“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”的(de)(de)(de)說辭,來自古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)天文學,上古(gu)時(shi)代人們(men)選擇(ze)黃道赤(chi)道附近的(de)(de)(de)二十八(ba)個組(zu)星(xing)象作(zuo)為(wei)坐標(biao),以此作(zuo)為(wei)觀測天象參(can)照(zhao)物。古(gu)人根(gen)據日(ri)月(yue)星(xing)辰的(de)(de)(de)運行軌跡和(he)位置,把黃道附近的(de)(de)(de)星(xing)象劃分(fen)為(wei)二十八(ba)組(zu),俗稱“二十八(ba)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”。“宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”表(biao)示居(ju)住,因(yin)為(wei)它(ta)們(men)環列在日(ri)、月(yue)、五星(xing)的(de)(de)(de)四方(fang),很像日(ri)、月(yue)、五星(xing)棲宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所(suo)(suo),所(suo)(suo)以稱作(zuo)“宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”。“二十八(ba)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”按照(zhao)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)四個方(fang)向(xiang)劃分(fen)為(wei)四大組(zu),產(chan)生“四象”:東(dong)(dong)方(fang)蒼龍(long)(long),西(xi)方(fang)白(bai)虎,南(nan)方(fang)朱雀(que),北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)玄武。在東(dong)(dong)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)7個宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)分(fen)別叫(jiao)做:“角(jiao)、亢、氐(di)、房、心、尾(wei)、箕”,七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)組(zu)成一個完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)形星(xing)象,人們(men)稱它(ta)為(wei)“東(dong)(dong)方(fang)蒼龍(long)(long)”,其(qi)中角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代表(biao)龍(long)(long)角(jiao),亢宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代表(biao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)咽(yan)喉,氐(di)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代表(biao)龍(long)(long)爪,心宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代表(biao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)心臟(zang),尾(wei)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)和(he)箕宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代表(biao)龍(long)(long)尾(wei)。在冬季(ji),這(zhe)蒼龍(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)都(dou)隱沒在北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)地(di)平線下。仲春(驚(jing)蟄(zhe)至春分(fen)間(jian)),角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)一星(xing)和(he)角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)二星(xing))就從東(dong)(dong)方(fang)地(di)平線上出現(xian)了,這(zhe)時(shi)整(zheng)個蒼龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)身子(zi)還隱沒在地(di)平線以下,只是角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)初露,故稱“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”。龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭是指蒼龍(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)群星(xing)在天空的(de)(de)(de)隱現(xian)變(bian)化,并非是真(zhen)有一條動物之(zhi)龍(long)(long)在變(bian)換。
蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七宿的(de)出(chu)(chu)沒周(zhou)期與(yu)一年農時周(zhou)期相一致。春(chun)天農耕(geng)(geng)開(kai)始(shi)之際(ji),蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七宿在(zai)東(dong)方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)平線上(shang)開(kai)始(shi)慢慢上(shang)升(sheng),最(zui)先露出(chu)(chu)的(de)是明亮的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)首—角宿;夏天作(zuo)物(wu)生(sheng)長,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)高懸于(yu)南方(fang)夜(ye)空;而到了秋(qiu)天,莊稼豐收,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)也開(kai)始(shi)在(zai)西方(fang)下(xia)落;冬天萬(wan)物(wu)伏藏,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)則(ze)隱藏于(yu)北方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)平線以下(xia)。古人把仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)時蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七宿在(zai)東(dong)方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)平線上(shang)嶄露頭角稱(cheng)為(wei)“見龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)田”(即為(wei)“龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭”),仲(zhong)(zhong)夏蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七宿升(sheng)至(zhi)正南中(zhong)天稱(cheng)為(wei)“飛龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)天”;此(ci)外還(huan)有“亢龍(long)(long)(long)有悔”、“群(qun)龍(long)(long)(long)無(wu)首”等,分別對應(ying)各時節天象。龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭在(zai)農耕(geng)(geng)文化中(zhong)標(biao)示(shi)陽氣自地(di)(di)(di)(di)底而出(chu)(chu),雨(yu)水增多,萬(wan)物(wu)生(sheng)機盎(ang)然,春(chun)耕(geng)(geng)由此(ci)開(kai)始(shi)了。龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭時節,我國長江(jiang)中(zhong)下(xia)游流域以南很多地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)已開(kai)始(shi)進入雨(yu)季,春(chun)雷始(shi)鳴。元時期將陰歷“二月(yue)二”稱(cheng)為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭,從節氣上(shang)說,“二月(yue)初二”正處在(zai)二十四節氣的(de)“雨(yu)水”、“驚蟄”、“春(chun)分”之間。與(yu)“龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭”相關的(de)的(de)活動(dong)很多,但不論(lun)哪(na)種方(fang)式,均圍繞美(mei)好的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)神信仰而展開(kai),它是人們寄托生(sheng)存希望的(de)活動(dong)。就全國而言,由于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)域不同,各地(di)(di)(di)(di)風俗也各有差異。
龍是中(zhong)國(guo)等東亞區域古代(dai)神話傳說生(sheng)活于(yu)(yu)大(da)海中(zhong)的(de)(de)神異生(sheng)物(wu),司掌行云(yun)布雨,是和風化(hua)雨的(de)(de)主(zhu)宰(zai),常用來象(xiang)(xiang)征祥瑞。其由來于(yu)(yu)自然天象(xiang)(xiang)崇(chong)拜,與上(shang)古時代(dai)天文學(xue)對(dui)星辰運行的(de)(de)認識以(yi)及(ji)農耕(geng)文化(hua)有關。古人觀測天象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)在于(yu)(yu)確(que)定時間,從而為農業生(sheng)產提(ti)供服務(wu)。龍抬(tai)頭(tou)是中(zhong)國(guo)古代(dai)農耕(geng)文化(hua)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)時令的(de)(de)反映,“龍抬(tai)頭(tou)”雖有著久(jiu)遠的(de)(de)歷史源頭(tou),但(dan)廣泛流傳成為全國(guo)性節日并出現在文獻(xian)上(shang)記載(zai)是在元(yuan)代(dai)之后。
漢代是我(wo)國南北各地文化(hua)交流融合的(de)重要時期,在漢代文獻出現了(le)龍(long)形象的(de)記載。西漢董仲舒的(de)《春秋繁(fan)露》中提到舞(wu)龍(long)求雨的(de)活動(dong),直接借(jie)助龍(long)的(de)形象舉行求雨活動(dong)。在漢代畫(hua)像(xiang)石上也刻有(you)“戲龍(long)”的(de)舞(wu)蹈場面,后世以此作(zuo)為舞(wu)龍(long)燈的(de)濫觴。
唐時期,在(zai)文獻(xian)上(shang)仍未出現龍抬(tai)頭的(de)(de)節(jie)俗記載。唐朝長安人(ren)把二月(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)作為一個特殊的(de)(de)日子(zi),說(shuo)這是“迎富貴(gui)”的(de)(de)日子(zi),在(zai)這一天要吃(chi)“迎富貴(gui)果子(zi)”,就是吃(chi)一些點心類(lei)食品。據《唐書·李(li)泌傳》記載,唐中(zhong)葉以(yi)前,在(zai)當時的(de)(de)長安春天只有(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)個節(jie)日——正月(yue)(yue)九(jiu)、正月(yue)(yue)晦(hui)(三(san)(san)(san)十日)和(he)三(san)(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)上(shang)巳(si)節(jie),二月(yue)(yue)沒(mei)有(you)(you)節(jie),李(li)泌上(shang)書,廢正月(yue)(yue)晦(hui),以(yi)二月(yue)(yue)一為中(zhong)和(he)節(jie)(取中(zhong)正、平(ping)和(he)之意),以(yi)示務本。德宗十分(fen)贊(zan)同,并下令以(yi)正月(yue)(yue)初九(jiu)、二月(yue)(yue)朔(shuo)和(he)三(san)(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)上(shang)巳(si)合稱(cheng)三(san)(san)(san)令節(jie)。
唐(tang)德宗(zong)時期,唐(tang)德宗(zong)認為(wei)(wei),三月(yue)(yue)有(you)“上(shang)巳節(jie)(jie)(jie)”,九月(yue)(yue)有(you)“重陽節(jie)(jie)(jie)”,而二(er)月(yue)(yue)正(zheng)是天氣由寒(han)轉(zhuan)暖、萬物復蘇、農(nong)事開始之際(ji),卻沒有(you)一(yi)(yi)個節(jie)(jie)(jie)日(ri)(ri),實在說不過(guo)去,于是就征求(qiu)宰相李(li)(li)(li)泌(mi)(mi)的(de)意見。李(li)(li)(li)泌(mi)(mi)覺(jue)得德宗(zong)所(suo)說頗有(you)道理,為(wei)(wei)此(ci)他建議:廢除以(yi)往正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)晦日(ri)(ri)(正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)最后一(yi)(yi)天)為(wei)(wei)節(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)舊例,改貞元(yuan)五年(nian)(790)二(er)月(yue)(yue)一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)為(wei)(wei)“中和節(jie)(jie)(jie)”;這一(yi)(yi)天,皇帝要(yao)賜宴(yan)群臣,并賜給他們刀、尺,表(biao)示裁度(du):百(bai)官要(yao)獻(xian)農(nong)書,表(biao)示務本;民間要(yao)用青色的(de)袋子裝著(zhu)谷物及瓜果種粒,互(hu)相贈送親友;村社居民要(yao)釀制(zhi)宜春酒來(lai)祭祀勾芒(mang)神,以(yi)祈禱豐收等(deng)等(deng)。德宗(zong)聽了十分高興,完全采納(na)了李(li)(li)(li)泌(mi)(mi)的(de)意見,立即頒布了一(yi)(yi)道詔令(ling),以(yi)貞元(yuan)五年(nian)二(er)月(yue)(yue)一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)為(wei)(wei)中和節(jie)(jie)(jie)。唐(tang)代(dai)宴(yan)會總少不了賦詩樂舞,中和節(jie)(jie)(jie)宴(yan)亦(yi)復如(ru)此(ci)。
尉遲樞(shu)《南梵(fan)新聞》記(ji)載說:“李泌謂(wei)以(yi)二月一(yi)日為中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)節(jie),人家以(yi)青囊盛百(bai)谷(gu)果實,更相饋遺,務(wu)極新巧(qiao),宮(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)亦(yi)然,謂(wei)之獻生子。”可見(jian)獻生子是中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)節(jie)活動(dong)的(de)主要特點。
宋(song)代時(shi)在(zai)(zai)我國一些地方(fang)二月初二有(you)(you)“挑菜”御宴活(huo)動,但(dan)與“龍”無關。宋(song)人周密(mi)在(zai)(zai)《武林舊(jiu)事》中記述南宋(song)時(shi),二月初二這一天(tian)宮(gong)中有(you)(you)“挑菜”御宴活(huo)動。唐宋(song)時(shi)文獻所記載的這些地方(fang)“二月二”活(huo)動并沒(mei)有(you)(you)和“龍抬(tai)頭”聯系(xi)在(zai)(zai)一起。
到了元時期,在(zai)文獻上,陰(yin)歷(li)二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)就明確作(zuo)為“龍(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)”了。《析津志》在(zai)描(miao)述(shu)大都城的風俗時提(ti)到,“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er),謂之龍(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)”。這天北(bei)方(fang)地區(qu)人們盛行吃面(mian)條,稱為“龍(long)須面(mian)”;還要(yao)烙餅,叫作(zuo)“龍(long)鱗(lin)”;若包餃子,則稱為“龍(long)牙”。總之所吃的食(shi)物都要(yao)以(yi)龍(long)體部位命名。
明(ming)代以(yi)后,“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)”又(you)有關(guan)于(yu)龍(long)抬頭的(de)諸多習俗記載,諸如撒灰(hui)引龍(long)、扶龍(long)、熏蟲避蝎、剃龍(long)頭、忌針刺龍(long)眼等(deng)節(jie)俗,故(gu)稱龍(long)抬頭日。元費(fei)著《歲華紀(ji)麗(li)譜(pu)》:“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)日踏青節(jie),韌郡人游賞散四(si)郊。……”。又(you)汪(wang)灝《廣(guang)群芳譜(pu)天時譜(pu)》引《翰墨記》:“洛陽風俗,以(yi)二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)日為花朝(chao)節(jie),士庶游玩,又(you)為挑菜(cai)節(jie)。”
