芒果视频下载

基本介紹

寄生(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)（Parasitoid wasp），指膜翅目細腰(yao)亞目中金小(xiao)蜂(feng)科(ke)、姬蜂(feng)科(ke)、小(xiao)蜂(feng)科(ke)等靠寄生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)多(duo)種昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)。它們的(de)寄生(sheng)(sheng)方(fang)式很多(duo)，被(bei)寄生(sheng)(sheng)對象從卵(luan)到(dao)成蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)各(ge)個階段，都(dou)可能被(bei)寄生(sheng)(sheng)。所謂(wei)寄生(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)，就是從植食性(xing)蜂(feng)類進化到(dao)筑巢性(xing)期間的(de)一群肉食性(xing)蜂(feng)類。與寄生(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)(chong)一樣。

分成外寄生和(he)內(nei)(nei)寄生兩大(da)類。前者是指把卵產在寄主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)表，讓孵化的(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)從體(ti)(ti)表取食寄主(zhu)(zhu)身體(ti)(ti)；后(hou)者是把卵產在寄主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)，讓孵化的(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)取食害蟲(chong)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)的(de)組織。內(nei)(nei)寄生形(xing)式者，被認為(wei)較(jiao)為(wei)進化。

外(wai)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)者在(zai)產卵前，必須(xu)克服一(yi)件(jian)事，就是得(de)讓寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)無法(fa)動彈，否則(ze)卵會(hui)被寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)壓壞，甚至被寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)咬(yao)死。因此，外(wai)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)會(hui)先(xian)用產卵管蜇刺寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，注(zhu)射有毒物質麻(ma)痹寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。也就是說，產卵管除了產卵功能(neng)外(wai)，兼具注(zhu)入麻(ma)醉液的(de)(de)功能(neng)。此外(wai)，還(huan)有一(yi)個待解決的(de)(de)問題，就是寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)必須(xu)有造繭性(xing)等隱(yin)蔽(bi)身體的(de)(de)習(xi)性(xing)，因為寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)若遭麻(ma)醉，行(xing)動變得(de)遲(chi)鈍(dun)，容(rong)易受到敵害(hai)攻擊或其他外(wai)在(zai)環境的(de)(de)傷(shang)害(hai)，如(ru)果沒(mei)有隱(yin)蔽(bi)自己的(de)(de)絕活，體表的(de)(de)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)幼蟲也將會(hui)與它同歸于盡。而采用內寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)方(fang)式的(de)(de)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)，問題就沒(mei)有那么嚴重(zhong)。

此外，也(ye)有(you)像蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)姬(ji)蜂這類具有(you)產卵(luan)(luan)特技(ji)寄生蜂，它們以蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)上的(de)(de)蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為寄主。當它突襲蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)時(shi)，會先刺(ci)蜇(zhe)蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)腳(jiao)的(de)(de)基部，利用其(qi)暫(zan)時(shi)失去感覺之際(ji)，在它的(de)(de)頭胸部或腹(fu)部腹(fu)面產下一粒卵(luan)(luan)，蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)來雖然恢復知覺，但(dan)由于腳(jiao)摳(kou)不到卵(luan)(luan)，只好(hao)任由孵化的(de)(de)姬(ji)蜂幼蟲吸血，而終至死亡。

常見種類

寄生(sheng)蜂(feng)的種類很多，分別寄生(sheng)于寄主的不同發育(yu)階段(duan)，常見的有小(xiao)蜂(feng)、姬蜂(feng)、繭蜂(feng)、赤眼蜂(feng)、嚙小(xiao)蜂(feng)等。

