“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)”的(de)說辭,來自古(gu)老的(de)天文學(xue),上古(gu)時(shi)代(dai)人們選擇黃道赤道附近的(de)二(er)十(shi)八個組(zu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)作為(wei)(wei)坐標,以(yi)此作為(wei)(wei)觀測天象(xiang)(xiang)參照物。古(gu)人根據(ju)日月星(xing)(xing)(xing)辰的(de)運(yun)行軌跡和位置(zhi),把黃道附近的(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)劃分為(wei)(wei)二(er)十(shi)八組(zu),俗稱(cheng)“二(er)十(shi)八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)”。“宿(su)(su)(su)(su)”表(biao)(biao)示居住,因(yin)為(wei)(wei)它(ta)們環列在(zai)(zai)日、月、五星(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)四方(fang)(fang)(fang),很像(xiang)日、月、五星(xing)(xing)(xing)棲宿(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)場所,所以(yi)稱(cheng)作“宿(su)(su)(su)(su)”。“二(er)十(shi)八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)”按照東西(xi)南北四個方(fang)(fang)(fang)向劃分為(wei)(wei)四大組(zu),產生(sheng)“四象(xiang)(xiang)”:東方(fang)(fang)(fang)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)白(bai)虎,南方(fang)(fang)(fang)朱雀(que),北方(fang)(fang)(fang)玄武(wu)。在(zai)(zai)東方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)7個宿(su)(su)(su)(su)分別叫做:“角、亢(kang)、氐、房、心、尾(wei)、箕(ji)”,七(qi)(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)組(zu)成一個完整的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)形星(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang),人們稱(cheng)它(ta)為(wei)(wei)“東方(fang)(fang)(fang)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”,其中角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)角,亢(kang)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)咽喉,氐宿(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)爪,心宿(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)心臟,尾(wei)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)和箕(ji)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)。在(zai)(zai)冬(dong)季,這蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)都隱沒在(zai)(zai)北方(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)平(ping)線下。仲春(驚蟄至春分間),角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)一星(xing)(xing)(xing)和角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)二(er)星(xing)(xing)(xing))就從東方(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)平(ping)線上出現(xian)了,這時(shi)整個蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)身子(zi)還隱沒在(zai)(zai)地(di)平(ping)線以(yi)下,只是角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)初露,故稱(cheng)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)”。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)是指(zhi)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)群星(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)天空的(de)隱現(xian)變化,并非是真有一條動物之龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)變換。
蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)沒周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)與一(yi)(yi)年農時(shi)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)相一(yi)(yi)致。春(chun)(chun)天(tian)農耕(geng)開(kai)始之際,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)在(zai)(zai)(zai)東方(fang)(fang)(fang)地平線(xian)上開(kai)始慢慢上升,最先露(lu)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)明亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)首(shou)—角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su);夏天(tian)作物(wu)生長(chang),蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)高懸(xuan)于南方(fang)(fang)(fang)夜空;而到了秋天(tian),莊稼豐收,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)也(ye)開(kai)始在(zai)(zai)(zai)西方(fang)(fang)(fang)下落;冬天(tian)萬物(wu)伏藏,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)則隱藏于北方(fang)(fang)(fang)地平線(xian)以(yi)下。古人把仲春(chun)(chun)時(shi)蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)在(zai)(zai)(zai)東方(fang)(fang)(fang)地平線(xian)上嶄露(lu)頭角(jiao)稱為(wei)“見龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)田”(即為(wei)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭”),仲夏蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)升至正(zheng)南中(zhong)天(tian)稱為(wei)“飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)天(tian)”;此外還有“亢龍(long)(long)(long)(long)有悔”、“群龍(long)(long)(long)(long)無(wu)首(shou)”等,分別對(dui)應各(ge)(ge)時(shi)節(jie)(jie)天(tian)象。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭在(zai)(zai)(zai)農耕(geng)文化中(zhong)標示陽氣(qi)自地底而出(chu),雨水增多,萬物(wu)生機(ji)盎(ang)然(ran),春(chun)(chun)耕(geng)由(you)此開(kai)始了。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭時(shi)節(jie)(jie),我國長(chang)江(jiang)中(zhong)下游流域(yu)以(yi)南很(hen)多地方(fang)(fang)(fang)已開(kai)始進入(ru)雨季,春(chun)(chun)雷(lei)始鳴(ming)。元時(shi)期(qi)(qi)將陰歷“二月二”稱為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭,從(cong)節(jie)(jie)氣(qi)上說,“二月初二”正(zheng)處在(zai)(zai)(zai)二十(shi)四節(jie)(jie)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“雨水”、“驚蟄”、“春(chun)(chun)分”之間。與“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭”相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動很(hen)多,但不論哪種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式,均(jun)圍繞美好的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神信仰而展開(kai),它是(shi)人們寄托生存希望的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動。就全國而言,由(you)于地域(yu)不同,各(ge)(ge)地風俗也(ye)各(ge)(ge)有差異(yi)。
龍是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)等東亞(ya)區域(yu)古代神話傳(chuan)說生活(huo)于(yu)大海(hai)中(zhong)的(de)(de)神異(yi)生物,司掌行云(yun)布雨,是(shi)和風(feng)化(hua)(hua)雨的(de)(de)主宰,常用來象征(zheng)祥瑞。其由來于(yu)自然天象崇(chong)拜,與上古時代天文(wen)(wen)學對星(xing)辰(chen)運(yun)行的(de)(de)認識以及農(nong)耕文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)有關(guan)。古人觀測(ce)天象的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)在(zai)于(yu)確(que)定時間,從而為農(nong)業生產提供(gong)服務。龍抬頭(tou)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)古代農(nong)耕文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)對于(yu)時令的(de)(de)反映,“龍抬頭(tou)”雖(sui)有著久(jiu)遠的(de)(de)歷史源頭(tou),但廣泛(fan)流傳(chuan)成為全國(guo)性節日(ri)并(bing)出現(xian)在(zai)文(wen)(wen)獻上記載是(shi)在(zai)元(yuan)代之后(hou)。
漢(han)代是我國南(nan)北各(ge)地文化(hua)交流融(rong)合的(de)(de)重要時(shi)期,在漢(han)代文獻(xian)出現了龍(long)形象的(de)(de)記載。西漢(han)董仲舒的(de)(de)《春(chun)秋繁露》中提到舞(wu)(wu)(wu)龍(long)求(qiu)雨的(de)(de)活動(dong),直接借(jie)助龍(long)的(de)(de)形象舉(ju)行求(qiu)雨活動(dong)。在漢(han)代畫(hua)像(xiang)石(shi)上也刻有“戲龍(long)”的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈場面,后世以此作為舞(wu)(wu)(wu)龍(long)燈的(de)(de)濫觴。
唐時(shi)期,在(zai)文獻上仍未出現龍抬頭(tou)的(de)(de)節(jie)俗記(ji)(ji)載。唐朝(chao)長安(an)人(ren)把二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)朔作為一個特殊的(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi),說這是“迎(ying)富貴”的(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi),在(zai)這一天要吃(chi)“迎(ying)富貴果子(zi)”,就是吃(chi)一些(xie)點(dian)心類食品。據(ju)《唐書(shu)·李泌傳》記(ji)(ji)載,唐中(zhong)葉(xie)以(yi)前,在(zai)當時(shi)的(de)(de)長安(an)春天只有三(san)個節(jie)日(ri)——正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)九(jiu)、正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)晦(hui)(三(san)十(shi)(shi)日(ri))和(he)三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)上巳節(jie),二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)沒有節(jie),李泌上書(shu),廢正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)晦(hui),以(yi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)一為中(zhong)和(he)節(jie)(取中(zhong)正(zheng)(zheng)、平和(he)之意),以(yi)示務本。德宗十(shi)(shi)分贊同,并下令以(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初九(jiu)、二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)朔和(he)三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)上巳合稱三(san)令節(jie)。
唐(tang)德(de)宗(zong)時期,唐(tang)德(de)宗(zong)認為(wei)(wei),三月(yue)有(you)“上巳節(jie)”,九(jiu)月(yue)有(you)“重(zhong)陽節(jie)”,而二月(yue)正是天氣由寒轉暖、萬物(wu)復蘇、農事開始之際,卻(que)沒有(you)一(yi)個節(jie)日(ri),實在說不過(guo)去,于是就征求宰相(xiang)(xiang)李(li)泌的意(yi)見。李(li)泌覺得德(de)宗(zong)所說頗有(you)道(dao)理,為(wei)(wei)此他建議:廢除以(yi)(yi)往正月(yue)晦(hui)日(ri)(正月(yue)最(zui)后一(yi)天)為(wei)(wei)節(jie)的舊例,改貞(zhen)元五年(790)二月(yue)一(yi)日(ri)為(wei)(wei)“中和節(jie)”;這一(yi)天,皇帝(di)要賜宴(yan)(yan)群臣,并賜給他們刀(dao)、尺,表示(shi)裁度:百(bai)官要獻農書,表示(shi)務(wu)本;民間要用青色(se)的袋(dai)子裝(zhuang)著谷物(wu)及(ji)瓜(gua)果(guo)種(zhong)粒(li),互相(xiang)(xiang)贈送親友(you);村社(she)居(ju)民要釀制宜春酒來祭祀(si)勾芒神,以(yi)(yi)祈禱豐(feng)收等等。德(de)宗(zong)聽了(le)十分(fen)高興(xing),完全采納了(le)李(li)泌的意(yi)見,立即頒(ban)布(bu)了(le)一(yi)道(dao)詔令,以(yi)(yi)貞(zhen)元五年二月(yue)一(yi)日(ri)為(wei)(wei)中和節(jie)。唐(tang)代宴(yan)(yan)會(hui)總少不了(le)賦詩樂舞,中和節(jie)宴(yan)(yan)亦復如此。
尉遲樞《南梵新聞》記載說:“李泌謂以二月一(yi)日為中(zhong)和節,人家以青(qing)囊盛百谷果實,更相饋遺(yi),務極新巧,宮(gong)中(zhong)亦然(ran),謂之獻生子(zi)。”可見獻生子(zi)是中(zhong)和節活動的(de)主要特點(dian)。