明(ming)時(shi)期還在二(er)月二(er)還增添了“熏(xun)蟲”、“炒(chao)豆”的(de)活動。明(ming)人的(de)《帝京景物略(lve)》中說:“二(er)月二(er)日曰(yue)龍抬頭……熏(xun)床炕,曰(yue)熏(xun)蟲,為引龍蟲不出也。”
清(qing)(qing)康熙時(shi)(shi)的(de)《大興縣志(zhi)》記(ji)(ji)載,“二(er)月(yue)二(er),家(jia)各為葷(hun)素餅,以(yi)油烹(peng)而食(shi)之(zhi),曰(yue)(yue)熏蟲。”清(qing)(qing)咸豐《武(wu)定府志(zhi)》:“……以(yi)二(er)月(yue)二(er)日為春龍(long)節,取(qu)灶灰圍屋如龍(long)蛇(she)狀,名曰(yue)(yue)引錢(qian)龍(long),招福祥也(ye)。清(qing)(qing)末的(de)《燕京歲時(shi)(shi)記(ji)(ji)》說:“二(er)月(yue)二(er)日……今人呼(hu)為龍(long)抬頭。是日食(shi)餅者謂(wei)之(zhi)龍(long)鱗(lin)餅,食(shi)面者謂(wei)之(zhi)龍(long)須面。閨(gui)中停止針(zhen)線(xian),恐傷龍(long)目也(ye)。”這時(shi)(shi)不僅(jin)吃(chi)餅吃(chi)面條,婦女還不能(neng)操做針(zhen)線(xian)活,怕傷害了(le)龍(long)的(de)眼睛。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)本(ben)源于上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)星(xing)(xing)宿(su)(su)(su)崇拜,是(shi)我(wo)國傳統二十八宿(su)(su)(su)天(tian)學體(ti)系(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由角、亢、氐、房、心、尾六(liu)宿(su)(su)(su)星(xing)(xing)官(guan)所(suo)構成的(de)(de)形象(xiang)。而(er)“見龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)田(tian)”所(suo)描(miao)述的(de)(de)則是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)伏沒之(zhi)后(hou),位于龍(long)(long)(long)(long)角的(de)(de)角宿(su)(su)(su)從東(dong)方地平(ping)線上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)重新升(sheng)起的(de)(de)天(tian)象(xiang)。《象(xiang)》曰(yue):“見龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)田(tian),德施普也”。《易經·乾卦》爻(yao)辭中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)言的(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”,實質是(shi)對蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)群(qun)星(xing)(xing)一(yi)年四(si)(si)時運行情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)闡發。“初(chu)九,潛(qian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)勿用”;冬(dong)天(tian)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing),潛(qian)入(ru)北方地平(ping)線下(xia)看不(bu)見,所(suo)以無(wu)用。“九二,見龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)田(tian)”;仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)(chun)(chun)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)從東(dong)方地平(ping)線上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)升(sheng)了起來,嶄露頭(tou)角,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)德顯揚。“九三(san),君子終日乾乾,夕惕若厲,無(wu)咎(jiu)”;季(ji)春(chun)(chun)(chun)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)不(bu)在(zai)天(tian),下(xia)不(bu)在(zai)田(tian),故‘乾乾’。“九四(si)(si),或躍在(zai)淵”;孟夏為(wei)春(chun)(chun)(chun)夏之(zhi)交,蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)全體(ti)都擺脫了大地的(de)(de)羈(ji)絆,升(sheng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)夜空。“九五(wu),飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)天(tian)”;仲(zhong)(zhong)夏的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)飛躍于正(zheng)南中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天(tian),故稱(cheng)“飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”。九五(wu),為(wei)乾卦諸爻(yao)當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至吉(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)爻(yao),喻(yu)事物處于最鼎盛(sheng)時期。“上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)九,亢龍(long)(long)(long)(long)有悔”;季(ji)夏為(wei)夏秋(qiu)之(zhi)交,蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)開始從最高點掉頭(tou)向西下(xia)降(jiang),故稱(cheng)“亢龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”。“用九,群(qun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)無(wu)首(shou)(shou)”;季(ji)秋(qiu)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)群(qun)星(xing)(xing)前面(mian)的(de)(de)幾個星(xing)(xing)宿(su)(su)(su)在(zai)正(zheng)西偏北隱(yin)退潛(qian)入(ru)于地面(mian)。見群(qun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)無(wu)首(shou)(shou),天(tian)德不(bu)可為(wei)首(shou)(shou)也,是(shi)吉(ji)(ji)利(li)的(de)(de)兆頭(tou)。蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)象(xiang)運行情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)事象(xiang)規律,在(zai)《易經》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表現得淋(lin)漓盡(jin)致。仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)(chun)(chun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)出現于地表上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),在(zai)卦象(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)吉(ji)(ji)兆,乃(nai)生(sheng)發之(zhi)象(xiang)。在(zai)農耕文化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標示著陽氣自(zi)(zi)地底(di)而(er)出,陽氣生(sheng)發,雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水增多,萬(wan)物生(sheng)機盎(ang)然(ran)。在(zai)人(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)信仰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”是(shi)吉(ji)(ji)祥(xiang)之(zhi)物,司掌行云布(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu),是(shi)和風化雨(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)主宰。自(zi)(zi)古(gu)以來人(ren)(ren)們亦將仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)(chun)(chun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)出現于地表上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)日子作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)個祈求風調雨(yu)(yu)(yu)順、驅邪攘災(zai)、納祥(xiang)轉(zhuan)運的(de)(de)吉(ji)(ji)日。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神驅邪,百毒不(bu)侵;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神賜福,人(ren)(ren)畜(chu)平(ping)安;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神發力,生(sheng)機勃勃;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神行云,風調雨(yu)(yu)(yu)順。
在(zai)(zai)中國傳統文化(hua)中,方(fang)位(wei)(wei)是和星辰歷的(de)干(gan)(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)以及八卦(gua)(gua)聯(lian)系在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起(qi)的(de)。當(dang)(dang)斗(dou)(dou)柄指(zhi)向正(zheng)(zheng)東方(fang),卦(gua)(gua)在(zai)(zai)震位(wei)(wei),是為(wei)(wei)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)春之(zhi)(zhi)月(yue),萬物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)出達也,萬物(wu)(wu)出則天(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)變化(hua)可現(xian)矣。故《易(yi)(yi)·說卦(gua)(gua)傳》曰:“帝出乎(hu)(hu)震,齊乎(hu)(hu)巽,相(xiang)(xiang)見乎(hu)(hu)離(li),致役乎(hu)(hu)坤,說言乎(hu)(hu)兌(dui),戰乎(hu)(hu)乾(qian),勞乎(hu)(hu)坎(kan),成言乎(hu)(hu)艮。”按《易(yi)(yi)經》理(li)論,斗(dou)(dou)指(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)東,卦(gua)(gua)象為(wei)(wei)震,天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)(gan)甲乙(yi),地(di)支(zhi)(zhi)曰卯,五行屬木,時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)春。當(dang)(dang)其時(shi)(shi)(shi)也,萬物(wu)(wu)出達,生機勃(bo)勃(bo)。斗(dou)(dou)指(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)南,卦(gua)(gua)象為(wei)(wei)離(li),天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)(gan)丙丁,地(di)支(zhi)(zhi)曰午,五行屬火,時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)夏之(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)。當(dang)(dang)其時(shi)(shi)(shi)也,萬物(wu)(wu)生長,其勢盛(sheng)極。斗(dou)(dou)指(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)西,卦(gua)(gua)象為(wei)(wei)兌(dui),天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)(gan)庚辛,地(di)支(zhi)(zhi)曰酉,五行屬金,時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)秋之(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)。當(dang)(dang)其時(shi)(shi)(shi)也,萬物(wu)(wu)豐收(shou),天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)肅殺。斗(dou)(dou)指(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)北,卦(gua)(gua)象為(wei)(wei)坎(kan),天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)(gan)壬癸,地(di)支(zhi)(zhi)曰子(zi),五行屬水,時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冬之(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)。當(dang)(dang)其時(shi)(shi)(shi)也,萬物(wu)(wu)閉藏,不相(xiang)(xiang)見也。
從(cong)節(jie)氣上(shang)說(shuo),農(nong)歷二(er)月(yue)(yue)初二(er),正處在“雨(yu)水(shui)”、“驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)”和“春(chun)(chun)分(fen)”之間,我國(guo)南方(fang)很多地(di)(di)方(fang)已(yi)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)進入雨(yu)季。驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)在立春(chun)(chun)、雨(yu)水(shui)之后(hou),是(shi)(shi)(shi)春(chun)(chun)季的(de)(de)第三個(ge)節(jie)氣,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)干支歷卯(mao)月(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)起(qi)始(shi)(shi)。卯(mao),冒也,萬(wan)物(wu)冒地(di)(di)而出(chu),為生發(fa)之大(da)(da)象,代表(biao)(biao)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生機(ji)茂發(fa),如《律書》曰:”卯(mao)之為言(yan)茂也。言(yan)萬(wan)物(wu)茂也“。由此可知,卯(mao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指萬(wan)物(wu)從(cong)地(di)(di)下冒出(chu)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si),也就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)草木(mu)都從(cong)地(di)(di)下面冒出(chu)為卯(mao),卯(mao)也就(jiu)(jiu)代表(biao)(biao)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生命力,代表(biao)(biao)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生機(ji),所以二(er)月(yue)(yue)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)能量迸發(fa),生機(ji)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)份(fen),預示一年(nian)的(de)(de)農(nong)事活動即將(jiang)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)。仲春(chun)(chun)時(shi)節(jie)龍抬頭,萬(wan)物(wu)復蘇(su)雨(yu)似油;年(nian)年(nian)角宿光明(ming)亮,歲(sui)歲(sui)如意(yi)大(da)(da)豐收。一年(nian)十二(er)個(ge)月(yue)(yue),一個(ge)月(yue)(yue)對應(ying)一卦,卯(mao)月(yue)(yue)(包括驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)和春(chun)(chun)分(fen)兩個(ge)節(jie)氣)對應(ying)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)雷天大(da)(da)壯一卦。大(da)(da)壯卦的(de)(de)卦象就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)天上(shang)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)打(da)雷了,雷在天上(shang)響(xiang),非常形象。驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)春(chun)(chun)天的(de)(de)第一聲驚(jing)雷,所謂“春(chun)(chun)雷驚(jing)百(bai)蟲(chong)”,驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)節(jie),春(chun)(chun)雷始(shi)(shi)響(xiang),蟄(zhe)(zhe)伏于地(di)(di)下冬眠的(de)(de)蟄(zhe)(zhe)蟲(chong)被雷驚(jing)醒(xing),紛(fen)紛(fen)破土而出(chu)。大(da)(da)壯卦是(shi)(shi)(shi)卯(mao)月(yue)(yue)(二(er)月(yue)(yue))的(de)(de)消息卦。“卯(mao)”有茂盛(sheng)的(de)(de)意(yi)思(si),卯(mao)的(de)(de)五行屬木(mu),木(mu)主生發(fa)、生長,所以大(da)(da)壯卦對應(ying)的(de)(de)驚(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)節(jie)氣,意(yi)味著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)萬(wan)物(wu)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)欣(xin)欣(xin)向(xiang)榮,生機(ji)盎然,大(da)(da)地(di)(di)上(shang)將(jiang)出(chu)現春(chun)(chun)暖花(hua)開(kai)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)美好景象。
