又(you)稱“多(duo)孔動(dong)物”是(shi)一門最低(di)等的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)細胞動(dong)物。單(dan)(dan)體或群體,大(da)小不(bu)一,小的(de)(de)(de)幾毫(hao)米,大(da)者(zhe)可達2米。單(dan)(dan)體外形(xing)(xing)變化大(da),身體無固定形(xing)(xing)狀,有(you)球形(xing)(xing)、樹枝形(xing)(xing)、管形(xing)(xing)、瓶形(xing)(xing)或圓柱形(xing)(xing),體的(de)(de)(de)中央(yang)為一中空的(de)(de)(de)中央(yang)腔,體壁上穿有(you)許多(duo)小孔,故又(you)稱多(duo)孔動(dong)物。體壁由(you)內外兩層細胞構成:外層為扁形(xing)(xing)細胞,起(qi)(qi)保護作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。內層為鞭(bian)毛細胞,起(qi)(qi)攝食與消化的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。骨(gu)骼為硅質或鈣質骨(gu)針、骨(gu)絲(si)。骨(gu)針起(qi)(qi)支撐身體的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),可以保存(cun)化石。骨(gu)針的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)狀有(you)單(dan)(dan)軸型(xing)(xing)、雙軸型(xing)(xing)、三軸型(xing)(xing)或多(duo)軸型(xing)(xing)等,或可根據(ju)自中心點分(fen)出的(de)(de)(de)數目(mu)而分(fen)為單(dan)(dan)射(she)、雙射(she)、多(duo)射(she)等,也(ye)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)狀不(bu)規則。海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)物門可分(fen)為:普通海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)綱(gang)、玻璃(li)海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)綱(gang)、鈣質海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)綱(gang)及骨(gu)海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)綱(gang)。海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)物多(duo)為海(hai)(hai)生,淡水生活的(de)(de)(de)很少。最早出現(xian)于(yu)前寒武紀,一直延續到(dao)現(xian)代,對地質學的(de)(de)(de)研究具(ju)有(you)很特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義。
動物界中(zhong)最原始、最低等的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)動物。個體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)形似瓶、壺、臼等,有(you)(you)時(shi)聯成(cheng)群體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。分布(bu)于(yu)海(hai)水(shui)、湖(hu)沼(zhao)、溪流(liu)(liu)中(zhong),成(cheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)營固(gu)著生活(huo)。體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)壁(bi)上的(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)小孔(又(you)稱多(duo)孔動物)。游離(li)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)端(duan)有(you)(you)大孔開(kai)口為出水(shui)口。一(yi)般有(you)(you)中(zhong)央管腔(qiang)。體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)壁(bi)由內(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)兩(liang)層(ceng)(ceng)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)構成(cheng),外(wai)(wai)(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)扁平,內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)生有(you)(you)鞭毛,多(duo)數具原生質(zhi)領,稱做領細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)。由于(yu)領細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)鞭毛的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)規(gui)律的(de)(de)(de)擺動,引起(qi)水(shui)流(liu)(liu)通(tong)過體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)溝道。隨水(shui)流(liu)(liu)進入(ru)(ru)管腔(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)食物顆粒落入(ru)(ru)領內(nei),被領細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)消化,不消化的(de)(de)(de)東西隨水(shui)流(liu)(liu)從頂端(duan)出水(shui)口流(liu)(liu)出體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)。在(zai)內(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)兩(liang)層(ceng)(ceng)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)間還有(you)(you)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)為中(zhong)膠層(ceng)(ceng),其中(zhong)有(you)(you)變形細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)、生殖細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)、海(hai)綿(mian)絲細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao),并具有(you)(you)支持作(zuo)用的(de)(de)(de)針狀骨胳,稱骨針。
六射(she)海綿(mian)綱(六放海綿(mian))
約有(you)600個物(wu)種,海生,一般棲息(xi)于(yu)潮位線之下,但(dan)在深海中更常(chang)見。其骨骼為復雜的硅質骨針,基本形(xing)態呈六(liu)放形(xing)。屬和種包括:泡沫海綿、維納斯花籃(EuplectellaAspergillum)、Holascus、圍線海綿。
約(yue)有400個(ge)物種(zhong)。海生。鈣質(zhi)骨(gu)針(zhen)的骨(gu)架(jia)如針(zhen)形(xing)或三至四(si)放(fang)形(xing)。
屬包括:Acyssa、Clathrina、Leucilla、白枝海(hai)綿、樽海(hai)綿。
約有(you)4,000個物種。海(hai)生(sheng)和淡水生(sheng)。其骨架或(huo)沒有(you)硅質的(de)骨針,或(huo)沒有(you)有(you)機的(de)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)硬蛋白纖維,或(huo)二者均無(wu)。當骨針存在時,則不為六(liu)放形。屬和種包括:真(zhen)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、穿(chuan)貝海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、加(jia)勒(le)比海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(Cribochalinavasulum)、刻盤(pan)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、橘海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、浴海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(Hipposongiacommunis)、加(jia)勒(le)比火海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(Neofibularianolitangere)、管指海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、沐浴角骨海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(Spongiaofficinalis)、針海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。
約有15個物種。海(hai)生,在熱帶的(de)淺穴或深穴
或其下的珊瑚上。骨(gu)架以鈣質為基礎(chu),含(han)有(you)硅(gui)質骨(gu)針和有(you)機纖維;形(xing)成覆蓋在(zai)(zai)鈣質基座上的薄薄一層(ceng)(ceng)海綿(mian)。屬包括(kuo):Ceratoporella、Stromatospongia。海綿(mian)動物(wu)在(zai)(zai)生殖發育中(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)胚層(ceng)(ceng)逆轉(zhuan)現象(xiang)。
海綿動物(wu)起(qi)源于5.7-5億年前的寒武紀(ji);其(qi)中390屬已被確認源自白堊紀(ji)(1.35-0.65億年前)。形(xing)態各(ge)異,體(ti)形(xing)多數不對(dui)稱,少數輻射(she)對(dui)稱,單生(sheng)或群生(sheng);這種(zhong)多孔濾食性生(sheng)物(wu)體(ti)大(da)多“無柄(bing)”地直接附著在基質上(shang);它們沒有器官,也(ye)沒有明晰(xi)的組織,但有細(xi)胞的分(fen)化,其(qi)細(xi)胞種(zhong)類非常復(fu)雜;它們的骨骼要么沒有含鈣或含硅的骨針,要么沒有有機的海綿硬蛋白纖維;有水溝系(xi)統;通常為雌雄同體(ti),能進行(xing)有性繁(fan)殖(zhi)和無性繁(fan)殖(zhi)。
海綿動(dong)(dong)物(wu)除了個別的(de)(de)科沒(mei)有骨骼(ge)(ge)(ge)之(zhi)外,其他所有的(de)(de)種類都(dou)是(shi)具有骨骼(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de),骨骼(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)海綿動(dong)(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)一(yi)個典型(xing)(xing)特征,是(shi)用以分(fen)(fen)類的(de)(de)重要依據之(zhi)一(yi)。海綿動(dong)(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)骨骼(ge)(ge)(ge)有骨針(zhen)(spicule)及海綿絲(si)(sponginfiber)兩種類型(xing)(xing),它們或(huo)散布在中膠層內,或(huo)突出到體表,或(huo)構成(cheng)網架狀。骨骼(ge)(ge)(ge)具有支持及保護身(shen)體的(de)(de)功能。骨針(zhen)的(de)(de)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)或(huo)是(shi)由(you)碳(tan)酸鈣組成(cheng)鈣質骨針(zhen),或(huo)是(shi)硅(gui)質骨針(zhen),其中還都(dou)可能包括微量的(de)(de)銅(tong)、鎂、鋅等離(li)子。
骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)按其大小又可(ke)分(fen)為大骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(megasclere),構(gou)成支(zhi)持身(shen)體(ti)的(de)骨(gu)架;及(ji)小骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(microsclere),它散布在(zai)中(zhong)膠層(ceng)內,以支(zhi)持體(ti)壁中(zhong)的(de)管(guan)道部分(fen)。小骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)僅存在(zai)于硅質海綿中(zhong)。從(cong)形態上骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)可(ke)以分(fen)為多種,其中(zhong)常見的(de)有:
(1)單(dan)軸(zhou)(zhou)骨針(zhen)(monaxons),即(ji)沿一個軸(zhou)(zhou)生長形成的(de)骨針(zhen),軸(zhou)(zhou)或(huo)直(zhi)或(huo)彎(wan),軸(zhou)(zhou)的(de)兩端或(huo)相(xiang)似(si)或(huo)不相(xiang)似(si),末端或(huo)尖或(huo)具(ju)有其他改變;
(2)四(si)軸(zhou)骨(gu)(gu)針(tetraxons),也稱四(si)放(fang)(fang)(fang)骨(gu)(gu)針(quadriradiate),這種骨(gu)(gu)針在一個(ge)平面上有四(si)個(ge)放(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)端,但常因丟(diu)失一些(xie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)端而變成(cheng)三(san)放(fang)(fang)(fang)、二(er)放(fang)(fang)(fang)或一放(fang)(fang)(fang)型,三(san)放(fang)(fang)(fang)骨(gu)(gu)針是鈣質海綿綱(gang)動物中最普通(tong)的一種骨(gu)(gu)骼;
(3)三軸(zhou)骨針(triaxons),它的三個軸(zhou)相互以直角愈合,因而(er)呈六放型(hexactinal),這種也常減少末端(duan)而(er)改變放數,其末端(duan)可以彎曲、分枝、或具鈞、具結(jie)等變化而(er)形成了多種形態;
(4)多軸骨針(zhen)(zhen)(polyaxons),由中(zhong)心(xin)向外伸出多射,形(xing)成星壯(zhuang),這種類型多見于(yu)小骨針(zhen)(zhen)。
不同(tong)種(zhong)的海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),各種(zhong)骨(gu)針或彼此(ci)分(fen)離,或按一定(ding)結構形(xing)成(cheng)疏松的或堅實的網架以支持(chi)身體(ti),因此(ci)可(ke)根據骨(gu)針的類型(xing)、數量及排(pai)列而作為海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)動物(wu)分(fen)類的依據。海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)絲(si)是(shi)一種(zhong)纖維狀(zhuang)骨(gu)骼,它是(shi)由硬(ying)蛋白(scleroprotein)組成(cheng),它們或單獨的存(cun)在(zai)于海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)動物(wu)體(ti)壁(bi)內,或與硅質骨(gu)針同(tong)時存(cun)在(zai)。許多(duo)小的硅質骨(gu)針埋在(zai)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)絲(si)中,形(xing)成(cheng)有(you)效地支持(chi)物(wu)。許多(duo)大型(xing)群體(ti)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)常同(tong)時存(cun)在(zai)著這兩種(zhong)骨(gu)骼。
海(hai)綿動(dong)物的(de)(de)骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)及海(hai)綿絲(si)(si)都是(shi)由中膠層中的(de)(de)變形細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)特化(hua)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)造骨(gu)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)所形成(cheng)。單(dan)軸的(de)(de)鈣質(zhi)骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)是(shi)由一(yi)(yi)個造骨(gu)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)分(fen)泌形成(cheng),骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)形成(cheng)時,造骨(gu)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)核(he)先(xian)分(fen)裂,并在雙核(he)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)中心出現一(yi)(yi)個有(you)機質(zhi)的(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)絲(si)(si),然后圍繞這一(yi)(yi)細(xi)(xi)絲(si)(si)沉積碳酸鈣,隨著(zhu)骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)逐(zhu)漸增長,雙核(he)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)也分(fen)成(cheng)兩個細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao),并分(fen)別加長骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)兩端,最后形成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個單(dan)軸骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)。
同樣,三軸(zhou)骨(gu)針(zhen)是由(you)(you)三個(ge)造(zao)骨(gu)細胞(bao)聚集(ji)在一起,每個(ge)細胞(bao)也隨著有機質細絲的形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)而分(fen)裂一次(ci),形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)六個(ge)細胞(bao),碳酸(suan)鈣圍繞有機質細絲沉(chen)積愈(yu)合(he)的結(jie)果形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了一個(ge)三軸(zhou)型骨(gu)針(zhen)。海綿絲是由(you)(you)許(xu)多造(zao)骨(gu)細胞(bao)聯合(he)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng),先是由(you)(you)少數細胞(bao)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)離的小段,然后(hou)再愈(yu)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)長的海綿絲。在尋常海綿綱動(dong)物中,這(zhe)些海綿絲再相互聯結(jie)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)網狀骨(gu)架。
從(cong)微(wei)小至2米長;其中(zhong)最大的物種分布于(yu)南極洲和(he)加(jia)勒比海。
所有(you)海綿(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)結構都十分相似;它(ta)(ta)們(men)簡單的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)壁包括表皮(上皮)、連(lian)接(jie)(連(lian)合)組織(zhi)和多(duo)種類型的(de)(de)(de)細胞(bao),其(qi)中包括能(neng)通過(guo)原生質的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)來(lai)移動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(變形運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong))的(de)(de)(de)細胞(bao)(變形細胞(bao))。這些變形細胞(bao)在(zai)其(qi)內(nei)部(bu)組織(zhi)中游移,拉伸(shen)骨(gu)針并產生海綿(mian)硬(ying)蛋白絲。海綿(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物并非完全不(bu)能(neng)移動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),它(ta)(ta)們(men)身體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)能(neng)通過(guo)肌細胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)移動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)進行有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),但在(zai)通常情況下(xia),它(ta)(ta)們(men)卻往往固定在(zai)同一地點紋絲不(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。
