瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)Perilitus coccinellae(Schrank)是繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)科優繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)亞科緣繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)屬(shu)的(de)一個物(wu)種(zhong)。瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)操控瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)保護蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)繭(jian)(jian)的(de)時(shi)間長度存(cun)在差異(yi)。有時(shi)候瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)會一直(zhi)保持警惕(ti),直(zhi)到幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)破繭(jian)(jian)而(er)出,蛻變成(cheng)黃蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。以幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體內和(he)一部分以繭(jian)(jian)在田間越冬(dong),春季3-4月羽化(hua)為成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。寄(ji)主有七(qi)星瓤蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、稻紅瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生,單(dan)寄(ji)生。
北京(海淀,延慶,懷柔),山西(xi)(xi)(花塔,榆次,臨汾(fen)),內蒙古(賀蘭山),浙(zhe)江(西(xi)(xi)天目山,東陽),福建(福州(zhou),漳(zhang)州(zhou),龍(long)溪),河(he)南(nan)(安(an)陽),四川(西(xi)(xi)昌(chang)),云南(nan)(昆(kun)明(ming),開遠),新疆(烏魯木齊(qi))。
全(quan)世界(包括(kuo)夏威(wei)夷(yi)和(he)新西蘭)。
雌蜂(feng)體長約4毫米。頭頂黃褐(he)(he)色(se)(se),顏(yan)面黃色(se)(se),復眼(yan)、單眼(yan)座(zuo)及(ji)后頭黑(hei)色(se)(se),觸角由(you)基(ji)部(bu)(bu)至(zhi)端部(bu)(bu)深褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)至(zhi)黑(hei)色(se)(se);胸部(bu)(bu)及(ji)并胸腹節黑(hei)色(se)(se);足暗褐(he)(he)色(se)(se),前足稍淡;翅(chi)透明,略帶煙褐(he)(he)色(se)(se),翅(chi)痣與翅(chi)脈暗褐(he)(he)色(se)(se);腹部(bu)(bu),第1背(bei)板端部(bu)(bu)變寬具刻紋及(ji)皺狀刻點,第2節及(ji)其后各節背(bei)板平滑,具光(guang)澤。產(chan)卵管(guan)突出(chu),直(zhi),產(chan)卵管(guan)鞘長約為(wei)腹長之半,被(bei)均勻白毛(mao)。
頭光(guang)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)具(ju)白色(se)柔(rou)毛(mao),顏面中央略隆起,與(yu)唇基(ji)間分(fen)界明顯,唇基(ji)窩(wo)深,有后(hou)(hou)頭脊;觸角與(yu)體約(yue)等(deng)長(chang),22節。中胸盾片中葉前半部及(ji)側葉后(hou)(hou)半部光(guang)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)具(ju)光(guang)澤(ze),稍隆起,盾縱溝寬(kuan)而淺,有網(wang)狀皺(zhou)紋,至盾片中葉前半部連成一片,似(si)“U”字形(xing)(xing);小盾片具(ju)網(wang)紋;并胸腹(fu)(fu)節具(ju)粗(cu)網(wang)紋,自基(ji)部1/3以后(hou)(hou)向下(xia)傾斜,后(hou)(hou)半部有細中脊。前翅(chi)徑室(shi)上(shang)緣(yuan)短于徑脈(mo)端部距翅(chi)端的(de)距離,徑脈(mo)第(di)1段(duan)很短,約(yue)與(yu)基(ji)徑基(ji)段(duan)等(deng)長(chang),無第(di)2肘間脈(mo),回脈(mo)自肘室(shi)伸(shen)出,小脈(mo)后(hou)(hou)叉式(shi)。腹(fu)(fu)部第(di)1節有柄(bing),具(ju)網(wang)狀皺(zhou)紋,第(di)2節以后(hou)(hou)各節背板(ban)光(guang)滑(hua)(hua)(hua),具(ju)光(guang)澤(ze)。產(chan)卵管鞘黑(hei)色(se),約(yue)為腹(fu)(fu)長(chang)之(zhi)半,被有白色(se)細毛(mao)。幼蟲(chong)長(chang)橢圓形(xing)(xing),黃白毛(mao),頭部較(jiao)粗(cu),后(hou)(hou)端較(jiao)細,無足(zu),腹(fu)(fu)末有水泡狀突起。老熟時體長(chang)約(yue)5.5毫米。繭(jian)長(chang)約(yue)5毫米,紡(fang)錘形(xing)(xing),黃褐色(se),繭(jian)外有一層疏松的(de)深灰黃色(se)薄絲(si)。單繭(jian)。
寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)有七星瓤蟲(chong)、稻紅瓢蟲(chong)。成蟲(chong)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),單寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。蜂(feng)幼蟲(chong)老熟時(shi)鉆出寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)體外,在其腹下吐絲(si)(si)結繭(jian),繭(jian)白色,并有一(yi)絲(si)(si)與瓤蟲(chong)相連,此時(shi)蟲(chong)已(yi)進人垂(chui)死狀(zhuang)態(tai),俯在蜂(feng)繭(jian)之(zhi)上(shang),尤如孵蛋(dan)一(yi)樣,觸之(zhi)能微動,不(bu)食(shi)不(bu)動維持(chi)十天左右,寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)才(cai)咬(yao)破繭(jian)的一(yi)端(切口(kou)整(zheng)齊(qi))羽化出來。貴定地區四月底在麥(mai)田可見七星瓢蟲(chong)被(bei)(bei)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);9月間(jian)可見稻田稻紅艦蟲(chong)被(bei)(bei)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。另發(fa)現有一(yi)種金小蜂(feng)作重寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),從蟲(chong)繭(jian)蜂(feng)繭(jian)內羽化出來。