宋(song)(song)(song)代時在我(wo)國一些地方二(er)月初二(er)有(you)(you)“挑菜(cai)”御宴(yan)(yan)活(huo)動(dong),但與“龍”無關。宋(song)(song)(song)人周密在《武林(lin)舊(jiu)事》中記述南(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)時,二(er)月初二(er)這(zhe)一天宮中有(you)(you)“挑菜(cai)”御宴(yan)(yan)活(huo)動(dong)。唐宋(song)(song)(song)時文獻所記載的(de)這(zhe)些地方“二(er)月二(er)”活(huo)動(dong)并(bing)沒有(you)(you)和“龍抬(tai)頭”聯系(xi)在一起。
到(dao)了元時期,在文獻上,陰歷二(er)月(yue)二(er)就明確作為“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”了。《析津志》在描(miao)述大(da)都城(cheng)的風(feng)俗時提到(dao),“二(er)月(yue)二(er),謂之龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”。這天北方(fang)地區(qu)人(ren)們盛行吃(chi)面條,稱為“龍(long)(long)須面”;還要(yao)烙餅,叫作“龍(long)(long)鱗”;若包餃子,則(ze)稱為“龍(long)(long)牙”。總之所吃(chi)的食物都要(yao)以龍(long)(long)體部(bu)位(wei)命名。
明代以后(hou),“二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)”又(you)(you)有關于龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)的諸(zhu)多(duo)習俗記(ji)載,諸(zhu)如撒灰(hui)引(yin)龍(long)(long)、扶龍(long)(long)、熏蟲(chong)避蝎、剃(ti)龍(long)(long)頭(tou)、忌針刺龍(long)(long)眼等節(jie)俗,故稱龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)日。元費著《歲(sui)華紀麗譜(pu)》:“二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)日踏(ta)青節(jie),韌郡人游賞散(san)四郊。……”。又(you)(you)汪(wang)灝(hao)《廣群芳譜(pu)天時譜(pu)》引(yin)《翰墨記(ji)》:“洛陽風俗,以二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)日為花朝節(jie),士庶(shu)游玩,又(you)(you)為挑菜節(jie)。”
明(ming)(ming)時期還在二月二還增添(tian)了(le)“熏(xun)蟲(chong)”、“炒豆”的活(huo)動。明(ming)(ming)人的《帝京景物略》中說:“二月二日曰龍抬頭……熏(xun)床(chuang)炕,曰熏(xun)蟲(chong),為引(yin)龍蟲(chong)不出(chu)也。”
清康熙時的《大興(xing)縣志》記(ji)載,“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er),家各為葷素餅,以油烹(peng)而食之,曰熏蟲。”清咸豐(feng)《武定府志》:“……以二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)日為春龍(long)(long)節,取灶灰圍屋如龍(long)(long)蛇狀,名曰引錢龍(long)(long),招福祥也(ye)。清末的《燕京歲(sui)時記(ji)》說:“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)日……今人呼為龍(long)(long)抬頭。是日食餅者謂之龍(long)(long)鱗餅,食面(mian)者謂之龍(long)(long)須面(mian)。閨中停止針線,恐傷(shang)龍(long)(long)目也(ye)。”這時不僅吃(chi)餅吃(chi)面(mian)條,婦(fu)女還不能(neng)操做針線活(huo),怕傷(shang)害(hai)了龍(long)(long)的眼(yan)睛。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)本源于(yu)上(shang)古星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)宿(su)(su)(su)崇拜,是我國傳統二十八宿(su)(su)(su)天(tian)學體(ti)系中(zhong)由角、亢(kang)(kang)、氐、房(fang)、心、尾六宿(su)(su)(su)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)官所(suo)(suo)構成的(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)。而(er)(er)“見(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)田(tian)”所(suo)(suo)描述(shu)的(de)(de)則是龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)伏沒(mei)之(zhi)后(hou),位(wei)于(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)角的(de)(de)角宿(su)(su)(su)從東方地(di)(di)(di)平(ping)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)重(zhong)新升起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)天(tian)象(xiang)。《象(xiang)》曰:“見(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)田(tian),德(de)施普(pu)也(ye)”。《易(yi)經·乾(qian)(qian)卦(gua)》爻(yao)辭中(zhong)所(suo)(suo)言的(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”,實質是對蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)群星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)年四時(shi)運行(xing)情況的(de)(de)闡發(fa)。“初九,潛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)勿用”;冬天(tian)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),潛入(ru)北方地(di)(di)(di)平(ping)線(xian)(xian)下看(kan)不(bu)見(jian),所(suo)(suo)以無(wu)用。“九二,見(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)田(tian)”;仲春(chun)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)從東方地(di)(di)(di)平(ping)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)升了起(qi)(qi)來,嶄露(lu)頭角,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)德(de)顯(xian)揚(yang)。“九三,君子(zi)終日(ri)乾(qian)(qian)乾(qian)(qian),夕惕(ti)若厲,無(wu)咎”;季(ji)春(chun)上(shang)不(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)天(tian),下不(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)田(tian),故‘乾(qian)(qian)乾(qian)(qian)’。“九四,或躍在(zai)(zai)(zai)淵”;孟夏為(wei)(wei)春(chun)夏之(zhi)交,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)全體(ti)都擺(bai)脫了大(da)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)羈絆,升上(shang)夜空。“九五,飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)天(tian)”;仲夏的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)飛躍于(yu)正南中(zhong)天(tian),故稱(cheng)“飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”。九五,為(wei)(wei)乾(qian)(qian)卦(gua)諸爻(yao)當中(zhong)至吉的(de)(de)爻(yao),喻事物處于(yu)最鼎盛時(shi)期(qi)。“上(shang)九,亢(kang)(kang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有(you)悔”;季(ji)夏為(wei)(wei)夏秋之(zhi)交,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)開始從最高點掉頭向西下降,故稱(cheng)“亢(kang)(kang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”。“用九,群龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)無(wu)首”;季(ji)秋蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)群星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)前面的(de)(de)幾個星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)宿(su)(su)(su)在(zai)(zai)(zai)正西偏北隱退潛入(ru)于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)面。見(jian)群龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)無(wu)首,天(tian)德(de)不(bu)可(ke)為(wei)(wei)首也(ye),是吉利的(de)(de)兆(zhao)頭。蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)運行(xing)情況的(de)(de)事象(xiang)規律,在(zai)(zai)(zai)《易(yi)經》中(zhong)表現(xian)得淋(lin)漓盡致。仲春(chun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)現(xian)于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)表上(shang),在(zai)(zai)(zai)卦(gua)象(xiang)中(zhong)屬吉兆(zhao),乃生發(fa)之(zhi)象(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)農耕(geng)文化中(zhong)標示(shi)著陽氣(qi)自(zi)地(di)(di)(di)底(di)而(er)(er)出(chu),陽氣(qi)生發(fa),雨水增多,萬(wan)物生機盎然。在(zai)(zai)(zai)人們的(de)(de)信仰中(zhong),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”是吉祥之(zhi)物,司掌行(xing)云布雨,是和(he)風化雨的(de)(de)主宰。自(zi)古以來人們亦將仲春(chun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)現(xian)于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)表上(shang)的(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi)作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)個祈求風調(diao)(diao)雨順、驅(qu)邪(xie)攘(rang)災、納祥轉運的(de)(de)吉日(ri)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)驅(qu)邪(xie),百毒不(bu)侵;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)賜福,人畜平(ping)安(an);龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)發(fa)力(li),生機勃勃;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)行(xing)云,風調(diao)(diao)雨順。
在(zai)中國傳統文化中,方位是和星辰歷的干(gan)支時(shi)(shi)間以(yi)及八卦(gua)(gua)聯系(xi)在(zai)一起的。當(dang)斗(dou)柄指(zhi)(zhi)向正東(dong)(dong)方,卦(gua)(gua)在(zai)震(zhen)位,是為仲春(chun)之月,萬(wan)物(wu)之所(suo)出(chu)達(da)也,萬(wan)物(wu)出(chu)則天(tian)(tian)(tian)地變化可現(xian)矣。故《易(yi)(yi)·說卦(gua)(gua)傳》曰(yue):“帝出(chu)乎(hu)震(zhen),齊(qi)乎(hu)巽,相見乎(hu)離,致役乎(hu)坤,說言乎(hu)兌,戰乎(hu)乾,勞乎(hu)坎(kan),成言乎(hu)艮(gen)。”按《易(yi)(yi)經》理論,斗(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)正東(dong)(dong),卦(gua)(gua)象為震(zhen),天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)甲(jia)乙,地支曰(yue)卯,五(wu)行屬(shu)木(mu),時(shi)(shi)在(zai)仲春(chun)。當(dang)其(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)物(wu)出(chu)達(da),生機勃勃。斗(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)正南(nan),卦(gua)(gua)象為離,天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)丙丁,地支曰(yue)午,五(wu)行屬(shu)火,時(shi)(shi)在(zai)仲夏之月。當(dang)其(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)物(wu)生長,其(qi)(qi)勢(shi)盛極。斗(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)正西,卦(gua)(gua)象為兌,天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)庚辛,地支曰(yue)酉,五(wu)行屬(shu)金,時(shi)(shi)在(zai)仲秋之月。當(dang)其(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)物(wu)豐收,天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣肅殺。斗(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)正北,卦(gua)(gua)象為坎(kan),天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)壬癸,地支曰(yue)子,五(wu)行屬(shu)水(shui),時(shi)(shi)在(zai)仲冬之月。當(dang)其(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)物(wu)閉(bi)藏,不相見也。
