(le)(le)(le)(le)第二(er)年的(de)(de)二(er)月二(er),先是(shi)電閃雷(lei)鳴,后(hou)(hou)(hou)又(you)艷陽高照。院子(zi)(zi)(zi)里(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道金(jin)(jin)光照耀(yao),孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)降生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le),起(qi)(qi)名叫放勛(xun),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)堯王(wang)。放勛(xun)聰明(ming)伶(ling)俐,從小就(jiu)(jiu)惹人喜愛,長大(da)(da)當了(le)(le)(le)(le)帝(di)(di)王(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou),每(mei)到二(er)月二(er)這天(tian),就(jiu)(jiu)同百姓(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi)耕(geng)田(tian)。帝(di)(di)王(wang)耕(geng)田(tian)的(de)(de)習俗就(jiu)(jiu)這樣傳(chuan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)下(xia)來(lai)(lai)。每(mei)逢過年的(de)(de)時候,集上賣的(de)(de)木版年畫,“皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)爺爺使金(jin)(jin)牛(niu)”,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)由(you)此而(er)來(lai)(lai)。對于堯王(wang)出(chu)世(shi)大(da)(da)家(jia)(jia)都(dou)是(shi)眾說(shuo)紛紜(yun),后(hou)(hou)(hou)世(shi)編一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan):金(jin)(jin)豆(dou)開(kai)花赤龍遂抬(tai)頭(tou)二(er)月初二(er)堯王(wang)喜出(chu)世(shi)。
傳說(shuo)龍(long)抬頭(tou)節(jie)起源于伏(fu)羲氏時(shi)代(dai),伏(fu)羲“重(zhong)農桑,務耕(geng)田(tian)”,每年農歷(li)二(er)月(yue)初二(er)這(zhe)天“皇娘送飯,御駕親(qin)耕(geng)”,自理一畝三(san)分(fen)地(di)(di)。后來(lai)黃(huang)帝、唐堯、虞舜、夏禹紛紛效法先王(wang)。到周武(wu)(wu)王(wang)時(shi)期(qi),不(bu)僅(jin)沿襲了這(zhe)一傳統作法,而且還當(dang)作一項(xiang)重(zhong)要的(de)國(guo)策來(lai)實行。于每年農歷(li)二(er)月(yue)初二(er),舉(ju)行重(zhong)大儀(yi)式,讓文(wen)武(wu)(wu)百官都親(qin)耕(geng)一畝三(san)分(fen)地(di)(di)。據說(shuo),這(zhe)便是龍(long)抬頭(tou)節(jie)的(de)由來(lai)。
在我國北(bei)方民間(jian)(jian)還流傳(chuan)(chuan)著(zhu)這(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)個故(gu)事。說(shuo)武(wu)則(ze)天(tian)當上(shang)皇帝(di),惹(re)惱(nao)了玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)皇大帝(di),傳(chuan)(chuan)諭四(si)海龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),三(san)年(nian)內不(bu)(bu)得向(xiang)人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)降雨。不(bu)(bu)久,司管天(tian)河的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)聽見民間(jian)(jian)人(ren)(ren)家(jia)的(de)(de)哭聲(sheng),看(kan)見餓死人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)慘景(jing),擔心人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)生路斷(duan)絕,便(bian)違抗玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)的(de)(de)旨意,為(wei)人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)降了一(yi)(yi)次(ci)雨。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)得知,把龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)打下(xia)(xia)凡間(jian)(jian),壓在一(yi)(yi)座大山下(xia)(xia)受(shou)罪,山上(shang)立碑:“龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)降雨犯天(tian)規,當受(shou)人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)千秋罪;要想重登(deng)靈(ling)霄閣,除非金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)開花(hua)(hua)時。”人(ren)(ren)們為(wei)了拯救龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),到處找開花(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)。到次(ci)年(nian)農歷二(er)月(yue)初二(er),人(ren)(ren)們正在翻(fan)曬玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)種子時,想到這(zhe)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)就(jiu)像金(jin)豆(dou)(dou),炒一(yi)(yi)炒開了花(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)開花(hua)(hua)嗎?于(yu)是(shi)(shi)家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)戶(hu)爆玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)花(hua)(hua),并在院子里(li)設案(an)焚香,供上(shang)開了花(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)“金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)”。(傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)有誤,武(wu)則(ze)天(tian)是(shi)(shi)唐朝(chao)時期(qi)人(ren)(ren)物,玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)是(shi)(shi)明朝(chao)才(cai)傳(chuan)(chuan)入(ru)中國的(de)(de),那時哪里(li)來玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)種子?)龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)抬頭一(yi)(yi)看(kan),知道百姓救它,便(bian)大聲(sheng)向(xiang)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)喊道:“金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)開花(hua)(hua)了,快放(fang)我出去!”玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)一(yi)(yi)看(kan)人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)戶(hu)院里(li)金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)花(hua)(hua)開放(fang),只好傳(chuan)(chuan)諭,詔(zhao)龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)回到天(tian)庭,繼續給人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)興云布雨。從此,民間(jian)(jian)形成習慣,每到二(er)月(yue)初二(er)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)天(tian),就(jiu)爆玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)花(hua)(hua)吃。