瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)Perilitus coccinellae(Schrank)是繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)科(ke)優繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)亞科(ke)緣(yuan)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)屬的(de)一個物種。瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)操控瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)保護蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)繭(jian)(jian)的(de)時間長度存在差異。有時候瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)會(hui)一直保持警惕,直到幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)破繭(jian)(jian)而出,蛻(tui)變成黃(huang)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)。以幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體內(nei)和一部分以繭(jian)(jian)在田(tian)間越冬(dong),春季(ji)3-4月羽(yu)化為(wei)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。寄(ji)主有七星瓤蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、稻紅(hong)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生(sheng),單寄(ji)生(sheng)。
北京(海淀,延慶,懷柔(rou)),山(shan)西(花塔,榆次,臨汾),內蒙古(賀蘭山(shan)),浙江(jiang)(西天(tian)目(mu)山(shan),東(dong)陽),福建(福州(zhou),漳(zhang)州(zhou),龍(long)溪(xi)),河(he)南(安陽),四川(西昌),云南(昆明,開遠),新疆(烏魯木齊)。
全(quan)世(shi)界(包括(kuo)夏威夷和新西(xi)蘭)。
雌(ci)蜂體長約(yue)4毫(hao)米。頭(tou)頂黃(huang)褐色(se)(se),顏面黃(huang)色(se)(se),復眼、單眼座及后(hou)頭(tou)黑(hei)色(se)(se),觸角由基部(bu)(bu)(bu)至端部(bu)(bu)(bu)深褐色(se)(se)至黑(hei)色(se)(se);胸部(bu)(bu)(bu)及并胸腹節黑(hei)色(se)(se);足(zu)(zu)暗褐色(se)(se),前足(zu)(zu)稍淡;翅透明,略帶煙褐色(se)(se),翅痣與翅脈暗褐色(se)(se);腹部(bu)(bu)(bu),第(di)1背板端部(bu)(bu)(bu)變寬具刻(ke)紋及皺狀(zhuang)刻(ke)點,第(di)2節及其后(hou)各節背板平滑,具光澤。產(chan)卵管突出,直,產(chan)卵管鞘長約(yue)為腹長之半,被均勻(yun)白毛(mao)。
頭光(guang)(guang)滑(hua)具白色(se)柔毛(mao),顏面中央略隆(long)起(qi),與(yu)唇基(ji)間分界(jie)明顯,唇基(ji)窩(wo)深,有(you)后(hou)(hou)頭脊(ji);觸角與(yu)體約等(deng)長,22節(jie)(jie)(jie)。中胸盾(dun)片中葉(xie)前半(ban)部(bu)及側(ce)葉(xie)后(hou)(hou)半(ban)部(bu)光(guang)(guang)滑(hua)具光(guang)(guang)澤(ze),稍隆(long)起(qi),盾(dun)縱溝寬而淺,有(you)網狀皺紋,至盾(dun)片中葉(xie)前半(ban)部(bu)連(lian)成一片,似“U”字形;小盾(dun)片具網紋;并胸腹(fu)節(jie)(jie)(jie)具粗網紋,自基(ji)部(bu)1/3以后(hou)(hou)向下傾斜,后(hou)(hou)半(ban)部(bu)有(you)細(xi)中脊(ji)。前翅徑(jing)室(shi)上(shang)緣短(duan)(duan)于徑(jing)脈(mo)端部(bu)距翅端的距離,徑(jing)脈(mo)第(di)1段很短(duan)(duan),約與(yu)基(ji)徑(jing)基(ji)段等(deng)長,無第(di)2肘(zhou)間脈(mo),回脈(mo)自肘(zhou)室(shi)伸出,小脈(mo)后(hou)(hou)叉式。腹(fu)部(bu)第(di)1節(jie)(jie)(jie)有(you)柄(bing),具網狀皺紋,第(di)2節(jie)(jie)(jie)以后(hou)(hou)各(ge)節(jie)(jie)(jie)背板光(guang)(guang)滑(hua),具光(guang)(guang)澤(ze)。產卵管鞘黑色(se),約為腹(fu)長之半(ban),被有(you)白色(se)細(xi)毛(mao)。幼(you)蟲(chong)長橢圓形,黃白毛(mao),頭部(bu)較(jiao)粗,后(hou)(hou)端較(jiao)細(xi),無足,腹(fu)末(mo)有(you)水泡狀突起(qi)。老熟時體長約5.5毫(hao)米。繭長約5毫(hao)米,紡錘形,黃褐色(se),繭外有(you)一層疏(shu)松(song)的深灰黃色(se)薄絲。單繭。
寄(ji)主(zhu)有七星(xing)瓤蟲(chong)(chong)、稻紅瓢蟲(chong)(chong)。成蟲(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng),單寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)。蜂(feng)(feng)幼蟲(chong)(chong)老熟時(shi)鉆出(chu)寄(ji)主(zhu)體外,在(zai)其腹下吐絲結繭(jian),繭(jian)白色,并有一絲與瓤蟲(chong)(chong)相連(lian),此時(shi)蟲(chong)(chong)已進人垂死狀態(tai),俯在(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian)之(zhi)上,尤(you)如(ru)孵蛋一樣,觸之(zhi)能微(wei)動,不食(shi)不動維持十天左(zuo)右,寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)才(cai)咬破(po)繭(jian)的一端(duan)(切口(kou)整齊(qi))羽(yu)(yu)化出(chu)來(lai)。貴定地區(qu)四月底在(zai)麥田可見(jian)七星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)被寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng);9月間可見(jian)稻田稻紅艦蟲(chong)(chong)被寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)。另(ling)發(fa)現有一種金(jin)小蜂(feng)(feng)作重寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng),從蟲(chong)(chong)繭(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian)內羽(yu)(yu)化出(chu)來(lai)。
