瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭蜂(feng)Perilitus coccinellae(Schrank)是繭蜂(feng)科優(you)繭蜂(feng)亞科緣繭蜂(feng)屬的一個(ge)物種。瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭蜂(feng)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)操控瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)保護蜂(feng)繭的時間長度存在差異。有時候瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)會一直保持警惕,直到幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)破繭而出,蛻(tui)變成(cheng)黃蜂(feng)。以(yi)(yi)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內和一部分以(yi)(yi)繭在田間越冬,春季(ji)3-4月(yue)羽化為成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。寄主(zhu)有七(qi)星瓤蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、稻紅瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)寄生,單寄生。
北京(jing)(海淀(dian),延慶,懷(huai)柔),山(shan)西(花塔,榆次,臨汾),內蒙古(賀蘭山(shan)),浙江(jiang)(西天目山(shan),東(dong)陽(yang)),福(fu)建(jian)(福(fu)州,漳(zhang)州,龍溪),河南(nan)(安(an)陽(yang)),四川(西昌),云(yun)南(nan)(昆明(ming),開遠),新疆(烏魯木(mu)齊)。
全世界(包括夏(xia)威夷和新西蘭)。
雌蜂體長約4毫米。頭(tou)頂黃褐(he)色(se)(se)(se),顏面(mian)黃色(se)(se)(se),復眼、單眼座及后(hou)頭(tou)黑色(se)(se)(se),觸(chu)角由基部(bu)至(zhi)端部(bu)深褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)至(zhi)黑色(se)(se)(se);胸部(bu)及并(bing)胸腹(fu)節黑色(se)(se)(se);足(zu)暗(an)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se),前足(zu)稍淡;翅(chi)透明,略帶煙褐(he)色(se)(se)(se),翅(chi)痣(zhi)與(yu)翅(chi)脈暗(an)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se);腹(fu)部(bu),第(di)1背(bei)板(ban)端部(bu)變寬具刻紋及皺(zhou)狀刻點,第(di)2節及其(qi)后(hou)各節背(bei)板(ban)平(ping)滑,具光(guang)澤(ze)。產卵管突(tu)出,直,產卵管鞘長約為腹(fu)長之半(ban),被均勻白毛。
頭(tou)(tou)光(guang)滑具(ju)(ju)(ju)白色(se)(se)柔毛,顏面中央(yang)略隆(long)起(qi)(qi),與唇基(ji)間(jian)(jian)分(fen)界明顯(xian),唇基(ji)窩深(shen),有(you)(you)(you)后(hou)(hou)頭(tou)(tou)脊;觸角與體約等(deng)長,22節。中胸盾(dun)片中葉前(qian)半(ban)部及側(ce)葉后(hou)(hou)半(ban)部光(guang)滑具(ju)(ju)(ju)光(guang)澤(ze),稍隆(long)起(qi)(qi),盾(dun)縱溝(gou)寬而淺(qian),有(you)(you)(you)網狀皺紋(wen),至(zhi)盾(dun)片中葉前(qian)半(ban)部連成一片,似“U”字形;小(xiao)盾(dun)片具(ju)(ju)(ju)網紋(wen);并胸腹(fu)節具(ju)(ju)(ju)粗網紋(wen),自基(ji)部1/3以(yi)后(hou)(hou)向下(xia)傾斜,后(hou)(hou)半(ban)部有(you)(you)(you)細中脊。前(qian)翅徑(jing)室(shi)上緣短(duan)于徑(jing)脈(mo)(mo)端部距(ju)翅端的距(ju)離,徑(jing)脈(mo)(mo)第(di)1段(duan)很短(duan),約與基(ji)徑(jing)基(ji)段(duan)等(deng)長,無第(di)2肘間(jian)(jian)脈(mo)(mo),回脈(mo)(mo)自肘室(shi)伸出(chu),小(xiao)脈(mo)(mo)后(hou)(hou)叉式。腹(fu)部第(di)1節有(you)(you)(you)柄,具(ju)(ju)(ju)網狀皺紋(wen),第(di)2節以(yi)后(hou)(hou)各節背板光(guang)滑,具(ju)(ju)(ju)光(guang)澤(ze)。產卵管鞘(qiao)黑色(se)(se),約為(wei)腹(fu)長之半(ban),被有(you)(you)(you)白色(se)(se)細毛。幼蟲長橢圓(yuan)形,黃(huang)(huang)白毛,頭(tou)(tou)部較粗,后(hou)(hou)端較細,無足,腹(fu)末有(you)(you)(you)水泡狀突起(qi)(qi)。老熟時(shi)體長約5.5毫(hao)米。繭長約5毫(hao)米,紡(fang)錘形,黃(huang)(huang)褐色(se)(se),繭外(wai)有(you)(you)(you)一層疏松(song)的深(shen)灰(hui)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)薄絲。單繭。
寄主有(you)七(qi)星瓤(rang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、稻(dao)紅瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)寄生(sheng),單寄生(sheng)。蜂(feng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)老(lao)熟(shu)時(shi)(shi)鉆出寄主體外,在(zai)其腹下吐絲結(jie)繭(jian)(jian),繭(jian)(jian)白色(se),并(bing)有(you)一絲與瓤(rang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)相連(lian),此時(shi)(shi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)已(yi)進人垂死(si)狀態,俯(fu)在(zai)蜂(feng)繭(jian)(jian)之(zhi)上(shang),尤如孵蛋一樣,觸之(zhi)能(neng)微動(dong),不食(shi)不動(dong)維持十天左右,寄生(sheng)蜂(feng)才咬破繭(jian)(jian)的(de)一端(切口整齊(qi))羽化出來(lai)。貴定地區(qu)四月底在(zai)麥田(tian)可(ke)見(jian)七(qi)星瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)被(bei)寄生(sheng);9月間可(ke)見(jian)稻(dao)田(tian)稻(dao)紅艦蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)被(bei)寄生(sheng)。另發現有(you)一種(zhong)金小蜂(feng)作重(zhong)寄生(sheng),從蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)繭(jian)(jian)內(nei)羽化出來(lai)。