現代氣(qi)(qi)象(xiang)科學表(biao)明,“驚蟄(zhe)”前(qian)后(hou),之所(suo)以(yi)偶(ou)有(you)雷(lei)聲(sheng),是(shi)大地(di)濕度漸(jian)高而(er)(er)促使近地(di)面熱氣(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)升或北上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)濕熱空氣(qi)(qi)勢力(li)較強與(yu)活動頻繁所(suo)致。從我國各(ge)地(di)自然物(wu)(wu)候(hou)(hou)進程看,由于南(nan)北跨度大,春雷(lei)始鳴的(de)(de)時(shi)間遲早不一(yi)。就多年平(ping)均而(er)(er)言,云南(nan)南(nan)部在(zai)1月底前(qian)后(hou)即可聞雷(lei),而(er)(er)北京的(de)(de)初雷(lei)日(ri)卻在(zai)4月下旬。“驚蟄(zhe)始雷(lei)”的(de)(de)說法僅與(yu)沿(yan)長(chang)江流(liu)域以(yi)南(nan)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)規律相吻(wen)合。驚蟄(zhe)后(hou),是(shi)萬物(wu)(wu)生長(chang)的(de)(de)好(hao)時(shi)光(guang),該種的(de)(de)農作物(wu)(wu)都可以(yi)開始種了。作為全年氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)回升最快的(de)(de)節氣(qi)(qi),除(chu)東北、西北地(di)區(qu)仍是(shi)銀妝素裹的(de)(de)冬日(ri)景(jing)象(xiang)外,我國大部分地(di)區(qu)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)已升至(zhi)0℃以(yi)上(shang)(shang),華(hua)北地(di)區(qu)日(ri)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)為3至(zhi)6℃,沿(yan)江江南(nan)地(di)區(qu)為8℃以(yi)上(shang)(shang),而(er)(er)西南(nan)和華(hua)南(nan)已達10至(zhi)15℃以(yi)上(shang)(shang),早已是(shi)一(yi)派融(rong)融(rong)春光(guang)了,日(ri)照時(shi)數也(ye)有(you)了明顯(xian)的(de)(de)增加。
我國古代天(tian)文(wen)學家根(gen)據日月五星(xing)的運行軌跡把天(tian)空劃分(fen)為28天(tian)宿,即“黃道帶(dai)”,以(yi)此來(lai)表示日月五星(xing)的運行和位置。28天(tian)宿可分(fen)為4個大區(4象(xiang)或4神(shen)),東方(fang)(fang)蒼龍(long)(包括(kuo)角(jiao)、亢、氐(di)、房(fang)、心、尾、箕七(qi)宿);西方(fang)(fang)白虎(hu)(包括(kuo)奎、婁、胃、昴、畢、觜、參(can)七(qi)宿);南(nan)方(fang)(fang)朱(zhu)雀(包括(kuo)井、鬼、柳、星(xing)、張、翼(yi)、軫七(qi)宿);北方(fang)(fang)玄(xuan)武(包括(kuo)斗、牛、女(nv)、虛、危、室(shi)、壁(bi)七(qi)宿)。其中‘角(jiao)宿’就(jiu)是(shi)龍(long)角(jiao)。在仲(zhong)春(chun)卯月之初東方(fang)(fang)地平(ping)線上(shang)升起了龍(long)角(jiao)星(xing),所(suo)以(yi)稱(cheng)為龍(long)抬頭(tou)。即是(shi)指(zhi)東方(fang)(fang)蒼龍(long)七(qi)宿星(xing)象(xiang)的空間變化(hua)。
龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)的(de)由來與(yu)古代天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)有關(guan)。中(zhong)國古代天(tian)文(wen)學將(jiang)周天(tian)黃道(dao)確定為(wei)28個(ge)星(xing)座,稱(cheng)為(wei)“二(er)十八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”。古人又將(jiang)這28個(ge)星(xing)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)按(an)(an)照(zhao)東南西北(bei)分(fen)在四(si)宮,每宮7宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su),并按(an)(an)照(zhao)它(ta)們的(de)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)將(jiang)四(si)宮形(xing)(xing)容為(wei)“青龍(long)(long),白虎,朱(zhu)雀,玄武(wu)“4種神獸(shou)。龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)所提(ti)到(dao)的(de)“龍(long)(long)”,指的(de)就(jiu)是(shi)是(shi)天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)周天(tian)二(er)十八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)東方青龍(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)頭(tou)部“角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”上有兩顆星(xing):角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)一和角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)二(er),代表蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)頭(tou)上的(de)兩只犄角(jiao)(jiao)。“角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”之后(hou)(hou)的(de)四(si)顆星(xing)是(shi)“亢宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”,亢是(shi)龍(long)(long)的(de)咽喉,在咽喉下面有四(si)顆星(xing)排列(lie)成一個(ge)簸箕(ji)的(de)形(xing)(xing)狀是(shi)“氐宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”,代表著龍(long)(long)爪(zhua)。龍(long)(long)爪(zhua)后(hou)(hou)面的(de)房宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、心(xin)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、尾宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)和箕(ji)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)分(fen)別代表了龍(long)(long)的(de)心(xin)臟和尾巴(ba)。
每年的(de)(de)(de)(de)仲春晚上,蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)星(xing)宿(su)開(kai)始從(cong)東(dong)方露頭(tou),角(jiao)宿(su),代表龍(long)(long)(long)角(jiao),開(kai)始從(cong)東(dong)方地平線上顯現,約一(yi)(yi)個(ge)鐘頭(tou)后,亢(kang)宿(su),即龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉,升至地平線以(yi)上,接近子夜時分,氐宿(su),即龍(long)(long)(long)爪也出現了(le)。這(zhe)就(jiu)是“龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)頭(tou)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)。之(zhi)后,每天的(de)(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)頭(tou)”日期,均約提前一(yi)(yi)點,經(jing)過一(yi)(yi)個(ge)多月時間,整個(ge)“龍(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)”就(jiu)“抬(tai)(tai)(tai)”起來(lai)了(le)。當地球(qiu)公轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)使蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)與太陽處在同一(yi)(yi)方向時,太陽的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)芒就(jiu)會(hui)淹沒星(xing)光(guang),人們就(jiu)會(hui)看不到天上的(de)(de)(de)(de)那條巨(ju)龍(long)(long)(long);而過一(yi)(yi)段時間后,地球(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)轉(zhuan)移了(le),這(zhe)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)又會(hui)重新出現,周而復始,古(gu)人找到了(le)這(zhe)個(ge)規律,并以(yi)它來(lai)判斷(duan)時令。由(you)于“歲差(cha)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因,現"龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)頭(tou)"實際時間或(huo)推遲。
“二(er)月二(er)、龍抬頭(tou)”,象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)著(zhu)生機、萬物復蘇。中(zhong)國與古代西方天(tian)文學不同(tong),中(zhong)國把恒星(xing)劃(hua)分成(cheng)為“三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”和“四象(xiang)(xiang)”七大星(xing)區(qu)。所(suo)謂“垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”就是“城(cheng)墻”的(de)(de)意(yi)思。“三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”是“紫(zi)微(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)皇宮;“太(tai)微(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)行政(zheng)機構;“天(tian)市垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)繁(fan)華街市。這(zhe)三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)環繞(rao)著(zhu)北極星(xing)呈三(san)角狀(zhuang)排列。在“三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”外圍(wei)分布著(zhu)“四象(xiang)(xiang)”:東蒼龍、西白(bai)虎(hu)、南朱雀、北玄(xuan)武(wu),也就是說,東方的(de)(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)一條龍,西方的(de)(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)一只(zhi)虎(hu),南方的(de)(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)一只(zhi)大鳥(niao),北方的(de)(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)龜和蛇。由于地球圍(wei)繞(rao)太(tai)陽公(gong)轉(zhuan),天(tian)空的(de)(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)也隨著(zhu)季節轉(zhuan)換。每到冬春(chun)之交(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)傍晚,蒼龍顯現;春(chun)夏之交(jiao)(jiao),玄(xuan)武(wu)升起;夏秋(qiu)之交(jiao)(jiao),白(bai)虎(hu)露頭(tou);秋(qiu)冬之交(jiao)(jiao),朱雀上升。
《春秋命歷序》曰:“天地(di)(di)開辟,萬(wan)物渾(hun)(hun)渾(hun)(hun),無(wu)知(zhi)無(wu)識(shi);陰(yin)陽(yang)所憑,天體(ti)始(shi)于(yu)北極之(zhi)野…日月(yue)五(wu)(wu)(wu)緯俱起牽牛;四萬(wan)五(wu)(wu)(wu)千年,日月(yue)五(wu)(wu)(wu)緯一輪(lun)轉(zhuan);天皇出焉…定天之(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang),法地(di)(di)之(zhi)儀,作(zuo)干支(zhi)以定日月(yue)度。”早(zao)在遠古(gu)時期(qi)古(gu)人就(jiu)已經能“觀象(xiang)(xiang)授時”,定天之(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)、法地(di)(di)之(zhi)儀,并(bing)確定了星宿天象(xiang)(xiang)、干支(zhi)及(ji)二(er)十(shi)四節氣(qi)。
詞(ci)典《爾雅》中有(you)云:數(shu)起(qi)角(jiao)亢,列(lie)宿(su)之長(chang)。故角(jiao)之見(jian)于東方(fang)也(ye),物(wu)換春回,鳥獸生(sheng)角(jiao),草木甲坼。它的意(yi)思是在萬物(wu)復蘇的春天,東方(fang)蒼(cang)龍的角(jiao)宿(su)每到傍(bang)晚將(jiang)從東方(fang)升(sheng)起(qi)。
龍(long)是(shi)(shi)海(hai)中神物,主要是(shi)(shi)主宰雨(yu)水(shui),如《山海(hai)經(jing)》中所說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)應龍(long),民間(jian)的(de)(de)“龍(long)抬頭(tou)”節(jie),其源頭(tou)應追溯至(zhi)遠(yuan)古。神話(hua)著作《山海(hai)經(jing)》中說(shuo)(shuo),應龍(long)居處(chu)在南(nan)(nan)方,“故(gu)南(nan)(nan)方多雨(yu)”,而燭(zhu)龍(long)“不(bu)食不(bu)寢(qin)不(bu)息,風雨(yu)是(shi)(shi)謁”,也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)經(jing)常招來風雨(yu)。由于想象中的(de)(de)龍(long)能騰(teng)云(yun)駕霧,于是(shi)(shi)相信龍(long)能給人(ren)帶來祥(xiang)瑞(rui)。傳說(shuo)(shuo)龍(long)能行云(yun)布雨(yu)、消災(zai)降福,象征祥(xiang)瑞(rui)。
《說(shuo)文解(jie)字》中解(jie)釋“龍”字:“龍,鱗(lin)蟲之長。能幽(you)能明,能細能巨,能短能長。春分而登天,秋分而潛淵(yuan)。”?