從(cong)節(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi)上(shang)說,農歷二月初(chu)二,正處在“雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)”、“驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)”和(he)“春(chun)分”之間(jian),我國南(nan)方很多地(di)方已開(kai)(kai)始(shi)進入雨(yu)(yu)季(ji)(ji)。驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)在立春(chun)、雨(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)之后,是(shi)春(chun)季(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)第三(san)個(ge)節(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi),也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)干支歷卯(mao)月的(de)(de)起始(shi)。卯(mao),冒(mao)(mao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)冒(mao)(mao)地(di)而出(chu),為(wei)(wei)生發之大(da)象(xiang),代表著生機(ji)(ji)茂(mao)發,如《律書》曰(yue):”卯(mao)之為(wei)(wei)言(yan)茂(mao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。言(yan)萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)茂(mao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)“。由此(ci)可(ke)知,卯(mao)是(shi)指(zhi)萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)從(cong)地(di)下冒(mao)(mao)出(chu)的(de)(de)意思(si),也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)草木(mu)都(dou)從(cong)地(di)下面(mian)冒(mao)(mao)出(chu)為(wei)(wei)卯(mao),卯(mao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)代表著生命力,代表著生機(ji)(ji),所(suo)以(yi)二月也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)能量迸發,生機(ji)(ji)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)的(de)(de)月份,預示一年(nian)的(de)(de)農事活動即(ji)將(jiang)(jiang)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)。仲春(chun)時(shi)節(jie)(jie)龍抬頭,萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)復蘇(su)雨(yu)(yu)似油;年(nian)年(nian)角宿光明亮,歲(sui)歲(sui)如意大(da)豐(feng)收(shou)。一年(nian)十(shi)二個(ge)月,一個(ge)月對(dui)應一卦(gua),卯(mao)月(包括驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)和(he)春(chun)分兩個(ge)節(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi))對(dui)應的(de)(de)是(shi)雷(lei)(lei)天(tian)大(da)壯(zhuang)一卦(gua)。大(da)壯(zhuang)卦(gua)的(de)(de)卦(gua)象(xiang)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)天(tian)上(shang)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)打雷(lei)(lei)了,雷(lei)(lei)在天(tian)上(shang)響,非常形象(xiang)。驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)春(chun)天(tian)的(de)(de)第一聲驚(jing)雷(lei)(lei),所(suo)謂“春(chun)雷(lei)(lei)驚(jing)百蟲(chong)”,驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)節(jie)(jie),春(chun)雷(lei)(lei)始(shi)響,蟄(zhe)(zhe)伏于地(di)下冬(dong)眠的(de)(de)蟄(zhe)(zhe)蟲(chong)被雷(lei)(lei)驚(jing)醒(xing),紛紛破土而出(chu)。大(da)壯(zhuang)卦(gua)是(shi)卯(mao)月(二月)的(de)(de)消息(xi)卦(gua)。“卯(mao)”有茂(mao)盛(sheng)的(de)(de)意思(si),卯(mao)的(de)(de)五行(xing)屬(shu)木(mu),木(mu)主(zhu)生發、生長,所(suo)以(yi)大(da)壯(zhuang)卦(gua)對(dui)應的(de)(de)驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)節(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi),意味(wei)著萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)欣欣向榮,生機(ji)(ji)盎然,大(da)地(di)上(shang)將(jiang)(jiang)出(chu)現春(chun)暖(nuan)花開(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)美好景象(xiang)。
現代(dai)氣象(xiang)科(ke)學表明,“驚(jing)蟄(zhe)”前后,之所以(yi)(yi)偶有雷(lei)聲(sheng),是(shi)(shi)大地(di)(di)(di)濕(shi)度漸(jian)高而(er)促使近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)面熱氣上升(sheng)或北(bei)(bei)上的(de)(de)濕(shi)熱空(kong)氣勢力較強(qiang)與(yu)活動(dong)頻繁所致。從我(wo)國各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)自然物候(hou)進(jin)程看,由于(yu)南北(bei)(bei)跨(kua)度大,春(chun)雷(lei)始鳴的(de)(de)時間(jian)遲(chi)早(zao)不一(yi)。就多(duo)年(nian)平(ping)均而(er)言,云南南部在1月底前后即(ji)可聞雷(lei),而(er)北(bei)(bei)京的(de)(de)初雷(lei)日卻在4月下(xia)旬(xun)。“驚(jing)蟄(zhe)始雷(lei)”的(de)(de)說(shuo)法僅與(yu)沿(yan)長江(jiang)流域(yu)以(yi)(yi)南的(de)(de)氣候(hou)規律相吻合。驚(jing)蟄(zhe)后,是(shi)(shi)萬物生長的(de)(de)好時光,該種的(de)(de)農(nong)作物都(dou)可以(yi)(yi)開始種了。作為全年(nian)氣溫回升(sheng)最快的(de)(de)節氣,除東北(bei)(bei)、西(xi)北(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)(di)區仍是(shi)(shi)銀妝素(su)裹的(de)(de)冬日景象(xiang)外,我(wo)國大部分地(di)(di)(di)區平(ping)均氣溫已升(sheng)至0℃以(yi)(yi)上,華北(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)(di)區日平(ping)均氣溫為3至6℃,沿(yan)江(jiang)江(jiang)南地(di)(di)(di)區為8℃以(yi)(yi)上,而(er)西(xi)南和華南已達(da)10至15℃以(yi)(yi)上,早(zao)已是(shi)(shi)一(yi)派融融春(chun)光了,日照(zhao)時數也(ye)有了明顯的(de)(de)增加。
我國古代天(tian)(tian)文(wen)學家根據日(ri)月五星的(de)運行(xing)軌跡把天(tian)(tian)空劃分為(wei)(wei)28天(tian)(tian)宿(su)(su)(su),即“黃道帶”,以此(ci)來表示(shi)日(ri)月五星的(de)運行(xing)和位(wei)置。28天(tian)(tian)宿(su)(su)(su)可分為(wei)(wei)4個大(da)區(4象或4神(shen)),東方蒼龍(包括角(jiao)、亢(kang)、氐、房、心(xin)、尾、箕七宿(su)(su)(su));西方白虎(包括奎、婁(lou)、胃、昴、畢、觜(zui)、參七宿(su)(su)(su));南(nan)方朱雀(que)(包括井(jing)、鬼、柳、星、張、翼、軫七宿(su)(su)(su));北方玄武(包括斗、牛、女、虛、危、室、壁七宿(su)(su)(su))。其中‘角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)’就(jiu)是(shi)龍角(jiao)。在(zai)仲春卯月之(zhi)初(chu)東方地平線(xian)上升起了龍角(jiao)星,所(suo)以稱為(wei)(wei)龍抬頭。即是(shi)指東方蒼龍七宿(su)(su)(su)星象的(de)空間(jian)變化。
龍(long)(long)抬頭的(de)由來與古(gu)代(dai)(dai)天象(xiang)有關(guan)。中(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)(dai)天文學(xue)將(jiang)周(zhou)天黃道確定為28個星座,稱為“二(er)十(shi)八宿(su)(su)”。古(gu)人又將(jiang)這28個星宿(su)(su)按照(zhao)東(dong)南(nan)西北(bei)分在(zai)四(si)(si)宮(gong),每宮(gong)7宿(su)(su),并按照(zhao)它們的(de)形象(xiang)將(jiang)四(si)(si)宮(gong)形容為“青龍(long)(long),白虎,朱雀,玄武“4種神獸。龍(long)(long)抬頭所提到的(de)“龍(long)(long)”,指(zhi)的(de)就是是天象(xiang)周(zhou)天二(er)十(shi)八宿(su)(su)的(de)東(dong)方青龍(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)。蒼龍(long)(long)頭部“角宿(su)(su)”上有兩顆星:角宿(su)(su)一和(he)角宿(su)(su)二(er),代(dai)(dai)表蒼龍(long)(long)頭上的(de)兩只犄角。“角宿(su)(su)”之后的(de)四(si)(si)顆星是“亢宿(su)(su)”,亢是龍(long)(long)的(de)咽(yan)喉,在(zai)咽(yan)喉下面有四(si)(si)顆星排列成一個簸(bo)箕的(de)形狀是“氐宿(su)(su)”,代(dai)(dai)表著(zhu)龍(long)(long)爪(zhua)。龍(long)(long)爪(zhua)后面的(de)房宿(su)(su)、心宿(su)(su)、尾(wei)(wei)宿(su)(su)和(he)箕宿(su)(su)分別代(dai)(dai)表了龍(long)(long)的(de)心臟和(he)尾(wei)(wei)巴。
每(mei)(mei)年的仲春晚上(shang),蒼龍(long)(long)星宿開始(shi)從東方露頭(tou),角宿,代表(biao)龍(long)(long)角,開始(shi)從東方地平線(xian)上(shang)顯(xian)現(xian),約(yue)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)鐘頭(tou)后,亢宿,即(ji)龍(long)(long)的咽(yan)喉(hou),升至地平線(xian)以上(shang),接(jie)近子夜時(shi)分,氐宿,即(ji)龍(long)(long)爪也(ye)出(chu)現(xian)了。這(zhe)就(jiu)是“龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)”的過(guo)程。之后,每(mei)(mei)天的“龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)”日期,均約(yue)提(ti)前一(yi)(yi)點,經過(guo)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)多月時(shi)間(jian),整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)“龍(long)(long)頭(tou)”就(jiu)“抬”起來了。當地球(qiu)公轉(zhuan)的位置使蒼龍(long)(long)七宿與太陽(yang)處在(zai)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)方向(xiang)時(shi),太陽(yang)的光芒就(jiu)會淹沒星光,人們就(jiu)會看不到天上(shang)的那條巨龍(long)(long);而過(guo)一(yi)(yi)段時(shi)間(jian)后,地球(qiu)的位置轉(zhuan)移了,這(zhe)蒼龍(long)(long)七宿又(you)會重新(xin)出(chu)現(xian),周而復(fu)始(shi),古人找(zhao)到了這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)規律,并以它來判斷時(shi)令。由于“歲(sui)差”的原因(yin),現(xian)"龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)"實際時(shi)間(jian)或推遲。
“二月二、龍抬頭(tou)”,象(xiang)征(zheng)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生機、萬(wan)物復蘇。中(zhong)國與(yu)古代(dai)西(xi)方(fang)天(tian)文(wen)學不(bu)同,中(zhong)國把恒星(xing)劃分成(cheng)為“三(san)垣”和(he)“四(si)象(xiang)”七大星(xing)區。所謂“垣”就是(shi)“城墻”的意思。“三(san)垣”是(shi)“紫微垣”,象(xiang)征(zheng)皇宮(gong);“太微垣”象(xiang)征(zheng)行政機構;“天(tian)市(shi)垣”象(xiang)征(zheng)繁(fan)華街市(shi)。這(zhe)三(san)垣環(huan)繞(rao)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)北(bei)(bei)極(ji)星(xing)呈(cheng)三(san)角(jiao)狀排列。在(zai)“三(san)垣”外圍分布著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)“四(si)象(xiang)”:東(dong)蒼龍、西(xi)白虎、南朱雀、北(bei)(bei)玄武(wu),也(ye)就是(shi)說,東(dong)方(fang)的星(xing)象(xiang)如(ru)一(yi)條龍,西(xi)方(fang)的星(xing)象(xiang)如(ru)一(yi)只虎,南方(fang)的星(xing)象(xiang)如(ru)一(yi)只大鳥,北(bei)(bei)方(fang)的星(xing)象(xiang)如(ru)龜和(he)蛇。由于地球圍繞(rao)太陽公轉,天(tian)空的星(xing)象(xiang)也(ye)隨著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)季節轉換。每到冬春之(zhi)(zhi)交的傍晚,蒼龍顯現;春夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)交,玄武(wu)升起(qi);夏(xia)秋之(zhi)(zhi)交,白虎露頭(tou);秋冬之(zhi)(zhi)交,朱雀上升。
《春秋命(ming)歷序》曰:“天(tian)地(di)開(kai)辟,萬(wan)物渾渾,無知(zhi)無識;陰(yin)陽所憑,天(tian)體(ti)始(shi)于北(bei)極之(zhi)野…日(ri)(ri)月(yue)五緯俱(ju)起牽牛;四萬(wan)五千年,日(ri)(ri)月(yue)五緯一輪(lun)轉;天(tian)皇(huang)出焉…定(ding)(ding)天(tian)之(zhi)象(xiang),法(fa)地(di)之(zhi)儀,作干支以定(ding)(ding)日(ri)(ri)月(yue)度。”早在遠古(gu)時期古(gu)人就已經能“觀象(xiang)授(shou)時”,定(ding)(ding)天(tian)之(zhi)象(xiang)、法(fa)地(di)之(zhi)儀,并確(que)定(ding)(ding)了星宿天(tian)象(xiang)、干支及(ji)二(er)十四節氣。
詞典《爾(er)雅(ya)》中有(you)云:數起(qi)角(jiao)亢,列宿之長。故角(jiao)之見于東方(fang)也,物(wu)(wu)換春(chun)回,鳥獸(shou)生角(jiao),草木甲坼。它的意思是在萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)復蘇的春(chun)天,東方(fang)蒼龍的角(jiao)宿每到傍晚將從(cong)東方(fang)升起(qi)。
龍(long)是(shi)海(hai)中神(shen)物,主(zhu)要是(shi)主(zhu)宰雨水,如《山海(hai)經(jing)》中所說(shuo)的(de)應(ying)龍(long),民間(jian)的(de)“龍(long)抬(tai)頭”節,其源頭應(ying)追溯至遠(yuan)古。神(shen)話著作《山海(hai)經(jing)》中說(shuo),應(ying)龍(long)居(ju)處在南(nan)方,“故(gu)南(nan)方多雨”,而燭(zhu)龍(long)“不食不寢不息,風(feng)(feng)雨是(shi)謁”,也就(jiu)是(shi)經(jing)常招來(lai)風(feng)(feng)雨。由于(yu)想象中的(de)龍(long)能騰云駕霧,于(yu)是(shi)相信龍(long)能給人帶來(lai)祥瑞。傳說(shuo)龍(long)能行(xing)云布雨、消災(zai)降福,象征祥瑞。
《說文解字》中解釋“龍(long)”字:“龍(long),鱗蟲之長(chang)。能(neng)幽能(neng)明,能(neng)細(xi)能(neng)巨,能(neng)短能(neng)長(chang)。春分(fen)而登天,秋分(fen)而潛淵。”?