姬(ji)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)膜翅目姬(ji)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，膜翅目(Hymenoptera)姬(ji)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)科(ke)(Ichneunmonidae,有(you)(you)重要(yao)經(jing)濟意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)大(da)科(ke))昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。分(fen)布很廣，約(yue)40,000種(zhong)。形狀(zhuang)、顏(yan)色(se)、大(da)小各異，一(yi)般1.2公分(fen)(約(yue)0.5寸(cun))長(chang)。北(bei)美洲最長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)針(zhen)姬(ji)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)屬達5公分(fen)。許(xu)多(duo)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腹部(bu)細長(chang)而彎(wan)曲(qu)，像黃(huang)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，區別(bie)一(yi)般在于觸(chu)角較長(chang)，節較多(duo)。產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)器通常(chang)比身體(ti)長(chang)。許(xu)多(duo)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前翅有(you)(you)一(yi)黑(hei)點。寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生在蜘(zhi)蛛以(yi)(yi)及多(duo)類昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)上(shang)，尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)鱗翅目和(he)其他(ta)膜翅目昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。由于寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生在許(xu)多(duo)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)上(shang)，總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來說是(shi)(shi)(shi)益(yi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。雌(ci)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)在宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或蛹(很少(shao)在卵(luan)或成(cheng)體(ti))上(shang)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)。幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)取食宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脂肪和(he)體(ti)液，長(chang)成(cheng)后織一(yi)繭。如(ru)果宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生活(huo)場所不是(shi)(shi)(shi)隱蔽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，則通常(chang)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生在宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)內；若宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生活(huo)在隱蔽處(如(ru)樹木孔道內)，則常(chang)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生在宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)姬(ji)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)外。一(yi)個(ge)宿(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)多(duo)數(shu)只(zhi)有(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，但(dan)有(you)(you)時也可(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)多(duo)個(ge)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生。赤(chi)眼(yan)(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)以(yi)(yi)眼(yan)(yan)紅色(se)而得(de)名，它經(jing)常(chang)把(ba)卵(luan)產(chan)(chan)在松毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、玉米(mi)螟(ming)(ming)、二化螟(ming)(ming)及甘蔗螟(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)中，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就以(yi)(yi)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生卵(luan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養物質為食，所以(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)大(da)量消滅農林害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)；雌(ci)馬尼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)把(ba)卵(luan)產(chan)(chan)在鉆入樹皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天牛幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內，以(yi)(yi)后它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)便以(yi)(yi)天牛幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)為食，直至(zhi)吃得(de)只(zhi)剩一(yi)層皮。當它發現(xian)鱗翅目幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)后便落到它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)部(bu)，用長(chang)針(zhen)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)器刺入其腦部(bu)，實(shi)施麻碎后被(bei)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)便昏迷(mi)不醒，然后被(bei)“劫(jie)”入穴中，產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)其中；其他(ta)如(ru)金小蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、姬(ji)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、小繭蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)等(deng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)消滅害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能手。左圖是(shi)(shi)(shi)用赤(chi)眼(yan)(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)防治(zhi)玉米(mi)螟(ming)(ming)，掛在玉米(mi)葉子上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)赤(chi)眼(yan)(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)塊，每個(ge)小白球里有(you)(you)40多(duo)個(ge)赤(chi)眼(yan)(yan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)卵(luan)。

黑青小(xiao)蜂（Dibrachys xavus）棉(mian)紅(hong)鈴(ling)(ling)蟲(chong)等的(de)天敵，金小(xiao)蜂科。雌成(cheng)蟲(chong)體長(chang)約2.8毫米(mi)，黑色，翅透明有金屬光澤，腹部(bu)(bu)紡錘形。雄(xiong)成(cheng)蟲(chong)體長(chang)約2毫米(mi)，腹部(bu)(bu)第一、二(er)節間(jian)有半透明的(de)黃白色帶。年生(sheng)(sheng)11-12代(dai)。在越冬結繭的(de)棉(mian)紅(hong)鈴(ling)(ling)蟲(chong)幼蟲(chong)體上寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)，使其死(si)亡。用于防(fang)治棉(mian)花倉庫(ku)內(nei)的(de)棉(mian)紅(hong)鈴(ling)(ling)蟲(chong)，倉庫(ku)內(nei)放蜂后，寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)率很(hen)高。

生活習性

與捕食性昆(kun)蟲(chong)不(bu)同的是，寄(ji)生性昆(kun)蟲(chong)一(yi)般都是成蟲(chong)積極(ji)地尋找寄(ji)主，當發現寄(ji)主后，將卵產于(yu)體內(nei)。幼(you)蟲(chong)孵化后取(qu)食寄(ji)主的營養，和寄(ji)主共生一(yi)段時(shi)間后才使寄(ji)主死亡。幼(you)蟲(chong)不(bu)能主動尋找食物。

繁殖方式

寄生蜂產的幼卵安靜地躺在夢幻般的薄紗結構中。雌性寄生蜂(feng)(feng)通常會將(jiang)幼(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)注入毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內(nei)，當幼(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)在毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內(nei)發(fa)育14天左右，就(jiu)會變得非常難看(kan)。寄(ji)生蜂(feng)(feng)在毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內(nei)排卵(luan)(luan)發(fa)育是自然(ran)界中一種(zhong)奇特的(de)生物學(xue)攻(gong)擊，寄(ji)生蜂(feng)(feng)幼(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)使用其(qi)DNA中的(de)一種(zhong)病毒使毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)處于麻痹狀態。受傷的(de)毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)顯然(ran)被病毒所(suo)嚴重影響(xiang)，它在幼(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)旁建造了絲毯結構，對這(zhe)些攻(gong)擊者進(jin)行(xing)防御，然(ran)而在這(zhe)種(zhong)發(fa)育環境下，寄(ji)生蜂(feng)(feng)幼(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)逐漸(jian)發(fa)育，最終完(wan)全成(cheng)熟，離開毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)飛向天空。