《帝京景物略·卷二春(chun)場》:“二月二,曰龍抬(tai)頭,煎元旦(dan)祭余(yu)餅,熏床炕,謂(wei)之熏蟲(chong)兒,謂(wei)引龍,沖、蟲(chong)不出也。”
《燕京歲時記》:“二(er)月二(er)日(ri),古(gu)之(zhi)中和(he)節(jie)也。今人呼(hu)為龍(long)抬頭(tou)。是(shi)日(ri)食(shi)餅(bing)者謂(wei)之(zhi)龍(long)鱗餅(bing),食(shi)面者謂(wei)之(zhi)龍(long)須面。閨中停(ting)止(zhi)針(zhen)線,恐傷龍(long)目(mu)。”
《大同府志》:“二月(yue)二日,各村疃社醵錢獻生(sheng),謂(wei)之(zhi)‘扶龍頭’。提壺汲(ji)井水注(zhu)之(zhi),曰‘引龍頭’。”
唐(tang)代著名詩(shi)人白居易有(you)詩(shi)云(yun):“二月二日新(xin)雨(yu)晴,草芽(ya)菜(cai)甲一時生;輕衫(shan)細馬春年少,十字津(jin)頭一字行。”
中國(guo)(guo)民(min)間(jian)認為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)吉(ji)祥(xiang)(xiang)之物(wu)(wu),和風化雨(yu)的(de)(de)主宰(zai)。“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)”,意味著陽氣生發、萬物(wu)(wu)生機盎然(ran)。故(gu)自(zi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)來,人(ren)們在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)時(shi)節(jie),會(hui)舉行(xing)(xing)(xing)敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈雨(yu)、放生,以(yi)求(qiu)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)吉(ji)祥(xiang)(xiang)豐收,并將龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)時(shi)節(jie)作為一(yi)(yi)個納祥(xiang)(xiang)轉(zhuan)運的(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)流傳著“二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er),拜(bai)村(cun)社(she);龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou),祈豐收;八月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er),祭(ji)村(cun)堂(tang);龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)收尾,送龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)歸”的(de)(de)說(shuo)法。從節(jie)氣上(shang)說(shuo),農歷二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初,正處在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)“雨(yu)水(shui)”、“驚(jing)蟄”和“春分”之間(jian),我(wo)國(guo)(guo)南方很(hen)多(duo)地(di)方已(yi)開始(shi)進入雨(yu)季。俗話說(shuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)天(tian)不雨(yu)”。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)古(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)神(shen)格譜系中,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)海(hai)(hai)中神(shen)物(wu)(wu),掌(zhang)管著降雨(yu),降雨(yu)的(de)(de)多(duo)少直(zhi)接關(guan)系到(dao)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)的(de)(de)莊稼的(de)(de)豐歉(qian),因此,為了求(qiu)得龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)云布雨(yu),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)時(shi)節(jie)要在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)廟前(qian)擺供,舉行(xing)(xing)(xing)隆重的(de)(de)祭(ji)拜(bai)儀式,同(tong)時(shi)唱大戲(xi)以(yi)娛神(shen);敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈雨(yu),放生,以(yi)求(qiu)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)吉(ji)祥(xiang)(xiang)豐收;也有一(yi)(yi)些地(di)方在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)節(jie)有“起龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船”的(de)(de)活動。二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初二(er)既是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)節(jie)也是(shi)“土(tu)地(di)誕”,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)南方沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)地(di)區,二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初二(er)主要舉行(xing)(xing)(xing)社(she)祭(ji),祭(ji)祀土(tu)地(di)神(shen)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)民(min)間(jian)有剃(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)、祭(ji)祀、敬(jing)文昌神(shen)、吃(chi)面條(tiao)、炸油糕(gao)、爆(bao)玉米花、吃(chi)豬頭(tou)(tou)(tou)等習俗。“剃(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)”習俗,或(huo)源(yuan)于古(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)對龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰的(de)(de)崇拜(bai),如(ru)古(gu)(gu)(gu)籍(ji)中所記載(zai)的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)斷(duan)發紋身以(yi)像(xiang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)習俗。“二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)”這天(tian),許多(duo)人(ren)都要理發,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi)理發叫作“剃(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)”,這預(yu)示一(yi)(yi)年(nian)有好的(de)(de)開始(shi)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)時(shi)節(jie)敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)習俗,體現了中國(guo)(guo)“天(tian)人(ren)合一(yi)(yi)”的(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)觀。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)天(tian)氣漸漸轉(zhuan)暖、雨(yu)水(shui)開始(shi)增(zeng)多(duo)的(de)(de)時(shi)節(jie),人(ren)們希(xi)望通過(guo)敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈福順應這一(yi)(yi)過(guo)程(cheng),從而做(zuo)到(dao)與自(zi)然(ran)和諧相(xiang)處。
古(gu)時(shi)我國北(bei)方(fang)一些(xie)地區二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)有圍糧囤、引田(tian)龍(long)(long)、敲房梁(liang)、理(li)發、煎(jian)燜子、吃豬頭肉(rou)、吃面條(tiao)、吃水餃、吃糖豆(dou)、吃煎(jian)餅(bing)、忌動針線的(de)習俗(su)。為了納吉,二(er)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)這天我國北(bei)方(fang)人的(de)吃食(shi)物(wu)均取與“龍(long)(long)”相關(guan)的(de)名字,面條(tiao)不叫(jiao)“面條(tiao)”,稱(cheng)作(zuo)“龍(long)(long)須面”;水餃稱(cheng)作(zuo)“龍(long)(long)耳”、“龍(long)(long)角(jiao)”;米飯稱(cheng)作(zuo)“龍(long)(long)子”;煎(jian)餅(bing)烙(luo)成龍(long)(long)鱗狀,稱(cheng)作(zuo)“龍(long)(long)鱗餅(bing)”;面條(tiao)、餛飩一塊煮叫(jiao)做“龍(long)(long)拿珠”;吃豬頭稱(cheng)作(zuo)“食(shi)龍(long)(long)頭”;吃蔥(cong)餅(bing)叫(jiao)做“撕龍(long)(long)皮”。一切(qie)均取與龍(long)(long)有關(guan)的(de)象征與寓(yu)意。
民間(jian)有(you)(you)許多(duo)禁忌(ji)避諱“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)”,諸(zhu)如(ru)此(ci)日家(jia)中忌(ji)動(dong)針(zhen)線(xian),怕傷到(dao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)眼,招(zhao)災惹禍(huo);忌(ji)擔水(shui),認為這天(tian)晚上龍(long)(long)(long)(long)要出來活(huo)動(dong),禁止到(dao)河邊或井邊擔水(shui),以(yi)免驚(jing)擾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)行(xing)動(dong),招(zhao)致旱災之年;忌(ji)諱蓋房打夯,以(yi)防傷“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)”;再(zai)者(zhe),忌(ji)諱磨(mo)面,認為磨(mo)面會榨到(dao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou),不吉(ji)利(li)。俗話說“磨(mo)為虎,碾為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”,有(you)(you)石磨(mo)的(de)人(ren)家(jia),這天(tian)要將磨(mo)支(zhi)起上扇,方便“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)升天(tian)”。除如(ru)上習俗外(wai),民間(jian)往往還舉行(xing)多(duo)種(zhong)活(huo)動(dong)納吉(ji),諸(zhu)如(ru)舞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、戴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)尾、開筆(bi)等(deng)。
民諺(yan)云:“二月(yue)二龍(long)抬(tai)頭,八(ba)月(yue)二龍(long)收尾。”二月(yue)二龍(long)抬(tai)頭作為古(gu)代民俗的(de)一種節(jie)日,如(ru)今已經基本(ben)上從中(zhong)國(guo)人的(de)現代生活中(zhong)淡(dan)化(hua)出去了。不過,對(dui)于“二月(yue)二龍(long)抬(tai)頭”的(de)一些文(wen)(wen)化(hua)內涵,例如(ru)古(gu)人對(dui)龍(long)的(de)崇拜、“龍(long)抬(tai)頭”在古(gu)天(tian)文(wen)(wen)學上的(de)唯(wei)物解釋(shi)等等,是仍然具有(you)研究(jiu)價值。
二(er)月二(er)既是(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)抬頭節也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)的誕辰,“土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)誕”也(ye)稱(cheng)“社(she)日(ri)(ri)(ri)節”。社(she)日(ri)(ri)(ri)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)春社(she)日(ri)(ri)(ri)和秋社(she)日(ri)(ri)(ri),古時春社(she)是(shi)(shi)(shi)立(li)春后第(di)五(wu)個戊日(ri)(ri)(ri),秋社(she)是(shi)(shi)(shi)立(li)秋后第(di)五(wu)個戊日(ri)(ri)(ri)(戊,五(wu)行屬土(tu)(tu))。古人認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)(tu)生(sheng)萬(wan)物,土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)廣為(wei)(wei)(wei)敬奉(feng)的神(shen)靈(ling)之一。人們認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)管理(li)著五(wu)谷(gu)的生(sheng)長(chang)和地(di)(di)(di)方的平(ping)安,很多地(di)(di)(di)方的百(bai)姓都在社(she)日(ri)(ri)(ri)奉(feng)祀(si)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)。土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)又稱(cheng)福德(de)正(zheng)神(shen),在中國南方地(di)(di)(di)區,為(wei)(wei)(wei)給(gei)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)公(gong)“暖(nuan)壽”,有的地(di)(di)(di)方有舉辦“土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)會”的習俗:家家湊錢為(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)祝賀(he)生(sheng)日(ri)(ri)(ri),到土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)廟燒香祭(ji)祀(si),敲鑼鼓,放鞭炮。