《帝(di)京景物(wu)略·卷(juan)二(er)春(chun)場》:“二(er)月二(er),曰龍抬頭,煎元旦(dan)祭余餅(bing),熏床炕,謂之(zhi)熏蟲兒,謂引龍,沖、蟲不出也。”
《燕京(jing)歲(sui)時(shi)記》:“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)日,古(gu)之中和節也(ye)。今人呼為龍(long)抬頭。是日食餅者(zhe)(zhe)謂(wei)之龍(long)鱗餅,食面者(zhe)(zhe)謂(wei)之龍(long)須面。閨中停止針線,恐傷(shang)龍(long)目(mu)。”
《大同府(fu)志(zhi)》:“二(er)月二(er)日,各村疃(tuan)社醵錢獻(xian)生,謂之‘扶龍(long)頭’。提壺汲井水注之,曰‘引龍(long)頭’。”
唐代(dai)著名詩人(ren)白居易有詩云:“二月二日新雨(yu)晴(qing),草芽菜甲一時生;輕衫細馬春(chun)年少(shao),十(shi)字津頭一字行。”
中(zhong)國(guo)民(min)間(jian)認為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)吉(ji)祥(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu),和風化雨(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主宰。“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”,意味著陽(yang)氣(qi)生發、萬物(wu)(wu)生機盎然。故(gu)自(zi)古以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai),人們(men)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)(shi)節,會舉行(xing)敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈(qi)(qi)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)、放生,以(yi)(yi)(yi)求一(yi)年吉(ji)祥(xiang)豐(feng)收(shou)(shou),并將龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)(shi)節作(zuo)為一(yi)個納祥(xiang)轉運的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)子。在(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)流傳著“二(er)月二(er),拜村社;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou),祈(qi)(qi)豐(feng)收(shou)(shou);八月二(er),祭(ji)(ji)村堂;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)收(shou)(shou)尾,送(song)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)歸”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說法。從節氣(qi)上說,農歷二(er)月初,正處在(zai)(zai)“雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水”、“驚蟄”和“春分(fen)”之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),我(wo)(wo)國(guo)南方(fang)很多地(di)方(fang)已開始(shi)進(jin)入雨(yu)(yu)(yu)季。俗話說“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不(bu)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)天不(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)”。在(zai)(zai)古代神格譜系中(zhong),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)海中(zhong)神物(wu)(wu),掌管(guan)著降雨(yu)(yu)(yu),降雨(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多少直接(jie)關系到一(yi)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莊稼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐(feng)歉(qian),因此,為了求得龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神行(xing)云布雨(yu)(yu)(yu),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)(shi)節要在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神廟前擺供,舉行(xing)隆重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭(ji)(ji)拜儀式(shi),同時(shi)(shi)唱大戲(xi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)娛神;敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈(qi)(qi)雨(yu)(yu)(yu),放生,以(yi)(yi)(yi)求一(yi)年吉(ji)祥(xiang)豐(feng)收(shou)(shou);也有(you)(you)一(yi)些地(di)方(fang)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)節有(you)(you)“起龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動。二(er)月初二(er)既(ji)是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)節也是(shi)“土地(di)誕”,在(zai)(zai)南方(fang)沿海地(di)區,二(er)月初二(er)主要舉行(xing)社祭(ji)(ji),祭(ji)(ji)祀土地(di)神。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)民(min)間(jian)有(you)(you)剃(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)、祭(ji)(ji)祀、敬(jing)文(wen)昌神、吃面條(tiao)、炸油糕(gao)、爆玉米花、吃豬頭(tou)(tou)等習俗。“剃(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)”習俗,或源于古人對龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)圖(tu)騰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇拜,如古籍中(zhong)所記(ji)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古人斷(duan)發紋(wen)身(shen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)像(xiang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子習俗。“二(er)月二(er)”這天,許多人都要理(li)(li)發,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)子理(li)(li)發叫作(zuo)“剃(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)”,這預示(shi)一(yi)年有(you)(you)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開始(shi)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)(shi)節敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)習俗,體現了中(zhong)國(guo)“天人合一(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然觀(guan)。在(zai)(zai)天氣(qi)漸漸轉暖、雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水開始(shi)增多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)節,人們(men)希望通過(guo)敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈(qi)(qi)福順應這一(yi)過(guo)程,從而做到與自(zi)然和諧相處。
古時我國北方一些地(di)區二(er)月二(er)有(you)圍糧囤、引田龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、敲房梁、理發、煎(jian)燜子、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)豬頭(tou)肉、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)面(mian)條、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)水(shui)餃、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)糖豆、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)煎(jian)餅(bing)、忌(ji)動(dong)針線的習俗。為了(le)納吉,二(er)月初二(er)這(zhe)天我國北方人的吃(chi)(chi)(chi)食(shi)物均(jun)取與“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”相關的名字,面(mian)條不叫(jiao)“面(mian)條”,稱(cheng)作“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)須面(mian)”;水(shui)餃稱(cheng)作“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)耳(er)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)角”;米飯稱(cheng)作“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子”;煎(jian)餅(bing)烙成龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗(lin)狀,稱(cheng)作“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗(lin)餅(bing)”;面(mian)條、餛飩一塊煮叫(jiao)做(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)拿珠”;吃(chi)(chi)(chi)豬頭(tou)稱(cheng)作“食(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)”;吃(chi)(chi)(chi)蔥(cong)餅(bing)叫(jiao)做(zuo)“撕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)皮”。一切均(jun)取與龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有(you)關的象征與寓意。
民間有許多禁忌(ji)避諱(hui)“龍(long)抬頭(tou)”,諸如此(ci)日家中忌(ji)動針線,怕傷(shang)到龍(long)眼,招(zhao)災惹禍;忌(ji)擔(dan)水,認為這(zhe)天(tian)晚上(shang)龍(long)要(yao)出來活動,禁止到河邊或井邊擔(dan)水,以免驚擾龍(long)的行動,招(zhao)致旱災之年;忌(ji)諱(hui)蓋房打(da)夯,以防傷(shang)“龍(long)頭(tou)”;再者,忌(ji)諱(hui)磨(mo)(mo)面,認為磨(mo)(mo)面會榨到龍(long)頭(tou),不(bu)吉(ji)利(li)。俗話說“磨(mo)(mo)為虎,碾為龍(long)”,有石磨(mo)(mo)的人家,這(zhe)天(tian)要(yao)將磨(mo)(mo)支(zhi)起上(shang)扇,方便(bian)“龍(long)抬頭(tou)升天(tian)”。除如上(shang)習俗外(wai),民間往(wang)往(wang)還(huan)舉行多種(zhong)活動納吉(ji),諸如舞龍(long)、戴(dai)龍(long)尾(wei)、開筆(bi)等。
民諺云:“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou),八月(yue)二(er)(er)龍(long)(long)收尾。”二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)作為古(gu)代民俗的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)節(jie)日(ri),如今(jin)已(yi)經基本上(shang)從中(zhong)國人的(de)(de)(de)現代生活(huo)中(zhong)淡化出去了。不(bu)過,對于“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些文(wen)化內涵,例(li)如古(gu)人對龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)崇拜、“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”在古(gu)天文(wen)學上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)唯物解釋等等,是仍(reng)然具有研究價值。
二(er)月(yue)二(er)既(ji)是(shi)(shi)龍(long)抬頭(tou)節(jie)也是(shi)(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)公的誕辰(chen),“土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)誕”也稱“社(she)(she)日(ri)(ri)節(jie)”。社(she)(she)日(ri)(ri)分為春社(she)(she)日(ri)(ri)和(he)秋社(she)(she)日(ri)(ri),古時春社(she)(she)是(shi)(shi)立春后(hou)第(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)個戊(wu)日(ri)(ri),秋社(she)(she)是(shi)(shi)立秋后(hou)第(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)個戊(wu)日(ri)(ri)(戊(wu),五(wu)(wu)(wu)行屬(shu)土(tu)(tu)(tu))。古人認為土(tu)(tu)(tu)生萬物,土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)是(shi)(shi)廣(guang)為敬(jing)奉的神(shen)靈之一。人們認為土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)公管理著五(wu)(wu)(wu)谷的生長和(he)地(di)(di)方的平安,很多(duo)地(di)(di)方的百姓都在社(she)(she)日(ri)(ri)奉祀(si)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)公又稱福德正神(shen),在中國南方地(di)(di)區(qu),為給土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)公公“暖壽”,有的地(di)(di)方有舉辦“土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)會”的習俗:家家湊錢為土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)祝賀生日(ri)(ri),到土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)廟燒香祭祀(si),敲(qiao)鑼鼓(gu),放鞭炮。