海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)身體柔軟,但許多(duo)觸摸起(qi)來卻很結實,這(zhe)是(shi)因為它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)內骨(gu)骼是(shi)由(you)堅硬(ying)的(de)(de)含鈣(gai)或含硅、桿狀(zhuang)或星(xing)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)骨(gu)針和(he)(he)/或網狀(zhuang)蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)質纖(xian)維(wei)即海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)硬(ying)蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)所(suo)組成的(de)(de),譬(pi)如(ru)浴海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)就是(shi)如(ru)此。有(you)些物(wu)種(zhong)的(de)(de)骨(gu)針可能(neng)穿(chuan)透其海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)表面,一旦人們(men)觸摸它(ta)們(men)就會引起(qi)皮(pi)膚感染。海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)物(wu)是(shi)濾食(shi)(shi)動(dong)物(wu),它(ta)們(men)濾取水中細(xi)小的(de)(de)碎石和(he)(he)細(xi)菌為食(shi)(shi),分解其中的(de)(de)氧氣和(he)(he)有(you)機(ji)物(wu)并(bing)將廢(fei)棄物(wu)排(pai)(pai)走(zou)。水通過(guo)(guo)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)物(wu)體表的(de)(de)細(xi)孔進入(ru)水溝系,并(bing)移動(dong)到順(shun)著環(huan)細(xi)胞或襟細(xi)胞這(zhe)類(lei)有(you)鞭毛(mao)的(de)(de)細(xi)胞排(pai)(pai)列(lie)的(de)(de)小室中;環(huan)細(xi)胞吸收通過(guo)(guo)在變形細(xi)胞間傳(chuan)遞的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)物(wu)顆粒(li),最后常(chang)通過(guo)(guo)其體表上(shang)火(huo)山狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)水孔將水排(pai)(pai)出體外;水主要在環(huan)細(xi)胞鞭毛(mao)的(de)(de)作用下(xia),穿(chuan)過(guo)(guo)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)全身。
海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)雖然是多細胞動(dong)(dong)物(wu)中最簡單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)類,卻有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)龐大(da)的(de)(de)(de)家族,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數達(da)10000多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占所有(you)(you)(you)海(hai)(hai)洋動(dong)(dong)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)(de)(de)1/15。由(you)于海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)體壁內長著具有(you)(you)(you)支持作用的(de)(de)(de)針(zhen)(zhen)狀(zhuang)骨(gu)骼,叫(jiao)做骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)。通(tong)常根(gen)據(ju)骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質,可以(yi)分(fen)為(wei)鈣(gai)質海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)和非鈣(gai)質海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)兩(liang)大(da)類。體形(xing)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)是1909年曾在(zai)巴哈馬(ma)群(qun)島撈(lao)獲的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)只,圍長為(wei)183厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi),剛出(chu)水重40千(qian)克,曬干后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)重量(liang)為(wei)5千(qian)多克。此外,在(zai)安的(de)(de)(de)列斯群(qun)島生活(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)物(wu),身長106厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi),寬(kuan)91.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。海(hai)(hai)王星海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)也是體形(xing)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類,剖面(mian)長120厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi),卻不太寬(kuan)。最小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類是白枝海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian),身高不過3毫米(mi),體重僅有(you)(you)(you)幾(ji)克,跟一(yi)(yi)粒芝麻(ma)一(yi)(yi)樣小(xiao)。海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)壽命也比較(jiao)長,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類據(ju)說可以(yi)活(huo)(huo)幾(ji)百(bai)年。
海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)總(zong)是(shi)形單影只(zhi)地(di)(di)獨處(chu)一(yi)隅,凡是(shi)海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)棲(qi)居的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方就很(hen)(hen)少(shao)有(you)其(qi)它(ta)(ta)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)前去居住。科學家分析這種現象形成的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)首先是(shi)海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)對(dui)那些(xie)貪(tan)食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)沒有(you)任(ren)何吸引(yin)力,它(ta)(ta)渾身的(de)(de)(de)骨針和纖維使其(qi)它(ta)(ta)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)難(nan)以下(xia)咽,因(yin)此(ci)海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)天敵(di)不多(duo)。其(qi)次,海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)大多(duo)棲(qi)息(xi)在有(you)海(hai)(hai)流流動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)底,而很(hen)(hen)多(duo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)都難(nan)于在那樣的(de)(de)(de)環境中生活(huo)。因(yin)為(wei)在那里,它(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)幼蟲或(huo)被水流沖走,或(huo)被海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)濾食(shi)。此(ci)外,海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)身上(shang)通常都有(you)一(yi)股難(nan)聞的(de)(de)(de)惡臭,這也是(shi)可能是(shi)其(qi)他(ta)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)不愿與之(zhi)為(wei)伍的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)之(zhi)一(yi)。
捕食方法
海綿(mian)動(dong)物是怎樣(yang)獲得食物的呢?它的捕食方(fang)法十分奇特,是用一(yi)種濾食方(fang)式。單體海綿(mian)很像一(yi)個花(hua)瓶(ping),瓶(ping)壁上的每(mei)一(yi)個小(xiao)孔都(dou)是一(yi)張“嘴巴(ba)”。海綿(mian)動(dong)物通過不(bu)斷振動(dong)體壁的鞭毛,使(shi)含有食餌的海水不(bu)斷從這些小(xiao)孔滲入瓶(ping)腔,進(jin)入體內(nei)。
在(zai)“瓶(ping)(ping)”內壁有無數的(de)領鞭毛細胞,由(you)基部向頂端螺旋式地(di)波動(dong),從(cong)而產生同一方向的(de)引力,起到類似抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)機的(de)泵吸(xi)作(zuo)用。當海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)從(cong)瓶(ping)(ping)壁滲入(ru)時,水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)營養物質,如動(dong)植物碎屑、藻類、細菌等,便被(bei)領鞭毛細胞捕捉(zhuo)后吞噬。經過(guo)消化(hua)吸(xi)收,那些不消化(hua)的(de)東西隨(sui)海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)從(cong)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口流出(chu)體(ti)外。如果把石墨粉或幾滴墨水(shui)(shui)(shui)滴在(zai)飼養在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)族箱(xiang)中(zhong)的(de)活海(hai)綿動(dong)物的(de)一側,過(guo)不了多(duo)久瓶(ping)(ping)口(出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)孔)處就會流出(chu)黑色的(de)細流。隨(sui)著(zhu)源(yuan)(yuan)源(yuan)(yuan)不斷的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)流,細菌、硅藻、原生動(dong)物或有機碎屑也被(bei)攜(xie)入(ru)體(ti)內為(wei)領細胞俘(fu)獲供作(zuo)營養。
這種取食方式充分證(zheng)明了它(ta)屬于濾食的(de)異養動物。