古(gu)代把(ba)土(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen)和祭(ji)祀土(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen)的(de)地方都叫"社",按照(zhao)民間(jian)的(de)習俗(su),每到播種或(huo)收獲(huo)的(de)季節,農民們(men)都要立社祭(ji)祀,祈求或(huo)酬報土(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen)。土(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen)在(zai)(zai)人(ren)的(de)日(ri)常生活中處(chu)于(yu)重要地位,不(bu)但家族大,而且(qie)分布廣。在(zai)(zai)居家中有(you)居家土(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen),村(cun)屯有(you)村(cun)屯的(de)土(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen),城市(shi)有(you)城市(shi)的(de)土(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen),有(you)的(de)將土(tu)(tu)地供(gong)奉(feng)在(zai)(zai)家中,有(you)的(de)供(gong)奉(feng)在(zai)(zai)門口(kou)(kou),有(you)的(de)則供(gong)在(zai)(zai)村(cun)落的(de)社廟中。總(zong)之土(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen)的(de)職(zhi)責就是保佑著一方土(tu)(tu)地之內的(de)人(ren)物康泰,人(ren)口(kou)(kou)清潔,出入平(ping)安了(le)。
二月二這(zhe)天在飲(yin)食(shi)上也有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)講究,北方(fang)百姓在這(zhe)天飲(yin)食(shi)多以龍(long)(long)為(wei)名。吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)(bing)名曰(yue)“吃(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)鱗”,吃(chi)(chi)面(mian)條名曰(yue)“吃(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)須”,吃(chi)(chi)餛(hun)飩為(wei)“吃(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)眼”,吃(chi)(chi)餃子則叫“吃(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)耳”,面(mian)條、餛(hun)飩一(yi)塊(kuai)煮叫做“龍(long)(long)拿(na)珠”,吃(chi)(chi)蔥餅(bing)(bing)叫做“撕龍(long)(long)皮”。有(you)些(xie)地方(fang)還有(you)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)眼”、“龍(long)(long)須”、“龍(long)(long)舌(she)”、“龍(long)(long)耳”、“龍(long)(long)皮”、“龍(long)(long)子”、“龍(long)(long)蛋”以及吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)(bing)、吃(chi)(chi)豬(zhu)頭(tou)肉(rou)的(de)習(xi)俗(su)。一(yi)切均取與龍(long)(long)有(you)關的(de)象(xiang)征與寓意(yi)。這(zhe)些(xie)都寄托了人們祈(qi)龍(long)(long)賜(si)福的(de)強烈愿(yuan)望。
北方(fang)地(di)區過(guo)(guo)二月(yue)二,農家(jia)就開始準(zhun)備炒(chao)糖(tang)(tang)豆(dou)的(de)(de)原(yuan)料。二月(yue)二早上(shang),家(jia)家(jia)戶戶都用(yong)(yong)糖(tang)(tang)炒(chao)花生和(he)黃豆(dou),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)叫糖(tang)(tang)豆(dou),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)叫蝎(xie)豆(dou),還有(you)(you)的(de)(de)爆玉(yu)米花。過(guo)(guo)去都是自(zi)(zi)家(jia)制作自(zi)(zi)家(jia)食(shi)用(yong)(yong),現在不同(tong)了,一般(ban)沒有(you)(you)自(zi)(zi)家(jia)制作的(de)(de)了。城里的(de)(de)超市(shi)里,農村的(de)(de)集市(shi)上(shang),二月(yue)二前后擺滿了各式各樣的(de)(de)糖(tang)(tang)豆(dou),大概有(you)(you)十(shi)幾種(zhong)甚(shen)至(zhi)更多。隨吃隨買,香甜(tian)可口。二月(yue)二這(zhe)天,農家(jia)的(de)(de)餐桌上(shang)要擺多種(zhong)糖(tang)(tang)豆(dou),以示慶賀這(zhe)個節日。
早上(shang)卯(mao)(mao)時(5點到7點之間(jian)),卯(mao)(mao)月的第一個卯(mao)(mao)日(ri)卯(mao)(mao)時,出門面向東方深吸氣,此為一吉。
指二(er)月初二(er)理發,兒童理發,叫剃(ti)“喜(xi)頭(tou)”,借(jie)龍抬頭(tou)之吉時,保佑孩童健康成長,長大(da)后出人(ren)(ren)頭(tou)地;大(da)人(ren)(ren)理發,辭舊迎(ying)新(xin),希望帶來好運,新(xin)的一年順順利利。
古時,龍(long)抬(tai)頭節是祭(ji)祀龍(long)神(shen)的日子,每年(nian)的這一天,人(ren)們都要(yao)到龍(long)神(shen)廟(miao)或水(shui)畔焚香上(shang)供祭(ji)祀龍(long)神(shen),祈(qi)求龍(long)神(shen)興云化雨,保(bao)佑一年(nian)五谷豐登。龍(long)抬(tai)頭時節我國部(bu)分(fen)地區會有“起龍(long)船”的活動(dong),請龍(long)出水(shui),以及祈(qi)求事事順(shun)利的心愿。
“龍(long)抬頭”也是農(nong)(nong)村的農(nong)(nong)事(shi)節。農(nong)(nong)諺曰:“二月二龍(long)抬頭,大家小戶(hu)使耕牛”。農(nong)(nong)時春(chun)雨貴如(ru)油。倘春(chun)雨充沛,預示著一年的大豐收(shou)。
相傳農歷二(er)月(yue)初三(san)為文昌(主宰功名之(zhi)神)誕辰日(ri),舊(jiu)時這(zhe)天讓孩(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)開筆寫字,取(qu)龍(long)抬頭之(zhi)吉兆,為孩(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)正衣冠、點(dian)朱砂(sha)啟蒙(meng)明(ming)智,寓意孩(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)眼明(ming)心明(ming),祝愿孩(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)長大(da)斷文識字。開筆禮是(shi)人生的第一次大(da)禮,是(shi)中國傳統中對少兒開始識字習禮的啟蒙(meng)教育形(xing)式。
每當春龍(long)節到(dao)來,我(wo)國部分地區在這天早晨(chen)家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)戶(hu)打著燈籠到(dao)井(jing)邊(bian)或河(he)邊(bian)挑水,回(hui)到(dao)家(jia)里便點(dian)燈、燒香、上(shang)供。舊(jiu)時,人們把這種儀式叫做“引(yin)田(tian)龍(long)”。引(yin)龍(long)伏蟲的(de)活動有很多(duo),最有特點(dian)是(shi)撒(sa)灰(hui)(hui)。撒(sa)灰(hui)(hui)十分講究,灰(hui)(hui)多(duo)選用草(cao)(cao)木(mu)灰(hui)(hui),人們自家(jia)門口以草(cao)(cao)木(mu)灰(hui)(hui)撒(sa)一(yi)條(tiao)龍(long)到(dao)河(he)邊(bian),再(zai)用谷糠撒(sa)一(yi)條(tiao)龍(long)引(yin)到(dao)家(jia),意為送走懶(青)龍(long)、引(yin)來錢(qian)(黃)龍(long),保佑人財兩旺;從臨街(jie)大門外一(yi)直(zhi)撒(sa)到(dao)廚房灶(zao)間(jian),并繞水缸一(yi)圈,叫做“引(yin)錢(qian)龍(long)”;將(jiang)草(cao)(cao)木(mu)灰(hui)(hui)撒(sa)于(yu)門口,攔門辟災(zai);將(jiang)草(cao)(cao)木(mu)灰(hui)(hui)撒(sa)于(yu)墻腳,呈龍(long)蛇狀,以招福祥、避(bi)蟲害。陜西(xi)富縣一(yi)帶還流行撒(sa)灰(hui)(hui)圍莊(zhuang)墻外的(de)做法,也是(shi)伏龍(long)驅(qu)蟲的(de)表現。后(hou)來,也出現用石(shi)灰(hui)(hui)替(ti)代草(cao)(cao)木(mu)灰(hui)(hui)伏龍(long)降蟲的(de)做法。
①山東地區用灶煙在地面畫一條龍。一是(shi)請龍回來(lai)興(xing)云布雨,祈求豐收(shou);二(er)是(shi)龍為百蟲之神,龍來(lai)了,蟲都躲起來(lai),對人體健康(kang)、農作物生長都有(you)益。
②晉西北地(di)區(qu)引(yin)錢龍(long),選擇一棵(ke)大樹或一塊大石,用(yong)灰線圍灑一圈(quan),再用(yong)紅線拴一枚銅錢置圈(quan)內,牽線回家,用(yong)容器蓋住即(ji)成。
③還有地區(qu)在這(zhe)(zhe)天清早(zao),人們(men)從井里挑水(shui)回家,倒入(ru)水(shui)缸。誰最先(xian)挑回家就(jiu)最先(xian)引到錢(qian)龍,這(zhe)(zhe)年(nian)財運(yun)就(jiu)會非常(chang)好,所以(yi)經常(chang)出(chu)現(xian)凌(ling)晨(chen)爭先(xian)恐(kong)后挑水(shui)的情(qing)形。
黃(huang)河三(san)角洲及(ji)一些沿河地(di)區還有”放(fang)(fang)龍燈“的(de)習俗。不少人(ren)家用蘆葦或秫(shu)秸扎成(cheng)小(xiao)船,插(cha)上蠟燭或放(fang)(fang)上用蘿卜挖(wa)成(cheng)的(de)小(xiao)油碗,待(dai)到傍晚時分,放(fang)(fang)到河里(li)或灣里(li)點燃,為龍照路。借此娛樂(le)同時又傳遞一種美好的(de)祝愿。
東北部分地(di)區在(zai)二月二早(zao)晨,以(yi)長竿(gan)擊打房(fang)梁(liang),謂之”敲(qiao)(qiao)龍(long)頭(tou)“。把龍(long)喚醒,佑一(yi)方平安(an)。大人小孩(hai)還念著(zhu):”二月二,龍(long)抬頭(tou),大倉滿,小倉流(liu)。“有的(de)地(di)方在(zai)院子里用(yong)灶灰撒一(yi)個個大圓(yuan)圈,將五谷雜(za)糧放于中間,稱作”打囤“或”填倉“,預祝(zhu)當年五谷豐登(deng),倉囤盈滿。擊房(fang)梁(liang)就(jiu)是用(yong)木棍(gun)或者竹竿(gan)敲(qiao)(qiao)擊房(fang)梁(liang),以(yi)驚走蛇(she)、蝎等毒蟲(chong),毋(wu)使(shi)為害(hai)。有的(de)地(di)方流(liu)行敲(qiao)(qiao)擊炕沿,目的(de)與敲(qiao)(qiao)擊房(fang)梁(liang)相(xiang)同(tong)。
我國北方(fang)廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)流(liu)傳著“二月(yue)二,龍抬頭;大倉(cang)(cang)(cang)滿,小(xiao)倉(cang)(cang)(cang)流(liu)”的(de)(de)民諺。農(nong)歷(li)二月(yue)初二清晨,北方(fang)很(hen)多地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)村民早(zao)早(zao)起床,家庭主婦(fu)從自家鍋(guo)灶(zao)底下掏一(yi)筐燒柴禾余下的(de)(de)草木灰,拿一(yi)把(ba)小(xiao)鐵鏟(chan)子鏟(chan)些草木灰,人走手搖,在地(di)上畫出一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)圓來。圍(wei)(wei)倉(cang)(cang)(cang)的(de)(de)圓圈(quan),大套小(xiao),少則三圈(quan),多則五圈(quan),圍(wei)(wei)單不圍(wei)(wei)雙。圍(wei)(wei)好(hao)倉(cang)(cang)(cang)后,把(ba)家中的(de)(de)糧食虔誠地(di)放在倉(cang)(cang)(cang)的(de)(de)中間,還(huan)有意撒在倉(cang)(cang)(cang)的(de)(de)外(wai)圍(wei)(wei),象征當年(nian)的(de)(de)大豐收。