古代把土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)和祭(ji)祀土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)都(dou)叫"社",按照民間的(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗,每到播種或收獲的(de)(de)(de)(de)季節,農民們(men)都(dou)要(yao)(yao)立(li)社祭(ji)祀,祈求或酬報土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)在(zai)(zai)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)日常生活中(zhong)(zhong)處于重要(yao)(yao)地(di)位,不但家族大,而且分布廣。在(zai)(zai)居(ju)家中(zhong)(zhong)有居(ju)家土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen),村屯(tun)有村屯(tun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen),城(cheng)市(shi)有城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)將土地(di)供奉在(zai)(zai)家中(zhong)(zhong),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)供奉在(zai)(zai)門口(kou),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)則供在(zai)(zai)村落的(de)(de)(de)(de)社廟中(zhong)(zhong)。總之土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)職責就(jiu)是保(bao)佑(you)著(zhu)一方(fang)土地(di)之內的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)物康泰,人(ren)口(kou)清潔,出入平安(an)了。
二月二這(zhe)天(tian)在(zai)(zai)飲(yin)食上也有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)定的講究(jiu),北方百(bai)姓(xing)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)天(tian)飲(yin)食多以龍(long)為名。吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)名曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)鱗”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)面條名曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)須”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)餛飩為“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)眼(yan)”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)餃子則(ze)叫(jiao)(jiao)“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)耳”,面條、餛飩一(yi)塊煮叫(jiao)(jiao)做“龍(long)拿珠”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)蔥餅(bing)叫(jiao)(jiao)做“撕龍(long)皮(pi)”。有(you)(you)(you)些地(di)方還有(you)(you)(you)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)“龍(long)眼(yan)”、“龍(long)須”、“龍(long)舌”、“龍(long)耳”、“龍(long)皮(pi)”、“龍(long)子”、“龍(long)蛋”以及吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)豬頭肉的習俗(su)。一(yi)切(qie)均取與龍(long)有(you)(you)(you)關的象(xiang)征與寓意(yi)。這(zhe)些都(dou)寄托了人(ren)們祈龍(long)賜福的強(qiang)烈愿望。
北(bei)方地區(qu)過二(er)(er)月二(er)(er),農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)就開始準備炒糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)原料。二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)早(zao)上,家(jia)(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)(jia)戶戶都(dou)用糖(tang)炒花生和黃豆(dou)(dou),有的(de)(de)地方叫糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou),有的(de)(de)地方叫蝎豆(dou)(dou),還有的(de)(de)爆玉米花。過去都(dou)是自(zi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)制(zhi)作自(zi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)食用,現在(zai)不同(tong)了(le)(le),一般沒有自(zi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)制(zhi)作的(de)(de)了(le)(le)。城里的(de)(de)超市(shi)里,農(nong)村(cun)的(de)(de)集(ji)市(shi)上,二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)前后擺滿了(le)(le)各(ge)式(shi)各(ge)樣(yang)的(de)(de)糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou),大概有十(shi)幾(ji)種(zhong)甚至(zhi)更多。隨吃隨買,香甜可口。二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)這天,農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)餐桌上要(yao)擺多種(zhong)糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou),以示慶賀(he)這個節(jie)日。
早(zao)上卯(mao)時(5點到7點之(zhi)間(jian)),卯(mao)月的第一個(ge)卯(mao)日卯(mao)時,出門面向東(dong)方深吸(xi)氣,此為一吉(ji)。
指二(er)月初(chu)二(er)理(li)發(fa),兒童(tong)理(li)發(fa),叫剃“喜頭(tou)”,借(jie)龍抬頭(tou)之吉(ji)時,保佑孩童(tong)健康成長(chang),長(chang)大后出人(ren)頭(tou)地(di);大人(ren)理(li)發(fa),辭舊(jiu)迎新(xin),希望帶來好(hao)運,新(xin)的(de)一年順順利利。
古時(shi),龍(long)抬頭節(jie)是祭(ji)祀龍(long)神(shen)的(de)日子(zi),每(mei)年的(de)這一天,人(ren)們都(dou)要到龍(long)神(shen)廟或水畔焚香(xiang)上供祭(ji)祀龍(long)神(shen),祈(qi)求(qiu)龍(long)神(shen)興云化雨,保(bao)佑(you)一年五(wu)谷豐登。龍(long)抬頭時(shi)節(jie)我國(guo)部分地區會有(you)“起(qi)龍(long)船”的(de)活動,請(qing)龍(long)出水,以及祈(qi)求(qiu)事(shi)事(shi)順利的(de)心愿。
“龍抬頭”也是農村(cun)的農事節。農諺曰(yue):“二(er)月二(er)龍抬頭,大(da)家(jia)小戶使(shi)耕牛”。農時春雨貴如油。倘春雨充沛(pei),預示著一年的大(da)豐收。
相(xiang)傳(chuan)農歷二月初三為文(wen)昌(主宰功(gong)名之神)誕辰日(ri),舊(jiu)時這天讓孩子開筆寫字,取(qu)龍抬頭之吉兆(zhao),為孩子正衣(yi)冠、點(dian)朱砂啟蒙明(ming)智,寓意孩子眼明(ming)心明(ming),祝(zhu)愿(yuan)孩子長(chang)大(da)斷文(wen)識字。開筆禮是(shi)人生的第一次大(da)禮,是(shi)中國傳(chuan)統中對少(shao)兒(er)開始識字習禮的啟蒙教育形式。
每當春龍(long)(long)節到(dao)來(lai)(lai),我國(guo)部分(fen)地區(qu)在這天(tian)早晨家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶戶打著燈(deng)籠到(dao)井邊或河邊挑水(shui),回(hui)到(dao)家(jia)(jia)里(li)便(bian)點燈(deng)、燒香、上(shang)供。舊時,人們把這種(zhong)儀式(shi)叫(jiao)做“引田龍(long)(long)”。引龍(long)(long)伏(fu)蟲(chong)(chong)的活動有(you)很多,最有(you)特點是(shi)撒(sa)灰(hui)。撒(sa)灰(hui)十(shi)分(fen)講究(jiu),灰(hui)多選用草(cao)木(mu)灰(hui),人們自家(jia)(jia)門(men)(men)口(kou)以(yi)草(cao)木(mu)灰(hui)撒(sa)一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)龍(long)(long)到(dao)河邊,再用谷糠撒(sa)一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)龍(long)(long)引到(dao)家(jia)(jia),意為送(song)走懶(青)龍(long)(long)、引來(lai)(lai)錢(qian)(黃)龍(long)(long),保(bao)佑人財(cai)兩(liang)旺;從臨街大門(men)(men)外(wai)一(yi)(yi)直撒(sa)到(dao)廚房灶間,并繞水(shui)缸(gang)一(yi)(yi)圈,叫(jiao)做“引錢(qian)龍(long)(long)”;將草(cao)木(mu)灰(hui)撒(sa)于門(men)(men)口(kou),攔門(men)(men)辟災(zai);將草(cao)木(mu)灰(hui)撒(sa)于墻(qiang)腳,呈龍(long)(long)蛇狀,以(yi)招福祥、避蟲(chong)(chong)害。陜(shan)西富縣一(yi)(yi)帶還流行撒(sa)灰(hui)圍(wei)莊墻(qiang)外(wai)的做法(fa),也(ye)是(shi)伏(fu)龍(long)(long)驅蟲(chong)(chong)的表現。后來(lai)(lai),也(ye)出現用石灰(hui)替代草(cao)木(mu)灰(hui)伏(fu)龍(long)(long)降蟲(chong)(chong)的做法(fa)。
①山東地區用灶煙在地面畫一條(tiao)龍(long)。一是請龍(long)回(hui)來興云布(bu)雨,祈求(qiu)豐收;二是龍(long)為百蟲(chong)之神,龍(long)來了,蟲(chong)都躲(duo)起來,對人體健康(kang)、農作物生長都有益。
②晉西北地區引錢(qian)龍(long),選擇一(yi)棵(ke)大樹或一(yi)塊(kuai)大石,用灰線圍灑一(yi)圈(quan)(quan),再用紅線拴(shuan)一(yi)枚銅錢(qian)置(zhi)圈(quan)(quan)內,牽(qian)線回家,用容器蓋住即成。
③還有地區在這天(tian)清早,人們(men)從井里挑水(shui)回家(jia),倒入水(shui)缸。誰最先挑回家(jia)就最先引到錢(qian)龍,這年財運(yun)就會非(fei)常好,所以經常出(chu)現(xian)凌(ling)晨爭先恐(kong)后挑水(shui)的情形。
黃河(he)(he)三角洲及一些沿(yan)河(he)(he)地區(qu)還有”放(fang)(fang)龍(long)燈(deng)“的習俗。不少(shao)人家用(yong)蘆(lu)葦或(huo)秫秸扎成小船,插上(shang)蠟燭或(huo)放(fang)(fang)上(shang)用(yong)蘿(luo)卜挖成的小油碗,待到傍晚時(shi)(shi)分,放(fang)(fang)到河(he)(he)里或(huo)灣里點燃,為龍(long)照路。借(jie)此娛樂同時(shi)(shi)又傳(chuan)遞一種美好(hao)的祝愿。
東北部分地(di)區在二(er)月二(er)早晨,以長竿擊打房(fang)(fang)梁(liang),謂之”敲龍(long)頭“。把龍(long)喚醒(xing),佑一方(fang)平(ping)安(an)。大人小孩還念著(zhu):”二(er)月二(er),龍(long)抬頭,大倉滿,小倉流(liu)。“有的地(di)方(fang)在院子(zi)里用灶灰(hui)撒一個(ge)個(ge)大圓圈,將五(wu)(wu)谷(gu)雜糧放于中間,稱作(zuo)”打囤“或”填(tian)倉“,預祝當年五(wu)(wu)谷(gu)豐登,倉囤盈滿。擊房(fang)(fang)梁(liang)就(jiu)是用木棍或者竹竿敲擊房(fang)(fang)梁(liang),以驚走(zou)蛇、蝎(xie)等(deng)毒蟲,毋使為害。有的地(di)方(fang)流(liu)行敲擊炕沿,目的與敲擊房(fang)(fang)梁(liang)相(xiang)同。
我(wo)國北(bei)方廣泛的(de)流(liu)(liu)傳著“二(er)月二(er),龍抬頭;大(da)倉(cang)滿,小倉(cang)流(liu)(liu)”的(de)民(min)諺。農歷(li)二(er)月初二(er)清晨,北(bei)方很多地區的(de)村(cun)民(min)早早起床,家庭主婦(fu)從自家鍋灶(zao)底(di)下掏一(yi)(yi)筐燒柴禾余(yu)下的(de)草木灰,拿一(yi)(yi)把小鐵鏟子鏟些草木灰,人走手搖,在(zai)地上畫出(chu)一(yi)(yi)個個圓來。圍(wei)(wei)倉(cang)的(de)圓圈,大(da)套小,少則三(san)圈,多則五圈,圍(wei)(wei)單不圍(wei)(wei)雙。圍(wei)(wei)好倉(cang)后,把家中(zhong)的(de)糧食(shi)虔(qian)誠地放在(zai)倉(cang)的(de)中(zhong)間,還(huan)有意撒在(zai)倉(cang)的(de)外圍(wei)(wei),象征當(dang)年的(de)大(da)豐收。