黃蜂(feng)家族的(de)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)繭蜂(feng)將(jiang)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)變成(cheng)僵(jiang)尸(shi)(shi)的(de)全過程(cheng)。瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)繭蜂(feng)鎖定目(mu)標,準備將(jiang)一枚卵注入瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)體內。在(zai)蜂(feng)毒(du)的(de)侵襲(xi)下,瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)將(jiang)陷(xian)入癱瘓狀(zhuang)態。在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)體內,卵孵(fu)化成(cheng)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong),發育(yu)幾天之后(hou)便在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)腹(fu)部抓出一個小洞。隨(sui)后(hou),幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)腿(tui)之間(jian)織出一個繭,幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)蛻變期間(jian),瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)尸(shi)(shi)體一直安(an)息在(zai)繭頂部。
研究指出絕(jue)大多數寄生蟲最終都殺死宿主(zhu),一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)瓢(piao)蟲經受(shou)住(zhu)可(ke)怕(pa)的考驗,幸存下來。30%到40%的瓢(piao)蟲宿主(zhu)在黃蜂幼(you)蟲孵化之(zhi)后仍然存活,其中一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)個體還(huan)能(neng)繼續產卵。這些(xie)(xie)瓢(piao)蟲之(zhi)所以能(neng)夠幸存的原因在于,黃蜂幼(you)蟲只(zhi)以并不對瓢(piao)蟲構成致命威(wei)脅的組織為食,例如脂肪。
仍然活(huo)著(zhu)(zhu)的(de)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)站在(zai)(zai)蜂繭(jian)(jian)上(shang)面(mian),此(ci)時的(de)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)具有(you)攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)性,攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)入(ru)侵(qin)者。這種行為與(yu)黃(huang)蜂幼蟲(chong)鉆出并結繭(jian)(jian)后留在(zai)(zai)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)體內的(de)毒液有(you)關。研(yan)究(jiu)小(xiao)組將(jiang)捕食性草蜻(qing)蛉(ling)放(fang)入(ru)培養皿,蜂繭(jian)(jian)有(you)的(de)上(shang)面(mian)站著(zhu)(zhu)活(huo)瓢(piao)蟲(chong),有(you)的(de)站著(zhu)(zhu)死蜂繭(jian)(jian),有(you)的(de)則沒有(you)這個(ge)保(bao)鏢(biao)。實驗結果顯示,草蜻(qing)蛉(ling)在(zai)(zai)攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)受到僵尸保(bao)鏢(biao)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)蜂繭(jian)(jian)時成(cheng)功率較低。
瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)繭蜂(feng)(feng)幼蟲(chong)(chong)操控(kong)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)保護蜂(feng)(feng)繭的(de)時間長(chang)度存在差異。有(you)時候(hou)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)會(hui)一直(zhi)保持(chi)警(jing)惕(ti),直(zhi)到幼蟲(chong)(chong)破(po)繭而(er)出,蛻變成(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)蜂(feng)(feng)。其他情況(kuang)下,瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)被控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)時間只(zhi)有(you)幾天。研究發現,如果投入更多時間和能量控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)它們的(de)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)保鏢,黃(huang)(huang)蜂(feng)(feng)幼蟲(chong)(chong)成(cheng)年后產卵較少。這是科學家第一次發現控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)宿主與自(zi)身繁殖之間的(de)取舍關系。
最終(zhong),一(yi)(yi)只新黃蜂從受到保護的繭中鉆出。布羅德(de)表示這項研究揭開了加拿(na)大(da)的一(yi)(yi)個(ge)謎團。他說:“在(zai)(zai)森林(lin)中散(san)步時(shi),我(wo)們經常看到瓢(piao)蟲站在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)繭上面(mian),這讓我(wo)們大(da)為迷惑。現(xian)在(zai)(zai),我(wo)們終(zhong)于找到答案。”
以幼蟲在瓢(piao)(piao)蟲體內(nei)和一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分以繭(jian)在田(tian)間(jian)越(yue)冬,春季(ji)3-4月羽化(hua)為成蟲,產卵(luan)于瓢(piao)(piao)蟲腹末或腹側的(de)節(jie)間(jian)膜內(nei),單寄(ji)生,幼蟲老熟后(hou)在寄(ji)主腹部(bu)(bu)背(bei)面第4-5節(jie)間(jian)咬圓孔(kong)外出,在瓢(piao)(piao)蟲體下吐絲作繭(jian)。成蟲壽命(ming)平均7天(tian),蛹期(qi)平均14天(tian),卵(luan)和幼蟲期(qi)共43天(tian),第1代(dai)幼蟲期(qi)在4月上旬(xun)至4月底,第2代(dai)在6月。
生境:農田(tian)、果(guo)園、森林。
地(di)理分布:河北(bei)、山東、河南、陜西(xi)、上海、四川(chuan)、臺灣、福建、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西(xi)、云南。