古代將自然界中的生(sheng)物分成(cheng)毛(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)、羽(yu)蟲(chong)(chong)、介蟲(chong)(chong)、鱗(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)五大類(lei)(lei)(lei)。毛(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)指(zhi)披毛(mao)獸類(lei)(lei)(lei),羽(yu)蟲(chong)(chong)指(zhi)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei),介蟲(chong)(chong)指(zhi)帶(dai)(dai)甲殼類(lei)(lei)(lei),鱗(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)指(zhi)有鱗(lin)之魚和帶(dai)(dai)翅昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)。龍是(shi)(shi)鱗(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)之長,龍出則百蟲(chong)(chong)伏藏(zang)。二月初(chu)二正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)驚蟄前后,百蟲(chong)(chong)萌動,疾病易(yi)生(sheng),蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)也是(shi)(shi)莊稼的天敵,因此人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)引龍伏蟲(chong)(chong),希(xi)望(wang)借龍威鎮伏百蟲(chong)(chong),保佑(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)畜平安,五谷豐登。進入農(nong)歷二月,天氣漸暖,各種昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)開始活(huo)動,有些昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)對人(ren)(ren)(ren)的健康是(shi)(shi)有害(hai)的,所以二月二這一天,人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)紛紛攤烙煎餅(bing)、燃(ran)燒熏(xun)香,希(xi)望(wang)憑借煙氣驅走(zou)毒蟲(chong)(chong)。
二(er)月初二(er)吃豬頭(tou)肉也有(you)(you)說(shuo)法。自古以來,供奉祭神總要用豬牛羊三(san)牲(sheng),后來簡化為(wei)三(san)牲(sheng)之(zhi)頭(tou),豬頭(tou)即其中之(zhi)一(yi)。如今就有(you)(you)一(yi)道(dao)名菜叫做“扒(ba)(ba)豬臉(lian)”,經過選料(liao)、清洗(xi)(xi)、噴烤、洗(xi)(xi)泡、醬制(zhi)等十(shi)二(er)道(dao)步(bu)驟,歷經十(shi)多個小時(shi)的(de)烹飪,才(cai)能端(duan)上(shang)餐桌。“扒(ba)(ba)豬臉(lian)”有(you)(you)三(san)種(zhong),一(yi)是(shi)原汁(zhi)原味吃;二(er)是(shi)蘸醬汁(zhi)吃;三(san)是(shi)卷煎餅吃。每一(yi)種(zhong)吃法都有(you)(you)不同(tong)的(de)滋味。
撒灰引龍、打(da)灰囤
我(wo)國山(shan)東部分地(di)區(qu)農村,這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)天有(you)“撒灰引龍”、“打灰囤”的(de)(de)習俗。這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)天,天還(huan)蒙(meng)蒙(meng)亮的(de)(de)時候,家(jia)家(jia)戶戶就開始撒灰了,用(yong)簸箕盛著(zhu)草木灰,沿著(zhu)自家(jia)房子(zi)外(wai)圍墻根密密的(de)(de)撒一(yi)圈,因為這(zhe)(zhe)條灰線(xian)又細又長,形似(si)傳說中的(de)(de)龍,所以(yi)(yi)這(zhe)(zhe)個舉動也被叫做(zuo)“撒灰引龍”,寓意把象征吉祥的(de)(de)龍請到家(jia)里。除此之外(wai),家(jia)家(jia)戶戶還(huan)會(hui)在門前、場院用(yong)草木灰圍成(cheng)一(yi)個個圓圈,中間放上(shang)五谷、硬幣。代(dai)表著(zhu)糧(liang)食屯、錢屯,有(you)的(de)(de)囤外(wai)再畫上(shang)梯子(zi),以(yi)(yi)表明囤的(de)(de)高大。一(yi)邊用(yong)灰畫圈還(huan)一(yi)面(mian)嘴里念叨(tao)著(zhu):“二月二、打簸箕,大囤滿(man)、小(xiao)囤漾”,希望來(lai)年(nian)家(jia)里糧(liang)食豐收,財源(yuan)滾滾。
實際(ji)上,撒灰除了象征意義,在實際(ji)中也是有(you)(you)用的,在農村,舊式的農家房(fang)屋為土(tu)(tu)木建筑,房(fang)舍墻(qiang)體或(huo)由土(tu)(tu)墼(ji)壘砌,寒(han)冬里,墻(qiang)縫、炕縫自然成(cheng)了蝎子、蚰蜒、“草鞋(xie)底(di)”等毒蟲(chong)(chong)蟄(zhe)伏之處。驚蟄(zhe)以后,這(zhe)些(xie)毒蟲(chong)(chong)伺機出動,危害人身。二(er)月二(er)當天(tian),村民便(bian)在炕墻(qiang)下面及房(fang)屋墻(qiang)根底(di)下撒上點草木灰,也有(you)(you)熏蟲(chong)(chong)辟邪的作用。臨沂一(yi)些(xie)地方這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)舉辦土(tu)(tu)地會,農戶湊錢為土(tu)(tu)地爺過生日,到土(tu)(tu)地廟燒香(xiang)祭祀、敲鑼鼓、放鞭炮,以求土(tu)(tu)地爺保(bao)佑有(you)(you)個好收成(cheng)。
剃龍頭
二(er)(er)月初二(er)(er),民間(jian)最大的(de)習俗是(shi)“剃(ti)龍頭”,不管是(shi)老人(ren)小孩,剪(jian)發(fa)、修容,讓自己煥然一(yi)(yi)新(xin),預(yu)示著可以求(qiu)得(de)一(yi)(yi)年的(de)好(hao)運。從一(yi)(yi)大早開始,一(yi)(yi)些理(li)(li)發(fa)店里(li)就人(ren)來(lai)人(ren)往(wang),顧客(ke)迎門,理(li)(li)發(fa)師們(men)都忙得(de)不亦樂乎。許多(duo)(duo)人(ren)之所(suo)以選在這天剪(jian)發(fa),是(shi)因為民間(jian)有習俗,正月剃(ti)頭不吉利,所(suo)以很多(duo)(duo)人(ren)普遍(bian)是(shi)在年前理(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)發(fa),然后一(yi)(yi)直等到二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)才“理(li)(li)發(fa)去舊”。
吃豆(dou)子、攤(tan)煎(jian)餅,舞龍燈
二月二這(zhe)天(tian),山東傳統民俗(su),這(zhe)一天(tian)要吃炒黃(huang)豆(dou)、炒豆(dou)萁,也都有(you)攤煎(jian)餅(bing)的習俗(su)。祈求今(jin)年五谷豐(feng)登(deng),有(you)個好(hao)收成。不少地方(fang)還有(you)舞(wu)龍燈等活動,為的就(jiu)是(shi)祈福送福。
吃春餅
二(er)月(yue)二(er)日既然是“龍抬頭”之時,許多食(shi)品就與(yu)龍牽扯在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起(qi)。北(bei)京(jing)民俗(su)食(shi)品,一(yi)種烙(luo)得很薄的面餅,又稱薄餅。北(bei)方(fang)地(di)區還時興食(shi)用面條、水(shui)餃等(deng)。每年立春(chun)日,北(bei)京(jing)人都要(yao)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅,名(ming)(ming)曰“咬春(chun)”。農歷二(er)月(yue)初二(er),這一(yi)天北(bei)京(jing)人也(ye)要(yao)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅,名(ming)(ming)曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍鱗”。春(chun)餅比吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)烤鴨(ya)的薄餅要(yao)大,并(bing)且(qie)有韌性(北(bei)京(jing)人稱為(wei)要(yao)有“骨立勁(jing)兒”),因(yin)為(wei)要(yao)卷很多菜吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。昔日,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅時講究到盒(he)子(zi)鋪去叫“蘇盤(pan)”(又稱盒(he)子(zi)菜)。吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅時,全家圍坐一(yi)起(qi),把(ba)烙(luo)好的春(chun)餅放在(zai)(zai)蒸鍋里,隨吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)隨拿,為(wei)的是吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)個熱乎(hu)勁(jing)兒。若在(zai)(zai)二(er)月(yue)二(er)這一(yi)天吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅,北(bei)京(jing)人還講究把(ba)出嫁的姑(gu)娘(niang)接回家吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅。
吃“驢打滾”
老北京(jing)的習(xi)俗,人們喜歡在農歷二月二買“驢打滾(gun)(gun)”品嘗(chang)。黃豆粉面裹豆沙(sha)餡兒的驢打滾(gun)(gun)外形圓潤,有“財源滾(gun)(gun)滾(gun)(gun)”的吉祥含義。
照房梁、驅蟲
在北京民間有民諺說“二(er)月二(er),照房梁(liang),蝎(xie)子(zi)蜈蚣無處(chu)藏”,老(lao)百(bai)姓要在這(zhe)天驅(qu)除(chu)害(hai)蟲(chong),點著蠟燭,照著房梁(liang)和墻(qiang)壁驅(qu)除(chu)蝎(xie)子(zi)、蜈蚣等,這(zhe)些蟲(chong)兒一見亮光就(jiu)掉(diao)下來被消滅了。龍抬頭(tou)這(zhe)一天進行驅(qu)蟲(chong)活(huo)動的(de)習俗主要流(liu)行于我(wo)國北方地區(qu)。二(er)月二(er)時各種(zhong)昆蟲(chong)包括毒蟲(chong)的(de)活(huo)動開(kai)始(shi)頻繁,為了避免(mian)毒蟲(chong)的(de)傷害(hai),人們舉行一些含有驅(qu)蟲(chong)意(yi)味(wei)的(de)活(huo)動。如用(yong)棍棒、掃帚或(huo)者鞋(xie)子(zi)敲打梁(liang)頭(tou)、墻(qiang)壁、門戶、床炕等,以避蛇蝎(xie)、蚰蜒、老(lao)鼠等蟲(chong)物。通常還要念吟唱(chang)歌謠(yao),如“二(er)月二(er),龍抬頭(tou),蝎(xie)子(zi)、蜈蚣不露(lu)頭(tou)。”(天津)。”
在(zai)晉西北地(di)區,人(ren)們(men)盛行“司錢(qian)龍(long)”,早上(shang)(shang)太陽未出山(shan),家家戶戶提一把茶壺,到(dao)河邊或(huo)井上(shang)(shang)去汲水(shui)(shui)。按(an)照這(zhe)一年幾龍(long)治水(shui)(shui)的推(tui)算,在(zai)茶壺內放幾枚(mei)銅錢(qian)或(huo)硬幣。汲水(shui)(shui)以后(hou),隨走(zou)隨傾地(di)灑(sa)一條水(shui)(shui)跡回到(dao)家中,將(jiang)余下的水(shui)(shui)與錢(qian)全部(bu)倒入(ru)水(shui)(shui)缸(gang),錢(qian)龍(long)就引(yin)(yin)回家來了,意(yi)喻一年發(fa)財。“引(yin)(yin)錢(qian)龍(long)”時特別忌說話,以免(mian)驚跑了錢(qian)龍(long)。
晉西北(bei)一(yi)些(xie)地方(fang)的(de)引錢(qian)(qian)龍(long),選擇(ze)一(yi)棵(ke)大(da)(da)樹(shu)或一(yi)塊大(da)(da)石,用(yong)灰線圍灑一(yi)圈(quan)。再用(yong)紅線拴一(yi)枚銅錢(qian)(qian),先將銅錢(qian)(qian)置放在灰線圈(quan)內,手拉線牽回家中,用(yong)容(rong)器蓋住即(ji)成。
另一習俗(su)是驅毒活動(dong)。俗(su)話說:“驚(jing)蟄過,百蟲(chong)蘇(su)。”《陽(yang)城縣志》載:“百蟄初驚(jing),懸(xuan)天師符(fu)以辟蟲(chong)毒。”
陜西西安地區(qu)這一(yi)天,一(yi)般是外(wai)婆(舅家)給(gei)外(wai)甥(女)送爆米花及餑餑饃。媽(ma)媽(ma)會前一(yi)天炒好齊(qi)子(zi)豆,準(zhun)備(bei)給(gei)家里人。齊(qi)子(zi)豆是用油(you)、水和面,然后切成小的立方體,再用油(you)炒了(le)。有的地方會把花生和齊(qi)子(zi)豆一(yi)齊(qi)炒。
二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)在河北(bei),農村(cun)早起有挑龍蛋(dan)的(de)風俗,天還沒有亮的(de)時候(hou),男主人用水桶(tong)從村(cun)里(li)的(de)水井里(li)打水,相傳二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)的(de)水井里(li)會有龍蛋(dan),挑回家(jia)里(li)以求風調雨順(shun),取吉祥之意。
邯鄲:吃“龍(long)須面”;“龍(long)耳”、“龍(long)角(jiao)”(餃子(zi));“龍(long)子(zi)”(米飯);“龍(long)拿珠”(混(hun)沌面);“食(shi)龍(long)頭”(豬頭)。每逢農(nong)歷二(er)月初(chu)二(er),磁(ci)州(zhou)附近山村有姑娘(niang)(niang)們(men)(men)過乞(qi)巧(qiao)節(jie)的習(xi)俗。這一天,姑娘(niang)(niang)們(men)(men)可自由結伴,穿上好(hao)衣裳,帶好(hao)小米、白面、油、鹽(yan)及鍋(guo)、碗、盆、勺(shao)等工具,一起上山野餐,這就(jiu)是磁(ci)州(zhou)古(gu)時流傳下(xia)來的"姑娘(niang)(niang)二(er)月二(er)吃乞(qi)巧(qiao)飯"習(xi)俗。
石家莊:吃(chi)麻花,豬(zhu)頭肉,餃子(zi)。那邊是(shi)要吃(chi)那種面(mian)片,石家莊人(ren)叫咸食,混著雞蛋(dan)和面(mian)粉香味的(de)面(mian)片香;也有叫菜餅(bing)子(zi)的(de),就是(shi)把(ba)在地(di)窖里藏了一冬天的(de)蘿卜挖出(chu)來,切成絲和面(mian)和到一起,烙(luo)出(chu)來的(de)餅(bing),沾(zhan)著蒜泥和醋(cu),很(hen)多人(ren)吃(chi)不習慣,不過這(zhe)么多年的(de)風俗沿襲下來,而且還一直能傳承下去(qu)。