古代將自(zi)然(ran)界中的(de)(de)生(sheng)物分成毛(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、羽蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、介蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、人(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)五大類(lei)(lei)(lei)。毛(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指披(pi)毛(mao)獸類(lei)(lei)(lei),羽蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei),介蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指帶(dai)(dai)甲殼類(lei)(lei)(lei),鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指有(you)鱗(lin)(lin)之魚和帶(dai)(dai)翅昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)。龍(long)是鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)之長,龍(long)出則百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)伏藏。二(er)月初二(er)正是驚蟄前后,百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)萌動(dong),疾病(bing)易生(sheng),蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害也是莊(zhuang)稼的(de)(de)天敵(di),因此人(ren)們(men)引龍(long)伏蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),希望(wang)借龍(long)威鎮伏百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),保佑人(ren)畜(chu)平安,五谷豐登。進(jin)入農歷二(er)月,天氣(qi)漸(jian)暖,各種昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)開始活(huo)動(dong),有(you)些昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)對人(ren)的(de)(de)健康是有(you)害的(de)(de),所以二(er)月二(er)這一天,人(ren)們(men)紛紛攤烙煎餅(bing)、燃燒熏香,希望(wang)憑借煙氣(qi)驅走毒(du)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。
二月初二吃豬頭肉也(ye)有(you)說法。自古以來(lai),供奉祭神總要(yao)用豬牛羊三牲(sheng),后(hou)來(lai)簡(jian)化為(wei)三牲(sheng)之頭,豬頭即其中(zhong)之一(yi)。如今就有(you)一(yi)道名菜(cai)叫做“扒(ba)(ba)豬臉(lian)”,經過選料、清(qing)洗(xi)、噴(pen)烤(kao)、洗(xi)泡、醬制(zhi)等十(shi)二道步驟,歷(li)經十(shi)多個小時(shi)的(de)(de)烹飪,才(cai)能端上餐桌。“扒(ba)(ba)豬臉(lian)”有(you)三種,一(yi)是原汁(zhi)原味吃;二是蘸醬汁(zhi)吃;三是卷煎餅吃。每一(yi)種吃法都有(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)滋(zi)味。
撒灰(hui)引龍、打灰(hui)囤
我國(guo)山東部分地(di)區農(nong)村,這一(yi)天(tian)(tian)有“撒(sa)灰(hui)引(yin)龍(long)”、“打灰(hui)囤(dun)”的習(xi)俗。這一(yi)天(tian)(tian),天(tian)(tian)還蒙蒙亮的時候(hou),家(jia)家(jia)戶戶就(jiu)開(kai)始撒(sa)灰(hui)了,用簸(bo)箕(ji)盛著(zhu)草木灰(hui),沿著(zhu)自家(jia)房子(zi)外圍墻(qiang)根密密的撒(sa)一(yi)圈(quan),因為這條灰(hui)線又(you)細又(you)長(chang),形似傳說中的龍(long),所以(yi)這個(ge)舉動也被叫做(zuo)“撒(sa)灰(hui)引(yin)龍(long)”,寓意把(ba)象征吉(ji)祥的龍(long)請(qing)到(dao)家(jia)里。除此之外,家(jia)家(jia)戶戶還會(hui)在門前、場(chang)院用草木灰(hui)圍成一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)圓(yuan)圈(quan),中間(jian)放上五谷、硬幣。代表著(zhu)糧食(shi)屯(tun)、錢屯(tun),有的囤(dun)外再畫(hua)上梯(ti)子(zi),以(yi)表明(ming)囤(dun)的高大。一(yi)邊用灰(hui)畫(hua)圈(quan)還一(yi)面嘴(zui)里念叨著(zhu):“二(er)月二(er)、打簸(bo)箕(ji),大囤(dun)滿、小囤(dun)漾”,希望(wang)來年家(jia)里糧食(shi)豐收(shou),財(cai)源滾(gun)滾(gun)。
實(shi)際上,撒灰除(chu)了(le)象(xiang)征意義(yi),在實(shi)際中也是(shi)有用(yong)的(de),在農村,舊式(shi)的(de)農家房屋為土(tu)木建筑(zhu),房舍墻體或由土(tu)墼壘砌(qi),寒(han)冬里,墻縫、炕(kang)縫自然(ran)成了(le)蝎子、蚰蜒、“草鞋底”等毒蟲(chong)蟄伏之處(chu)。驚蟄以后(hou),這(zhe)些毒蟲(chong)伺機(ji)出(chu)動,危(wei)害人身。二月二當天,村民便在炕(kang)墻下面及房屋墻根底下撒上點草木灰,也有熏蟲(chong)辟邪(xie)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。臨(lin)沂(yi)一些地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)這(zhe)一天舉辦(ban)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)會,農戶湊錢為土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)爺過生日,到(dao)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)廟燒香祭祀、敲鑼鼓、放鞭炮,以求土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)爺保佑(you)有個好收成。
剃龍頭
二月初(chu)二,民(min)間最大(da)的習俗(su)是(shi)“剃(ti)龍頭”,不管是(shi)老(lao)人(ren)(ren)小孩(hai),剪(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)、修容,讓自己煥然一(yi)(yi)(yi)新,預示著可以(yi)求得(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年的好運(yun)。從一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)早開始,一(yi)(yi)(yi)些理發(fa)(fa)(fa)店里就人(ren)(ren)來人(ren)(ren)往,顧客(ke)迎門,理發(fa)(fa)(fa)師們(men)都忙(mang)得(de)不亦(yi)樂乎。許多(duo)人(ren)(ren)之所(suo)以(yi)選在這天剪(jian)發(fa)(fa)(fa),是(shi)因(yin)為民(min)間有習俗(su),正月剃(ti)頭不吉(ji)利,所(suo)以(yi)很多(duo)人(ren)(ren)普遍是(shi)在年前(qian)理一(yi)(yi)(yi)次發(fa)(fa)(fa),然后(hou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)直等到(dao)二月二才(cai)“理發(fa)(fa)(fa)去舊(jiu)”。
吃(chi)豆(dou)子、攤煎(jian)餅,舞(wu)龍燈(deng)
二月二這天,山東傳統民俗(su),這一(yi)天要吃炒(chao)黃豆、炒(chao)豆萁,也都有(you)(you)攤煎餅的(de)習(xi)俗(su)。祈求今年五谷豐登,有(you)(you)個(ge)好收成。不少地(di)方還有(you)(you)舞龍燈等活動,為(wei)的(de)就是祈福送福。
吃春餅
二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)日(ri)(ri)既然是(shi)“龍(long)抬頭”之時(shi)(shi)(shi),許(xu)多食(shi)(shi)品(pin)就與龍(long)牽扯在一起。北京(jing)(jing)民俗食(shi)(shi)品(pin),一種烙得(de)很薄的(de)(de)(de)面餅(bing),又稱薄餅(bing)。北方地區還時(shi)(shi)(shi)興食(shi)(shi)用面條、水餃等。每年立(li)春(chun)(chun)日(ri)(ri),北京(jing)(jing)人都要(yao)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)餅(bing),名曰“咬春(chun)(chun)”。農(nong)歷二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)初二(er)(er)(er),這一天北京(jing)(jing)人也要(yao)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)餅(bing),名曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)鱗(lin)”。春(chun)(chun)餅(bing)比(bi)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)烤鴨的(de)(de)(de)薄餅(bing)要(yao)大(da),并且有(you)韌(ren)性(北京(jing)(jing)人稱為(wei)要(yao)有(you)“骨立(li)勁(jing)兒”),因為(wei)要(yao)卷很多菜吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。昔日(ri)(ri),吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)餅(bing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)講究(jiu)到盒子鋪(pu)去叫“蘇盤”(又稱盒子菜)。吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)餅(bing)時(shi)(shi)(shi),全家圍坐一起,把(ba)烙好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)春(chun)(chun)餅(bing)放在蒸鍋里,隨(sui)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)隨(sui)拿,為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)個(ge)熱乎勁(jing)兒。若在二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)這一天吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)餅(bing),北京(jing)(jing)人還講究(jiu)把(ba)出嫁(jia)的(de)(de)(de)姑娘接回(hui)家吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)餅(bing)。
吃“驢打滾”
老北京的(de)習(xi)俗,人們喜歡在農(nong)歷(li)二(er)月二(er)買“驢打滾”品(pin)嘗。黃豆(dou)粉(fen)面裹豆(dou)沙餡兒的(de)驢打滾外(wai)形圓潤,有(you)“財源滾滾”的(de)吉祥含義(yi)。
照房梁、驅蟲
在(zai)北京民間有民諺說“二(er)月(yue)二(er),照房(fang)梁,蝎(xie)子蜈蚣無處(chu)藏”,老(lao)百姓要在(zai)這(zhe)天驅(qu)除(chu)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong),點著(zhu)蠟燭,照著(zhu)房(fang)梁和墻(qiang)壁驅(qu)除(chu)蝎(xie)子、蜈蚣等,這(zhe)些蟲(chong)(chong)兒(er)一見亮光就掉下來被消(xiao)滅(mie)了。龍抬頭(tou)這(zhe)一天進行驅(qu)蟲(chong)(chong)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)習俗主(zhu)要流行于我國北方地區。二(er)月(yue)二(er)時各種昆蟲(chong)(chong)包括毒蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)活(huo)動(dong)開始頻繁,為了避免(mian)毒蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)傷害(hai),人們舉(ju)行一些含(han)有驅(qu)蟲(chong)(chong)意味的(de)活(huo)動(dong)。如用棍棒、掃(sao)帚或者(zhe)鞋子敲打梁頭(tou)、墻(qiang)壁、門戶(hu)、床炕等,以避蛇蝎(xie)、蚰蜒、老(lao)鼠等蟲(chong)(chong)物。通常(chang)還(huan)要念吟(yin)唱歌(ge)謠,如“二(er)月(yue)二(er),龍抬頭(tou),蝎(xie)子、蜈蚣不露頭(tou)。”(天津)。”
在晉西北地區,人們盛(sheng)行“司錢(qian)龍(long)(long)”,早上太陽未出山,家(jia)家(jia)戶戶提(ti)一(yi)把(ba)茶壺,到河邊或井(jing)上去汲(ji)水(shui)。按照這一(yi)年幾(ji)龍(long)(long)治水(shui)的推(tui)算,在茶壺內放(fang)幾(ji)枚銅錢(qian)或硬幣。汲(ji)水(shui)以后,隨走隨傾(qing)地灑一(yi)條水(shui)跡(ji)回(hui)到家(jia)中(zhong),將余(yu)下的水(shui)與錢(qian)全部倒(dao)入水(shui)缸,錢(qian)龍(long)(long)就引回(hui)家(jia)來了(le),意喻一(yi)年發財。“引錢(qian)龍(long)(long)”時特別忌說話,以免驚(jing)跑了(le)錢(qian)龍(long)(long)。
晉西北一些地(di)方的引錢龍,選擇一棵大樹或(huo)一塊大石,用(yong)灰線(xian)圍灑一圈(quan)。再用(yong)紅(hong)線(xian)拴一枚銅錢,先將銅錢置放(fang)在灰線(xian)圈(quan)內,手拉線(xian)牽(qian)回(hui)家中,用(yong)容器蓋住即成。
另一習俗(su)是驅毒(du)活動(dong)。俗(su)話說:“驚(jing)蟄過,百(bai)蟲蘇(su)。”《陽城縣志》載:“百(bai)蟄初驚(jing),懸天(tian)師符以辟蟲毒(du)。”
陜西西安地(di)區(qu)這一天(tian),一般是外婆(舅家(jia))給(gei)外甥(sheng)(女)送(song)爆米花及餑餑饃。媽媽會前(qian)一天(tian)炒(chao)好(hao)齊(qi)子(zi)豆,準備給(gei)家(jia)里人(ren)。齊(qi)子(zi)豆是用(yong)油、水和(he)面,然后(hou)切成小的立方(fang)體,再用(yong)油炒(chao)了。有的地(di)方(fang)會把花生和(he)齊(qi)子(zi)豆一齊(qi)炒(chao)。
二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)在河(he)北,農(nong)村早起有挑龍(long)蛋(dan)的(de)風俗,天還沒(mei)有亮的(de)時候,男主人用水(shui)桶從村里(li)的(de)水(shui)井(jing)(jing)里(li)打水(shui),相傳(chuan)二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)的(de)水(shui)井(jing)(jing)里(li)會有龍(long)蛋(dan),挑回家(jia)里(li)以求風調雨順,取吉祥(xiang)之意。