黃蜂(feng)家族的(de)(de)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)蜂(feng)將瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)變成僵尸(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)全過程(cheng)。瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)蜂(feng)鎖定(ding)目標,準備將一(yi)(yi)枚卵注入(ru)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內(nei)。在(zai)蜂(feng)毒(du)的(de)(de)侵(qin)襲下,瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)將陷入(ru)癱(tan)瘓(huan)狀態。在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內(nei),卵孵(fu)化成幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),發育(yu)幾天之后便在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)腹部(bu)抓出一(yi)(yi)個(ge)小(xiao)洞。隨后,幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)腿之間(jian)織出一(yi)(yi)個(ge)繭(jian),幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)蛻變期間(jian),瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)尸(shi)(shi)體(ti)一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)安(an)息在(zai)繭(jian)頂部(bu)。
研究(jiu)指出絕大多數寄生蟲(chong)(chong)最(zui)終都(dou)殺死宿主(zhu),一(yi)些(xie)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)經(jing)受住(zhu)可怕的(de)(de)(de)考驗,幸(xing)存(cun)下來。30%到(dao)40%的(de)(de)(de)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)宿主(zhu)在(zai)黃(huang)蜂(feng)幼蟲(chong)(chong)孵化(hua)之(zhi)后(hou)仍(reng)然存(cun)活,其中(zhong)一(yi)些(xie)個體(ti)還能繼續(xu)產(chan)卵。這些(xie)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)之(zhi)所以(yi)能夠幸(xing)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)在(zai)于,黃(huang)蜂(feng)幼蟲(chong)(chong)只(zhi)以(yi)并不對(dui)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)構成致命威(wei)脅的(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)為食(shi),例(li)如脂肪。
仍然活(huo)著的(de)瓢蟲站(zhan)在(zai)(zai)蜂繭上面,此時(shi)的(de)瓢蟲具有(you)(you)攻(gong)擊性,攻(gong)擊入(ru)侵者(zhe)。這種行為與(yu)黃蜂幼蟲鉆出并結繭后(hou)留(liu)在(zai)(zai)瓢蟲體內的(de)毒(du)液有(you)(you)關。研究(jiu)小組(zu)將捕食性草(cao)蜻蛉放入(ru)培養(yang)皿,蜂繭有(you)(you)的(de)上面站(zhan)著活(huo)瓢蟲,有(you)(you)的(de)站(zhan)著死蜂繭,有(you)(you)的(de)則沒(mei)有(you)(you)這個保(bao)鏢(biao)。實驗結果顯示,草(cao)蜻蛉在(zai)(zai)攻(gong)擊受到僵尸保(bao)鏢(biao)保(bao)護的(de)蜂繭時(shi)成功(gong)率較低。
瓢(piao)蟲(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)幼蟲(chong)操控(kong)(kong)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)保(bao)護(hu)蜂(feng)繭(jian)(jian)的時(shi)間長度存在差異。有時(shi)候瓢(piao)蟲(chong)會一直保(bao)持警惕(ti),直到(dao)幼蟲(chong)破繭(jian)(jian)而出(chu),蛻變成黃蜂(feng)。其(qi)他情況下,瓢(piao)蟲(chong)被控(kong)(kong)制的時(shi)間只有幾(ji)天(tian)。研究發(fa)現,如果投(tou)入(ru)更多時(shi)間和能量控(kong)(kong)制它們的瓢(piao)蟲(chong)保(bao)鏢(biao),黃蜂(feng)幼蟲(chong)成年后(hou)產卵較少。這(zhe)是科學家第一次發(fa)現控(kong)(kong)制宿主與(yu)自身繁殖之間的取舍關系(xi)。
最終,一只新(xin)黃蜂從(cong)受到(dao)(dao)保護的繭中(zhong)鉆出。布羅德表(biao)示這項研究揭開了加拿大的一個謎團。他說:“在森林(lin)中(zhong)散步時(shi),我(wo)(wo)們經(jing)常看到(dao)(dao)瓢蟲站在一個繭上面,這讓(rang)我(wo)(wo)們大為迷惑(huo)。現在,我(wo)(wo)們終于找到(dao)(dao)答案。”
以幼蟲(chong)在(zai)(zai)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)體(ti)內和(he)一部分以繭(jian)在(zai)(zai)田間(jian)(jian)越冬(dong),春(chun)季3-4月(yue)羽(yu)化為成蟲(chong),產卵于(yu)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)腹(fu)末或腹(fu)側的(de)節間(jian)(jian)膜內,單(dan)寄生,幼蟲(chong)老(lao)熟后(hou)在(zai)(zai)寄主腹(fu)部背面第4-5節間(jian)(jian)咬圓孔外(wai)出,在(zai)(zai)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)體(ti)下吐(tu)絲(si)作繭(jian)。成蟲(chong)壽命平均7天(tian)(tian),蛹期(qi)平均14天(tian)(tian),卵和(he)幼蟲(chong)期(qi)共43天(tian)(tian),第1代幼蟲(chong)期(qi)在(zai)(zai)4月(yue)上旬至(zhi)4月(yue)底(di),第2代在(zai)(zai)6月(yue)。
生境:農田、果園、森林。
地理分布:河北、山東、河南、陜西(xi)、上(shang)海、四川、臺灣、福建、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西(xi)、云南。