黃蜂(feng)家族的瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭蜂(feng)將(jiang)(jiang)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)變成(cheng)僵尸的全過程。瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭蜂(feng)鎖定目標,準備(bei)將(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)枚卵(luan)注入瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內(nei)。在(zai)蜂(feng)毒的侵(qin)襲(xi)下,瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)將(jiang)(jiang)陷入癱瘓(huan)狀態。在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內(nei),卵(luan)孵化成(cheng)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),發(fa)育幾天(tian)之后便在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)腹部(bu)抓(zhua)出一(yi)個(ge)小洞。隨后,幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)腿(tui)之間織出一(yi)個(ge)繭,幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)蛻變期間,瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的尸體(ti)一(yi)直安息在(zai)繭頂部(bu)。
研究指出(chu)絕(jue)大多數寄生蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)最終都殺死(si)宿(su)主(zhu),一(yi)些瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)經受住可(ke)怕的(de)(de)考(kao)驗(yan),幸存下(xia)來。30%到40%的(de)(de)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)宿(su)主(zhu)在黃(huang)蜂幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)孵(fu)化之后仍然存活,其中(zhong)一(yi)些個(ge)體(ti)還能(neng)繼續產(chan)卵。這些瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)之所以能(neng)夠幸存的(de)(de)原因在于,黃(huang)蜂幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)只以并不對(dui)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)構(gou)成致命威脅的(de)(de)組織(zhi)為食,例如脂肪(fang)。
仍然活著(zhu)的(de)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)站在蜂(feng)(feng)繭上(shang)面(mian),此時(shi)的(de)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)具有(you)(you)攻擊(ji)(ji)性,攻擊(ji)(ji)入侵(qin)者。這種(zhong)行為與黃蜂(feng)(feng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)鉆(zhan)出并結繭后留在瓢蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)內的(de)毒液有(you)(you)關。研究小組將捕(bu)食性草(cao)蜻蛉放入培養(yang)皿,蜂(feng)(feng)繭有(you)(you)的(de)上(shang)面(mian)站著(zhu)活瓢蟲(chong)(chong),有(you)(you)的(de)站著(zhu)死蜂(feng)(feng)繭,有(you)(you)的(de)則沒(mei)有(you)(you)這個保鏢(biao)。實驗結果顯示(shi),草(cao)蜻蛉在攻擊(ji)(ji)受到僵尸保鏢(biao)保護的(de)蜂(feng)(feng)繭時(shi)成功(gong)率(lv)較(jiao)低。
瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭蜂(feng)(feng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)操控瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)保(bao)護蜂(feng)(feng)繭的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間長度存在差(cha)異。有(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)候瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)會(hui)一直保(bao)持警惕,直到幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)破繭而(er)出,蛻變成黃(huang)蜂(feng)(feng)。其他情況下,瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)被控制(zhi)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間只有(you)(you)幾天(tian)。研究發現,如果投入(ru)更多(duo)時(shi)(shi)間和能量(liang)控制(zhi)它們的(de)(de)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)保(bao)鏢,黃(huang)蜂(feng)(feng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)成年后產卵較少。這是科學家第一次發現控制(zhi)宿(su)主(zhu)與自(zi)身繁殖之間的(de)(de)取(qu)舍(she)關系。
最終(zhong),一只新黃蜂從受到(dao)(dao)保護的繭中鉆出。布(bu)羅(luo)德(de)表(biao)示(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)項研(yan)究揭開了加拿大的一個謎團。他說:“在(zai)(zai)森林中散步時,我(wo)們經(jing)常看到(dao)(dao)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)站在(zai)(zai)一個繭上面,這(zhe)(zhe)讓我(wo)們大為迷惑。現在(zai)(zai),我(wo)們終(zhong)于(yu)找到(dao)(dao)答案。”
以(yi)幼(you)蟲在(zai)(zai)瓢蟲體(ti)內和(he)一部(bu)分(fen)以(yi)繭在(zai)(zai)田(tian)間(jian)越冬,春季3-4月羽化為成蟲,產卵于瓢蟲腹末或腹側的(de)節(jie)間(jian)膜內,單寄(ji)(ji)生,幼(you)蟲老熟后在(zai)(zai)寄(ji)(ji)主腹部(bu)背面第(di)4-5節(jie)間(jian)咬圓孔外(wai)出,在(zai)(zai)瓢蟲體(ti)下吐絲作繭。成蟲壽命平(ping)均7天,蛹期平(ping)均14天,卵和(he)幼(you)蟲期共43天,第(di)1代(dai)幼(you)蟲期在(zai)(zai)4月上旬至(zhi)4月底(di),第(di)2代(dai)在(zai)(zai)6月。
生境:農田、果園、森林(lin)。
地理分布:河北、山(shan)東(dong)、河南(nan)、陜西(xi)、上(shang)海(hai)、四川、臺灣、福建(jian)、廣東(dong)、廣西(xi)、云南(nan)。