然而(er)鞭毛的(de)(de)(de)擺動是要耗能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)。對營固著生活的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)綿(mian)動物(wu)來說(shuo),從食(shi)物(wu)中獲得化學能(neng)(neng)(neng)來之不易。因此,海(hai)綿(mian)動物(wu)總是生活在(zai)有(you)海(hai)流(liu)經過的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)底,在(zai)千百萬年的(de)(de)(de)進化過程(cheng)中,完善了一套(tao)利用天(tian)然流(liu)體流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)領,從而(er)節(jie)約了寶貴的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)物(wu)化學能(neng)(neng)(neng)。一個(ge)高10厘米(mi),直徑1厘米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)綿(mian),一天(tian)內(nei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)抽海(hai)水(shui)22.5升,出水(shui)口處的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)流(liu)速(su)(su)度可(ke)達5米(mi)/秒。這種高速(su)(su)離去的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)流(liu)保證了從體內(nei)排出的(de)(de)(de)廢物(wu)不再“回爐(lu)”。海(hai)綿(mian)動物(wu)正(zheng)是有(you)了濾(lv)食(shi)和節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)領,才能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)缺乏營養的(de)(de)(de)熱帶珊瑚礁(jiao)中和極地陸架區世代繁衍。
海(hai)綿動物(wu)是(shi)固著生活(huo)的(de),沒有移位(wei)的(de)運動,僅能通過體(ti)(ti)表扁平細(xi)(xi)胞和孔細(xi)(xi)胞的(de)收縮(suo)而略微改(gai)變身體(ti)(ti)的(de)體(ti)(ti)積。許多雙溝型及復(fu)溝型海(hai)綿,在(zai)進水(shui)(shui)小孔及出水(shui)(shui)口的(de)四周扁平細(xi)(xi)胞特化形成(cheng)類(lei)(lei)肌(ji)(ji)細(xi)(xi)胞(myocyte),類(lei)(lei)肌(ji)(ji)細(xi)(xi)胞的(de)形狀及收縮(suo)性能有些類(lei)(lei)似平滑(hua)肌(ji)(ji),它(ta)的(de)收縮(suo)可(ke)以調(diao)節水(shui)(shui)流(liu)出入(ru)的(de)速度(du),當(dang)在(zai)惡(e)劣(lie)環(huan)境時,例(li)如污(wu)水(shui)(shui)、暴露(lu)于空氣(qi)中(zhong)等,類(lei)(lei)肌(ji)(ji)細(xi)(xi)胞可(ke)以關閉小孔或(huo)出水(shui)(shui)口,環(huan)境改(gai)善后,類(lei)(lei)肌(ji)(ji)細(xi)(xi)胞松弛(chi),小孔又重新開放,這種(zhong)反應是(shi)極為緩慢的(de),有時數分鐘后才(cai)能看到微小的(de)變化;海(hai)綿動物(wu)的(de)生理活(huo)動是(shi)依(yi)靠于通過身體(ti)(ti)的(de)水(shui)(shui)流(liu)而進行,水(shui)(shui)流(liu)可(ke)以帶進食(shi)物(wu)及氧氣(qi)、帶走代(dai)謝廢物(wu)、生殖細(xi)(xi)胞,總之靠水(shui)(shui)流(liu)完成(cheng)生長、發育及繁殖。
有人觀察(cha)過一(yi)種白(bai)海(hai)綿(mian)(Leucandra),這是(shi)一(yi)種復(fu)溝系小型的(de)鈣(gai)質海(hai)綿(mian),流(liu)經出水(shui)(shui)(shui)口的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)速度(du)是(shi)8.5cm/s,據估計直徑(jing)1cm、高10cm的(de)白(bai)海(hai)綿(mian)大約有225萬個(ge)鞭(bian)(bian)毛(mao)室(shi)(shi),每天有22.5L的(de)海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)過身體(ti)。出水(shui)(shui)(shui)口狹(xia)窄,水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)速度(du)很快,而(er)(er)鞭(bian)(bian)毛(mao)室(shi)(shi)數量(liang)極多,其(qi)內水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)緩(huan)慢,這樣(yang)便于領細胞(bao)有更(geng)多的(de)時間從(cong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)攝(she)取(qu)食物(wu)(wu)及(ji)氣體(ti)交換。水(shui)(shui)(shui)在體(ti)內的(de)流(liu)動是(shi)由(you)(you)領細胞(bao)的(de)鞭(bian)(bian)毛(mao)打(da)動所引(yin)起,鞭(bian)(bian)毛(mao)由(you)(you)基部(bu)向(xiang)端部(bu)旋轉運動,使(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)進入鞭(bian)(bian)毛(mao)室(shi)(shi)。同(tong)一(yi)鞭(bian)(bian)毛(mao)室(shi)(shi)的(de)鞭(bian)(bian)毛(mao)運動既不同(tong)步,也不互相協調(diao)(diao),但鞭(bian)(bian)毛(mao)的(de)方向(xiang)都是(shi)指向(xiang)后幽門(men)(men)孔(kong)(kong)。許多復(fu)溝型海(hai)綿(mian)在鞭(bian)(bian)毛(mao)室(shi)(shi)的(de)出口處有一(yi)中(zhong)央細胞(bao),它的(de)收縮(suo)可(ke)(ke)變動位置以(yi)調(diao)(diao)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)的(de)流(liu)量(liang),甚至可(ke)(ke)以(yi)完全關閉后幽門(men)(men)孔(kong)(kong)而(er)(er)阻止水(shui)(shui)(shui)由(you)(you)鞭(bian)(bian)毛(mao)室(shi)(shi)流(liu)出。海(hai)綿(mian)動物(wu)(wu)取(qu)食各種有機(ji)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒,食物(wu)(wu)的(de)選擇主(zhu)要是(shi)看有機(ji)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒是(shi)否(fou)能進入入水(shui)(shui)(shui)孔(kong)(kong)。
有(you)(you)人用幾種海綿動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)做實驗(yan),結果(guo)發現食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)80%是(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)小的(de)(de)有(you)(you)機質(zhi)顆粒(li),20%為細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)菌、鞭毛蟲類及其他(ta)極小的(de)(de)浮游生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)隨水流(liu)(liu)進(jin)入鞭毛室,水流(liu)(liu)速度(du)在(zai)此減慢,有(you)(you)利于(yu)領細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞的(de)(de)捕食(shi),領細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞領部(bu)的(de)(de)微(wei)絨毛可(ke)(ke)以粘著微(wei)小的(de)(de)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顆粒(li),然后吞(tun)噬(shi),較大的(de)(de)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顆粒(li)也可(ke)(ke)以被入水小管的(de)(de)扁平細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞所(suo)吞(tun)噬(shi)。食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)進(jin)入領細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞后它可(ke)(ke)進(jin)行(xing)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞內(nei)消(xiao)化,部(bu)分(fen)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)轉移到(dao)中(zhong)膠層的(de)(de)變形(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞,在(zai)變形(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞中(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)消(xiao)化。消(xiao)化后的(de)(de)營養物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)或貯存(cun)在(zai)變形(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞內(nei),或轉移到(dao)其他(ta)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞,不能消(xiao)化的(de)(de)食(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)殘渣仍由變形(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞運出。海綿動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)沒有(you)(you)專(zhuan)營呼(hu)吸(xi)與(yu)排泄的(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞,而是(shi)當(dang)水流(liu)(liu)過身體時,大多數(shu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞均可(ke)(ke)與(yu)水接觸,各自獨(du)立完成呼(hu)吸(xi)與(yu)排泄的(de)(de)機能。
許多(duo)淡水海(hai)綿(mian)(mian),大多(duo)數細胞內具有(you)一到(dao)幾個伸縮(suo)泡,這些伸縮(suo)泡像原生動物(wu)(wu)(wu)一樣,擔(dan)任著調(diao)節水與鹽份的(de)(de)平衡。海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)沒有(you)神經結構,對刺(ci)激的(de)(de)反(fan)應(ying)常是(shi)局部的(de)(de)、緩(huan)慢的(de)(de),對刺(ci)激反(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)大小是(shi)依(yi)賴于刺(ci)激的(de)(de)強弱。信息物(wu)(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)傳遞是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)中(zhong)膠質中(zhong)的(de)(de)擴散作用、游離變形細胞及固定細胞彼此的(de)(de)接觸而進(jin)行。尚未發現(xian)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)具有(you)電傳導。
海綿動物的生殖(zhi)有無性生殖(zhi)和(he)有性生殖(zhi)。