承德:早起煎餅(bing)早起煎餅(bing)午餃子(zi)煎肉片煎魚(yu)(yu):二(er)月二(er)炸魚(yu)(yu)煎肉,這叫(jiao)“熏蟲兒(er)”。因(yin)為(wei)二(er)月二(er)正值驚蟄前后,百蟲蠢動,疫病易生,人們祈望用這香味熏醒(xing)傳(chuan)說中的(de)龍(long)鎮住毒蟲,吃(chi)豬頭(tou)肉。
滄州:吃(chi)龍(long)拿珠,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)面(mian)條(tiao)和餃子(zi)一起下鍋(guo)煮,煮熟(shu)了再(zai)吃(chi)。吃(chi)餃子(zi)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)龍(long)耳朵的意(yi)思或面(mian)條(tiao)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)龍(long)須(xu)子(zi)意(yi)思。吃(chi)龍(long)鱗餅。
奉祀土地公
南(nan)方(fang)”二(er)月(yue)二(er)“主(zhu)要(yao)以祭(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)(土(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen))習(xi)俗(su)為主(zhu),祭(ji)(ji)龍習(xi)俗(su)主(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)龍升天的(de)(de)仲(zhong)夏端(duan)午。在(zai)浙江、福建、廣東(dong)、廣西等地(di)區,既有龍抬(tai)頭(tou)節習(xi)俗(su),又以祭(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)為主(zhu)的(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)。由于(yu)”地(di)載萬(wan)物“、”聚(ju)財(cai)于(yu)地(di)“,我國(guo)南(nan)方(fang)普遍奉祀土(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen),土(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)又稱”社(she)(she)“、”社(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)“、”土(tu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)“、“土(tu)地(di)公”、”福德正神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)“,客家(jia)人(ren)稱”土(tu)地(di)伯公“。”二(er)月(yue)二(er)“(古(gu)時春(chun)社(she)(she)是(shi)(shi)立春(chun)后(hou)第(di)五個戊日,秋社(she)(she)是(shi)(shi)立秋后(hou)第(di)五個戊日)社(she)(she)日節主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)祭(ji)(ji)祀土(tu)地(di)和聚(ju)社(she)(she)會飲,借敬神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)、娛神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)而娛人(ren)。從上古(gu)開(kai)始(shi),社(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)就成為了(le)祭(ji)(ji)祀系統中的(de)(de)祀典之神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)。時至今日,古(gu)老的(de)(de)“社(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)”已有了(le)很(hen)多(duo)變化(hua),但(dan)祭(ji)(ji)祀土(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)一直保留下來,并隨著華(hua)人(ren)的(de)(de)遷徙,在(zai)泰國(guo),新(xin)加坡,馬來西亞(ya)等東(dong)南(nan)亞(ya)國(guo)家(jia)也開(kai)花結果,落地(di)生根。
分祭豬肉
分祭肉(rou),聚(ju)眾(zhong)宴(yan)飲,奏(zou)樂(le)歡(huan)娛(yu)(yu)。社祭作為民眾(zhong)歡(huan)聚(ju)節日(ri)(ri)的習(xi)俗(su),在(zai)龍抬(tai)頭這天也(ye)會上演。《廣(guang)州(zhou)府志(zhi)》引《番禺(yu)志(zhi)》載:“二(er)月二(er)日(ri)(ri)土地會,大小衙署及(ji)街巷無(wu)不召梨(li)園奏(zou)樂(le)娛(yu)(yu)神。”昔日(ri)(ri)那祭社的盛況及(ji)人們聚(ju)眾(zhong)宴(yan)飲的歡(huan)娛(yu)(yu)場面,在(zai)這些記載中可見(jian)一斑(ban)。?
開筆禮
“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er),龍抬(tai)(tai)頭,龍不抬(tai)(tai)頭我抬(tai)(tai)頭。”在(zai)(zai)傳統(tong)習俗里,為取龍抬(tai)(tai)頭之吉兆。兒(er)童在(zai)(zai)二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)這天,會(hui)舉(ju)行“開筆禮”,過(guo)去私塾(shu)先生(sheng)多在(zai)(zai)這一天收學生(sheng),謂之“占鰲頭”。人們希望通過(guo)這種方式,祝(zhu)愿(yuan)每一個孩子長大后斷文(wen)識字。
起龍船
在龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭這天,廣(guang)東一些(xie)地(di)方(fang)有“起龍(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)”的(de)(de)活動,眾人跳入水(shui)(shui)中“起龍(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)”,請龍(long)(long)(long)(long)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)、清洗龍(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)、試扒(ba)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)。人們選擇這天作(zuo)為傳統“起龍(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)”的(de)(de)日子,是(shi)為了顯(xian)示百(bai)姓(xing)對龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟的(de)(de)尊重,以及祈求(qiu)事事順利的(de)(de)心愿。
敬龍神
在過去,潮州有“迎青龍”之(zhi)俗(su),是(shi)以青色蛇為青龍,用彩車、彩隊(dui)扛了游(you)巡,這是(shi)敬祭(ji)龍神的遺風。
剪龍頭
一(yi)直流傳(chuan)著二月二“剪龍(long)(long)頭”的(de)習俗,這天大人、孩(hai)子都剃(ti)頭,叫“剃(ti)喜(xi)頭”。特別(bie)是(shi)男(nan)孩(hai)子,都要(yao)理發,謂之(zhi)“剪龍(long)(long)頭”,據說(shuo)在這一(yi)天理發能(neng)夠帶(dai)來一(yi)年的(de)好(hao)運(yun),也有要(yao)想鴻運(yun)當剃(ti)頭的(de)寓意。
炮會
二月二土地(di)神誕辰(chen),在廣東(dong)部分地(di)區,當(dang)地(di)男女老少會用震(zhen)天(tian)的鞭(bian)炮祈求風(feng)調雨順(shun)、五谷豐(feng)登(deng),這一習俗(su)被(bei)人們稱作“炮會”。
龍食
由(you)于人(ren)(ren)們對龍的崇(chong)拜,龍抬頭這天人(ren)(ren)們要(yao)吃有“龍”字(zi)的食品來(lai)沾(zhan)“龍氣”,所以龍抬頭風味食物大都以“龍”來(lai)命名。面條稱作“龍須(xu)面”、面餅稱作“龍鱗餅”……,人(ren)(ren)們希(xi)望以此祈求龍王保(bao)佑一年風調(diao)雨順。
浙南:泗溪二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)廟會(hui),地(di)處(chu)浙江(jiang)南部的(de)泰(tai)順縣(xian)泗溪鎮是著名的(de)廊橋(qiao)(qiao)之鄉(xiang),世界最美廊橋(qiao)(qiao)“姊妹橋(qiao)(qiao)”的(de)所在地(di),這里山清(qing)水秀,空(kong)氣清(qing)新(xin)。在泗溪鎮白粉墻村有著近三百年(nian)歷(li)史(shi)的(de)二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)祈(qi)福廟會(hui)活(huo)動(dong)(dong),每(mei)年(nian)農(nong)歷(li)二(er)(er)月初(chu)二(er)(er)這天,白粉墻村都要在本村的(de)“陳(chen)十四(si)娘(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)”廟舉行二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)廟會(hui)(祈(qi)福活(huo)動(dong)(dong))。該(gai)習俗(su)興起于清(qing)朝雍正年(nian)間,俗(su)稱“做福”或“福酒”,從(cong)清(qing)代至民(min)國“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)”廟會(hui)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)發展(zhan)到鼎盛,前(qian)往參加“福宴(yan)”的(de)人群除本境(jing)鄉(xiang)民(min),更(geng)多的(de)來客都是從(cong)十鄉(xiang)八里之外慕名面(mian)來,可謂(wei)盛況空(kong)前(qian)。廟會(hui)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)內容精彩(cai),其中最大的(de)地(di)方特色是“娘(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)踩街”、“福宴(yan)”和浙南木偶戲。
唐山遷安:遷安地區的風(feng)俗是登山。
江蘇南通:民間有用面粉(fen)制作(zuo)壽(shou)桃、牲畜,蒸熟后插(cha)(cha)在(zai)竹簽上(shang),晚上(shang)再插(cha)(cha)在(zai)田(tian)間,認為(wei)這是供百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)之神和祭祀祖(zu)先的食(shi)品,祈求(qiu)祖(zu)先驅(qu)趕蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)災(zai),也(ye)希(xi)望(wang)百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)之神不(bu)要危害莊稼。山(shan)東日照濰坊地(di)(di)區(qu)農村會(hui)用草木灰在(zai)地(di)(di)上(shang)畫谷倉(cang)糧(liang)(liang)倉(cang),在(zai)倉(cang)內撒上(shang)五(wu)谷,祈禱新(xin)一年谷糧(liang)(liang)滿倉(cang)。并在(zai)這一天(tian)(tian)炒糖豆(dou),(白糖、冰糖和花生一起炒)吃(chi)(chi)糖豆(dou)。是日,各(ge)地(di)(di)普遍把(ba)食(shi)品名(ming)稱加上(shang)“龍(long)”的頭銜,吃(chi)(chi)水餃叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)耳”,吃(chi)(chi)春餅叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)鱗”,吃(chi)(chi)面條叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)食(shi)“龍(long)須”,吃(chi)(chi)米飯(fan)叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)子”,吃(chi)(chi)餛(hun)飩叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)眼”等(deng)。婦女(nv)(nv)(nv)們在(zai)這一天(tian)(tian)不(bu)能做針(zhen)線活,因為(wei)蒼(cang)龍(long)在(zai)這一天(tian)(tian)要抬頭觀望(wang)天(tian)(tian)下(xia),使用針(zhen)會(hui)刺傷(shang)龍(long)的眼睛。婦女(nv)(nv)(nv)起床前,先念“二月(yue)二,龍(long)抬頭,龍(long)不(bu)抬頭我(wo)抬頭”。起床后還要打著燈(deng)籠(long)照房梁(liang),邊(bian)照邊(bian)念“二月(yue)二,照房梁(liang),蝎子蜈(wu)蚣無處藏”。有的地(di)(di)方婦女(nv)(nv)(nv)停止洗衣服,怕傷(shang)了龍(long)皮,等(deng)等(deng)。山(shan)東菏澤民間習(xi)俗是二月(yue)二這天(tian)(tian)炒鹽水黃(huang)豆(dou),讓(rang)黃(huang)豆(dou)開花。
