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基本介紹

鐵線蟲（Gordiacea Von Stebold，1843）又名發形蛇(she)（hair snake），亦(yi)稱毛細線蟲(hairworm)或戈爾迪烏斯(si)線蟲(gordian worm)，土名為銅(tong)絲(si)蛇(she)或天絲(si)。

隸(li)屬于(yu)線(xian)(xian)形動物門，為鐵(tie)(tie)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)綱蠕(ru)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)總稱(cheng)。與醫學有關的(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)種分屬于(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)目（Gordioidea）、鐵(tie)(tie)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)科(Gordiidae)、鐵(tie)(tie)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)屬（Gordius ）和索(suo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)科的(de)(de)Chordodes， Paragordius和Parachordodes屬等，250～300種。鐵(tie)(tie)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)細(xi)長，馬鬃狀，長可達(da)1米。成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)海水(shui)或淡水(shui)中自(zi)由生活，幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)寄生在(zai)節肢動物體(ti)內(nei)。國內(nei)分布于(yu)南北方各省(sheng)，國外廣泛(fan)分布于(yu)世界各地。可通過水(shui)源感染(ran)人體(ti)，引起鐵(tie)(tie)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)病。在(zai)科研中，常作為動物學的(de)(de)實驗(yan)材(cai)料。

鐵線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)見于(yu)熱帶和(he)溫(wen)帶，在(zai)水(shui)中營自(zi)由生活，偶能感染人(ren)體，寄生于(yu)消化(hua)道內。成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)呈線(xian)狀，雌(ci)雄異體，雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)水(shui)邊產卵，以蚱蜢、蟑螂和(he)甲蟲(chong)(chong)等(deng)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)為中間宿主(zhu)。

形態及特征

大型(xing)個體(ti)。體(ti)長為300-1000毫米(mi)，體(ti)型(xing)似細繩狀。與線(xian)蟲(chong)的圓蟲(chong)類相似，但無背線(xian)、腹線(xian)與側(ce)線(xian)。前(qian)端鈍圓，體(ti)表(biao)角質(zhi)堅硬，雄(xiong)體(ti)末端分(fen)叉，呈倒 "V"字形，分(fen)叉部(bu)分(fen)的前(qian)腹面為泄(xie)殖孔。消化(hua)管幼(you)蟲(chong)期存在(zai)，而成(cheng)蟲(chong)期則退化(hua)。雄(xiong)體(ti)的精巢和雌體(ti)的卵巢數目多，成(cheng)對排列于身體(ti)的兩側(ce)。生活(huo)時體(ti)呈深棕色。

生活習性

成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)棲息于河流、池塘及水溝內(nei)(nei)，雌體(ti)所產的卵在(zai)水內(nei)(nei)孵出幼蟲(chong)，被(bei)昆蟲(chong)或人類吃進后，通過寄生生活(huo)。當這種蟲(chong)被(bei)大(da)型節(jie)肢動物如螳螂、蝗蟲(chong)等吞(tun)食(shi)后，幼蟲(chong)在(zai)這些節(jie)肢動物體(ti)內(nei)(nei)繼續發育(yu)，會逐漸控(kong)制(zhi)宿主(zhu)的行(xing)為(wei)，幼蟲(chong)成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)為(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)時，會控(kong)制(zhi)宿主(zhu)尋找(zhao)水源(yuan)淹死宿主(zhu)后從(cong)宿主(zhu)體(ti)內(nei)(nei)鉆出。

人(ren)類很容易在水(shui)池里和不干凈(jing)的(de)水(shui)里喝(he)(he)到(dao)這(zhe)些(xie)鐵線蟲(chong)的(de)幼蟲(chong)，喝(he)(he)下(xia)去(qu)后(hou)有(you)一定幾率感(gan)染鐵線蟲(chong)病，這(zhe)種病會使(shi)尿道感(gan)染發炎，所(suo)以池塘的(de)水(shui)和不干凈(jing)的(de)水(shui)不能隨便喝(he)(he)。幼蟲(chong)在節肢(zhi)動物(wu)體內會誘使(shi)寄生(sheng)體去(qu)尋找水(shui)源，所(suo)以水(shui)源有(you)節肢(zhi)動物(wu)尸體的(de)時(shi)候，不建(jian)議飲用(yong)。

價值及其他

鐵線蟲病

感染途徑

成蟲(chong)在水中獨自生活，偶爾(er)感染人體(ti)，引起鐵線蟲(chong)病（nematomorphiasis）。本病女性多于男(nan)性。

蟲體細長(chang)，圓線形，似鐵(tie)絲，黑褐(he)色；長(chang)約10~50cm，寬(kuan)約1~3mm； 頭端鈍圓，具有0.5~1mm長(chang)的(de)淡黃色區(qu)；蟲體表(biao)面有許多小(xiao)乳突(tu)；雄蟲尾(wei)部卷曲，末端分叉；雌蟲尾(wei)短尖(jian)鈍。蟲體在體外(wai)非常活躍，常有自行(xing)打結的(de)習性。