無性(xing)生殖又分出(chu)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)和形成(cheng)(cheng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)球兩種(zhong)(zhong)。出(chu)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)(bud-ding)是由海綿體壁的(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)分向(xiang)外突出(chu)形成(cheng)(cheng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)體,與母(mu)體脫(tuo)(tuo)離(li)(li)后長成(cheng)(cheng)新(xin)個體,或者不脫(tuo)(tuo)離(li)(li)母(mu)體形成(cheng)(cheng)群體。芽(ya)(ya)(ya)球(gemmule)的(de)(de)形成(cheng)(cheng)是在中膠層中,由一(yi)些儲存了豐(feng)富(fu)營養的(de)(de)原(yuan)細胞聚集成(cheng)(cheng)堆(dui),外包以幾丁質膜和一(yi)層雙盤(pan)頭或短柱狀的(de)(de)小骨針,形成(cheng)(cheng)球形芽(ya)(ya)(ya)球。當成(cheng)(cheng)體死亡后,無數的(de)(de)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)球可以生存下來(lai),渡過嚴冬或干旱,當條件適合(he)時,芽(ya)(ya)(ya)球內的(de)(de)細胞從芽(ya)(ya)(ya)球上的(de)(de)一(yi)個開口(kou)出(chu)來(lai),發育成(cheng)(cheng)新(xin)個體。所有的(de)(de)淡水海綿和部(bu)分海產種(zhong)(zhong)類都能形成(cheng)(cheng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)球。
有性生殖:海綿有些為(wei)雌(ci)(ci)雄同體(monoecy),有些為(wei)雌(ci)(ci)雄異體(dioecy)。精子和(he)卵(luan)是(shi)由原(yuan)細(xi)胞(bao)或(huo)領細(xi)胞(bao)發育來的(de)。卵(luan)在中(zhong)膠層里,精子不(bu)直接進(jin)入卵(luan),而是(shi)由領細(xi)胞(bao)吞食精子后,失去鞭毛(mao)和(he)領成為(wei)變形蟲狀,將精子帶入卵(luan),進(jin)行受(shou)精。
這是一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)特(te)殊的(de)(de)受精(jing)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式。就鈣(gai)質(zhi)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)來說受精(jing)卵進行卵裂,形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)囊(nang)胚,動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)小(xiao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)向囊(nang)胚腔內(nei)(nei)生出(chu)鞭(bian)毛(mao)(mao),另(ling)(ling)一(yi)端(duan)的(de)(de)大(da)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)中(zhong)間形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個開(kai)(kai)口(kou),后(hou)來囊(nang)胚的(de)(de)小(xiao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)由開(kai)(kai)口(kou)倒(dao)翻(fan)出(chu)來,里(li)面(mian)小(xiao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)具鞭(bian)毛(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)一(yi)側翻(fan)到囊(nang)胚的(de)(de)表面(mian)。這樣,動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)一(yi)端(duan)為(wei)具鞭(bian)毛(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)小(xiao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao),植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)一(yi)端(duan)為(wei)不(bu)具鞭(bian)毛(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)大(da)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao),此時稱為(wei)兩囊(nang)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(amphiblastula),幼蟲(chong)(chong)從母體出(chu)水孔隨水流逸出(chu),然后(hou)具鞭(bian)毛(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)小(xiao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)內(nei)(nei)陷,形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)層(ceng)(ceng),而另(ling)(ling)一(yi)端(duan)大(da)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)留在外(wai)(wai)(wai)邊(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao),這與其他(ta)多(duo)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)原腸胚形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正相反(fan)(其他(ta)多(duo)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)極(ji)(ji)大(da)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)內(nei)(nei)陷成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)內(nei)(nei)胚層(ceng)(ceng),動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)極(ji)(ji)小(xiao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)(wai)胚層(ceng)(ceng)),因此稱為(wei)逆轉(inversion)。幼蟲(chong)(chong)游動(dong)(dong)后(hou)不(bu)久即行固(gu)著,發育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體。這種(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)逆轉現象存在于鈣(gai)質(zhi)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)綱如毛(mao)(mao)壺屬(shu)(Grantia)、樽海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)屬(shu)(Sycon)、白枝(zhi)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)屬(shu)(Leucosolenia)及(ji)尋常海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)綱的(de)(de)少數(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)類如糊海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)屬(shu)(Oscurella)。其多(duo)數(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)類形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實胚幼蟲(chong)(chong)(parenchymula larva),為(wei)另(ling)(ling)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)逆轉形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式。
海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)的(de)再生能力很強(qiang),如把海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)切(qie)成小塊,每塊都能獨(du)立生活,而(er)且能繼續長大。將海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)搗碎過篩,再混合在一起,同一種海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)能重(zhong)新組成小海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)個(ge)體(ti)。有(you)人將細(xi)芽海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)屬(shu)(Microciona)與(yu)穿(chuan)貝海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)屬(shu)(Cliona)分別搗碎作成細(xi)胞(bao)懸(xuan)液(ye),兩(liang)者混合后,各按自己的(de)種排列和聚合,逐漸形成了橘紅海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)與(yu)黃海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)。這對研究(jiu)細(xi)胞(bao)如何(he)結合很有(you)意義。還有(you)人用(yong)細(xi)胞(bao)松弛素(cytochalasin)處理分離的(de)海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)細(xi)胞(bao),則能抑制其(qi)分離細(xi)胞(bao)的(de)重(zhong)聚合。
海綿動(dong)物身體(ti)的(de)基本結構是由(you)兩層細(xi)胞(bao)圍繞(rao)中央的(de)一(yi)(yi)個空腔所組成(cheng)。游離的(de)一(yi)(yi)端(duan)有一(yi)(yi)個大的(de)出(chu)水口(osculum)使中央腔(central cavity)與(yu)外界(jie)相通。構成(cheng)海綿動(dong)物體(ti)壁的(de)兩層細(xi)胞(bao)在(zai)不同的(de)種類組成(cheng)復(fu)雜(za)程度不同的(de)溝(gou)系(xi),根據溝(gou)系(xi)可以將海綿動(dong)物的(de)身體(ti)結構分為三種類型。
單溝型