福(fu)建莆田(tian):莆田(tian)民間有(you)“二(er)月(yue)二(er),龍抬頭(tou),打牙(ya)(ya)(ya)祭(ji),大聚(ju)餐”之(zhi)俗。農歷二(er)月(yue)初(chu)(chu)二(er),俗稱(cheng)“二(er)月(yue)二(er)”,莆仙人稱(cheng)二(er)月(yue)二(er)為(wei)“頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”,而且與臘月(yue)十六(liu)的“尾牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”同等重視。按(an)地方方言,“做(zuo)(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”也叫“打牙(ya)(ya)(ya)祭(ji)”。所(suo)謂(wei)“打牙(ya)(ya)(ya)祭(ji)”,在(zai)《現(xian)代漢語詞典》注解說:“原(yuan)指每逢(feng)月(yue)初(chu)(chu)、月(yue)中吃一頓有(you)葷菜(cai)的飯,后(hou)來泛指偶而吃一頓豐(feng)盛的飯。”然而,在(zai)莆仙,整個正月(yue)里鬧元宵,都(dou)有(you)“豐(feng)盛的菜(cai)肴”,算不上是“做(zuo)(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”“打牙(ya)(ya)(ya)祭(ji)”。到(dao)(dao)二(er)月(yue)初(chu)(chu)二(er),才(cai)是一年(nian)中“做(zuo)(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”的頭(tou)一次,所(suo)以稱(cheng)為(wei)“頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”。“頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”這一天(tian),按(an)傳統慣(guan)例,各行業(ye)、商店鋪、包括(kuo)各戶主(zhu),一到(dao)(dao)黃昏(hun)前(qian)后(hou)時段,置辦果品酒肴等,點香(xiang)燭(zhu)、燒“貢銀”、放(fang)鞭炮等。城里的把供案擺在(zai)自家店門前(qian),鄉(xiang)村(cun)的到(dao)(dao)田(tian)頭(tou)、社廟祭(ji)祀土地神,祈(qi)求豐(feng)收。然后(hou),以祭(ji)神福(fu)余,邀(yao)請雇(gu)傭(yong)伙友工(gong)(gong)匠們聚(ju)餐,未得邀(yao)請者,就意味著被“解雇(gu)”。莆仙村(cun)民凡有(you)雇(gu)傭(yong)木工(gong)(gong)、泥工(gong)(gong)等工(gong)(gong)匠做(zuo)(zuo)工(gong)(gong)的人家,戶主(zhu)須于二(er)月(yue)初(chu)(chu)二(er)晚上辦酒席請工(gong)(gong)匠“做(zuo)(zuo)頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)”。
福建福清:江陰鎮的(de)(de)南曹村二月初二日報恩寺桃溪境迎春(chun)神游甚為壯觀,人(ren)們(men)裝扮成狀(zhuang)元、榜眼、探花郎(lang)、文武百(bai)官,彩旗、腰鼓隊、旱船、蚌女、十番、舞(wu)龍、舞(wu)獅參游人(ren)數眾多。春(chun)和景明,大(da)地綠遍,到郊外走走,空(kong)氣新鮮(xian),陽光充(chong)足,大(da)氣中的(de)(de)“長壽素(su)”——陰離子較(jiao)多,是(shi)(shi)調整人(ren)體(ti)代謝的(de)(de)天(tian)然“藥物”,更是(shi)(shi)治(zhi)療精(jing)神緊張的(de)(de)理(li)想(xiang)“解毒(du)劑”。村民們(men)以淳(chun)樸的(de)(de)情懷用古(gu)老傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)方(fang)式迎接著(zhu)新一年(nian)的(de)(de)平(ping)安與(yu)豐收,祈(qi)盼著(zhu)風調雨順、五谷豐登(deng)、繁榮(rong)昌盛。
傳(chuan)說堯王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)父親帝(di)(di)嚳(ku)(帝(di)(di)俊)共有四個(ge)王(wang)(wang)妃:姜嫄(yuan)(jiāng yuán)、簡狄(jiǎn dí)、慶(qing)都(dou)(dou)、常儀。本來(lai)常儀的(de)(de)地位最(zui)低,可(ke)自從生了(le)(le)(le)(le)兒子,眾人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)另眼相(xiang)看(kan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。慶(qing)都(dou)(dou)一(yi)直為沒(mei)有兒子煩(fan)惱。有人(ren)(ren)告訴她,神母(mu)(mu)廟求子很靈驗,只要真心(xin)實(shi)意,沒(mei)有不(bu)成的(de)(de)。慶(qing)都(dou)(dou)照(zhao)女巫說的(de)(de),在元宵(xiao)節的(de)(de)晚飯后(hou)(hou),去(qu)廟里(li)(li)擺上(shang)供(gong)品,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)恭恭敬敬地磕了(le)(le)(le)(le)仨(sa)頭,雙(shuang)手(shou)合十,祈求神靈賜子。話分兩頭說。有年大(da)(da)旱,百姓生活困(kun)苦(ku)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)有條赤(chi)龍,看(kan)見人(ren)(ren)間的(de)(de)凄慘境況,產生了(le)(le)(le)(le)憐憫之心(xin),私(si)下(xia)里(li)(li)下(xia)了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)場雨。這事被玉(yu)皇大(da)(da)帝(di)(di)知(zhi)道了(le)(le)(le)(le),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)把(ba)赤(chi)龍壓在了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)座山底(di)下(xia)。百姓為赤(chi)龍求情,玉(yu)皇大(da)(da)帝(di)(di)發話說:“除(chu)非金(jin)豆子開(kai)花。”到了(le)(le)(le)(le)二月(yue)二這天(tian)(tian)(tian),不(bu)知(zhi)從哪里(li)(li)來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)個(ge)老媽媽,一(yi)個(ge)勁地喊:“賣金(jin)豆子!”人(ren)(ren)們很納悶(men),買回家一(yi)看(kan),是些(xie)(xie)黃(huang)(huang)豆。這些(xie)(xie)黃(huang)(huang)豆放(fang)(fang)在鍋(guo)里(li)(li)一(yi)炒,噼(pi)里(li)(li)啪啦地開(kai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)花。玉(yu)帝(di)(di)得知(zhi),只得把(ba)那條赤(chi)龍放(fang)(fang)了(le)(le)(le)(le)出(chu)來(lai),貶下(xia)凡間。慶(qing)都(dou)(dou)從神母(mu)(mu)廟求子后(hou)(hou),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)盼著好消息。一(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)夜里(li)(li),她夢見一(yi)條赤(chi)龍追隨,從此(ci),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)懷孕了(le)(le)(le)(le)。到了(le)(le)(le)(le)第二年的(de)(de)二月(yue)二,先(xian)是電閃雷鳴,后(hou)(hou)又艷陽(yang)高照(zhao)。院子里(li)(li)一(yi)道金(jin)光照(zhao)耀,孩子降生了(le)(le)(le)(le),起名叫放(fang)(fang)勛,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是后(hou)(hou)來(lai)的(de)(de)堯王(wang)(wang)。放(fang)(fang)勛聰明伶俐,從小就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)惹人(ren)(ren)喜愛,長大(da)(da)當了(le)(le)(le)(le)帝(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou),每到二月(yue)二這天(tian)(tian)(tian),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)同百姓一(yi)起耕(geng)田。帝(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)耕(geng)田的(de)(de)習俗就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)這樣傳(chuan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)下(xia)來(lai)。每逢過年的(de)(de)時候,集上(shang)賣的(de)(de)木版年畫(hua),“皇帝(di)(di)爺爺使金(jin)牛”,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是由此(ci)而來(lai)。對于堯王(wang)(wang)出(chu)世大(da)(da)家都(dou)(dou)是眾說紛(fen)紜,后(hou)(hou)世編一(yi)段:金(jin)豆開(kai)花赤(chi)龍遂抬(tai)頭二月(yue)初二堯王(wang)(wang)喜出(chu)世。
傳說龍抬(tai)頭節起源于伏羲氏時(shi)代,伏羲“重農桑,務耕田”,每年農歷(li)二(er)月(yue)初二(er)這(zhe)天“皇娘送飯,御駕親耕”,自理一畝三(san)分地。后來黃帝、唐堯、虞(yu)舜、夏禹(yu)紛紛效法先王(wang)(wang)。到(dao)周武王(wang)(wang)時(shi)期(qi),不僅(jin)沿襲了這(zhe)一傳統作法,而且還當作一項重要的國策來實行(xing)。于每年農歷(li)二(er)月(yue)初二(er),舉行(xing)重大儀式,讓文(wen)武百官都親耕一畝三(san)分地。據說,這(zhe)便是龍抬(tai)頭節的由來。
在(zai)我國北方民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)還流傳(chuan)(chuan)著這(zhe)(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)個故(gu)事(shi)。說武則天(tian)當(dang)上(shang)皇帝(di),惹惱了(le)(le)玉皇大帝(di),傳(chuan)(chuan)諭(yu)四海龍(long)(long)(long)王,三年(nian)內不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)向(xiang)人(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)。不(bu)(bu)久,司管天(tian)河的龍(long)(long)(long)王聽(ting)見民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)人(ren)家(jia)(jia)的哭聲,看(kan)見餓死人(ren)的慘(can)景(jing),擔心人(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)生路斷絕(jue),便違抗(kang)玉帝(di)的旨意,為人(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)降(jiang)(jiang)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)次雨(yu)(yu)。玉帝(di)得(de)(de)知(zhi),把(ba)龍(long)(long)(long)王打下(xia)凡間(jian)(jian)(jian),壓在(zai)一(yi)(yi)座大山(shan)下(xia)受罪,山(shan)上(shang)立碑:“龍(long)(long)(long)王降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)犯天(tian)規,當(dang)受人(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)千秋罪;要(yao)想重登靈(ling)霄(xiao)閣,除(chu)非(fei)金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)開花(hua)(hua)(hua)時。”人(ren)們(men)(men)為了(le)(le)拯救龍(long)(long)(long)王,到處找(zhao)開花(hua)(hua)(hua)的金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)。到次年(nian)農歷(li)二(er)(er)月初二(er)(er),人(ren)們(men)(men)正在(zai)翻曬玉米(mi)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)時,想到這(zhe)(zhe)玉米(mi)就像金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou),炒一(yi)(yi)炒開了(le)(le)花(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)就是金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)開花(hua)(hua)(hua)嗎(ma)?于是家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)爆(bao)玉米(mi)花(hua)(hua)(hua),并在(zai)院子(zi)(zi)里設案焚香,供上(shang)開了(le)(le)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的“金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)”。(傳(chuan)(chuan)說有誤(wu),武則天(tian)是唐朝時期人(ren)物,玉米(mi)是明(ming)朝才傳(chuan)(chuan)入(ru)中(zhong)國的,那(nei)時哪里來玉米(mi)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)?)龍(long)(long)(long)王抬頭一(yi)(yi)看(kan),知(zhi)道(dao)百姓(xing)救它,便大聲向(xiang)玉帝(di)喊道(dao):“金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)開花(hua)(hua)(hua)了(le)(le),快放(fang)我出去!”玉帝(di)一(yi)(yi)看(kan)人(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)院里金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)花(hua)(hua)(hua)開放(fang),只好(hao)傳(chuan)(chuan)諭(yu),詔龍(long)(long)(long)王回(hui)到天(tian)庭,繼續給(gei)人(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)興云布雨(yu)(yu)。從此,民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)形成習慣,每到二(er)(er)月初二(er)(er)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)天(tian),就爆(bao)玉米(mi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)吃。