邯鄲:吃“龍須面(mian)”;“龍耳(er)”、“龍角”(餃子(zi));“龍子(zi)”(米(mi)飯(fan));“龍拿珠”(混沌面(mian));“食龍頭”(豬頭)。每逢農歷二月初二,磁(ci)州附近(jin)山(shan)村有姑娘們過乞巧節的習(xi)俗(su)。這一天(tian),姑娘們可自(zi)由結(jie)伴(ban),穿(chuan)上好衣裳(shang),帶好小米(mi)、白面(mian)、油(you)、鹽及鍋、碗、盆、勺等工(gong)具,一起上山(shan)野餐,這就是磁(ci)州古(gu)時(shi)流傳下來的"姑娘二月二吃乞巧飯(fan)"習(xi)俗(su)。
石家(jia)莊(zhuang):吃(chi)(chi)麻(ma)花,豬頭肉,餃子。那邊是要吃(chi)(chi)那種面(mian)(mian)片,石家(jia)莊(zhuang)人叫咸食,混著雞蛋和面(mian)(mian)粉香味(wei)的面(mian)(mian)片香;也有叫菜餅(bing)子的,就是把在地窖里藏了(le)一(yi)冬天的蘿卜(bu)挖出(chu)來,切成絲和面(mian)(mian)和到一(yi)起,烙(luo)出(chu)來的餅(bing),沾著蒜泥和醋(cu),很多人吃(chi)(chi)不習(xi)慣,不過這么多年的風(feng)俗沿襲下來,而且還(huan)一(yi)直能(neng)傳承下去。
承德:早(zao)起(qi)煎(jian)(jian)餅(bing)早(zao)起(qi)煎(jian)(jian)餅(bing)午餃子煎(jian)(jian)肉片煎(jian)(jian)魚(yu):二月二炸魚(yu)煎(jian)(jian)肉,這叫(jiao)“熏蟲兒”。因為二月二正值驚蟄前后,百(bai)蟲蠢(chun)動,疫病易生,人們祈望(wang)用這香味熏醒傳說中的龍鎮住毒蟲,吃豬頭肉。
滄州:吃龍(long)拿(na)珠(zhu),就(jiu)(jiu)是面條和餃子一起下鍋(guo)煮,煮熟了再吃。吃餃子就(jiu)(jiu)是龍(long)耳朵的意(yi)思或面條就(jiu)(jiu)是龍(long)須子意(yi)思。吃龍(long)鱗(lin)餅(bing)。
奉祀土地公
南方”二(er)月二(er)“主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要以(yi)祭(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)(土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen))習俗為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),祭(ji)(ji)龍習俗主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要在龍升天的(de)(de)仲夏(xia)端(duan)午。在浙江、福(fu)建、廣東(dong)(dong)、廣西等地(di)(di)(di)(di)區,既(ji)有龍抬(tai)頭節(jie)習俗,又(you)以(yi)祭(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)習俗。由于”地(di)(di)(di)(di)載(zai)萬(wan)物“、”聚財于地(di)(di)(di)(di)“,我國(guo)南方普(pu)遍(bian)奉祀土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen),土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)又(you)稱”社(she)(she)“、”社(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)“、”土(tu)(tu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)“、“土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公”、”福(fu)德正神(shen)(shen)(shen)“,客(ke)家(jia)人稱”土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)伯(bo)公“。”二(er)月二(er)“(古(gu)時春社(she)(she)是(shi)立(li)春后第(di)五個戊(wu)日,秋社(she)(she)是(shi)立(li)秋后第(di)五個戊(wu)日)社(she)(she)日節(jie)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要是(shi)祭(ji)(ji)祀土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)聚社(she)(she)會飲,借敬神(shen)(shen)(shen)、娛(yu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)而娛(yu)人。從上古(gu)開始,社(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)就成(cheng)為了祭(ji)(ji)祀系統(tong)中的(de)(de)祀典之(zhi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。時至(zhi)今(jin)日,古(gu)老的(de)(de)“社(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)”已有了很(hen)多變化,但(dan)祭(ji)(ji)祀土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)習俗一直保留下來,并隨(sui)著華(hua)人的(de)(de)遷徙,在泰國(guo),新加坡,馬(ma)來西亞(ya)等東(dong)(dong)南亞(ya)國(guo)家(jia)也開花(hua)結(jie)果(guo),落地(di)(di)(di)(di)生根。
分祭豬肉
分祭(ji)肉,聚眾宴飲,奏樂歡(huan)娛。社(she)祭(ji)作為(wei)民眾歡(huan)聚節(jie)日(ri)的習(xi)俗,在龍抬頭這(zhe)天也會上演。《廣(guang)州(zhou)府志(zhi)》引《番禺(yu)志(zhi)》載(zai):“二(er)月二(er)日(ri)土地會,大小衙署及(ji)街巷無不召梨(li)園奏樂娛神。”昔(xi)日(ri)那祭(ji)社(she)的盛況(kuang)及(ji)人們聚眾宴飲的歡(huan)娛場面,在這(zhe)些記載(zai)中可(ke)見一斑(ban)。?
開筆禮
“二(er)月二(er),龍(long)抬頭,龍(long)不抬頭我抬頭。”在(zai)傳統習俗里,為取龍(long)抬頭之吉兆。兒童在(zai)二(er)月二(er)這天(tian),會舉(ju)行“開筆(bi)禮”,過去私(si)塾先生多在(zai)這一天(tian)收(shou)學生,謂(wei)之“占鰲(ao)頭”。人(ren)們(men)希望通過這種方式,祝愿(yuan)每一個(ge)孩子長大后斷文識字(zi)。
起龍船
在龍(long)抬頭這天,廣(guang)東一些地方有“起龍(long)船(chuan)”的(de)(de)活(huo)動,眾人跳入水中“起龍(long)船(chuan)”,請龍(long)出水、清洗龍(long)船(chuan)、試扒龍(long)船(chuan)。人們選擇這天作為傳(chuan)統“起龍(long)船(chuan)”的(de)(de)日子,是為了顯示(shi)百(bai)姓對龍(long)舟(zhou)的(de)(de)尊(zun)重,以及祈求事事順利的(de)(de)心愿(yuan)。
敬龍神
在過(guo)去,潮州(zhou)有“迎(ying)青龍”之俗,是以青色蛇(she)為青龍,用(yong)彩車、彩隊扛了游巡,這是敬(jing)祭龍神的(de)遺風。
剪龍頭
一直流傳(chuan)著二月二“剪(jian)龍(long)頭”的習俗,這天(tian)大人、孩子都剃(ti)(ti)頭,叫“剃(ti)(ti)喜頭”。特(te)別(bie)是男孩子,都要理發,謂(wei)之“剪(jian)龍(long)頭”,據說在這一天(tian)理發能夠帶來一年的好運(yun),也有要想鴻運(yun)當剃(ti)(ti)頭的寓意(yi)。
炮會
二月二土地(di)神(shen)誕辰,在廣東部分地(di)區,當地(di)男女(nv)老(lao)少會用(yong)震天的鞭炮祈(qi)求風調雨(yu)順、五谷豐登,這一習俗被人們(men)稱作“炮會”。
龍食
由于(yu)人(ren)們對(dui)龍(long)(long)的崇拜(bai),龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)這(zhe)天人(ren)們要吃有(you)“龍(long)(long)”字的食(shi)品來沾“龍(long)(long)氣”,所以龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)風味(wei)食(shi)物大都以“龍(long)(long)”來命名。面條(tiao)稱作(zuo)“龍(long)(long)須(xu)面”、面餅稱作(zuo)“龍(long)(long)鱗(lin)餅”……,人(ren)們希望以此祈求龍(long)(long)王保佑一(yi)年風調雨順。
浙南(nan):泗溪二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)廟會(hui)(hui),地處浙江南(nan)部的(de)泰順縣(xian)泗溪鎮是著(zhu)名的(de)廊(lang)橋(qiao)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉(xiang),世(shi)界最美(mei)廊(lang)橋(qiao)“姊妹橋(qiao)”的(de)所在地,這里(li)山清水秀,空(kong)氣清新。在泗溪鎮白粉墻村(cun)(cun)有著(zhu)近三百(bai)年歷史的(de)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)祈福(fu)廟會(hui)(hui)活動,每年農歷二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月初二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)這天,白粉墻村(cun)(cun)都要在本村(cun)(cun)的(de)“陳(chen)十四(si)娘娘”廟舉行二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)廟會(hui)(hui)(祈福(fu)活動)。該習俗興起于(yu)清朝雍正年間,俗稱(cheng)“做福(fu)”或“福(fu)酒”,從(cong)清代至民國“二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)”廟會(hui)(hui)活動發展到鼎盛,前往參加“福(fu)宴”的(de)人群(qun)除(chu)本境(jing)鄉(xiang)民,更多的(de)來客都是從(cong)十鄉(xiang)八(ba)里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)慕名面來,可(ke)謂盛況(kuang)空(kong)前。廟會(hui)(hui)活動內容精彩(cai),其中最大的(de)地方特色是“娘娘踩街”、“福(fu)宴”和浙南(nan)木偶(ou)戲。
唐(tang)山(shan)遷安(an):遷安(an)地區的風俗是登山(shan)。
江蘇南通(tong):民間有用(yong)面粉制作壽(shou)桃、牲(sheng)畜(chu),蒸(zheng)熟后(hou)(hou)插(cha)在竹簽(qian)上(shang),晚上(shang)再插(cha)在田間,認為這是(shi)供百(bai)蟲(chong)之神和(he)祭祀(si)祖先(xian)的食品,祈(qi)求祖先(xian)驅趕蟲(chong)災,也希望百(bai)蟲(chong)之神不要(yao)危(wei)害莊(zhuang)稼。山(shan)東日照(zhao)濰坊地區農村會用(yong)草(cao)木(mu)灰在地上(shang)畫(hua)谷倉(cang)糧倉(cang),在倉(cang)內撒上(shang)五谷,祈(qi)禱新一(yi)(yi)年谷糧滿倉(cang)。并在這一(yi)(yi)天(tian)炒糖豆(dou),(白糖、冰(bing)糖和(he)花(hua)生一(yi)(yi)起炒)吃(chi)(chi)糖豆(dou)。是(shi)日,各地普遍把食品名(ming)稱加上(shang)“龍(long)(long)(long)”的頭(tou)銜,吃(chi)(chi)水餃(jiao)叫(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)耳”,吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅叫(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)鱗”,吃(chi)(chi)面條叫(jiao)食“龍(long)(long)(long)須”,吃(chi)(chi)米飯叫(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)子”,吃(chi)(chi)餛(hun)飩叫(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)眼”等(deng)。婦(fu)女們在這一(yi)(yi)天(tian)不能做針(zhen)線活(huo),因為蒼龍(long)(long)(long)在這一(yi)(yi)天(tian)要(yao)抬(tai)頭(tou)觀望天(tian)下(xia),使用(yong)針(zhen)會刺(ci)傷(shang)龍(long)(long)(long)的眼睛。婦(fu)女起床前,先(xian)念“二月(yue)二,龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou),龍(long)(long)(long)不抬(tai)頭(tou)我抬(tai)頭(tou)”。起床后(hou)(hou)還(huan)要(yao)打著燈籠照(zhao)房梁(liang),邊照(zhao)邊念“二月(yue)二,照(zhao)房梁(liang),蝎子蜈蚣無(wu)處藏”。有的地方婦(fu)女停止洗衣服,怕傷(shang)了龍(long)(long)(long)皮,等(deng)等(deng)。山(shan)東菏澤民間習俗是(shi)二月(yue)二這天(tian)炒鹽水黃豆(dou),讓黃豆(dou)開花(hua)。
福建莆(pu)田:莆(pu)田民間有“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er),龍抬頭(tou)(tou),打(da)(da)(da)牙(ya)(ya)祭(ji),大聚餐”之俗。農歷二(er)(er)月(yue)初二(er)(er),俗稱“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)”,莆(pu)仙(xian)人稱二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)為“頭(tou)(tou)牙(ya)(ya)”,而且與臘月(yue)十六的(de)(de)(de)“尾牙(ya)(ya)”同等(deng)重視(shi)。按地(di)方(fang)方(fang)言(yan),“做牙(ya)(ya)”也叫“打(da)(da)(da)牙(ya)(ya)祭(ji)”。所(suo)謂(wei)“打(da)(da)(da)牙(ya)(ya)祭(ji)”,在(zai)(zai)《現代漢語詞典》注解(jie)說(shuo):“原指(zhi)每逢(feng)月(yue)初、月(yue)中(zhong)吃(chi)一(yi)頓有葷菜的(de)(de)(de)飯,后(hou)來泛指(zhi)偶(ou)而吃(chi)一(yi)頓豐(feng)盛的(de)(de)(de)飯。”然而,在(zai)(zai)莆(pu)仙(xian),整個正月(yue)里鬧元宵(xiao),都有“豐(feng)盛的(de)(de)(de)菜肴”,算(suan)不上(shang)是“做牙(ya)(ya)”“打(da)(da)(da)牙(ya)(ya)祭(ji)”。到(dao)二(er)(er)月(yue)初二(er)(er),才是一(yi)年中(zhong)“做牙(ya)(ya)”的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)一(yi)次,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)稱為“頭(tou)(tou)牙(ya)(ya)”。“頭(tou)(tou)牙(ya)(ya)”這一(yi)天,按傳(chuan)統慣(guan)例(li),各行業、商店鋪、包括(kuo)各戶主,一(yi)到(dao)黃昏前后(hou)時段,置辦果品(pin)酒(jiu)肴等(deng),點香燭、燒“貢銀(yin)”、放鞭炮等(deng)。城里的(de)(de)(de)把(ba)供案(an)擺在(zai)(zai)自家店門前,鄉(xiang)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)到(dao)田頭(tou)(tou)、社(she)廟祭(ji)祀(si)土地(di)神,祈求豐(feng)收。然后(hou),以(yi)(yi)祭(ji)神福余,邀請(qing)雇(gu)傭伙(huo)友工匠(jiang)們聚餐,未得邀請(qing)者(zhe),就意味著被“解(jie)雇(gu)”。莆(pu)仙(xian)村(cun)民凡有雇(gu)傭木工、泥工等(deng)工匠(jiang)做工的(de)(de)(de)人家,戶主須(xu)于二(er)(er)月(yue)初二(er)(er)晚上(shang)辦酒(jiu)席請(qing)工匠(jiang)“做頭(tou)(tou)牙(ya)(ya)”。