單(dan)溝型(ascon type)是(shi)最(zui)(zui)原始,也是(shi)最(zui)(zui)簡單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)壁(bi)結構,種類(lei)很少,前(qian)述的(de)(de)(de)(de)白枝海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)就屬(shu)于(yu)這一(yi)(yi)類(lei)。單(dan)溝型海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)呈單(dan)體(ti)(ti)或群體(ti)(ti),長度一(yi)(yi)般不(bu)(bu)超過(guo)10cm,群體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)個體(ti)(ti)輪廓(kuo)明顯,每個個體(ti)(ti)均呈小管狀,出水口周圍(wei)有(you)骨針包(bao)圍(wei),中(zhong)央腔(qiang)寬闊(kuo),體(ti)(ti)壁(bi)由兩層(ceng)(ceng)細(xi)胞(bao)中(zhong)間夾(jia)有(you)中(zhong)膠質(mesoglea)所組(zu)成,外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)細(xi)胞(bao)稱皮層(ceng)(ceng)(dermal epithelium),主要是(shi)由一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)扁平(ping)細(xi)胞(bao)(pinacocytes)組(zu)成,它不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)于(yu)其(qi)他動(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)表皮層(ceng)(ceng)細(xi)胞(bao),因為它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)來源和其(qi)他多細(xi)胞(bao)動(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)表皮層(ceng)(ceng)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong),并且這種扁平(ping)細(xi)胞(bao)沒有(you)基膜,細(xi)胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邊緣(yuan)可(ke)以收縮。
許多(duo)扁(bian)平細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)同時收(shou)縮(suo)可以使身體變小(xiao)。某些扁(bian)平細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)特(te)化形(xing)成(cheng)管狀,稱(cheng)為孔(kong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(porocyte),穿(chuan)插在扁(bian)平細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)之間。孔(kong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)端(duan)與(yu)外(wai)界相通(tong),內(nei)端(duan)與(yu)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)腔(qiang)(qiang)相通(tong),孔(kong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)外(wai)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)孔(kong)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單(dan)溝型(xing)(xing)海(hai)綿動(dong)物體表的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)水小(xiao)孔(kong)(ostia)或稱(cheng)流(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)孔(kong)(incurrent pore),所以它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)內(nei)孔(kong),水由(you)流(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)孔(kong)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)腔(qiang)(qiang)。孔(kong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)縮(suo)及舒張可以控(kong)制水的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)量。體壁的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)層也稱(cheng)胃層(gastral epithelium),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)領(ling)鞭毛(mao)(mao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(也簡稱(cheng)領(ling)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao))組成(cheng),單(dan)溝型(xing)(xing)海(hai)綿的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)圍(wei)繞著整個中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)腔(qiang)(qiang)。領(ling)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)呈卵圓形(xing),其基部疏松的(de)(de)(de)坐落在中(zhong)膠層中(zhong),游離(li)端(duan)伸出一根鞭毛(mao)(mao),圍(wei)繞鞭毛(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)(de)基部有一可伸縮(suo)的(de)(de)(de)原生質(zhi)領(ling),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)許多(duo)分離(li)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)絨毛(mao)(mao)(microvilli)所組成(cheng)。單(dan)溝型(xing)(xing)海(hai)綿通(tong)過領(ling)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)鞭毛(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)(de)擺動(dong)使水由(you)孔(kong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(或稱(cheng)入(ru)(ru)(ru)水小(xiao)孔(kong))流(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru),經(jing)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)腔(qiang)(qiang)再由(you)出水口流(liu)(liu)出。
領(ling)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai)上(shang)非常相(xiang)似于(yu)原(yuan)生動物門的領(ling)鞭(bian)毛蟲(chong),因此(ci)有(you)(you)人(ren)認(ren)為(wei)海綿動物是(shi)由領(ling)鞭(bian)毛蟲(chong)進化而來。體壁的皮層與(yu)胃(wei)層之間是(shi)中(zhong)膠層,它(ta)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)含有(you)(you)蛋白質的膠狀(zhuang)透(tou)明基質,其中(zhong)包括(kuo)有(you)(you)游離的變形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(amoebocyte)及(ji)分(fen)散的骨針(spicule)。變形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)可(ke)以分(fen)化成不同的形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai),例如有(you)(you)的變形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)偽(wei)足細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)長分(fen)枝,彼此(ci)相(xiang)連形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成網狀(zhuang),稱為(wei)星芒(mang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(collencyte),有(you)(you)人(ren)認(ren)為(wei)它(ta)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)最原(yuan)始的具有(you)(you)神經機能(neng)的細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)。另一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da),其細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)核也較(jiao)(jiao)大(da),有(you)(you)葉狀(zhuang)偽(wei)足,稱原(yuan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(archeocyte),這是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)未分(fen)化的細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao),除(chu)了本(ben)身具有(you)(you)吞噬(shi)及(ji)消化食物的機能(neng)外,它(ta)還可(ke)以轉化成具生殖功能(neng)的生殖細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(generative cell)、能(neng)分(fen)泌(mi)骨骼的造骨細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(scleroblast)、貯(zhu)藏營養物質的貯(zhu)存(cun)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(thesocyte)、能(neng)分(fen)泌(mi)粘液的腺(xian)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(gland cell)等(deng)。
從上述可以看(kan)出(chu)單(dan)(dan)溝(gou)型(xing)(xing)海綿(mian)動(dong)物最大(da)特(te)征是(shi)體(ti)壁結構簡(jian)單(dan)(dan),其兩層細胞平直的(de)包圍中(zhong)(zhong)央腔(qiang)。由于中(zhong)(zhong)央腔(qiang)寬(kuan)闊,靠領細胞的(de)鞭毛打(da)動(dong)使(shi)流(liu)過身體(ti)的(de)水流(liu)速度(du)是(shi)緩慢的(de),代謝較低,所以單(dan)(dan)溝(gou)型(xing)(xing)海綿(mian)動(dong)物一般都是(shi)小型(xing)(xing)的(de)。海綿(mian)動(dong)物在進化(hua)過程中(zhong)(zhong)通過體(ti)壁的(de)褶疊增加(jia)了領細胞的(de)數量(liang)及分布的(de)表(biao)面積,同時減少了中(zhong)(zhong)央腔(qiang)的(de)體(ti)積,其結果是(shi)形成了雙溝(gou)型(xing)(xing)或復溝(gou)型(xing)(xing)的(de)體(ti)壁,這(zhe)樣就加(jia)速了水流(liu)過身體(ti)的(de)速度(du),提高了代謝的(de)能(neng)力,使(shi)動(dong)物也(ye)增大(da)了體(ti)積。