鐵線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)活于沼(zhao)澤、池塘、溪流、溝(gou)渠(qu)等水(shui)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)，雌雄交配產(chan)卵，卵內幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)孵(fu)出(chu)進(jin)入(ru)昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)（蚱蜢(meng)（locust）、蟋蟀（Cricket）、蟑螂（Cockroach）、甲蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)（Beetle）等）體(ti)(ti)內發育形成(cheng)稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入(ru)水(shui)，稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)離開宿主在(zai)水(shui)中(zhong)發育為(wei)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。人體(ti)(ti)消化道(dao)(dao)(dao)感(gan)染鐵線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)可能(neng)是通過接觸(chu)或(huo)飲用含有(you)稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)生(sheng)水(shui)、昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、魚(yu)類(lei)和螺類(lei)或(huo)食物(wu)(wu)而(er)引(yin)起。尿(niao)路感(gan)染是由于人體(ti)(ti)會(hui)陰部接觸(chu)有(you)鐵線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)稚(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)水(shui)體(ti)(ti)，經(jing)尿(niao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)侵入(ru)，上行(xing)至膀胱內寄(ji)生(sheng)。蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)侵入(ru)人體(ti)(ti)后可進(jin)一步發育至成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，并可存活數(shu)年。寄(ji)生(sheng)泌尿(niao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)患者(zhe)，以女(nv)性為(wei)多(duo)，均有(you)明顯的(de)泌尿(niao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)刺激癥(zheng)(zheng)，如(ru)下(xia)腹(fu)(fu)部劇烈(lie)疼痛(tong)(tong)、尿(niao)頻、尿(niao)急、尿(niao)痛(tong)(tong)、血尿(niao)、放射性腰痛(tong)(tong)、會(hui)陰和陰道(dao)(dao)(dao)炎等，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)排出(chu)后，癥(zheng)(zheng)狀緩(huan)解。鐵線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生(sheng)于消化道(dao)(dao)(dao)所引(yin)起的(de)癥(zheng)(zheng)狀一般(ban)不(bu)明顯，可有(you)消化不(bu)良、腹(fu)(fu)痛(tong)(tong)、腹(fu)(fu)瀉等表現。亦見有(you)從(cong)眼眶(kuang)腫物(wu)(wu)或(huo)耳道(dao)(dao)(dao)檢出(chu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)的(de)報告(gao)。

診斷依據

診斷本病依據從尿中或(huo)糞(fen)便中檢獲蟲(chong)體(ti)。在臨床上若遇到有(you)尿道刺(ci)激癥狀(zhuang)，久治不愈、而(er)又有(you)生飲或(huo)會陰部接觸過塘(tang)、溝(gou)水或(huo)潮濕草地的患者，應考(kao)慮作膀胱鏡檢。

鐵(tie)線蟲(chong)病(bing)(bing)盡管是一(yi)種較為罕見的寄生(sheng)蟲(chong)病(bing)(bing)，全世界只有14個國家有病(bing)(bing)例報道。但(dan)各地因生(sheng)產生(sheng)活接(jie)觸自然水(shui)體的人(ren)群甚多，其實際感染人(ren)數可(ke)能(neng)遠比已(yi)報告(gao)的例數要多。

預防措施

防(fang)治本(ben)病(bing)的關鍵是不(bu)(bu)飲不(bu)(bu)潔(jie)之水、不(bu)(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)吃昆蟲、魚類和螺類等(deng)食物，下水時避(bi)免下體與不(bu)(bu)潔(jie)水體直接(jie)接(jie)觸。疑有(you)感染者(zhe)可(ke)口服驅蟲藥促蟲排出，寄生(sheng)(sheng)于組織內者(zhe)應手術(shu)取(qu)蟲。

遠(yuan)離鐵線蟲(chong)疾(ji)病的(de)(de)(de)糾纏(chan)最好的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)就是(shi)不要吃(chi)生的(de)(de)(de)食物(wu)，魚類，以及(ji)螺(luo)類食物(wu)，這(zhe)些都是(shi)不太衛生的(de)(de)(de)食物(wu)。在飲食的(de)(de)(de)時候要注意看是(shi)否有與不干凈(jing)的(de)(de)(de)水體有關(guan)聯的(de)(de)(de)情況。而(er)且，從(cong)臨床方(fang)面數(shu)據也能夠看到，被鐵線蟲(chong)糾纏(chan)的(de)(de)(de)女(nv)性遠(yuan)遠(yuan)多于男(nan)性，所(suo)以希(xi)望(wang)廣大(da)女(nv)性要重(zhong)視起來(lai)。