福建福清(qing):江陰鎮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南曹村二(er)月初二(er)日報(bao)恩寺桃溪境迎春(chun)神游甚為壯觀,人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)裝扮(ban)成狀元、榜(bang)眼(yan)、探花郎、文武百(bai)官,彩旗、腰鼓隊、旱(han)船、蚌女、十番、舞(wu)龍、舞(wu)獅參游人(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)眾多。春(chun)和景明,大地綠遍,到郊(jiao)外走(zou)走(zou),空(kong)氣新(xin)鮮,陽光充足,大氣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“長壽素”——陰離子較多,是(shi)調(diao)整人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)代謝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天然(ran)“藥物”,更(geng)是(shi)治療精神緊張的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理想(xiang)“解(jie)毒劑”。村民們(men)以淳樸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情懷用(yong)古老傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式迎接著新(xin)一年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平安與(yu)豐(feng)收,祈盼著風調(diao)雨(yu)順、五谷豐(feng)登(deng)、繁榮昌盛(sheng)。
傳說堯王(wang)的父親帝(di)(di)(di)(di)嚳(帝(di)(di)(di)(di)俊)共有(you)四(si)個(ge)王(wang)妃:姜嫄(jiāng yuán)、簡(jian)狄(di)(jiǎn dí)、慶(qing)都、常儀(yi)。本來(lai)常儀(yi)的地(di)位最低,可自從(cong)(cong)生了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)兒子(zi)(zi)(zi),眾(zhong)人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)另眼相看(kan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。慶(qing)都一直為沒有(you)兒子(zi)(zi)(zi)煩惱(nao)。有(you)人(ren)(ren)告(gao)訴她(ta),神母廟求(qiu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)很(hen)靈(ling)驗,只要真心實意,沒有(you)不成的。慶(qing)都照女巫說的,在(zai)(zai)元宵節的晚(wan)飯后(hou),去廟里(li)擺上供(gong)品(pin),然后(hou)恭恭敬敬地(di)磕了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)仨頭,雙手合十,祈求(qiu)神靈(ling)賜子(zi)(zi)(zi)。話(hua)(hua)分兩(liang)頭說。有(you)年大旱,百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)生活困苦。天(tian)(tian)上有(you)條(tiao)赤(chi)龍(long)(long),看(kan)見人(ren)(ren)間的凄慘境(jing)況(kuang),產生了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)憐憫之心,私下(xia)(xia)里(li)下(xia)(xia)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一場雨。這(zhe)(zhe)事被(bei)玉皇大帝(di)(di)(di)(di)知(zhi)道了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),就(jiu)(jiu)把赤(chi)龍(long)(long)壓在(zai)(zai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一座(zuo)山底下(xia)(xia)。百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)為赤(chi)龍(long)(long)求(qiu)情,玉皇大帝(di)(di)(di)(di)發話(hua)(hua)說:“除非(fei)金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)子(zi)(zi)(zi)開(kai)花。”到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)這(zhe)(zhe)天(tian)(tian),不知(zhi)從(cong)(cong)哪里(li)來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)個(ge)老媽媽,一個(ge)勁地(di)喊:“賣(mai)金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)子(zi)(zi)(zi)!”人(ren)(ren)們很(hen)納悶,買回家一看(kan),是(shi)些黃豆(dou)(dou)(dou)。這(zhe)(zhe)些黃豆(dou)(dou)(dou)放在(zai)(zai)鍋里(li)一炒,噼里(li)啪啦地(di)開(kai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)花。玉帝(di)(di)(di)(di)得(de)知(zhi),只得(de)把那條(tiao)赤(chi)龍(long)(long)放了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)出來(lai),貶下(xia)(xia)凡間。慶(qing)都從(cong)(cong)神母廟求(qiu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)后(hou),就(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)盼著(zhu)好消息。一天(tian)(tian)夜里(li),她(ta)夢見一條(tiao)赤(chi)龍(long)(long)追隨,從(cong)(cong)此,就(jiu)(jiu)懷孕(yun)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)第二(er)年的二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er),先(xian)是(shi)電閃雷(lei)鳴,后(hou)又艷陽高照。院子(zi)(zi)(zi)里(li)一道金(jin)光照耀,孩子(zi)(zi)(zi)降(jiang)生了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),起(qi)名叫放勛,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)后(hou)來(lai)的堯王(wang)。放勛聰明伶俐,從(cong)(cong)小就(jiu)(jiu)惹(re)人(ren)(ren)喜(xi)愛,長大當了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)王(wang)后(hou),每到(dao)二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)這(zhe)(zhe)天(tian)(tian),就(jiu)(jiu)同(tong)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)一起(qi)耕(geng)田。帝(di)(di)(di)(di)王(wang)耕(geng)田的習俗就(jiu)(jiu)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)傳了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)下(xia)(xia)來(lai)。每逢過年的時候,集上賣(mai)的木版年畫,“皇帝(di)(di)(di)(di)爺爺使金(jin)牛”,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)由此而來(lai)。對于(yu)堯王(wang)出世(shi)大家都是(shi)眾(zhong)說紛紜(yun),后(hou)世(shi)編一段:金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)開(kai)花赤(chi)龍(long)(long)遂抬頭二(er)月(yue)(yue)初二(er)堯王(wang)喜(xi)出世(shi)。
傳(chuan)說龍抬頭節起源(yuan)于伏(fu)羲氏時代,伏(fu)羲“重農(nong)桑(sang),務(wu)耕(geng)田(tian)”,每(mei)年農(nong)歷二(er)月(yue)初二(er)這(zhe)天“皇娘送飯,御駕(jia)親耕(geng)”,自理一(yi)(yi)畝三分地。后來黃帝、唐堯、虞(yu)舜、夏禹紛紛效法(fa)(fa)先王。到(dao)周武(wu)王時期(qi),不僅沿襲了(le)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)統作法(fa)(fa),而且還當(dang)作一(yi)(yi)項重要的國(guo)策來實(shi)行(xing)。于每(mei)年農(nong)歷二(er)月(yue)初二(er),舉(ju)行(xing)重大(da)儀式,讓(rang)文武(wu)百官都親耕(geng)一(yi)(yi)畝三分地。據說,這(zhe)便是龍抬頭節的由來。
在(zai)(zai)我國北方民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)還流傳(chuan)著這(zhe)(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)個(ge)故事。說(shuo)武則天(tian)當上(shang)皇帝(di),惹惱(nao)了玉(yu)(yu)皇大帝(di),傳(chuan)諭(yu)(yu)四海龍(long)(long)王(wang),三年(nian)內(nei)不得(de)向人間(jian)(jian)降(jiang)雨。不久,司管天(tian)河的(de)龍(long)(long)王(wang)聽見(jian)民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)人家(jia)的(de)哭(ku)聲,看見(jian)餓死人的(de)慘景,擔心(xin)人間(jian)(jian)生路斷絕,便違抗玉(yu)(yu)帝(di)的(de)旨意,為人間(jian)(jian)降(jiang)了一(yi)(yi)次雨。玉(yu)(yu)帝(di)得(de)知,把龍(long)(long)王(wang)打下凡間(jian)(jian),壓在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)座大山下受罪,山上(shang)立碑:“龍(long)(long)王(wang)降(jiang)雨犯天(tian)規(gui),當受人間(jian)(jian)千秋罪;要想(xiang)重(zhong)登靈霄閣,除(chu)非金(jin)(jin)豆(dou)(dou)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)時(shi)。”人們(men)為了拯救龍(long)(long)王(wang),到(dao)處(chu)找(zhao)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)的(de)金(jin)(jin)豆(dou)(dou)。到(dao)次年(nian)農(nong)歷二(er)(er)月初二(er)(er),人們(men)正在(zai)(zai)翻曬玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)種(zhong)子(zi)時(shi),想(xiang)到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)就(jiu)像金(jin)(jin)豆(dou)(dou),炒(chao)一(yi)(yi)炒(chao)開(kai)了花(hua)(hua)不就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)金(jin)(jin)豆(dou)(dou)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)嗎(ma)?于(yu)是(shi)(shi)家(jia)家(jia)戶戶爆玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)花(hua)(hua),并在(zai)(zai)院(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)里設案焚(fen)香,供(gong)上(shang)開(kai)了花(hua)(hua)的(de)“金(jin)(jin)豆(dou)(dou)”。(傳(chuan)說(shuo)有誤,武則天(tian)是(shi)(shi)唐(tang)朝時(shi)期(qi)人物,玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)是(shi)(shi)明(ming)朝才傳(chuan)入(ru)中國的(de),那時(shi)哪里來(lai)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)種(zhong)子(zi)?)龍(long)(long)王(wang)抬頭(tou)一(yi)(yi)看,知道百姓救它,便大聲向玉(yu)(yu)帝(di)喊道:“金(jin)(jin)豆(dou)(dou)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)了,快放我出去(qu)!”玉(yu)(yu)帝(di)一(yi)(yi)看人間(jian)(jian)家(jia)家(jia)戶戶院(yuan)(yuan)里金(jin)(jin)豆(dou)(dou)花(hua)(hua)開(kai)放,只(zhi)好傳(chuan)諭(yu)(yu),詔龍(long)(long)王(wang)回到(dao)天(tian)庭,繼續(xu)給人間(jian)(jian)興云布雨。從(cong)此,民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)形(xing)成習慣(guan),每到(dao)二(er)(er)月初二(er)(er)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)天(tian),就(jiu)爆玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)花(hua)(hua)吃。