雙溝型
雙(shuang)溝型(xing)(sycon type)是(shi)體壁褶(zhe)疊的(de)(de)一種初步(bu)形(xing)式,例(li)如(ru)樽海綿(Scypha)、毛壺(hu)(Grantia)等。雙(shuang)溝型(xing)海綿皮層(ceng)的(de)(de)扁平(ping)細胞褶(zhe)向(xiang)(xiang)中膠層(ceng),形(xing)成(cheng)多(duo)個(ge)平(ping)行排(pai)列的(de)(de)盲(mang)管(guan),稱為(wei)(wei)流(liu)入(ru)管(guan)(incurrent canal),流(liu)入(ru)管(guan)外端(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)開孔(kong)名(ming)為(wei)(wei)流(liu)入(ru)孔(kong)(incurrentpore)。胃層(ceng)的(de)(de)領細胞由中央腔(qiang)向(xiang)(xiang)外端(duan)(duan)突出也形(xing)成(cheng)多(duo)個(ge)穿插(cha)于流(liu)入(ru)管(guan)之間的(de)(de)盲(mang)管(guan),稱為(wei)(wei)鞭毛管(guan)(flagellated canal)或鞭毛室,也稱為(wei)(wei)放射管(guan)(radial canal),其內端(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)開孔(kong)稱為(wei)(wei)后幽(you)門孔(kong)(apopyle),結果流(liu)入(ru)管(guan)與鞭毛管(guan)相(xiang)間排(pai)列形(xing)成(cheng)了雙(shuang)溝型(xing)的(de)(de)體壁。相(xiang)鄰(lin)的(de)(de)流(liu)入(ru)管(guan)與鞭毛管(guan)之間也有小(xiao)孔(kong)使兩管(guan)相(xiang)通,這種小(xiao)孔(kong)稱前幽(you)門孔(kong)(prosopyle)。
由(you)(you)于(yu)管道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現,雙溝型的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)壁加(jia)厚了(le)(le),也(ye)由(you)(you)于(yu)領細胞褶入(ru)(ru)到(dao)鞭毛管中(zhong),中(zhong)央(yang)腔壁上不(bu)再有(you)領細胞,而是由(you)(you)扁平細胞包圍。雙溝型海(hai)綿(mian)的(de)(de)(de)水流(liu)(liu)途徑(jing)是:水→流(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)孔→流(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)管→前幽(you)門孔→鞭毛管→后幽(you)門孔→中(zhong)央(yang)腔→出(chu)水口(kou)→體(ti)外。雙溝型海(hai)綿(mian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)領細胞層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積,管道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)及(ji)中(zhong)央(yang)腔的(de)(de)(de)縮小也(ye)加(jia)速(su)了(le)(le)水流(liu)(liu)通過(guo)身(shen)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)速(su)度。雙溝型海(hai)綿(mian)中(zhong),有(you)些種類其皮層(ceng)細胞及(ji)中(zhong)膠層(ceng)更發達,以致遮蓋了(le)(le)整(zheng)個體(ti)表,形成了(le)(le)一(yi)層(ceng)或薄厚不(bu)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)外皮(cortex),結果出(chu)現了(le)(le)更多的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)孔,這樣(yang)可以增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)體(ti)壁內的(de)(de)(de)水壓,加(jia)速(su)水在體(ti)內的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)動。
復溝型
體壁進(jin)一步的褶疊復(fu)(fu)雜化就(jiu)形成了復(fu)(fu)溝型(xing)(leucon type),大(da)多(duo)數(shu)的海綿(mian)動物屬于(yu)這種類型(xing),例如淡(dan)水海綿(mian)。復(fu)(fu)溝型(xing)結構的變(bian)化表現在:
(1)鞭(bian)毛管(guan)繼續(xu)向中膠層(ceng)內褶入,以致形成(cheng)了多個圓形的鞭(bian)毛室(shi),例如(ru)細(xi)芽海綿(Microciona)每平方毫米的體(ti)壁,鞭(bian)毛室(shi)可多達1000個;
(2)中膠層更(geng)發達,并與表(biao)皮(pi)細胞一起(qi)構成了(le)眾多的皮(pi)層孔(kong)(dermal pore)或皮(pi)下腔(subdermal space);
(3)流(liu)入管分(fen)成許多小枝,然后再進入鞭毛室;
(4)中央腔進一步地(di)縮(suo)小,最后被分(fen)枝(zhi)的出水管(guan)(excurrent canal)所代替(ti)。
復(fu)(fu)溝型海(hai)綿(mian)的(de)(de)水(shui)流(liu)途徑是:水(shui)→皮層孔(kong)(kong)(kong)→皮下(xia)腔→流(liu)入管(guan)(guan)→前(qian)幽(you)門(men)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)→鞭毛室(shi)→后幽(you)門(men)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)→流(liu)出(chu)(chu)管(guan)(guan)→出(chu)(chu)水(shui)口(kou)→體(ti)外。在有些復(fu)(fu)溝型海(hai)綿(mian),其(qi)前(qian)、后幽(you)門(men)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)延伸形成(cheng)了(le)前(qian)、后幽(you)門(men)管(guan)(guan)(prosodus,aphodus),結(jie)構更(geng)復(fu)(fu)雜。因(yin)此復(fu)(fu)溝型海(hai)綿(mian)動物具有更(geng)大(da)的(de)(de)領細胞表(biao)面積,體(ti)內有縱橫相通的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)道(dao),中(zhong)(zhong)央腔也進一步縮小變(bian)成(cheng)了(le)管(guan)(guan)狀,因(yin)此流(liu)經體(ti)內的(de)(de)水(shui)流(liu)量(liang)增多,水(shui)流(liu)速度加快。復(fu)(fu)溝型海(hai)綿(mian)的(de)(de)體(ti)積也都(dou)是較大(da)型的(de)(de),特別是在群體(ti)大(da)型海(hai)綿(mian)中(zhong)(zhong),我們僅(jin)能從許多出(chu)(chu)水(shui)口(kou)判斷(duan)出(chu)(chu)海(hai)綿(mian)個體(ti)的(de)(de)形態及大(da)小,例(li)如磯(ji)海(hai)綿(mian)(Reniera)。淡水(shui)海(hai)綿(mian)的(de)(de)群體(ti)成(cheng)團狀,已很難判斷(duan)出(chu)(chu)個體(ti)的(de)(de)形態了(le)。
在(zai)(zai)全(quan)球(qiu)所有的(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)洋(yang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)物(wu)的(de)數量(liang)(liang)都(dou)十分(fen)巨大;在(zai)(zai)堅硬的(de)基質(zhi)上(shang),它(ta)們更(geng)是多得驚人;相對而言(yan),極少海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)物(wu)能適應不穩定的(de)沙地(di)或泥沼的(de)生(sheng)存(cun)環(huan)境。它(ta)們的(de)垂直生(sheng)活領域(yu)從潮汐效(xiao)應時(shi)(shi)水岸(an)的(de)最低處,并向下延(yan)伸至8,600米深的(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)洋(yang)深淵;硅質(zhi)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)淡(dan)水海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)科甚至能在(zai)(zai)全(quan)球(qiu)的(de)淡(dan)水湖泊(bo)和河流中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)存(cun)。棲息(xi)于在(zai)(zai)潮標間(jian)的(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)物(wu)通常(chang)只局限于海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)的(de)一(yi)部分(fen)區域(yu),即在(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)暴露時(shi)(shi)間(jian)較短(duan)的(de)那部分(fen)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)。有些海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)也在(zai)(zai)高(gao)于海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)一(yi)點的(de)地(di)方出(chu)現,但(dan)僅限于棲息(xi)在(zai)(zai)被遮蔽(bi)的(de)地(di)方或背向太陽的(de)巖石(shi)上(shang)。有些海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)動(dong)物(wu)一(yi)旦暴露在(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)略長就會死去,因此在(zai)(zai)大陸架的(de)淺水域(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)的(de)物(wu)種和個(ge)體(ti)數量(liang)(liang)都(dou)達到最大。
巨(ju)穴(xue)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)常是(shi)(shi)更小動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)棲(qi)息處,這些小動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)對(dui)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)無害(hai),而(er)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)則是(shi)(shi)寄生動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。許多海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)含有(you)(you)(you)能(neng)進行光合(he)作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)單細胞藻(zao)類(lei)(lei)(蟲綠藻(zao))、藍綠藻(zao)和可為(wei)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)提供營(ying)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)共生細菌。海(hai)蛞(kuo)蝓(海(hai)兔)、石鱉、海(hai)星(尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)南極洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de))、海(hai)龜和部(bu)分(fen)熱帶(dai)魚都以(yi)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)食(shi)。在(zai)那些暴(bao)露在(zai)空(kong)氣中而(er)不是(shi)(shi)躲(duo)藏在(zai)巖(yan)石下的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱帶(dai)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種中,通常超過一(yi)(yi)(yi)半的(de)(de)(de)(de)都對(dui)魚類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)毒(du)。學者認(ren)為(wei)這是(shi)(shi)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)對(dui)高(gao)密度魚類(lei)(lei)捕(bu)食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種進化反應,大(da)自然選擇了有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)有(you)(you)(you)毒(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質以(yi)防(fang)止魚類(lei)(lei)對(dui)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)捕(bu)食(shi)。部(bu)分(fen)有(you)(you)(you)毒(du)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體型巨(ju)大(da),如龐大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加勒比海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(Cribochalinavasculum);而(er)其(qi)(qi)他海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)觸摸起(qi)來十分(fen)危險(xian),如加勒比火海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(Neofibularianoltangere)――它們往往引起(qi)人類(lei)(lei)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)灼燒感,并持續數小時(shi)。毒(du)素能(neng)避免動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)幼蟲和植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)孢子附著在(zai)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)表面,因此(ci)可能(neng)有(you)(you)(you)益于保持其(qi)(qi)表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)潔;有(you)(you)(you)些海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)毒(du)素還(huan)能(neng)防(fang)止其(qi)(qi)周圍無脊椎動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)過大(da)并導致海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)窒息。
海綿(mian)毒素已被(bei)應用于神經刺激(ji)傳輸(shu)的研究中;它(ta)們顯示出作為(wei)生物性疏通減退劑的巨(ju)大潛力,并可作為(wei)鯊魚(yu)驅除物。
浴海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)在(zai)吸水(shui)和(he)保持(chi)復雜的(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)硬蛋(dan)白纖(xian)維(wei)結構上有(you)其(qi)自身的(de)(de)作(zuo)用;這些纖(xian)維(wei)也(ye)具(ju)有(you)彈(dan)性,能使水(shui)從(cong)海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)中被(bei)擠出來。許多海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)可被(bei)人(ren)們(men)采集(特別(bie)是在(zai)佛羅里達和(he)希臘的(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸),例(li)如(ru)具(ju)有(you)精細骨架網(wang)絡的(de)(de)沐浴角骨海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)骨架粗糙的(de)(de)馬(ma)海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)。它們(men)生長(chang)于從(cong)低潮(chao)位到(dao)深海(hai)(hai)(hai)中的(de)(de)巖石底部,可通過(guo)船上的(de)(de)爪鉤或潛(qian)水(shui)者來獲取。海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)加工方(fang)法(fa)簡單包括將其(qi)置于太陽下曬干,使其(qi)軟(ruan)組織腐(fu)爛,經過(guo)捶打和(he)清(qing)洗(xi)只留(liu)下其(qi)海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)硬蛋(dan)白骨骼(ge)。通過(guo)切除栽培海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)已經獲得成功(gong),盡管這種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)在(zai)可行性上并不比人(ren)工合成更(geng)強。海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)含(han)有(you)各式各樣抗生物(wu)(wu)(wu)質、色(se)素、諸如(ru)固醇之類的(de)(de)獨特化學物(wu)(wu)(wu)質、毒素、甚至抗發炎和(he)治風(feng)濕的(de)(de)化合物(wu)(wu)(wu)。海(hai)(hai)(hai)若螺(luo)科中的(de)(de)穿貝海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)會使牡(mu)蠣殼(ke)變弱,從(cong)而造(zao)成經濟損(sun)失。這些海(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)還能通過(guo)化學和(he)機械兩種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式掘穴。
海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)物對人有(you)(you)用(yong)的(de)僅僅是(shi)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)骨(gu)骼,如浴海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian),因(yin)為(wei)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)質纖維(wei)(wei)較軟,吸收液(ye)體(ti)的(de)能(neng)力(li)強,可供沐浴及(ji)醫學(xue)上(shang)(shang)吸收藥液(ye)、血液(ye)或(huo)(huo)膿液(ye)等(deng)用(yong)。其(qi)他有(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)種(zhong)類纖維(wei)(wei)中(zhong)或(huo)(huo)多或(huo)(huo)少的(de)含(han)有(you)(you)矽質骨(gu)骼,所以(yi)較硬,可用(yong)以(yi)擦(ca)機器等(deng)。天然產的(de)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)不夠用(yong),有(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)地方還用(yong)人工(gong)方法繁殖,辦(ban)法是(shi)把海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)切成(cheng)小塊,系在石架上(shang)(shang),然后(hou)沉(chen)(chen)入(ru)海(hai)底,一(yi)般(ban)二(er)三(san)年即可成(cheng)長(chang)(chang)。有(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)種(zhong)類常長(chang)(chang)在牡蠣的(de)殼上(shang)(shang),會把殼封閉起(qi)來,造成(cheng)牡蠣死亡(wang)。淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)大量繁殖可以(yi)堵(du)塞水(shui)(shui)道,這些(xie)(xie)對人都是(shi)有(you)(you)害的(de)。有(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)要(yao)求一(yi)定的(de)物理化學(xue)生(sheng)活條件,因(yin)此可作(zuo)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)環境的(de)鑒(jian)別物。古生(sheng)物學(xue)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)表明(ming),海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)特(te)殊沉(chen)(chen)積物對分(fen)析過去環境的(de)變遷有(you)(you)意義(yi)。 對海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),年來發展(zhan)也(ye)較快,不僅是(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)物本(ben)身,而(er)更重要(yao)的(de)是(shi)用(yong)它(ta)作(zuo)為(wei)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)命科(ke)學(xue)基(ji)本(ben)問題的(de)材(cai)料,如細胞和發育生(sheng)物學(xue)等(deng)方面的(de)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)基(ji)本(ben)問題,因(yin)此海(hai)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)動(dong)(dong)物對科(ke)學(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)也(ye)有(you)(you)其(qi)特(te)殊的(de)意義(yi)。